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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">99RvYjDnb7Gz8hhtdz9P5Jz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000800005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190107</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito Agudo do Exerc&#237;cio Intervalado <italic>versus</italic> Cont&#237;nuo sobre a Press&#227;o Arterial: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9460-6307</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Perrier-Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2807-7109</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2286-5892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Quintella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel da Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Pernambucana de Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Pernambucana de Sa&#250;de, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Natal, RN - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco - Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Raphael Jos&#233; Perrier-Melo &#8226; Faculdade Pernambucana de Sa&#250;de - Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Av. Mal. Mascarenhas de Morais, 4861. CEP 51210-902, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>perrierprof@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Perrier-Melo RJ. Costa EC; Interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Perrier-Melo RJ. Costa EC. Farah BQ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Perrier-Melo RJ. Costa EC. Farah BQ. Costa MC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>5</fpage>
      <lpage>14</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio cont&#237;nuo (EC) &#233; uma das principais recomenda&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas para preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. O EC &#233; seguro e eficaz para reduzir a press&#227;o arterial cronicamente, assim como nas primeiras horas ap&#243;s sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, fen&#244;meno conhecido por hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (HPE). O exerc&#237;cio intervalado (EI) tamb&#233;m gera HPE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Essa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise buscou comparar a magnitude da HPE entre o EC e EI em adultos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Realizou-se uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos publicados em revistas indexadas nas bases <italic>PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus</italic> e CENTRAL at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2020 que compararam a magnitude da HPE entre o EC <italic>versus</italic> EI. Foi definida HPE entre 45 e 60 minutos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. As diferen&#231;as entre grupos sobre a press&#227;o arterial foram analisadas por meio do modelo de efeito aleat&#243;rio. Os dados foram reportados como diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia ponderada (WMD) e 95% de intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC). Valor <italic>p</italic> menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. A escala TESTEX (0 a 15) foi usada para verifica&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O EI apresentou HPE de maior magnitude sobre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (WMD: -2,93 mmHg [IC95%: -4,96, -0,90], <italic>p</italic> = 0,005, I<sup>2</sup> = 50%) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (WMD: -1,73 mmHg [IC95%: -2,94, -0,51], <italic>p</italic> = 0,005, I<sup>2</sup> = 0%) quando comparado ao EC (12 estudos; 196 participantes). A pontua&#231;&#227;o dos estudos na escala TEXTEX variou entre 10 e 11 pontos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O EI gerou HPE de maior magnitude quando comparado ao EC entre 45 e 60 minutos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. A aus&#234;ncia de dados sobre eventos adversos durante o EI e EC nos estudos impede compara&#231;&#245;es sobre a seguran&#231;a dessas estrat&#233;gias. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):5-14)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipotens&#227;o P&#243;s Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia por Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="50"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) acomete 30 a 40% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, sua preval&#234;ncia varia de 22,3 a 43,9%, atingindo mais de 60% dos idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A HAS est&#225; diretamente associada &#224; incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e cerebrovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> respons&#225;veis por aproximadamente 20% das mortes em indiv&#237;duos acima de 30 anos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> al&#233;m de gerar um custo de 30,8 bilh&#245;es de reais por ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, incluindo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, redu&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal e cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo t&#234;m sido fortemente recomendadas para preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> De fato, modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida geram redu&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (PA), o que reduz o risco de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, as diretrizes para preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da HAS recomendam exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios realizados de forma cont&#237;nua (EC), principalmente de intensidade moderada, por serem seguros e eficazes para redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PA, melhora do perfil de risco cardiovascular e metab&#243;lico, al&#233;m de aumentar a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os efeitos anti-hipertensivos do EC podem