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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZvhBCqVXCCmGNrQdnFSHbCL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190131</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190131</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bloqueio de Receptores AT<sub>1</sub> Melhora o Desempenho Funcional Mioc&#225;rdico na Obesidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8895-9456</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muzili</surname>
            <given-names>Nayara de Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9789-2487</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Marianna Rabelo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ota</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Elias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Souza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Fregapani da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4933-0604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon H. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4829-9606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cezar</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Diacardia Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4402-6523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9477-3386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Felippe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Itapeva</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva (FAIT), Itapeva, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo (UNESP), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina - Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Silvio Assis de Oliveira-Junior &#8226; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de - Laborat&#243;rio de Estudo do M&#250;sculo Estriado (LEME) - Av. Costa e Silva, s/n Cidade Universit&#225;ria Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasi E-mail: <email>oliveirajr.ufms@gmail.com</email> , <email>silvio.oliveira-jr@ufms.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira-Junior SA, Okoshi MP, Martinez PF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Muzili NA, Carvalho MR, Ota GE, Morais CS, Vieira LFC, Ortiz MO, Campos DHS, Cezar MDM, Okoshi K; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira-Junior SA, Campos DHS, Cezar MDM, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Cicogna AC, Martinez PF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira-Junior SA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Oliveira-Junior SA, Martinez PF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Cicogna AC, Martinez PF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>17</fpage>
      <lpage>28</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A obesidade tem sido associada com ativa&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e importantes altera&#231;&#245;es no desempenho card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do bloqueio de receptores de angiotensina-II do tipo 1 (AT<sub>1</sub>) sobre a morfologia e desempenho card&#237;aco de ratos obesos por dieta</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Ratos Wistar (n=48) foram submetidos a dieta controle (2,9 kcal/g) ou hiperlip&#237;dica (3,6 kcal/g) durante 20 semanas. Ap&#243;s a 16&#170; semana, foram distribu&#237;dos em quatro grupos: Controle (CO), Obeso (OB), Controle Losartan (CL) e Obeso Losartan (OL). CL e OL receberam losartan (30 mg/kg/dia) na &#225;gua durante quatro semanas. Posteriormente, foram analisadas composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e ecocardiograma. A fun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;sculos papilares foi avaliada em situa&#231;&#227;o basal com concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio ([Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>o</sub>) de 2,50 mM e ap&#243;s manobras inotr&#243;picas: potencial p&#243;s-pausa (PPP), eleva&#231;&#227;o da [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>o</sub> e durante estimula&#231;&#227;o beta-adren&#233;rgica com isoproterenol. A an&#225;lise dos resultados foi feita por meio de <italic>Two-Way</italic> ANOVA e teste de compara&#231;&#245;es apropriado. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Embora a altera&#231;&#227;o da PAS n&#227;o tenha se mantido ao final do experimento, a obesidade se associou com hipertrofia card&#237;aca e maior velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.No estudo de m&#250;sculos papilares em condi&#231;&#227;o basal, CL mostrou menor velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o negativa da tens&#227;o desenvolvida (-dT/dt) do que CO. O PPP de 60s promoveu menor -dT/dt e pico de tens&#227;o desenvolvida (TD) em OB e CL, comparados ao CO, e maior varia&#231;&#227;o relativa de TD e velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o positiva (+dT/dt) no OL em rela&#231;&#227;o a CL e OB. Sob 1,5, 2,0 e 2,5mM de [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>o</sub>, o grupo OL exibiu maior -dT/dt do que CL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Losartan melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de ratos com obesidade induzida por dieta. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):17-28)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Losartan/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueadores do Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta Hiperlip&#237;dica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</funding-source>
          <award-id>422776/2016-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
        <page-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica e multifatorial, resultante da intera&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes fatores etiol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Configura uma disfun&#231;&#227;o nutricional e metab&#243;lica, que pode ser associada a dislipidemia, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos cl&#237;nicos demonstraram que a obesidade pode ocasionar altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais no cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Pesquisas experimentais mostraram que essa condi&#231;&#227;o se associa com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> fibrose intersticial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> al&#233;m de v&#225;rias mudan&#231;as moleculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Entre essas respostas, incluem-se altera&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o e funcionamento de pept&#237;deos envolvidos com tr&#226;nsito intracelular de c&#225;lcio, durante o processo de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento muscular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Contudo, h&#225; importantes diverg&#234;ncias entre investiga&#231;&#245;es com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s repercuss&#245;es da obesidade sobre desempenho mioc&#225;rdico. Jacobsen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> constataram aumento na fase contr&#225;til durante manobra inotr&#243;pica no m&#250;sculo papilar em ratos obesos ap&#243;s tr&#234;s semanas de dieta; outros autores encontraram maior velocidade de encurtamento mioc&#225;rdico em modelos de 20,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 30,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> 33,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e 35 semanas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> de dura&#231;&#227;o. Outras investiga&#231;&#245;es documentaram preju&#237;zo na contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, demonstrado por an&#225;lises <italic>in vitro</italic> de m&#250;sculos papilares de ratos obesos, ap&#243;s 15 semanas de dieta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> H&#225; tamb&#233;m relatos de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca inalterada ap&#243;s 20,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> 30<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e 32<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> semanas de dieta para indu&#231;&#227;o de obesidade. Portanto, tem-se que o desempenho card&#237;aco necessita ser melhor estudado na obesidade induzida por dieta.</p>
      <p>A condi&#231;&#227;o de obesidade est&#225; relacionada com maior atividade do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Altos n&#237;veis de angiotensina-II (Ang-II) acoplando a receptores do tipo I (AT<sub>1</sub>) exercem um efeito vasoconstritor e tr&#243;fico sobre o mioc&#225;rdio, estimulando v&#225;rias cascatas de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular e m&#250;ltiplas respostas fisiol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A ativa&#231;&#227;o do SRAA &#233; o principal mecanismo respons&#225;vel por dist&#250;rbios de press&#227;o arterial e remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na obesidade; essas desordens foram amenizadas ap&#243;s antagonismo de AT<sub>1</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Entretanto, n&#227;o foram encontrados estudos que tenham documentado a associa&#231;&#227;o entre ativa&#231;&#227;o do SRAA e remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular na obesidade, considerando-se a an&#225;lise <italic>in vitro</italic> do m&#250;sculo papilar.</p>
      <p>A prepara&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vitro</italic> do m&#250;sculo papilar permite mensura&#231;&#245;es da capacidade contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio, em termos de encurtamento e gera&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a, a despeito de altera&#231;&#245;es na carga, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e geometria do cora&#231;&#227;o, condi&#231;&#245;es estas que modificam o desempenho mec&#226;nico in vivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de manobras inotr&#243;picas e lusinotr&#243;picas, pode-se tamb&#233;m estudar o desempenho mioc&#225;rdico para identificar altera&#231;&#245;es na contra&#231;&#227;o e no relaxamento, que n&#227;o poderiam ser observadas em condi&#231;&#245;es basais. As manobras mais comumente utilizadas s&#227;o: potencial p&#243;s-pausa, eleva&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2</sup> extracelular e estimula&#231;&#227;o beta-adren&#233;rgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do bloqueio de AT<sub>1</sub> sobre a morfologia e desempenho card&#237;aco, utilizando-se de an&#225;lise <italic>in vitro</italic> do m&#250;sculo papilar, em ratos obesos por dieta hiperlip&#237;dica, com predom&#237;nio de &#225;cidos graxos saturados. Como hip&#243;tese inicial, admite-se que a obesidade se associa com altera&#231;&#245;es no desempenho funcional mioc&#225;rdico, sustentadas em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es de estimula&#231;&#227;o; essas respostas s&#227;o amenizadas com o antagonismo de receptores AT<sub>1</sub>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais e delineamento experimental</title>
        <p>Foram utilizados ratos <italic>Wistar</italic> machos (n=48), com 30 dias de idade, procedentes do Biot&#233;rio Central da Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Botucatu/SP, Brasil. A defini&#231;&#227;o do tamanho amostral foi baseada em estudo pr&#233;vio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> desenvolvido com modelo experimental similar e an&#225;lise funcional do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado.</p>
        <p>Os animais foram distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos: controle (CO), tratado com dieta normolip&#237;dica (2,9 kcal/g), e obeso (OB), alimentado com dieta hiperlip&#237;dica, com predom&#237;nio de &#225;cidos graxos saturados (3,6 kcal/g).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os seguintes ingredientes foram utilizados para ambas as prepara&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas: milho integral, prote&#237;na de soja, dextrina, &#243;leos de soja e palma, vitaminas e minerais. Em termos de composi&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos saturados/ insaturados, a dieta normolip&#237;dica apresentava 61,6/38,4%, respectivamente, enquanto a dieta hiperlip&#237;dica tinha 64,8/35,2%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 16 semanas, os animais foram alocados em quatro grupos: CO, OB, CL e OL. Durante mais quatro semanas, enquanto CO e OB continuaram recebendo as respectivas dietas, CL e OL receberam tamb&#233;m losartan na &#225;gua ingerida (30 mg/kg/dia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas individuais, em temperatura ambiente de 22&#177;2&#176;C, umidade de 55&#177;5% e ciclos de ilumina&#231;&#227;o claro/escuro de 12 horas. O protocolo experimental foi analisado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais (CEUA/ UNESP; Protocolo 1000/2013)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo cardiovascular</title>
