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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qDshQm7xVcMrh6wgLQMSTNL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800040</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200344</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200344</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Minieditorial: Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Resistente <italic>versus</italic> Refrat&#225;ria em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o de Hipertensos Afrodescendentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Rui P&#243;voa &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Professora Carolina Ribeiro, 221 apto 91. CEP 04116-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>40</fpage>
      <lpage>41</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Grupo com Ancestrais do Continente Africano/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Comparativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as do comportamento cl&#237;nico da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) nas diversas etnias s&#227;o, h&#225; muito tempo, objetos de intensa investiga&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica. As estat&#237;sticas da American Heart Association de 2015 verificaram que os afrodescendentes americanos t&#234;m a maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o do mundo. Em homens e mulheres negros, n&#227;o hisp&#226;nicos, a preval&#234;ncia ocorreu em 44,9% e 46,1%, respectivamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora tais n&#250;meros n&#227;o sejam universais para todas as popula&#231;&#245;es negras, existem grupos em que os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos s&#227;o muito mais elevados, como os negros sul-africanos, nos quais a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#233; 9,7 mmHg mais elevada em compara&#231;&#227;o aos afro-americanos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As les&#245;es a &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e as complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o mais prevalentes nos negros em compara&#231;&#227;o aos brancos ou hisp&#226;nicos para os mesmos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o, al&#233;m de apresentarem maior resist&#234;ncia ao tratamento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o resistente (HR) e a refrat&#225;ria (HRf) acometem uma propor&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o desprez&#237;vel dos pacientes hipertensos. No Brasil, de acordo com o estudo ReHOT, a preval&#234;ncia &#233; de 11,7% dos hipertensos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ainda se discute muito se a HR e a HRf s&#227;o fen&#243;tipos ou grada&#231;&#245;es diferentes de uma mesma doen&#231;a. De modo similar a simples HA que podemos controlar com at&#233; tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos, a etiopatogenia &#233; multifatorial, e t&#234;m import&#226;ncia os fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais. Entre os fatores ambientais, a ingesta de sal e/ou a n&#227;o excre&#231;&#227;o salina adequada pelos rins s&#227;o elementos preponderantes do n&#227;o controle press&#243;rico. Isso &#233; corroborado no elegante estudo PATWAY-2, que avaliou o quarto f&#225;rmaco no fluxograma da terap&#234;utica anti-hipertensiva e discriminou a espironolactona como um dos f&#225;rmacos mais importantes nesse est&#225;gio do tratamento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Na sequ&#234;ncia, o estudo PATWAY-2 Mechanistic encontrou efeitos similares com o cloridrato de amilorida, ambos diur&#233;ticos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em vista deste aspecto multifatorial da HA, envolvendo causas gen&#233;ticas e ambientais, evidenciam-se algumas particularidades, principalmente com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; gravidade em determinados grupos &#233;tnicos. Os indiv&#237;duos afrodescendentes, al&#233;m de terem maior preval&#234;ncia de HA e consequ&#234;ncias mais graves da doen&#231;a, apresentam maiores les&#245;es a &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e maior morbimortalidade de causa cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Isso &#233; bem evidente nos afrodescendentes americanos; contudo, em nossa miscigenada popula&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o temos estudos robustos para averiguar tais diferen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho de Macedo et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Resistente <italic>versus</italic> Refrat&#225;ria em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o de Hipertensos Afrodescendentes, verificou-se nessa popula&#231;&#227;o que a HRf &#233; comum, tendo maior preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia, hist&#243;ria de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e maior les&#245;es a &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os achados parecem redundantes e muito similares aos de afrodescendentes americanos, mas refere-se a um achado com muito significado epidemiol&#243;gico que pode levantar hip&#243;teses para outros estudos que possam decifrar o grande enigma das diferen&#231;as da hipertens&#227;o em diversos grupos &#233;tnicos.</p>