ocorrer de forma aguda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> fen&#244;meno conhecido como hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (HPE), e de forma cr&#244;nica, ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de diversas sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ao longo de semanas ou meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem sido dada aten&#231;&#227;o especial aos exerc&#237;cios que podem potencializar a magnitude e dura&#231;&#227;o da HPE, tendo em vista que esse efeito pode gerar redu&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga cardiovascular nas horas subsequentes &#224; sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, o que pode reduzir o risco de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, estudos mais recentes t&#234;m demonstrado que indiv&#237;duos que apresentam HPE de maior magnitude ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio tendem a apresentar maior redu&#231;&#227;o da PA em repouso ap&#243;s semanas de treinamento (ou seja, maior efeito cr&#244;nico).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Portanto, a magnitude da HPE parece predizer a magnitude do efeito anti-hipertensivo cr&#244;nico, o que representa importante aplicabilidade pr&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>A HPE pode ocorrer com diferentes &#8220;doses&#8221; de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, tanto aer&#243;bios quanto de for&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise anterior<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> demonstrou que a HPE ocorre ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de EC e EI, apesar de ser principalmente documentada ap&#243;s EC, que &#233; a base das recomenda&#231;&#245;es para preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, nos &#250;ltimos anos o EI, seja em intensidade vigorosa ou m&#225;xima (&#8220; <italic>all out</italic> &#8221;), tem sido considerado uma alternativa ao EC para melhora de diversos par&#226;metros cardiovasculares, tais como capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> fun&#231;&#227;o vascular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e PA cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, &#233; importante destacar que n&#227;o foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es diretas sobre os efeitos agudos do EC e do EI sobre a PA. Logo, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se h&#225; superioridade do efeito anti-hipertensivo agudo entre os exerc&#237;cios, o que constitui uma importante lacuna de conhecimento, uma vez que pode auxiliar profissionais tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o quanto no tratamento da HAS. Portanto, o objetivo dessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise foi comparar a magnitude da HPE entre EC e EI em adultos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca na literatura</title>
        <p>A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi realizada seguindo as diretrizes do <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis</italic> (PRISMA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A busca dos artigos foi realizada nas bases eletr&#244;nicas <italic>PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus</italic> e CENTRAL. A estrat&#233;gia de busca utilizou os seguintes descritores e termos livres: <italic>&#8220;high intensity interval training&#8221; [MeSH Terms] OR &#8220;high intensity interval exercise&#8221; [TIAB] OR &#8220;aerobic interval training&#8221; [TIAB] OR &#8220;aerobic interval exercise&#8221; [TIAB] OR &#8220;sprint training&#8221; [TIAB] OR &#8220;sprint&#8221; [TIAB] OR &#8220;sprint exercise&#8221;[TIAB] OR &#8220;sprint interval exercise&#8221; [TIAB] AND &#8220;blood pressure&#8221; [MeSH Terms] OR &#8220;post-exercise hypotension&#8221; [Mesh Terms] OR &#8220;postexercise hypotension&#8221; [Mesh Terms] OR &#8220;hypotension&#8221; [Mesh Terms]</italic> . Todos os processos de busca, sele&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o dos artigos foram feitos de forma duplicada e independente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rio de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram estabelecidos de acordo com a quest&#227;o PICOS ( <italic>Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes e Study Design</italic> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Population</title>
        <p>Essa revis&#227;o incluiu estudos que envolveram adultos (18 anos ou mais) de ambos os sexos, sem restri&#231;&#227;o quanto ao n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA (normotensos, pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos). Os valores m&#233;dios de PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio foram utilizados para classifica&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos quanto &#224; PA, seguindo-se os mesmos procedimentos de outras revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> e da 7<sup>a</sup> edi&#231;&#227;o das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Intervention</title>
        <p>O esquema de classifica&#231;&#227;o para EI proposto por Weston et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> foi utilizado para defini&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para essa interven&#231;&#227;o. De acordo com essa proposi&#231;&#227;o, repetidos est&#237;mulos em intensidade vigorosa (80 a 100% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de pico - FCpico) intercalados com per&#237;odos de recupera&#231;&#227;o (ativa ou passiva) s&#227;o classificados como exerc&#237;cio intervalado de alta intensidade ( <italic>high-intensity interval training</italic> ), e est&#237;mulos m&#225;ximos ( <italic>&#8220;all out&#8221;;</italic> ou acima da carga do consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico -VO<sub>2</sub>pico) intercalados com per&#237;odos de recupera&#231;&#227;o (ativa ou passiva) s&#227;o classificados como exerc&#237;cio intervalado de <italic>sprint (sprint interval exercise</italic> ). Estudos que utilizaram o percentual do VO<sub>2</sub>pico, VO<sub>2</sub> de reserva ou percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o (PSE) equivalentes a 80 a 100% da FCpico, de acordo com o Col&#233;gio Americano de Medicina do Esporte,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> foram considerados eleg&#237;veis, assim como os protocolos &#8220; <italic>all out</italic> &#8221;. Estudos que apresentaram interven&#231;&#245;es associadas ao EI como outra forma de exerc&#237;cio (p. ex., exerc&#237;cio de for&#231;a) ou estrat&#233;gia nutricional n&#227;o foram considerados para inclus&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comparador &#8211; Comparator</title>