        <p>O estudo cardiovascular envolveu mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), avalia&#231;&#227;o da morfologia card&#237;aca, an&#225;lise funcional por ecocardiograma e ensaio in vitro com m&#250;sculo papilar. A an&#225;lise da PAS e ecocardiograma foram feitos na 16&#170; e 20&#170; semana de experimento. A PAS foi obtida por meio de pletismografia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> utilizando-se esfigmoman&#244;metro ( <italic>Narco Bio-Systems</italic> &#174;, modelo 709-0610 - <italic>International Biomedical</italic> , Austin, TX, USA). Para o ecocardiograma, os animais foram anestesiados com uma mistura de cloridrato de cetamina (50 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilidino (1 mg/kg), administrados por via intramuscular. Ap&#243;s a tricotomia na regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax, cada animal foi posicionado em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo. Para an&#225;lise da geometria card&#237;aca, foram obtidas imagens em modo monodimensional (modo-M) com o feixe de ultrassom orientado em modo bidimensional, mantendo-se o transdutor em posi&#231;&#227;o paraesternal, eixo menor. A imagem do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foi obtida posicionando-se o cursor do modo-M abaixo do plano da valva mitral no n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> As imagens da aorta e do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foram obtidas com o cursor de modo-M posicionado ao n&#237;vel do plano a&#243;rtico. As imagens foram registradas em impressora (modelo UP-890, Sony Co.). As estruturas card&#237;acas foram medidas manualmente com o aux&#237;lio de um paqu&#237;metro. No momento de di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo da cavidade ventricular, foram mensurados o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (DDVE), e espessuras diast&#243;licas da parede posterior do VE (EDPP) e do septo interventricular (EDSIV). No momento de di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da cavidade, foi avaliado o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (DSVE). O AE foi medido no momento de seu di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo. A massa do VE (MVE) foi calculada de acordo com a seguinte f&#243;rmula: MVE = [(DDVE+EDPP+EDSIV)<sup>3</sup>-(DDVE)<sup>3</sup>]x1,04. Considerou-se tamb&#233;m a raz&#227;o entre DDVE e comprimento da t&#237;bia.</p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE foi avaliada pela velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior (VEPP) e porcentagem de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico (%Enc.Endo): [(DDVE - DSVE)/DDVE]. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi analisada pelos seguintes &#237;ndices: 1) raz&#227;o entre os picos de velocidade de fluxo de enchimento inicial (onda E) e da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (onda A) do fluxo transmitral (E/A); 2) tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TDE); 3) tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV); 4) pico de velocidade de deslocamento diast&#243;lico inicial do anel mitral (E&#8217;) e pico de velocidade de deslocamento diast&#243;lico tardio do anel mitral (A&#8217;) obtidas pelo Doppler tissular; 5) raz&#227;o entre as ondas E e E&#8217; (E/E&#8217;). Todas as medidas foram feitas pelo mesmo pesquisador, conforme procedimentos da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> utilizando-se um ecocardi&#243;grafo ( <italic>General Electric Medical Systems, Vivid S6, Tirat Carmel</italic> , Israel), equipado com transdutor eletr&#244;nico multifrequencial (5-11,5 MHz).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o geral e an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica in vitro</title>
        <p>A ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica foi avaliada diariamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A efici&#234;ncia alimentar foi obtida a partir da rela&#231;&#227;o entre varia&#231;&#227;o de massa corporal e energia total ingerida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A massa corporal foi mensurada semanalmente, enquanto o ganho de massa foi obtido a partir da diferen&#231;a entre os valores de massa corporal inicial e final. O tecido adiposo das regi&#245;es retroperitoneal, epididimal e visceral foi utilizado para determina&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de gordura corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada por ensaio <italic>in vitro</italic> com m&#250;sculo papilar isolado do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s 20 semanas, os animais foram submetidos a anestesia intraperitoneal com cloridrato de cetamina (80 mg/Kg) e xilazina (5 mg/Kg) e eutan&#225;sia. Ap&#243;s toracotomia mediana, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi prontamente removido e dissecado. As massas de &#225;trios (MA) e dos ventr&#237;culos direito (MVD) e esquerdo (MVE) foram utilizadas para an&#225;lise macrosc&#243;pica. Os m&#250;sculos papilares dissecados do VE foram presos entre dois an&#233;is de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel e colocados verticalmente em uma c&#226;mara de vidro contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit a 28&#176;C, continuamente oxigenada com O<sub>2</sub> (95%) e CO<sub>2</sub> (5%). A composi&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs foi a seguinte: 118,5 mM NaCl; 4,69 mM KCl; 2,50 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>; 1,16 mM MgSO<sub>4</sub>; 1,18 mM KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>; 5,50 mM glicose; e 24,88 mM NaCO<sub>3</sub>. A extremidade inferior do anel foi acoplada a um transdutor de for&#231;a 120T-20B ( <italic>Kyowa</italic> , T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) por um fio de a&#231;o (1/15,000) que atravessava uma fenda preenchida por merc&#250;rio, existente no assoalho da c&#226;mara de vidro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os m&#250;sculos foram contra&#237;dos isotonicamente mediante carga leve por 60 minutos; a seguir, esses foram colocados em contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica e estirados gradualmente at&#233; a tens&#227;o m&#225;xima desenvolvida (TD) atingir seu valor m&#225;ximo. Ap&#243;s 5 minutos sob contra&#231;&#245;es isot&#244;nicas, os m&#250;sculos foram colocados novamente em contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica para determina&#231;&#227;o do pico da curva comprimento-tens&#227;o (Lmax). O comportamento dos m&#250;sculos papilares foi avaliado em situa&#231;&#227;o basal com concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio ([Ca<sup>2</sup>]<sub>o</sub>) de 2,50 mM e ap&#243;s manobras inotr&#243;picas: potencial p&#243;s-pausa (PPP), eleva&#231;&#227;o da [Ca<sup>2</sup>]<sub>o</sub> extracelular de 0,5 at&#233; 2,5 mM e durante estimula&#231;&#227;o beta-adren&#233;rgica com 0,1 e 1,0 mM de isoproterenol. O potencial p&#243;s-pausa foi estudado em [Ca<sup>2</sup>]<sub>o</sub> extracelular de 1,25 mM, em que o est&#237;mulo foi cessado por 30 e 60 segundos, antes de ser reiniciado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Depois do PPP, a resposta do m&#250;sculo papilar foi avaliada ap&#243;s manobra extracelular da [Ca<sup>2</sup>]<sub>o</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Os par&#226;metros contr&#225;teis isom&#233;tricos foram registrados em 10 minutos ap&#243;s adi&#231;&#227;o progressiva de c&#225;lcio (0,5 at&#233; 2,5mM) na solu&#231;&#227;o extracelular. Al&#233;m disso, a estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico foi tamb&#233;m estudada para testar a integridade do complexo beta-adren&#233;rgico, a sensibilidade da troponina C e a absor&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio pelo ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A estimula&#231;&#227;o dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos beta foi induzida utilizando-se concentra&#231;&#245;es cumulativas de isoproterenol (0,1 e 1,0 mM) na presen&#231;a da [Ca<sup>2</sup>]<sub>0</sub> de 1,0 mM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estimadores mec&#226;nicos</title>
        <p>Respostas mec&#226;nicas convencionais em Lmax foram obtidas em contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica: tens&#227;o m&#225;xima desenvolvida normalizada pela &#225;rea seccional transversa do m&#250;sculo papilar (TD [g/mm<sup>2</sup>]) e velocidades m&#225;ximas de varia&#231;&#227;o positiva (+dT/dt [g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s]) e negativa (-dT/dt [g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s]) da TD, normalizada pela &#225;rea seccional transversa do m&#250;sculo papilar. Os estimadores usados para caracterizar o tamanho dos m&#250;sculos papilares foram comprimento (mm), massa do m&#250;sculo (mg) e &#225;rea seccional transversa (AST [mm<sup>2</sup>]). Ao t&#233;rmino de cada experimento, o comprimento do m&#250;sculo em Lmax foi mensurado com aux&#237;lio de um catet&#244;metro Gaertner ( <italic>Gaertner Scientific Corporation</italic> , Chicago, IL, USA), e a por&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo entre os an&#233;is de a&#231;o foi cortada e pesada. A AST foi calculada dividindo-se a massa muscular pelo seu comprimento, assumindo uniformidade e uma gravidade espec&#237;fica de 1,0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos dados, utilizou-se o programa Sigma Stat, vers&#227;o 3.5. Inicialmente, os resultados foram submetidos a an&#225;lise de normalidade por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Como as vari&#225;veis tiveram distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica, os resultados foram apresentados em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Para an&#225;lise dos resultados nutricionais, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, morfologia card&#237;aca e desempenho funcional do m&#250;sculo papilar, foi feita an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de duas vias ( <italic>Two-Way</italic> ANOVA) e teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Tukey. As medidas de PAS e ecocardiograma foram analisadas por meio de <italic>Two-Way</italic> ANOVA no modelo de medidas repetidas (RM)e teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os dados de comportamento nutricional, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e morfologia macrosc&#243;pica do cora&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Embora ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica n&#227;o tenha sido alterada, OB e OL mostraram maior ingest&#227;o de gordura e efici&#234;ncia alimentar do que CO e CL, respectivamente. A obesidade foi caracterizada por maiores medidas de massa e adiposidade corporal.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; M&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o de vari&#225;veis de perfil nutricional, murinometria e morfologia card&#237;aca macrosc&#243;pica, segundo o grupo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Grupo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">CO</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">OB</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">CL</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">OL</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">
                  <bold>Perfil Nutricional</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Massa Corporal (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">451 &#177; 58</td>
                <td align="center">507 &#177; 64 *</td>
                <td align="center">456 &#177; 49</td>
                <td align="center">517 &#177; 50 <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ing. Cal&#243;rica (Kcal)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">81,9 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">80,7 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td align="center">80,3 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">78,7 &#177; 7,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ing. G. Insaturada (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">122 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">235 &#177; 22 *</td>
                <td align="center">120 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">230 &#177; 23 <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ing. G. Saturada (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">196 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">433 &#177; 40 *</td>
                <td align="center">193 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">422 &#177; 43 <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Ef. Alimentar (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26,82 &#177; 2,11</td>
                <td align="center">32,22 &#177; 4,38 *</td>
                <td align="center">28,43 &#177; 0,94</td>
                <td align="center">35,12 &#177; 4,78 <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Adiposidade (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,48 &#177; 0,73</td>
                <td align="center">5,19 &#177; 1,47 *</td>
                <td align="center">3,61 &#177; 1,27</td>
                <td align="center">5,50 &#177; 1,48 <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">
                  <bold>Morfologia Macrosc&#243;pica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#193;trios (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,096 &#177; 0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,113 &#177; 0,015 *</td>
                <td align="center">0,092 &#177; 0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,100 &#177; 0,022 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#193;trios/T&#237;bia (mg/mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,22 &#177; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center">2,59 &#177; 0,35 *</td>
                <td align="center">2,15 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">2,29 &#177; 0,46 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>MVD (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,231 &#177; 0,029</td>
                <td align="center">0,241 &#177; 0,030</td>
                <td align="center">0,230 &#177; 0,039</td>
                <td align="center">0,245 &#177; 0,040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>MVD/T&#237;bia (mg/mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,36 &#177; 0,68</td>
                <td align="center">5,50 &#177; 0,70</td>
                <td align="center">5,34 &#177; 0,79</td>
                <td align="center">5,64 &#177; 0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>MVE (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,844 &#177; 0,083</td>
                <td align="center">0,950 &#177; 0,099</td>
                <td align="center">0,800 &#177; 0,082 *</td>
