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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Bc3dVDjFfFGrTsVKVpXBrYq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800029</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200345</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200345</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento Direcionado ao Sistema Renina-Angiotensina-Aldosterona na Obesidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Cardiologia,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Rede Dor S&#227;o Luiz Jabaquara</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Rede Dor S&#227;o Luiz Jabaquara - Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo &#8226; Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Mato Grosso, 306 sala 1507. CEP 01239-040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>arianevsm@yahoo.com.br</email> , <email>arianevsm@me.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>29</fpage>
      <lpage>30</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Renina-Angiotensina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="62"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Bloqueio de Receptores AT<sub>1</sub> Melhora o Desempenho Funcional Mioc&#225;rdico na Obesidade</italic>
    </p>
    <p>A obesidade tem aumentado em todo o mundo, levando a um crescimento acentuado da preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A obesidade, principalmente a classificada como grave, provoca mudan&#231;as hemodin&#226;micas que contribuem para alterar a morfologia card&#237;aca, podendo predispor ao comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Essas mudan&#231;as incluem um estado de alto d&#233;bito card&#237;aco na maioria dos casos, al&#233;m de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Estudos experimentais e algumas investiga&#231;&#245;es em humanos sugerem que altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e neuro-hormonais espec&#237;ficas geralmente associadas com a obesidade podem resultar em mudan&#231;as na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Adip&#243;citos s&#227;o uma rica fonte de angiotensinog&#234;nio, angiotensina I e enzima conversora de angiotensina, contribuindo para a produ&#231;&#227;o de angiotensina II. A gera&#231;&#227;o desses horm&#244;nios &#233; aditiva aos componentes do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) produzidos sistemicamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A obesidade &#233; caracterizada pela ativa&#231;&#227;o excessiva do SRAA. Esta ativa&#231;&#227;o tem muitas implica&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224; estrutura e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A mais cr&#237;tica &#233; o efeito vasoconstritor da angiotensina II, que causa o desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) em pacientes obesos, al&#233;m de induzir o aumento da p&#243;s-carga do VE em indiv&#237;duos normotensos obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A angiotensina II atua como um fator de crescimento que afeta tanto o m&#250;sculo liso vascular quanto o mioc&#225;rdio. Portanto, a ativa&#231;&#227;o excessiva do SRAA influencia o desenvolvimento de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e do m&#250;sculo liso vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Quadros relacionados &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do SRAA t&#234;m sido associadas com doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas e do cora&#231;&#227;o. A ativa&#231;&#227;o do SRAA tamb&#233;m parece promover resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e hiperinsulinemia por meio de v&#225;rios mecanismos. Este cen&#225;rio pode levar a um aumento da atividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico (SNS), contribuindo ainda mais para o desenvolvimento da HVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) e bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina II (BRA) s&#227;o frequentemente usados para tratar a hipertens&#227;o associada &#224; obesidade.</p>
    <p>Em um experimento anterior, a interven&#231;&#227;o com BRA (Losartan) resultou na inibi&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos moleculares de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina no mioc&#225;rdio, melhorando a contratilidade card&#237;aca. Recentemente, o uso de bloqueadores do receptor tipo 1 da angiotensina II (AT1) causou melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial em ratos obesos resistentes &#224; insulina em um modelo experimental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>N&#227;o est&#225; claro se o tratamento direcionado ao SRAA promove uma melhora mais significativa dos desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes normotensos obesos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos magros.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da ABC, Oliveira Junior, et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> apresentam os resultados de um estudo em animais que avaliou a influ&#234;ncia de bloqueadores de AT1 na morfologia e desempenho card&#237;aco por meio da an&#225;lise in vitro do m&#250;sculo papilar de ratos com obesidade induzida por dieta hiperlip&#237;dica. Eles hipotetizaram que a obesidade pode estar associada a altera&#231;&#245;es no desempenho funcional do mioc&#225;rdio, sustentada sob est&#237;mulos diferentes, e que essas respostas podem ser atenuadas pelo antagonismo de receptores AT1. Ratos Wistar foram submetidos a controle de kcal/g ou dieta hiperlip&#237;dica por 20 semanas. Quatro grupos foram avaliados: Controle (CO), Obesos (OB), Controle com Losartan (CL) e Obesos com Losartan (OL). Os grupos CL e OL receberam Losartan (30 mg/kg/dia). Posteriormente, foram analisadas a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Os autores observaram que a obesidade estava associada com altera&#231;&#245;es de PAS e hipertrofia card&#237;aca. Eles tamb&#233;m identificaram mudan&#231;as no desempenho sist&#243;lico e disfun&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar em ratos obesos. A interven&#231;&#227;o com o antagonista do receptor AT1 reduziu a maioria desses efeitos. Os resultados deste elegante estudo experimental refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia de interven&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares focadas em pacientes obesos.</p>