        <p>O EC foi considerado comparador do EI. Estudos que utilizaram o percentual do VO<sub>2</sub>pico, VO<sub>2</sub> de reserva ou PSE equivalentes a intensidade moderada (ou seja, 64 a 76% da FCpico) ou intensidade vigorosa (77 a 95% da FCpico) foram considerados eleg&#237;veis. Estudos que apresentaram interven&#231;&#245;es associadas a EC, como outra forma de exerc&#237;cio ou estrat&#233;gia nutricional, n&#227;o foram considerados para inclus&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio dessa revis&#227;o foi a PA cl&#237;nica, aferida entre 45 e 60 minutos ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. Esse tempo p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio foi definido considerando-se que a maioria dos estudos que investigaram os efeitos do EC e do EI incluiu medidas dentro desse per&#237;odo. Portanto, mesmo que o estudo tenha analisado a PA al&#233;m de 60 minutos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, essa medida n&#227;o foi considerada para metan&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do Estudo</title>
        <p>Foram considerados estudos cruzados, envolvendo uma sess&#227;o de EC e EI, ordem de realiza&#231;&#227;o randomizada, em l&#237;ngua inglesa ou portuguesa. A busca foi realizada sem limite de data e foi encerrada em mar&#231;o de 2020.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Para extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados dos artigos inclu&#237;dos, foi utilizada uma planilha eletr&#244;nica, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, de forma duplicada e independente. Em caso de discord&#226;ncia, convocava-se reuni&#227;o e era estabelecido consenso entre os pesquisadores. As caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes do estudo (idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA), as caracter&#237;sticas das sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio (modalidade, ambientes, dura&#231;&#227;o, intensidade e tempo despendido na sess&#227;o de treino), o m&#233;todo de aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA e o per&#237;odo de aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio foram extra&#237;dos e registrados. Dados ausentes nos textos foram solicitados diretamente aos autores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos</title>
        <p>A escala <italic>Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in Exercise</italic> (TESTEX) foi utilizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m de forma duplicada e independente. Em caso de discord&#226;ncia, fazia-se reuni&#227;o e era estabelecido consenso entre os pesquisadores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>S&#237;ntese quantitativa</title>
        <p>As mudan&#231;as [p&#243;s (-) pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o] da PA cl&#237;nica foram extra&#237;das de cada estudo e expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Os dados foram reportados como diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia ponderada ( <italic>weighted mean difference;</italic> WMD) e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. A heterogeneidade (I<sup>2</sup>) entre os estudos foi calculada. Valores acima de 75% e <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.10 foram utilizados para indicar alta heterogeneidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O modelo de efeito aleat&#243;rio (random-effect) foi adotado na presen&#231;a de baixa ou alta heterogeneidade. Vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado por meio do gr&#225;fico de funil ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Para realiza&#231;&#227;o da metan&#225;lise, foi utilizado o software <italic>Review Manager</italic> ( <italic>RevMan</italic> 5.3, <italic>Nordic Cochrane</italic> , Dinamarca). Dois estudos n&#227;o reportaram os valores de desvio-padr&#227;o nos momentos pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Nesse caso, os valores foram estimados a partir das recomenda&#231;&#245;es de Follman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Para tal, foi adotado como base o estudo de Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Em todas as an&#225;lises, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Funnel plot da compara&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio intervalado (EI) versus exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo (EC) sobre a press&#227;o arterial (PA).</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0005-90107-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
        <p>A estrat&#233;gia de busca identificou 3,252 artigos para an&#225;lise inicial. Ap&#243;s a triagem dos t&#237;tulos, resumos e exclus&#227;o dos resultados duplicados, foram selecionados 84 estudos para an&#225;lise completa do texto. Desses, 72 n&#227;o atenderam os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para inclus&#227;o no estudo. Adicionalmente, um estudo n&#227;o publicado foi inclu&#237;do nas an&#225;lises.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> apresenta o fluxograma dos resultados da pesquisa.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Fluxograma PRISMA dos estudos selecionados. PA: press&#227;o arterial; EC: exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio cont&#237;nuo; EI: exerc&#237;cio intervalado; HPE: hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0005-90107-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</title>