                <td align="center">0,799 &#177; 0,087 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>MVE/T&#237;bia (mg/mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19,6 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">21,7 &#177; 2,4 *</td>
                <td align="center">18,7 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">18,4 &#177; 1,7 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Ing. Cal&#243;rica: ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica; Ing. G. Insaturada: ingest&#227;o total de gordura insaturada; Ing. G. Saturada: ingest&#227;o total de gordura saturada; Ef. Alimentar: efici&#234;ncia alimentar; MVD: massa de ventr&#237;culo direito; MVE: massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; CO: grupo Controle; OB: grupo Obeso; CL: grupo controle sob losartan; OL: grupo obeso sob losartan. Efeitos de grupo: * p&lt;0,05 comparado ao CO; &#8224; p&lt;0,05 comparado ao OB; &#8225; p&lt;0,05 comparado ao CL; Two-Way ANOVA e teste de Tukey.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; morfologia card&#237;aca, comparado ao CO, o OB apresentou maiores valores de massa de &#225;trios e das respectivas rela&#231;&#245;es entre massa de &#225;trios e VE com o comprimento tibial. O losartan repercutiu em menores medidas de &#225;trios e VE, em valores absolutos e normalizados pelo comprimento da t&#237;bia, no OL comparado ao OB ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> , s&#227;o apresentados os resultados de PAS, bem como estrutura e desempenho do cora&#231;&#227;o, avaliados por meio de ecocardiograma. Ap&#243;s 16 semanas, a obesidade esteve associada com maior PAS; o losartan culminou em redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS no CL e OL, ao final do experimento. A raz&#227;o entre di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) e comprimento da t&#237;bia n&#227;o foi diferente entre grupos e momentos. Ao final do experimento, a obesidade culminou em maior velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VEPP), como observado nos grupos OB e OL. Considerando-se o desempenho diast&#243;lico, o grupo OL apresentou menor rela&#231;&#227;o E/A do que o CL na 20&#170; semana. O Doppler tecidual da velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do anel valvar mitral (A&#8217; m&#233;dia) foi menor no CL do que no CO; S m&#233;dia e E&#8217; m&#233;dia foram ampliadas da 16&#170; &#224; 20&#170; semana no grupo OL.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; M&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, medidas de estrutura e desempenho funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o analisado por ecocardiograma e Doppler tecidual do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, segundo grupo e momento de avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Momento</th>
                <th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Grupo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">CO</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">OB</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">CL</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">OL</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">119,4 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">133,3 &#177; 12,3 *</td>
                <td align="center">119,5 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">132,0 &#177; 9,6 <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">129,6 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">139,3 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">103,0 &#177; 13,2 * <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">107,7 &#177; 7,4 <sup>&#8224; &#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>FC (bpm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">277 &#177; 41</td>
                <td align="center">272 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">276 &#177; 48</td>
                <td align="center">273 &#177; 44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">285 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">266 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">265 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">277 &#177; 39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>AE (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,47 &#177; 0,79</td>
                <td align="center">5,80 &#177; 0,60</td>
                <td align="center">5,87 &#177; 0,74</td>
                <td align="center">5,81 &#177; 0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,69 &#177; 0,56</td>
                <td align="center">5,95 &#177; 0,55</td>
                <td align="center">5,70 &#177; 0,60</td>
                <td align="center">5,77 &#177; 0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>AE/AO</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,37 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,45 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,48 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 &#177; 0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,42 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">1,44 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 &#177; 0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>EDPP (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,317 &#177; 0,072</td>
                <td align="center">1,374 &#177; 0,044</td>
                <td align="center">1,313 &#177; 0,071</td>
                <td align="center">1,361 &#177; 0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,272 &#177; 0,067 <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,305 &#177; 0,043 <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,262 &#177; 0,085 <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,271 &#177; 0,061 <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>DDVE (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7,95 &#177; 0,64</td>
                <td align="center">7,91 &#177; 0,37</td>
                <td align="center">7,80 &#177; 0,57</td>
                <td align="center">7,82 &#177; 0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">8,11 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td align="center">8,15 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">8,06 &#177; 0,54</td>
                <td align="center">8,08 &#177; 0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>DDVE/ T&#237;bia (mm/mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,184 &#177; 0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,180 &#177; 0,008</td>
                <td align="center">0,182 &#177; 0,012</td>
                <td align="center">0,180 &#177; 0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,188 &#177; 0,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,186 &#177; 0,007</td>
                <td align="center">0,188 &#177; 0,011</td>
                <td align="center">0,187 &#177; 0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>DSVE (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,65 &#177; 0,68</td>
                <td align="center">3,56 &#177; 0,39</td>
                <td align="center">3,54 &#177; 0,65</td>
                <td align="center">3,69 &#177; 0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,66 &#177; 0,42</td>
                <td align="center">3,55 &#177; 0,50</td>
                <td align="center">3,86 &#177; 0,67</td>
                <td align="center">3,75 &#177; 0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>VEPP (mm/s)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">40,44 &#177; 4,70</td>
                <td align="center">43,63 &#177; 2,95</td>
                <td align="center">42,31 &#177; 5,11</td>
                <td align="center">39,29 &#177; 3,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">42,92 &#177; 4,45</td>
                <td align="center">48,72 &#177; 4,81 * <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">42,82 &#177; 3,60</td>
                <td align="center">47,96 &#177; 4,03 <sup>&#8225; &#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>FE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,900 &#177; 0,039</td>
                <td align="center">0,907 &#177; 0,023</td>
                <td align="center">0,903 &#177; 0,037</td>
                <td align="center">0,892 &#177; 0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,907 &#177; 0,022</td>
                <td align="center">0,914 &#177; 0,033</td>
                <td align="center">0,887 &#177; 0,039</td>
                <td align="center">0,898 &#177; 0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>EE (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">54,32 &#177; 6,38</td>
                <td align="center">55,00 &#177; 3,72</td>
                <td align="center">54,83 &#177; 6,28</td>
                <td align="center">52,92 &#177; 5,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">54,94 &#177; 3,58</td>
                <td align="center">56,49 &#177; 5,67</td>
                <td align="center">52,34 &#177; 5,73</td>
                <td align="center">53,83 &#177; 5,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>E/A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,65 &#177; 0,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,49 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">1,52 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">1,43 &#177; 0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,60 &#177; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center">1,50 &#177; 0,23</td>
                <td align="center">1,74 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,39 &#177; 0,26 <sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>TDE (ms)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">50,09 &#177; 6,85</td>
                <td align="center">49,50 &#177; 4,56</td>
                <td align="center">47,64 &#177; 8,69</td>
                <td align="center">51,10 &#177; 6,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">47,64 &#177; 7,47</td>
                <td align="center">50,58 &#177; 6,59</td>
                <td align="center">50,17 &#177; 5,84</td>
                <td align="center">54,40 &#177; 5,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>TRIVn</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">58,88 &#177; 6,98</td>
                <td align="center">58,12 &#177; 4,22</td>
                <td align="center">55,38 &#177; 7,72</td>
                <td align="center">54,66 &#177; 5,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">53,60 &#177; 4,22</td>
                <td align="center">52,47 &#177; 4,87</td>
                <td align="center">53,49 &#177; 7,17</td>
                <td align="center">52,72 &#177; 3,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>S&#8217; m&#233;dia (cm/s)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,57 &#177; 0,31</td>
                <td align="center">3,79 &#177; 0,28</td>
                <td align="center">3,72 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">3,79 &#177; 0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,00 &#177; 0,24 &#167;</td>
                <td align="center">4,05 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">3,91 &#177; 0,29</td>
                <td align="center">4,19 &#177; 0,27 <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>E&#8217; m&#233;dia (cm/s)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,62 &#177; 0,53</td>
                <td align="center">4,23 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center">4,25 &#177; 0,39</td>
                <td align="center">4,04 &#177; 0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,85 &#177; 0,57</td>
                <td align="center">4,80 &#177; 0,32 <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,83 &#177; 0,38 <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,92 &#177; 0,52 <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>A&#8217; m&#233;dia (cm/s)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,75 &#177; 0,86</td>
                <td align="center">3,85 &#177; 0,59</td>
                <td align="center">3,78 &#177; 0,83</td>
                <td align="center">3,49 &#177; 0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,37 &#177; 0,87</td>
                <td align="center">3,78 &#177; 1,08</td>
                <td align="center">3,61 &#177; 0,75 *</td>
                <td align="center">4,31 &#177; 0,81 <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>E/E&#8217;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16,80 &#177; 3,62</td>
                <td align="center">18,76 &#177; 3,13</td>
                <td align="center">18,12 &#177; 2,27</td>
                <td align="center">18,86 &#177; 2,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>20&#170; Sem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">17,89 &#177; 2,59</td>
                <td align="center">18,79 &#177; 2,35</td>
                <td align="center">17,27 &#177; 1,52</td>