    <p>Acredita-se que os afrodescendentes brasileiros sejam diferentes dos americanos e muito parecidos com os negros nativos da &#193;frica, com exce&#231;&#227;o da &#193;frica do Sul. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Provavelmente, isso tem muito a ver com o tr&#225;fico de escravos da &#193;frica para a Am&#233;rica. Sabemos que alguns negros t&#234;m, geneticamente, algumas particularidades no sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, com pouca atividade de renina e com uma massa de n&#233;frons menor, e, com isso, menos s&#243;dio excretado. Sem conhecer qualquer aspecto fisiopatol&#243;gico, os escravagistas ingleses lambiam o suor do negro para ver se era salgado ou n&#227;o, e assim escolher indiv&#237;duos preferenciais para o transporte nos por&#245;es das naus, sem condi&#231;&#245;es de alimenta&#231;&#227;o e hidrata&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Aqueles que conseguiam sobreviver &#224; travessia do Atl&#226;ntico eram justamente os que apresentavam um sistema de reten&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e &#225;gua mais eficiente. Assim, no Novo Mundo, com excesso de sal na alimenta&#231;&#227;o, diferentemente da terra natal, evolu&#237;am para uma hipertens&#227;o mais grave. Esse caminho do tr&#225;fico de pessoas da &#193;frica para a Am&#233;rica do Norte &#233; quase o dobro da dist&#226;ncia para o Brasil e, por isso, a sele&#231;&#227;o dos africanos no Brasil n&#227;o foi t&#227;o acentuada como a americana. No entanto, n&#227;o existem estudos bem desenhados que possam responder corretamente a tais d&#250;vidas epidemiol&#243;gicas.</p>
    <p>Estima-se que a hereditariedade contribua de 40% a 50% da patog&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o, mas pouco se sabe de sua arquitetura gen&#233;tica na identifica&#231;&#227;o de <italic>loci</italic> de genes respons&#225;veis pela eleva&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica. Os afrodescendentes americanos apresentam &#237;ndice de renina e aldosterona mais baixo que os brancos para o mesmo n&#237;vel de ingesta de s&#243;dio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A sensibilidade ao sal &#233; um fen&#243;tipo mais comum em negros, e muito relacionada a resposta press&#243;rica com a varia&#231;&#227;o da ingesta de s&#243;dio, mesmo naqueles com baixo &#237;ndice de renina e aldosterona. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Desse modo, este trabalho de Macedo et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> tem import&#226;ncia na avali&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias das diversas etnias que comp&#245;em a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. O trabalho foi realizado na cidade de Salvador, na Bahia, onde a popula&#231;&#227;o de afrodescendentes representa boa parcela dos habitantes. O conhecimento mais profundo de caracter&#237;sticas press&#243;ricas, risco cardiovascular, medicamentos mais efetivos, les&#245;es preferenciais a &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo etc. pode levar a planos mais acurados de controle, preven&#231;&#227;o e terap&#234;utica. Este estudo de desenho transversal, com avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial precisa &#8211; inclusive com realiza&#231;&#227;o de monitoramento ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) para afastar o efeito do avental branco, situa&#231;&#227;o bastante comum &#8211; permitiu conclus&#245;es de import&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o afrodescendente.</p>
    <p>Ser&#225; necess&#225;rio percorrer ainda muitos caminhos para desvendar e encaixar todas as pe&#231;as do pol&#237;gono multifatorial de todos os fen&#243;tipos da hipertens&#227;o, principalmente a HR e a HRf. Ainda n&#227;o sabemos profundamente qual o papel preciso do sal, do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, do endot&#233;lio e de todos os outros fatores relacionados com esta complexa doen&#231;a chamada hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Resistente vs. Refrat&#225;ria em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o de Hipertensos Afrodescendentes</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Short Editorial: Clinical Characteristics of Resistant vs. Refractory Hypertension in a Population of Hypertensive Afro-descendants</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Rui P&#243;voa &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Professora Carolina Ribeiro, 221 apto 91. CEP 04116-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rmspovoa@cardiol.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Comparative Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Differences in the clinical behavior of arterial hypertension (AH) in diverse ethnic groups have long been the object of intense scientific investigation. The American Heart Association statistics for 2015 found that Afro-descendants have the highest prevalence of hypertension worldwide. In black, non-Hispanic men and women, the prevalence was 44.9% and 46.1%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although such figures are not universal for all Afro-descendant populations, there are groups in which blood pressure levels are much higher, such as South-African blacks, in whom systolic blood pressure is 9.7 mmHg higher when compared to African-Americans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Target-organ lesions and complications are more prevalent in Afro-descendants, when compared to Caucasians or Hispanics for the same pressure levels, in addition to the fact that they are more resistant to treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Resistant (RH) and refractory (RfH) hypertension affect a non-negligible proportion of hypertensive patients. In Brazil, according to the ReHOT study, the prevalence is 11.7% of hypertensive patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>There is still much debate as to whether RH and RfH are different phenotypes or degrees of the same disease. Similarly to simple AH, which can be controlled with up to three drugs, the etiopathogenesis is multifactorial, and genetic and environmental factors are important. Among the environmental factors, salt intake and / or non-adequate saline excretion by the kidneys are preponderant elements of non-blood pressure control. This is corroborated in the elegant PATWAY-2 study, which evaluated the fourth drug in the antihypertensive therapy flowchart and singled out spironolactone as one of the most important drugs at this stage of treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Subsequently, the PATWAY-2 Mechanistic study found similar effects with amiloride hydrochloride, both diuretic drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considering this multifactorial aspect of AH, involving genetic and environmental causes, some particularities are evident, mainly regarding disease severity in certain ethnic groups. Afro-descendant individuals, in addition to having a higher prevalence of AH and more severe consequences of the disease, show greater damage to target-organs and greater morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This is quite evident in African-American descendants; however, in our mixed population, there are no robust studies to ascertain such differences.</p>
      <p>In this study by Macedo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> &#8220;Clinical Characteristics of Resistant vs. Refractory Hypertension in a Population of Hypertensive Afro-descendants&#8221;, it was found that RfH is common in this population, with a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia, history of stroke and greater damage to the target-organ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The findings seem redundant and very similar to those of American Afro-descendants, but refer to a finding with a lot of epidemiological significance, which may raise hypotheses for other studies that can solve the great enigma of hypertension differences in different ethnic groups.</p>
      <p>Brazilian Afro-descendants are believed to differ from African-Americans and to be very similar to native African blacks, with the exception of South Africa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This probably has a strong association with the slave trade from Africa to America. It is known that some blacks have, genetically, some peculiarities in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, with little renin activity and a smaller nephron mass, and thus, less sodium is excreted. Without being aware of any pathophysiological aspect, the English slavers tasted the black men&#8217;s sweat to verify whether it was salty or not, and thus choose certain individuals for transportation in the ship holds, without food and water conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Those who managed to survive the crossing of the Atlantic ocean were precisely those with a more efficient sodium and water retention system. Thus, in the New World, with an excess of salt in their diets, unlike in their homelands, they developed a more severe hypertension. This path of human trafficking from Africa to North America is almost twice the distance to Brazil and, therefore, the selection of Africans in Brazil was not as accentuated as the North-American one. However, there are no well-designed studies that can correctly answer such epidemiological questions.</p>
      <p>It is estimated that heredity contributes 40% to 50% of the pathogenesis of hypertension, but little is known about its genetic architecture in the identification of the <italic>loci</italic> of genes responsible for high blood pressure. African-Americans have a lower renin and aldosterone index than Caucasians for the same level of sodium intake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Salt sensitivity is a more common phenotype in blacks, and closely related to the pressure response with the sodium intake variation, even in those with low renin and aldosterone index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Therefore, this study by Macedo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> is important for the assessment of the characteristics of different ethnic groups that comprise the Brazilian population. The study was carried out in the city of Salvador, Bahia, where the Afro-descendant population represents a good portion of the inhabitants. The deeper knowledge of blood pressure characteristics, cardiovascular risk, more effective drugs, preferential target-organ lesions, etc., can lead to more accurate control, prevention and therapeutic plans. This cross-sectional study, with precise clinical and laboratory evaluation &#8211; including ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) to rule out the white coat effect, a very common situation &#8211; allowed conclusions of epidemiological importance in our Afro-descendant population.</p>
      <p>Many pathways will need to be traveled to unravel and fit all the parts of the multifactorial polygon of all hypertension phenotypes, mainly RH and RfH. We do not know yet what the precise roles of salt, the sympathetic nervous system, the endothelium and all the other related factors are in this complex disease called arterial hypertension.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Clinical Characteristics of Resistant vs. Refractory Hypertension in a Population of Hypertensive Afro-descendants</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