    <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise de 28 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados envolvendo 2.403 pacientes com HAS (faixa et&#225;ria m&#233;dia de 44&#8211;67 anos) mostrou que a regress&#227;o da HVE com medicamentos anti-hipertensivos foi maior nos grupos sobrepeso e obesidade em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos com peso normal. Mesmo com menor redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS, a HVE melhorou em pacientes obesos e com sobrepeso em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com peso normal (p&lt;0,001) inicial em todos os grupos). O tratamento com inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina foi o mais eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da HVE em indiv&#237;duos obesos e com sobrepeso (p&lt;0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica e complexa baseada em adiposidade, cujo controle &#233; direcionado tanto &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao peso quanto &#224; adiposidade para melhorar a sa&#250;de geral. A perda de peso volunt&#225;ria e substancial pode reverter muitas das altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, neuro-hormonais e metab&#243;licas associadas &#224; obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Interven&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, como o uso de BRA, juntamente com a perda de peso, podem resultar em revers&#227;o do remodelamento card&#237;aco e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e a qualidade de vida de pacientes obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Obesity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Rede Dor S&#227;o Luiz Jabaquara - Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo &#8226; Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Mato Grosso, 306 sala 1507. Postal Code 01239-040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: arianevsm@yahoo.com.br, arianevsm@me.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Hypertrofy</kwd>
        <kwd>Renin-Angiotensin System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: AT<sub>1</sub>Receptor Blockade Improves Myocardial Functional Performance in Obesity</italic>
      </p>
      <p>Obesity has been increasing across the globe and markedly raising the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Obesity, particularly severe obesity, causes hemodynamic alterations that contribute to changing cardiac morphology, which may predispose to impaired ventricular function and heart failure. These alterations include a high cardiac output state in most cases, as well as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction. Experimental studies and some investigations on humans propose that specific neurohormonal and metabolic alterations generally associated with obesity may lead to changes in cardiac structure and function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Adipocytes are a rich source of angiotensinogen, angiotensin I, and angiotensin-converting enzyme, contributing to the production of angiotensin II. The generation of these hormones is additive to systemically-produced components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Obesity is characterized by enhanced RAAS activation. Such activation has many implications concerning cardiac structure and function. The most critical is the vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II, which results in the development of hypertension (HTN) in obese patients, in addition to inducing an increase in LV afterload in normotensive-obese patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Angiotensin II is a growth factor that affects both vascular smooth muscle and myocardium. Therefore, enhanced RAAS activation influences the development of vascular smooth muscle and myocardial hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Conditions related to RAAS activation have been associated with metabolic disorders and heart diseases. RAAS activation also seems to promote insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia by various mechanisms. This scenario may lead to increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, further contributing to the development of LVH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) are commonly used to treat obesity hypertension.</p>
      <p>In a previous experiment, intervention with ARB (Losartan) resulted in the inhibition of molecular mechanisms of myocardial insulin resistance, improving heart contractility. Recently, the use of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) blockade resulted in improved mitochondrial function in obese insulin-resistant rats in an experimental model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Whether targeting the RAAS in normotensive obese patients improves cardiovascular outcomes to a greater extent than in normotensive lean patients is uncertain.</p>
      <p>In this issue of ABC, Silva-Junior and co-authors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> present the results of their animal study assessing the influence of AT1 blockade on cardiac morphology and performance using in vitro papillary muscle analysis in rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity. They hypothesize that obesity might be associated with changes in myocardial functional performance, sustained under different stimuli, and that these responses could be attenuated by AT1 receptor antagonism. Wistar rats were submitted to kcal/g control or high-fat diet for 20 weeks. Four groups were assessed: Control (CO), Obese (OB), Control Losartan (CL), and Obese Losartan (OL). The CL and OL groups received Losartan (30 mg/kg/day). Afterward, body composition, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and echocardiographic variables were analyzed. The authors found that obesity was associated with SBP changes and cardiac hypertrophy. They also identified changes in systolic performance and disorders of papillary muscle function in obese rats. The AT1 receptor antagonist intervention reduced most of these effects.</p>
      <p>The results of this elegant experimental study reinforce the importance of cardiovascular interventions focused on obese patients.</p>
      <p>A meta-analysis of 28 randomized clinical trials comprising 2,403 patients with HTN (mean age range 44&#8211;67 years) showed that LVH regression with antihypertensive drugs was greater in the overweight and obesity groups than in normal-weight subjects. Even with a smaller reduction in SBP, LVH improved in obese and overweight groups compared to the normal-weight group (p&lt;0.001 at baseline in all groups). Renin-angiotensin system inhibitor therapy was the most effective treatment for reducing LVH in overweight and obese patients (p&lt;0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Obesity is a complex adiposity-based chronic disease, whose management targets both weight-related complications and adiposity to improve overall health. Substantial voluntary weight loss can reverse many of the hemodynamic, neurohormonal, and metabolic changes associated with obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Medical interventions, such as ARB, along with weight loss, may result in reverse cardiac remodeling and improve the ventricular function and the quality of life in obese patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
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