                <td align="center">17,22 &#177; 2,51</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AE/AO: rela&#231;&#227;o entre os di&#226;metros do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e da art&#233;ria aorta (AO); EDPP: espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VEPP: velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; EE: encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico; E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre as ondas E e A do fluxo transmitral; TRIVn: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico normalizado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (R-R0,5); TDE: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; S&#8217;: velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel valvar mitral ao Doppler tecidual (TDI); E&#8217;: TDI da velocidade diast&#243;lica do anel valvar mitral (m&#233;dia entre paredes septal e lateral); A&#8217;: TDI da velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do anel valvar mitral (m&#233;dia das paredes septal e lateral); E/E&#8217;: rela&#231;&#227;o obtida entre as velocidades de fluxo inicial transvalvar mitral e do TDI do anel valvar mitral; CO: grupo Controle; OB: grupo Obeso; CL: grupo controle sob losartan; OL: grupo obeso sob losartan. Efeitos de grupo: * p&lt;0,05 comparado ao CO; &#8224; p&lt;0,05 comparado ao OB; &#8225; p&lt;0,05 comparado ao CL; Efeito de momento: &#167; p&lt;0,05 comparado &#224; 16&#170; semana (Sem); Two-Way RM ANOVA e teste de Bonferroni.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O desempenho funcional dos m&#250;sculos papilares &#233; mostrado nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1 a 4</xref> . Em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, os &#237;ndices de TD e +dt/dt foram similares entre os grupos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1B</xref> ), enquanto a -dt/dt foi menor no CL do que no CO ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref> ). A influ&#234;ncia da eleva&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de c&#225;lcio sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> . O aumento da [Ca<sup>2</sup>]<sub>0</sub> de 1,0 a 2,5 mM resultou em resposta progressivamente maior da TD, +dt/dt e -dT/dt em todos os grupos. Nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de c&#225;lcio de 1,5, 2,0 e 2,5 mM, o OL mostrou os valores superiores de TD, +dt/dt e -dT/dt em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CL. Na manobra de 2,5 mM de [Ca<sup>2</sup>]<sub>0</sub>, as vari&#225;veis TD (CO, 109&#177;37; OB, 113&#177;31; CL, 98&#177;33; OL, 134&#177;46 %) e +dt/dt (CO, 118&#177;43; OB, 122&#177;27; CL, 109&#177;37; OL, 153&#177;49 %) foram maiores no OL do que no OB ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2B</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional do m&#250;sculo papilar em situa&#231;&#227;o basal com concentra&#231;&#227;o extracelular de c&#225;lcio de 2,5 mM; valores em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio-padr&#227;o; (A) TD: tens&#227;o m&#225;xima desenvolvida; (B) +dT/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o da TD; (C) &#8211;dT/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o de decr&#233;scimo da TD; CO: grupo Controle; OB: grupo Obeso; CL: grupo Controle sob losartan; OL: grupo Obeso sob losartan. * p&lt;0,05 comparado ao CO; Two-Way ANOVA e teste de Tukey.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0017-90131-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional do m&#250;sculo papilar segundo concentra&#231;&#227;o extracelular de c&#225;lcio (1,0-2,5 mM). Resultados expressos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal com concentra&#231;&#227;o extracelular de c&#225;lcio de 0,5 mM; (m&#233;dia&#177;desvio-padr&#227;o); (A) TD: tens&#227;o m&#225;xima desenvolvida; (B) +dT/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o positiva da TD; (C) -dT/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de decr&#233;scimo da TD. CO: grupo Controle; CL: grupo Controle sob losartan; OB: grupo Obeso; OL: grupo Obeso sob losartan. Efeito de grupo: &#8224; p&lt;0,05 vs OB; &#8225; p&lt;0,05 vs CL. Efeito de C&#225;lcio: &#167;, p&lt;0,05 vs 1,0 mM; &#182;, p&lt;0,05 vs 1,5 mM;Two-Way RM ANOVA e teste de Bonferroni.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0017-90131-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> , s&#227;o apresentados os resultados de desempenho funcional de m&#250;sculos papilares em resposta ao PPP. A varia&#231;&#227;o do PPP de 30 a 60s culminou em aumento dos valores de TD, +dt/dt e -dt/dt, em geral. No PPP de 60s, o grupo OB mostrou menores medidas de TD, +dt/dt e -dt/dt do que CO; o OL revelou maior TD (C, 65,7&#177;23,6; OB, 56,3&#177;13,9; CL, 58,0&#177;17,4; OL, 66,4&#177;17,4 %) do que os grupos OB e CL e valores superiores de +dt/dt (C, 70,0&#177;25,4; OB, 59,3&#177;15,9; CL, 62,7&#177;20,0; OL, 70,7&#177;20,7%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CL.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado, segundo tempo de potencial p&#243;s-pausa (PPP). Resultados expressos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal com concentra&#231;&#227;o extracelular de c&#225;lcio de 0,5 mM (m&#233;dia&#177;desvio-padr&#227;o); (A) TD: tens&#227;o m&#225;xima desenvolvida; (B) +dT/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o positiva da TD; (C) -dT/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de decr&#233;scimo da TD. CO: grupo Controle; CL: grupo Controle sob losartan; OB: grupo Obeso; OL: grupo Obeso sob losartan. Efeito de PPP: &#167;, p&lt;0,05 vs 30s; Efeito de grupo: * p&lt;0,05 vs CO; &#8224; p&lt;0,05 vs OB; &#8225; p&lt;0,05 vs CL. Two-Way RM ANOVA e teste de Bonferroni.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0017-90131-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Sobre as manobras de estimula&#231;&#227;o &#946;-adren&#233;rgica ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ), as concentra&#231;&#245;es de 0,1 e 1mM repercutiram em aumento da TD em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es basais. A manobra de 1mM de isoproterenol resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o da +dt/dt no OB ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4B</xref> ) e ampliou as medidas -dt/dt em todos os grupos, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s concentra&#231;&#245;es de base e de 0,1mM ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4C</xref> ). Considerando-se o efeito de grupo, o CL mostrou maior TD (C, 22,8&#177;11,4; OB, 19,5&#177;10,9; CL, 40,4&#177;13,6; OL, 28,7&#177;11,9 %) e menor -dt/dt do que o C (C, 67,5&#177;18,5; OB, 67,2&#177;22,6; CL, 25,3&#177;9,2; OL, 68,8&#177;19,1 %), em resposta a 0,1mM de isoproterenol.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado, segundo est&#237;mulo com isoproterenol (0,1 e 1,0 mM). Resultados expressos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal com concentra&#231;&#227;o extracelular de c&#225;lcio de 1,0 mM (m&#233;dia&#177;desvio-padr&#227;o); (A) TD: tens&#227;o m&#225;xima desenvolvida; (B) +dT/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o positiva da TD; (C) -dT/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de decr&#233;scimo da TD. CO: grupo Controle; CL: grupo Controle sob losartan; OB: grupo Obeso; OL: grupo Obeso sob losartan. Efeito de Isoproterenol: &#167;, p&lt;0,05 vs Basal; &#182;, p&lt;0,05 vs 0,1 mM; Efeito de grupo: * p&lt;0,05 vs CO; &#8224; p&lt;0,05 vs OB; &#8225; p&lt;0,05 vs CL. Two-Way RM ANOVA e teste de Bonferroni.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0017-90131-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este trabalho foi proposto para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do antagonismo de receptores AT<sub>1</sub> sobre caracter&#237;sticas cardiovasculares em ratos obesos por dieta. De fato, os ratos obesos exibiram altera&#231;&#245;es de PAS, hipertrofia do VE, mudan&#231;as no desempenho sist&#243;lico avaliado por meio de ecocardiograma e dist&#250;rbios na fun&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar. Grande parte desses efeitos foi amenizada com a administra&#231;&#227;o de losartan, um f&#225;rmaco antagonista de receptores AT<sub>1</sub>.</p>
      <p>O presente modelo experimental &#233; caracterizado pela indu&#231;&#227;o de obesidade a partir da administra&#231;&#227;o de dieta hiperlip&#237;dica, com predom&#237;nio de &#225;cidos graxos saturados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, apesar do consumo cal&#243;rico inalterado entre os grupos, os animais obesos mostraram maiores medidas de ingest&#227;o lip&#237;dica e efici&#234;ncia energ&#233;tica em compara&#231;&#227;o aos respectivos controles. Como resultado, os valores de massa corporal e adiposidade foram tamb&#233;m maiores na obesidade. Em raz&#227;o da maior densidade energ&#233;tica dos lip&#237;deos, o consumo de dietas hiperlip&#237;dicas se associa com ac&#250;mulo de reservas corporais e hipertrofia do tecido adiposo. Com isso, a varia&#231;&#227;o ponderal positiva dos obesos resultou, possivelmente, de aumento da adiposidade, conforme previamente documentado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a 16&#170; semana de experimento, a PAS mostrou-se maior na obesidade. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e altera&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas foi tamb&#233;m comprovada por outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a PAS foi cronicamente ampliada ap&#243;s estresse f&#237;sico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> e ao longo do tempo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ainda que os n&#237;veis basais estivessem inalterados ao final do experimento. Em geral, fatores inflamat&#243;rios e/ou neuro-hormonais relacionados com o excesso de tecido adiposo contribuem para a ocorr&#234;ncia de desordens hemodin&#226;micas em obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Na vig&#234;ncia de losartan, os n&#237;veis de PAS foram reduzidos, confirmando a participa&#231;&#227;o do SRAA na promo&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios hemodin&#226;micos press&#243;ricos derivados da obesidade.</p>
      <p>Por sua vez, persistente aumento na PAS tem sido associado com maior p&#243;s-carga, deforma&#231;&#227;o parietal e hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Nossos resultados confirmaram hipertrofia ventricular e elevado desempenho sist&#243;lico, comprovado pela maior VEPP na obesidade ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#233; afetada por diferentes fatores, incluindo-se frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, contratilidade, al&#233;m de mudan&#231;as na pr&#233; e p&#243;s-carga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Embora a obesidade n&#227;o tenha modificado a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a geometria ventricular, maiores medidas de parede poderiam preservar, ou ainda, diminuir a pr&#233;-carga. Nesse estado, entretanto, a reduzida pr&#233;-carga poderia causar menor eje&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> o que n&#227;o foi confirmado pelos resultados. Provavelmente, o maior desempenho sist&#243;lico se associa com hipertrofia ventricular e/ou mudan&#231;as na p&#243;s-carga no grupo OB. Cabe dizer que a p&#243;s-carga &#233; uma vari&#225;vel mec&#226;nica diretamente influenciada por altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o e no di&#226;metro intraventricular e inversamente relacionada com a espessura da parede ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o papilar mostrou que a obesidade, <italic>per se</italic> , n&#227;o se associou com altera&#231;&#245;es basais, nem em resposta a diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es de Ca<sup>2</sup> e isoproterenol. Estudo pr&#233;vio mostrou diminui&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a contr&#225;til e outros dist&#250;rbios funcionais em condi&#231;&#245;es basais de m&#250;sculos papilares de obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Lima-Leopoldo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> mostraram que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o extracelular de Ca<sup>2</sup> resultou em menor resposta nos &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na contra&#231;&#227;o (TD) e no relaxamento (-dT/dt) na obesidade. Essas diverg&#234;ncias podem ter rela&#231;&#227;o com diferen&#231;as na composi&#231;&#227;o das dietas, incluindo-se acr&#233;scimo de a&#231;&#250;car<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e/ou perfil lip&#237;dico constituinte das formula&#231;&#245;es. Utilizando modelo similar ao do presente trabalho, Vileigas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m constataram aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em prepara&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;sculo papilar na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e ap&#243;s acr&#233;scimo de isoproterenol.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de potencial p&#243;s-pausa (PPP), pode-se afirmar que a obesidade promoveu disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, muito provavelmente, em raz&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es no tr&#226;nsito intracelular de Ca<sup>2</sup>. A manobra de 60s reduziu a TD, +dT/dt e -dT/dt no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos obesos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Os dados s&#227;o consistentes com estudo pr&#233;vio que mostrou menor resposta contr&#225;til em ratos obesos <italic>Zucker</italic> ap&#243;s 60s de PPP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Como -dT/dt &#233; influenciada pela frequ&#234;ncia de absor&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ons c&#225;lcio pelo ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> a menor recaptura de Ca<sup>2</sup> demonstrada pela -dT/dt nos ratos obesos sugere que a atividade da prote&#237;na SERCA2 foi deprimida. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da -dT/dt com altas concentra&#231;&#245;es citos&#243;licas de Ca<sup>2</sup> sugere que a ativa&#231;&#227;o da SERCA2 via Ca<sup>2</sup> - <italic>calmodulina cinase</italic> pode ser deprimida pela obesidade. A redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da TD nos ratos obesos poderia ser resultante de redu&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2</sup>no ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico e tamb&#233;m de menor libera&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2</sup> por meio dos receptores <italic>rianod&#237;nicos</italic> .</p>
      <p>Provavelmente, os dist&#250;rbios no tr&#226;nsito Ca<sup>2</sup> e na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica em obesos decorrem da estimula&#231;&#227;o do SRAA. Quando comparados aos grupos OB e CL, os animais do OL mostraram melhor desempenho contr&#225;til em resposta &#224;s manobras de eleva&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2</sup>, PPP e isoproterenol ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2-4</xref> ). Considerando-se a manuten&#231;&#227;o de elevada VEPP e o comportamento mec&#226;nico do m&#250;sculo papilar na vig&#234;ncia de losartan, &#233; prov&#225;vel que o desempenho sist&#243;lico tenha sido regulado por maior sensibilidade ao Ca<sup>2</sup> no grupo OL. Nessa perspectiva, n&#227;o se pode descartar um poss&#237;vel efeito metab&#243;lico do bloqueio de AT<sub>1</sub>, propiciando maior efici&#234;ncia energ&#233;tica a partir da combust&#227;o melhorada de macronutrientes, em especial, lip&#237;deos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Excessiva oferta de &#225;cidos graxos pode culminar em maior atividade mitocondrial, estimulando mecanismos relacionados com aumento no tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Em experimento pr&#233;vio, interven&#231;&#227;o com losartan resultou na inibi&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos moleculares de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina no mioc&#225;rdio, normalizando tamb&#233;m o desempenho contr&#225;til do cora&#231;&#227;o em ratos obesos por dieta de cafeteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Recentemente, o bloqueio de AT<sub>1</sub> culminou em melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial em ratos obesos com resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nessa perspectiva, as repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dos achados deste estudo s&#227;o variadas. Condi&#231;&#245;es de ativa&#231;&#227;o do SRAA t&#234;m sido associadas a desordens metab&#243;licas e cardiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No presente trabalho, tem-se a descri&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios de resposta contr&#225;til que possibilitam a proposi&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es voltadas ao tratamento cardiovascular em obesos.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o obstante, embora esses efeitos tenham sido amenizados com antagonismo de AT<sub>1</sub>, n&#227;o est&#225; descartada a participa&#231;&#227;o de outras vari&#225;veis, comuns &#224; dieta hiperlip&#237;dica de forma isolada, como causa de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Em estudo pr&#233;vio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> mostramos que o consumo aumentado de lip&#237;deos tem rela&#231;&#227;o direta com indicadores de resposta cardiovascular na obesidade. Nesse sentido, essa &#233; uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o do trabalho e novas investiga&#231;&#245;es devem ser desenvolvidas para melhor esclarecer o papel isolado de &#225;cidos graxos saturados e insaturados no presente modelo experimental.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados permitem concluir que a obesidade induzida por dieta promove remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, sustentada por hipertrofia ventricular e disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Considerando-se que o Losartan amenizou grande parte dessas desordens, confirma-se a hip&#243;tese inicial desta investiga&#231;&#227;o, segundo a qual a estimula&#231;&#227;o de receptores AT<sub>1</sub> est&#225; associada com preju&#237;zos na fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em ratos obesos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; relacionado ao tema da disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Nayara de Ara&#250;jo Muzili pela Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais da UNESP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1000/2013. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq processo n&#186; 422776/2016-5) e UFMS.</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>AT<sub>1</sub>Receptor Blockade Improves Myocardial Functional Performance in Obesity</article-title>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8895-9456</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis de</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muzili</surname>
            <given-names>Nayara de Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9789-2487</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Marianna Rabelo de</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
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          <name>
            <surname>Ota</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Elias</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
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          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Souza de</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Fregapani da Costa</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
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            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Oliveira</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4933-0604</contrib-id>
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            <sup>2</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4829-9606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cezar</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Diacardia Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>3</sup>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4402-6523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio C.</given-names>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9477-3386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Felippe</given-names>
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      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva (FAIT), Itapeva, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo (UNESP), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina - Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Silvio Assis de Oliveira-Junior &#8226; Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul - Laboratory of Striated Muscle Study (LEME) - Av. Costa e Silva, s/n Cidade Universit&#225;ria Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: oliveirajr.ufms@gmail.com, silvio.oliveira-jr@ufms.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira-Junior SA, Okoshi MP, Martinez PF; Acquisition of data: Muzili NA, Carvalho MR, Ota GE, Morais CS, Vieira LFC, Ortiz MO, Campos DHS, Cezar MDM, Okoshi K; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira-Junior SA, Campos DHS, Cezar MDM, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Cicogna AC, Martinez PF; Statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript: Oliveira-Junior SA; Obtaining financing: Oliveira-Junior SA, Martinez PF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Cicogna AC, Martinez PF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Obesity has been associated with chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and with significant changes in cardiac performance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To assess the impact of a blockade of angiotensin-II receptor type 1 (AT<sub>1</sub>receptor) on morphology and on myocardial functional performance in rats with high-fat diet- induced obesity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Wistar rats (n=48) were submitted to control (2.9 kcal/g) or high-fat (3.6 kcal/g) diet for 20 weeks. After the 16<sup>th</sup>week they were divided into four groups: Control (CO), Obese (OB), Control Losartan (CL) and Obese Losartan (OL). CL and OL received losartan (30 mg/kg/day) in drinking water for four weeks. Subsequently, body composition, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and echocardiographic variables were analyzed. Papillary muscle function was assessed at baseline with 2.50 mM calcium concentration ([Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>o</sub>) and after inotropic maneuvers: post-pause potentiation (PPP), [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>o</sub>elevation, and during beta-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol. Analysis of the results was performed by the Two-Way ANOVA and by the appropriate comparison test. The level of significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Although SBP change had been not maintained at the end of the experiment, obesity was associated with cardiac hypertrophy and with increased left ventricle posterior wall shortening velocity. In the study of papillary muscles in basal condition, CL showed lower developed tension maximum negative variation velocity (-dT/dt) than CO. The 60s PPP promoted lower -dT/dt and maximum developed tension (DT) in OB and CL compared with CO, and higher relative DT variation and maximum positive variation velocity (+dT/dt) in OL compared with CL and OB. Under 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5mM [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>o</sub>, the OL group showed higher -dT/dt than CL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Losartan improves myocardial function in high-fat diet-induced obesity. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(1):17-28)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Losartan/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet, High-fat/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease resulting from interaction among many etiological factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This disease is a nutritional and metabolic dysfunction that may be associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Clinical studies have shown obesity may cause morphological and functional changes in the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Moreover, experimental research proved this condition is associated with myocardial hypertrophy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> interstitial fibrosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and several molecular changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These responses include disorders in expression and functioning of peptides involved with intracellular calcium handling during muscle contraction and relaxation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, there are important divergences among studies regarding potential effects of high-fat diet induced obesity on myocardial performance. Jacobsen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> found increased contractile phase during inotropic maneuver of papillary muscle in obese rats after three weeks of diet; other authors have found higher myocardial shortening velocity in experiments of 20,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 30,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> 33,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and 35 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Other investigations have reported impaired cardiac contraction, showed by <italic>in vitro</italic> papillary muscles analysis of obese rats in experimental models with15 weeks of diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> There are also reports of unchanged cardiac function after 20,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> 30,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and 32<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> weeks of dietary intervention. Therefore, cardiac performance should be further studied in high-fat diet-induced obesity experiments.</p>
        <p>Obesity regards greater activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> High levels of angiotensin-II (Ang-II) coupling to receptors type I (AT<sub>1</sub>) exert a vasoconstrictor and a trophic effect on myocardium, stimulating several intracellular signaling cascades and multiple physiological responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> RAAS activation is the main mechanism responsible for blood pressure disorders and cardiac remodeling in obesity; these effects were attenuated after AT<sub>1</sub>antagonism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> However, when considering the <italic>in vitro</italic> analysis of the papillary muscle, the association between RAAS activation and ventricular remodeling in obesity models based on high-fat diet administration is scarcely studied.</p>
        <p>The <italic>in vitro</italic> preparation of papillary muscle allows myocardial contractile capacity measurements in terms of shortening and force generation, despite changes in load, heart rate and heart geometry; such conditions modify mechanical performance <italic>in vivo</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Using inotropic and lusitropic maneuvers, myocardial performance may also be studied to identify changes in contraction and relaxation that could not be observed under baseline conditions. The most used maneuvers are post-pause potentiation, extracellular [Ca<sup>2</sup>] elevation and beta-adrenergic stimulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>From this perspective, the objective of this study was to assess the influence of AT<sub>1</sub>blockade on cardiac morphology and performance using <italic>in vitro</italic> papillary muscle analysis in rats with saturated high-fat diet induced obesity. The initial hypothesis is that obesity is associated with changes in myocardial functional performance, sustained under different stimulation conditions; these responses are attenuated by AT<sub>1</sub>receptor antagonism.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animal and experimental design</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats (n=48), aged 30 days-old were used from the Animal Center of S&#227;o Paulo State University &#8211; UNESP &#8211; Botucatu/SP, Brazil. The sample size definition was based on a previous study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> developed with a similar experimental model and functional analysis of the isolated papillary muscle.</p>
          <p>Firstly, animals were divided into two groups: control (CO), treated with control diet (2.9 kcal/g), and obese (OB), fed with high-fat diet with a predominance of saturated fatty acids (3.6 kcal/g).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The following ingredients were used for both dietary preparations: corn bran, soybean bran and hulls, dextrin, and palm and soybean oils, plus vitamin and mineral supplementation. In terms of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids content,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> while the control diet presented 61.6/38.4%, the high-fat diet showed 64.8/35.2%.</p>
          <p>After 16 weeks, the animals were allocated into four groups: CO, OB, CL and OL. For another four weeks, while CO and OB continued to receive their respective diets, CL and OL also received losartan in drinking water (30 mg/kg/day).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The animals were kept in individual cages at 22&#177;2&#176;C (room temperature), 55&#177;5% humidity, and 12 hours light/dark lighting cycles. The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Botucatu Medical School (protocol 1000/2013).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular study</title>
          <p>The cardiovascular study involved systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement, cardiac morphology assessment, echocardiographic functional analysis and <italic>in vitro</italic> papillary muscle study. SBP and echocardiogram analysis were performed at 16 and 20 weeks of the experiment. SBP was obtained by plethysmography<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> using a sphygmomanometer (Narco Bio-Systems&#174;, model 709-0610 - International Biomedical, Austin, TX, USA). For echocardiography, the animals were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) and xylidine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly. After trichotomy in the anterior thorax, each animal was positioned in the left lateral position. For cardiac geometry analysis, one-dimensional images (M-mode) were obtained with the ultrasound beam adjusted in the two-dimensional mode, keeping the transducer on the parasternal position and smaller axis.</p>
          <p>Left ventricle (LV) imaging was obtained by positioning the M-mode cursor below the mitral valve plane at the papillary muscles level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Aortic and left atrial images were obtained with the M-mode cursor positioned at the aortic plane level. Images were recorded on a printer (model UP-890, Sony Co.). Cardiac structures were measured manually with a caliper. During the maximum ventricular cavity diameter, LV diastolic diameter (LVDD), LV posterior wall diastolic thickness (LVDT), and interventricular septum (IVDT) were measured. The LV systolic diameter (LVSD) was assessed during the minimum cavity diameter. The left atrium (LA) was measured at its maximum diameter. LV weight (LVW) was estimated according to the following formula: LVW = [(LVDD+LVDT+IVDT)<sup>3</sup>- (LVDD)<sup>3</sup>] x 1.04. The ratio between LVDD and tibia length was also considered.</p>
          <p>LV systolic function was assessed by posterior wall shortening velocity (PWSV) and percentage of eendocardium fractional shortening (% ES) = [(LVDD-LVSD)/LVDD]. The diastolic function was analyzed by the following indexes: 1) ratio between the initial filling flow velocity peaks (E wave) and the atrial contraction (A wave) of the transmitral flow (E/A); 2) E wave deceleration time (EDT); 3) isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT); 4) early mitral annulus diastolic displacement velocity peak (E&#8217;) and late mitral annulus diastolic displacement velocity peak (A&#8217;) obtained by tissue Doppler; and 5) ratio between the waves E and E&#8217; (E/E&#8217;). All measurements were performed by the same expert according to the American Society of Echocardiography<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> procedures, using an echocardiograph (General Electric Medical Systems, Vivid S6, Tirat Carmel, Israel), equipped with a multifrequency electronic transducer (5-11.5 MHz).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>General characterization and <italic>in vitro</italic> analysis of myocardial performance</title>
          <p>Caloric intake was assessed daily.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Feeding efficiency was obtained from the relationship between body weight variation and total energy intake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Body weight was measured weekly, while weight gain was obtained from the difference between initial and final body weight values. Adipose tissue from the retroperitoneal, epididymal, and visceral regions was used to determine body fat content.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Myocardial performance was assessed by <italic>in vitro</italic> study with papillary muscle isolated from LV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> After 20 weeks, animals were submitted to intraperitoneal anesthesia with ketamine hydrochloride (80 mg/kg), xylazine (5 mg/kg), and euthanasia. After median thoracotomy, the heart was removed and dissected. Atria, right ventricle (RVW) as well as left ventricle (LVW) were weighted for macroscopic morphological analysis. Dissected LV papillary muscles were placed between two stainless steel rings and positioned vertically within a glass chamber containing Krebs-Henseleit solution at 28&#176;C, continuously oxygenated with O<sub>2</sub>(95%) and CO<sub>2</sub>(5%). The Krebs solution composition was the following: 118.5 mM NaCl; 4.69 mM KCl; 2.50 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>; 1.16 mM MgSO<sub>4</sub>; 1.18 mM KH2PO<sub>4</sub>; 5.50 mM glucose; and 24.88 mM NaCO<sub>3</sub>. The lower end of the inferior ring was coupled to a 120T-20B force transducer (Kyowa, Tokyo, Japan) by a steel wire (1/15,000) running through a mercury-filled slot in the glass chamber floor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The muscles were kept on isotonic contraction against a light loading for 60 minutes; afterwards, they were then kept on isometric contraction and gradually stretched until the maximum developed tension (DT) was achieved. After 5 minutes under isotonic contraction, the muscles were placed back in isometric contraction to determine the tension-length curve (L<sub>max</sub>) peak. The papillary muscles behavior was assessed at baseline with a 2.50 mM calcium concentration ([Ca<sup>2</sup>]<sub>o</sub>) and after the following inotropic maneuvers: post-rest potentiation (PPP), extracellular [Ca<sup>2</sup>] elevation since 0.5 until 2.5 mM, and during beta-adrenergic stimulation with 0.1 and 1.0 mM isoproterenol. Post-pause potentiation was studied in extracellular [Ca<sup>2</sup>] equal to 1.50 mM, where the stimulus was stopped for 30 and 60 seconds before it restarted.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
          <p>After PPP, the papillary muscle response was assessed after extracellular [Ca<sup>2</sup>]<sub>o</sub>maneuver.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Isometric contractile parameters were recorded after 10 minutes with progressive calcium addition (0.5 to 2.5mM) in the extracellular solution. The beta-adrenergic system stimulation has also been studied to test beta-adrenergic complex integrity, troponin C sensitivity, and calcium absorption by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Beta adrenergic receptor stimulation was induced using cumulative isoproterenol concentrations (0.1 to 1.0 mM) in the presence of 1.0 mM [Ca<sup>2</sup>]<sub>o</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mechanical variables</title>
          <p>Conventional mechanical responses at L<sub>max</sub>were obtained in isometric contraction: maximum developed tension normalized by the transverse sectional area of the papillary muscle (DT [g/mm<sup>2</sup>]) and maximum positive variation velocities (+dT/dt [g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s]); and maximum negative variation velocity (-dT/dt [g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s]) of maximum developed tension (DT), normalized by the transverse sectional area of the papillary muscle. The measures used to characterize papillary muscle size included length (mm), muscle weight (mg) and transverse sectional area (TSA [mm<sup>2</sup>]). At the end of each experiment, L<sub>max</sub>was measured with the <italic>Gaertner</italic> catheter (Gaertner Scientific Corporation, Chicago, IL, USA), and the muscle portion between the steel rings was cut and weighed. TSA was obtained from a ratio between muscle weight and length, assuming uniformity and a specific 1.0 gravity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>A Sigma-Stat version 3.5 software was used for data analysis. Firstly, the results were subjected to normality analysis by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Since the variables had parametric distribution, measures were presented as mean and standard-deviation. Nutritional results, body composition, cardiac morphology and functional performance of the papillary muscle were analyzed using the two-way analysis of variance ( <italic>Two-Way</italic> ANOVA) and the Tukey&#8217;s multiple comparisons test. SBP and echocardiogram measurements were analyzed by <italic>Two-Way</italic> ANOVA in the repeated measures (RM) model, and Bonferroni multiple comparison test. The level of significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Results of nutritional profile, body composition and cardiac macroscopic morphology are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Although caloric intake was unchanged, OB and OL showed higher fat intake and feed efficiency than CO and CL, respectively. Obesity was characterized by higher measures of body weight and adiposity.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mean and standard deviation of nutritional variables, murinometry and cardiac morphology according with group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups" width="681">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Group</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">CO</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">OB</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">CL</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">OL</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">
                    <bold>Nutritional Profile</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Body weight (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">451 &#177; 58</td>
                  <td align="center">507 &#177; 64 *</td>
                  <td align="center">456 &#177; 49</td>
                  <td align="center">517 &#177; 50<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Caloric intake (Kcal)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">81.9 &#177; 8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">80.7 &#177; 7.5</td>
                  <td align="center">80.3 &#177; 9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">78.7 &#177; 7.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Total intake of unsaturated lipids (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">122 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">235 &#177; 22 *</td>
                  <td align="center">120 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">230 &#177; 23<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Total intake of saturated lipids (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">196 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">433 &#177; 40 *</td>
                  <td align="center">193 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">422 &#177; 43<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Feed efficiency (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26.82 &#177; 2.11</td>
                  <td align="center">32.22 &#177; 4.38 *</td>
                  <td align="center">28.43 &#177; 0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">35.12 &#177; 4.78<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Adiposity (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.48 &#177; 0.73</td>
                  <td align="center">5.19 &#177; 1.47 *</td>
                  <td align="center">3.61 &#177; 1.27</td>
                  <td align="center">5.50 &#177; 1.48<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">
                    <bold>Cardiac Morphology</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Atria (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.096 &#177; 0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.113 &#177; 0.015 *</td>
                  <td align="center">0.092 &#177; 0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.100 &#177; 0.022<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Atria/ Tibia (mg/mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.22 &#177; 0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">2.59 &#177; 0.35 *</td>
                  <td align="center">2.15 &#177; 0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">2.29 &#177; 0.46<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>RVW (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.231 &#177; 0.029</td>
                  <td align="center">0.241 &#177; 0.030</td>
                  <td align="center">0.230 &#177; 0.039</td>
                  <td align="center">0.245 &#177; 0.040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>RVW/Tibia (mg/mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.36 &#177; 0.68</td>
                  <td align="center">5.50 &#177; 0.70</td>
                  <td align="center">5.34 &#177; 0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">5.64 &#177; 0.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>LVW (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.844 &#177; 0.083</td>
                  <td align="center">0.950 &#177; 0.099</td>
                  <td align="center">0.800 &#177; 0.082 *</td>
                  <td align="center">0.799 &#177; 0.087<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>LVW/Tibia (mg/mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19.6 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">21.7 &#177; 2.4 *</td>
                  <td align="center">18.7 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">18.4 &#177; 1.7<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>RVW: right ventricular weight; LVW: left ventricular weight; CO: Control group; OB: Obese group; CL: Control Losartan group; OL: Obese Losartan group Group&#8217;s effects: * p &lt;0.05 compared to CO; &#8224; p &lt;0.05 compared to OB; &#8225; p &lt;0.05 compared to CL; Two-Way ANOVA and Tukey test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>OB presented higher values of atria weight and respective relationships between atrial weight and LV weight with tibia length compared to CO regarding cardiac morphology. Losartan promoted lower atrial and LV measurements comparing OL with OB in absolute values and when normalized by tibia length, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> presents SBP results, structure and performance of the heart, assessed by echocardiography. After 16 weeks, obesity was associated with higher SBP; losartan led to SBP reduction in CL and OL at the end of the experiment. The ratio between left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) and tibia length was similar among groups and between the moments. At the end of the experiment, obesity culminated in a higher posterior wall shortening velocity (PWSV), as observed in OB and OL. Considering the diastolic performance, OL presented lower E/A ratio than CL at the 20<sup>th</sup>week. Tissue Doppler of late diastolic mitral valve annular velocity (A&#8217; average) was lower in CL than CO; S average and E&#8217; average were increased from week 16 to week 20 in OL.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mean and standard deviation of systolic blood pressure, measures of structure and functional performance of the heart analyzed by echocardiogram and left ventricular tissue Doppler, according to group and time of assessment</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Moment</th>
                  <th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Group</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">CO</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">OB</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">CL</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">OL</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">119.4 &#177; 9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">133.3 &#177; 12.3 *</td>
                  <td align="center">119.5 &#177; 9.4</td>
                  <td align="center">132.0 &#177; 9.6<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">129.6 &#177; 9.3</td>
                  <td align="center">139.3 &#177; 12.6</td>
                  <td align="center">103.0 &#177; 13.2 *<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">107.7 &#177; 7.4<sup>&#8224; &#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>HR (bpm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">277 &#177; 41</td>
                  <td align="center">272 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">276 &#177; 48</td>
                  <td align="center">273 &#177; 44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">285 &#177; 32</td>
                  <td align="center">266 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">265 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">277 &#177; 39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>LA (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.47 &#177; 0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">5.80 &#177; 0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">5.87 &#177; 0.74</td>
                  <td align="center">5.81 &#177; 0.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.69 &#177; 0.56</td>
                  <td align="center">5.95 &#177; 0.55</td>
                  <td align="center">5.70 &#177; 0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">5.77 &#177; 0.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>LA/AO</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.37 &#177; 0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">1.45 &#177; 0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">1.48 &#177; 0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 &#177; 0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 &#177; 0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">1.44 &#177; 0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 &#177; 0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>LVDT (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.317 &#177; 0.072</td>
                  <td align="center">1.374 &#177; 0.044</td>
                  <td align="center">1.313 &#177; 0.071</td>
                  <td align="center">1.361 &#177; 0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.272 &#177; 0.067<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.305 &#177; 0.043<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.262 &#177; 0.085<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.271 &#177; 0.061<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>LVDD (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7.95 &#177; 0.64</td>
                  <td align="center">7.91 &#177; 0.37</td>
                  <td align="center">7.80 &#177; 0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">7.82 &#177; 0.44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8.11 &#177; 0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">8.15 &#177; 0.26</td>
                  <td align="center">8.06 &#177; 0.54</td>
                  <td align="center">8.08 &#177; 0.52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>LVDD/ Tibia (mm/mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.184 &#177; 0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.180 &#177; 0.008</td>
                  <td align="center">0.182 &#177; 0.012</td>
                  <td align="center">0.180 &#177; 0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.188 &#177; 0.010</td>
                  <td align="center">0.186 &#177; 0.007</td>
                  <td align="center">0.188 &#177; 0.011</td>
                  <td align="center">0.187 &#177; 0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>LVSD (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.65 &#177; 0.68</td>
                  <td align="center">3.56 &#177; 0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">3.54 &#177; 0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">3.69 &#177; 0.56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.66 &#177; 0.42</td>
                  <td align="center">3.55 &#177; 0.50</td>
                  <td align="center">3.86 &#177; 0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">3.75 &#177; 0.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>PWSV (mm/s)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">40.44 &#177; 4.70</td>
                  <td align="center">43.63 &#177; 2.95</td>
                  <td align="center">42.31 &#177; 5.11</td>
                  <td align="center">39.29 &#177; 3.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">42.92 &#177; 4.45</td>
                  <td align="center">48.72 &#177; 4.81 *<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">42.82 &#177; 3.60</td>
                  <td align="center">47.96 &#177; 4.03<sup>&#8225; &#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>EF</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.900 &#177; 0.039</td>
                  <td align="center">0.907 &#177; 0.023</td>
                  <td align="center">0.903 &#177; 0.037</td>
                  <td align="center">0.892 &#177; 0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.907 &#177; 0.022</td>
                  <td align="center">0.914 &#177; 0.033</td>
                  <td align="center">0.887 &#177; 0.039</td>
                  <td align="center">0.898 &#177; 0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>ES (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">54.32 &#177; 6.38</td>
                  <td align="center">55.00 &#177; 3.72</td>
                  <td align="center">54.83 &#177; 6.28</td>
                  <td align="center">52.92 &#177; 5.41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">54.94 &#177; 3.58</td>
                  <td align="center">56.49 &#177; 5.67</td>
                  <td align="center">52.34 &#177; 5.73</td>
                  <td align="center">53.83 &#177; 5.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>E/A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.65 &#177; 0.35</td>
                  <td align="center">1.49 &#177; 0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">1.52 &#177; 0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">1.43 &#177; 0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.60 &#177; 0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">1.50 &#177; 0.23</td>
                  <td align="center">1.74 &#177; 0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.39 &#177; 0.26<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>EDT (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50.09 &#177; 6.85</td>
                  <td align="center">49.50 &#177; 4.56</td>
                  <td align="center">47.64 &#177; 8.69</td>
                  <td align="center">51.10 &#177; 6.19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">47.64 &#177; 7.47</td>
                  <td align="center">50.58 &#177; 6.59</td>
                  <td align="center">50.17 &#177; 5.84</td>
                  <td align="center">54.40 &#177; 5.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>IVRT</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">58.88 &#177; 6.98</td>
                  <td align="center">58.12 &#177; 4.22</td>
                  <td align="center">55.38 &#177; 7.72</td>
                  <td align="center">54.66 &#177; 5.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">53.60 &#177; 4.22</td>
                  <td align="center">52.47 &#177; 4.87</td>
                  <td align="center">53.49 &#177; 7.17</td>
                  <td align="center">52.72 &#177; 3.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>S&#8217;(cm/s)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.57 &#177; 0.31</td>
                  <td align="center">3.79 &#177; 0.28</td>
                  <td align="center">3.72 &#177; 0.24</td>
                  <td align="center">3.79 &#177; 0.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.00 &#177; 0.24<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4.05 &#177; 0.47</td>
                  <td align="center">3.91 &#177; 0.29</td>
                  <td align="center">4.19 &#177; 0.27<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>E&#8217; (cm/s)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.62 &#177; 0.53</td>
                  <td align="center">4.23 &#177; 0.40</td>
                  <td align="center">4.25 &#177; 0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">4.04 &#177; 0.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.85 &#177; 0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">4.80 &#177; 0.32<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4.83 &#177; 0.38<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4.92 &#177; 0.52<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>A&#8217; (cm/s)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.75 &#177; 0.86</td>
                  <td align="center">3.85 &#177; 0.59</td>
                  <td align="center">3.78 &#177; 0.83</td>
                  <td align="center">3.49 &#177; 0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.37 &#177; 0.87</td>
                  <td align="center">3.78 &#177; 1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">3.61 &#177; 0.75 *</td>
                  <td align="center">4.31 &#177; 0.81<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>E/E&#8217;</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16.80 &#177; 3.62</td>
                  <td align="center">18.76 &#177; 3.13</td>
                  <td align="center">18.12 &#177; 2.27</td>
                  <td align="center">18.86 &#177; 2.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>20th Wks</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17.89 &#177; 2.59</td>
                  <td align="center">18.79 &#177; 2.35</td>
                  <td align="center">17.27 &#177; 1.52</td>
                  <td align="center">17.22 &#177; 2.51</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SBP: systolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; LA / AO: relationship between the diameters of the left atrium (LA) and the aortic artery (AO); LVDT: diastolic thickness of the posterior wall; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; PWSV: posterior wall shortening velocity; EF: ejection fraction; ES: endocardial shortening; E / A: relationship between the E and A waves of the transmitral flow; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; EDT: E wave deceleration time; S &#8216;: systolic velocity of the mitral valve ring at tissue Doppler (TDI); E &#8216;: TDI of the diastolic velocity of the mitral valve ring (mean between septal and lateral walls); A &#8216;: TDI of the late diastolic velocity of the mitral valve ring (mean of the septal and lateral walls); E / E &#8216;: relation obtained between the velocities of the initial mitral valve flow and the TDI of the mitral valve ring; CO: Control group; OB: Obese group; CL: Control Losartan group; OL: Obese Losartan group. Group&#8217;s effects: * p &lt;0.05 compared to CO; &#8224; p &lt;0.05 compared to OB; &#8225; p &lt;0.05 compared to CL; Moment&#8217;s effect: &#167; p &lt;0.05 compared to the 16th week (Wks); Two-Way RM ANOVA and Bonferroni test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The functional performance of the papillary muscles is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1 to 4</xref> . Under basal conditions, the DT and +dT/dt indexes were similar among groups ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">1B</xref> ), while the -dT/dt was lower in CL than CO ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref> ). The effects of diverse calcium concentrations on papillary muscle performance are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> . Increasing [Ca<sup>2</sup>]<sub>o</sub>from 1.0 to 2.5 mM resulted in higher DT, +dT/dt and -dT/dt values in all groups. OL showed higher DT, +dT/dt and -dT/dt values compared to CL at calcium concentrations of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mM. In the 2.5 mM [Ca<sup>2</sup>]<sub>o</sub>maneuver, DT (CO, 109&#177;37; OB, 113&#177;31; CL, 98&#177;33; OL, 134&#177;46%) and +dT/dt measures (CO, 118&#177;43; OB, 122&#177;27; CL, 109&#177;37; OL, 153&#177;49%) were higher in OL than OB ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Functional papillary muscle assessment at baseline with extracellular [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] equal to 2.5 mM; results in mean&#177;SD; (A) DT: maximum developed tension; (B) +dT/dt: maximum DT variation speed; (C) &#8211;dT/dt: maximum DT decrease; CO: Control group; OB: Obese group; CL: Control Losartan group; OL: Obese Losartan group. * p&lt;0.05 compared to CO; Two-Way ANOVA and Tukey Test.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0017-90131-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Functional papillary muscle assessment according to extracellular calcium concentration (1.0-2.5 mM). Results expressed regarding the baseline with extracellular [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] equal to 0.5 mM value (mean&#177;SD); (A) DT: maximum developed tension; (B) +dT/dt: maximum positive DT change; (C) -dT/dt, maximum DT decrease. CO: Control group; CL: Control Losartan group; OB: Obese group; OL: Obese Losartan group. Group&#8217;s effect: &#8224; p&lt;0.05 compared to OB; &#8225; p&lt;0.05 compared to CL. Calcium&#8217;s Effect: &#167;, p&lt;0.05 compared to 1.0 mM; &#182;, p&lt;0.05 compared to 1.5 mM; Two-Way RM ANOVA and Bonferroni Test.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0017-90131-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> presents results of papillary muscles functional performance in response to PPP. In general, the PPP variation from 30 to 60s culminated in increased DT, +dT/dt and -dT/dt values. In the 60s PPP, OB group showed lower DT, +dT/dt and -dT/dt measurements than CO; OL showed higher DT (CO, 65.7&#177;23.6; OB, 56.3&#177;13.9; CL, 58.0&#177;17.4; OL, 66.4&#177;17.4%) than OB and CL, and higher +dT/dt values (CO, 70.0&#177;14.9; OB, 59.3&#177;15.9; CL, 62.7&#177;20.0; OL, 70.7&#177;20.7%) when compared with CL.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Isolated papillary muscle assessement, according to post-pause potentiation (PPP) time. Results are expressed regarding the baseline with extracellular [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] equal to 0.5 mM value (mean&#177;SD); (A) DT: maximum developed tension; (B) +dT/dt: maximum positive DT change; (C) &#8211;dT/dt: maximum DT decrease; CO: Control group; CL: Control Losartan group; OB: Obese group; OL: Obese Losartan group. PPP&#8217;s effect: &#167;, p&lt;0.05 compared to 30s; Group&#8217;s effect: * p&lt;0.05 vs CO; &#8224; p&lt;0.05 compared to OB; &#8225; p&lt;0.05 compared to CL. Two-Way RM ANOVA and Bonferroni Test.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0017-90131-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the &#946;-adrenergic stimulation maneuvers, according to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> , concentrations of 0.1 and 1mM showed an increase in DT when compared to basal conditions. The 1mM isoproterenol maneuver resulted in reduced +dT/dt in OB ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4B</xref> ) and increased the -dT/dt measurements in all groups when compared to baseline and 0.1mM concentrations ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4C</xref> ). Considering the group effect, CL showed higher DT (CO, 22.8&#177;11.4; OB, 19.5&#177;10.9; CL, 40.4&#177;13.6; OL, 28.7&#177;11.9%) and lower -dT/dt than CO (CO, 67.5&#177;18.5; OB, 67.2&#177;22.6; CL, 25.3&#177;9.2; OL, 68.8&#177;19.1%) in response to 0.1mM isoproterenol.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Functional assessment of the isolated papillary muscle, according to Isoproterenol concentration. Results expressed regarding the baseline with extracellular [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] equal to 1.0 mM value (mean&#177;SD); (A) DT: maximum developed tension; (B) +dT/dt: maximum positive DT change; (C) -dT/dt: maximum DT decrease; CO: Control group; OB: Obese group; CL: Control Losartan group; OL: Obese group under Losartan. Group&#8217;s effect: * p&lt;0.05 compared to C; &#8225; p&lt;0.05 compared to CL. Isoproterenol&#8217;s Effect: &#167;, p&lt;0.05 compared to Baseline; &#182;, p&lt;0.05 vs 0.1 mM; Two-Way RM ANOVA and Bonferroni Test.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0017-90131-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study aimed to assess potential effects of AT<sub>1</sub>receptor antagonism on cardiovascular characteristics in obese rats. Obese rats exhibited SBP changes, LV hypertrophy, alterations in systolic performance assessed by echocardiography, and disorders of papillary muscle function. Most of these effects have been attenuated by the losartan administration, an AT<sub>1</sub>receptor antagonist intervention.</p>
        <p>This experimental model is characterized by the induction of obesity from the high-fat diet administration, with a predominance of saturated fatty acids.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In this context, despite the unchanged caloric consumption between groups, the obese animals showed higher measures of lipid intake and energy efficiency when compared to the respective control counterparts. As a result, body weight and adiposity values were also higher in obesity. Due to higher energy density of lipids, consumption of high-fat diets is associated with accumulation of body reserves and adipose tissue hypertrophy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> . Probably, the positive weight variation of obese animals resulted from increased adiposity, as previously reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>SBP was higher in obese after 16 experimental weeks. The association between obesity and blood pressure changes has also been confirmed by other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Also, SBP was chronically increased after physical stress<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> and in response to experimental period,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> even though baseline levels were unchanged at the end of the experiment. In general, inflammatory and/or neurohormonal factors regarding excess adipose tissue contribute to the occurrence of hemodynamic disorders in obese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In the presence of losartan, SBP levels were reduced, confirming the RAAS participation in promoting obesity-derived hemodynamic pressure disorders.</p>
        <p>In turn, persistent increase in SBP has been associated with higher afterload, parietal deformation and cardiac hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> The results of this study confirmed ventricular hypertrophy and high systolic performance, as shown by the higher PWSV in obesity according to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Systolic function is affected by several factors, including heart rate, contractility, and changes in preload and afterload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Although obesity did not change heart rate and ventricular geometry, larger wall measurements could preserve or decrease preload. However, reduced preload could cause lower ejection,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> which was not confirmed by the results. Likewise, increased systolic performance is associated with ventricular hypertrophy and/or changes in afterload in OB. The afterload is a mechanical variable directly influenced by changes in pressure and intraventricular diameter and inversely related to ventricular wall thickness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, the papillary function assessment showed that obesity <italic>per se</italic> was not associated with basal changes, not only in response to various [Ca<sup>2</sup>] but also isoproterenol concentrations. A previous study showed decreased contractile strength and other functional disorders in basal conditions of obese papillary muscles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Lima-Leopoldo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> showed that increased Ca<sup>2</sup>extracellular concentration resulted in lower values of myocardial parameters of contraction (DT) and relaxation (-dT/dt) in obesity. These divergences may regard differences in dietary compositions, including added sugar<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and/or lipid profile from formulations. Based on using a similar intervention to this study, Vileigas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> also found unchanged myocardial function in papillary muscle preparation at baseline and after isoproterenol addition.</p>
        <p>Regarding the PPP assessment, obesity promoted myocardialdysfunction, most probably due to changes in intracellular Ca<sup>2</sup>handling. The 60s maneuver reduced DT, +dT/dt and -dT/dt values in myocardium of obese rats, as in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> . The results agree with previous studies showing lower contractile response in obese Zucker rats after 60s of PPP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> . As -dT/dt is influenced by the frequency of calcium ions absorption into the sarcoplasmic reticulum,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> the lower Ca<sup>2</sup>recapture shown by -dT/dt in obese rats suggests that SERCA2 protein activity was reduced. Decreasing -dT/dt with high cytosolic Ca<sup>2</sup>concentrations suggests that activation of SERCA2 from Ca<sup>2</sup>/ <italic>calmodulin-dependent protein kinase</italic> may be shortened by obesity. Important reduction in DT of obese rats could result not only from Ca<sup>2</sup>reduction in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, but also from a lower Ca<sup>2</sup>release through the <italic>Rianodine</italic> receptors.</p>
        <p>The disturbances in Ca<sup>2</sup>intracellular handling and myocardial contractility in obese rats probably result from the RAAS stimulation. When compared with OB and CL, OL animals showed better contractile performance in response to Ca<sup>2</sup>, PPP and isoproterenol elevation maneuvers ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2-4</xref> ). Considering the high PWSV maintenance and the mechanical behavior of the papillary muscle in response to losartan, it is likely that systolic performance was regulated by greater sensitivity to Ca<sup>2</sup>in OL. From this perspective, one cannot rule out a possible metabolic effect of AT<sub>1</sub>blockade, providing greater energy efficiency from improved combustion of macronutrients, especially lipids.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Excessive fatty acids supply may promote greater mitochondrial activity, stimulating mechanisms regarding increased Ca<sup>2</sup>handling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In a previous experiment, intervention with losartan resulted in the inhibition of molecular mechanisms of myocardial insulin resistance, improving contractile heart performance in obese rats by cafeteria diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Recently, AT<sub>1</sub>blockade resulted in improved mitochondrial function in obese insulin-resistant rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>From this perspective, the clinical repercussions of the findings of this study are diverse. RAAS activation conditions have been associated with metabolic disorders and heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In this study, important contractile disorders were shown, which could be the focus of interventions for cardiovascular treatment in obese patients.</p>
        <p>However, isolated effects of dietary variables as a cause of cardiac remodeling cannot be ruled out, although these effects have been improved with AT<sub>1</sub>antagonism. In a previous study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> increased lipid consumption was shown to be directly related to characteristics of cardiovascular response in obesity. Therefore, this is an important study limitation and new investigations should be developed to better clarify the isolated role of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in this experimental model.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, high-fat diet-induced obesity promotes cardiac remodeling, sustained by ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial dysfunction. Considering that Losartan attenuated most of these disorders, the initial hypotheses of this investigation was confirmed, according to which the AT<sub>1</sub>receptor stimulation is associated with impaired myocardial function in obese rats.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is related to the thesis of master submitted by Nayara de Ara&#250;jo Muzili, from Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the UNESP under the protocol number 1000/2013. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6001">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Financial code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq - process n&#186; 422776/2016-5), and Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