        <p>Os 12 artigos inclu&#237;dos analisaram a PA cl&#237;nica como desfecho principal e nenhum deles reportou efeitos adversos (n = 196; idade entre 20 e 75 anos; IMC entre 21,2 e 33,0 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Desses, tr&#234;s estudos envolveram 46 normotensos (n = 23 mulheres),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> com idade m&#233;dia de 32,67 anos e IMC m&#233;dio de 24,52 km/m<sup>2</sup>. A PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia em repouso foi de 118/65,46 mmHg no EI e de 117,27/64,73 mmHg no EC. Seis estudos envolveram 89 pr&#233;-hipertensos (n = 1 mulher),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> idade m&#233;dia de 29,15 anos, IMC m&#233;dio de 24,68 km/m<sup>2</sup>. A PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia em repouso foi de 127,22/73,12 mmHg no EI e 126,72/73,22 mmHg no EC. Quatro estudos envolveram 61 hipertensos (n = 34 mulheres),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> idade m&#233;dia de 60,67 anos, IMC m&#233;dio de 29,97 km/m<sup>2</sup>, e todos faziam uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA, dos 12 estudos inclu&#237;dos, quatro utilizaram o m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio (~33%), enquanto os demais estudos utilizaram o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico por equipamento autom&#225;tico. Todos os estudos utilizaram estat&#237;stica inferencial, adotando valor de <italic>p</italic> &#8804; 0,05. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> est&#227;o as informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais sobre as caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos e das interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autores</th>
                  <th>Participantes</th>
                  <th>Homens (%) / Mulheres (%)</th>
                  <th>Idade (anos)</th>
                  <th>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                  <th>Caracter&#237;stica da amostra</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pimenta et al.<sup>38</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=20 (15 mulheres)</td>
                  <td align="center">25%/75%</td>
                  <td align="center">51&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">30&#177;6 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Homens e mulheres hipertenso(a)s</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Costa et al.<sup>30</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=19 mulheres hipertensas</td>
                  <td align="center">0/100%</td>
                  <td align="center">67,6&#177;4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">27,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Mulheres ativas e inativas fisicamente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Boeno et al.<sup>37</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=13 homens pr&#233;-hipertensos</td>
                  <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                  <td align="center">22,7&#177;2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">25,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Homens pr&#233;-hipertensos e inativos fisicamente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Maya et al.<sup>36</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=30 homens pr&#233;-hipertensos</td>
                  <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                  <td align="center">23&#177;6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">23,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Homens pr&#233;-hipertensos e ativos fisicamente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Santos et al.<sup>35</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=15 hipertensos</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                  <td align="center">65,1&#177;4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">29,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Homens e mulheres ativos fisicamente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morales-Palomo et al.<sup>34</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=7 homens e mulheres com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">57%/43%</td>
                  <td align="center">55&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">29,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Homens e mulheres com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e normotensos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morales-Palomo et al.<sup>34</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=7 homens</td>
                  <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                  <td align="center">59&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">33 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Homens hipertensos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Costa et al.<sup>29</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=14 homens</td>
                  <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                  <td align="center">24,9&#177;4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">24,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Homens normotensos e ativos fisicamente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Graham et al.<sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=12 homens</td>
                  <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                  <td align="center">23&#177;3</td>
                  <td align="center">24 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Homens pr&#233;-hipertensos e inativos fisicamente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angadi et al.<sup>27</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=11 pr&#233;-hipertensos</td>
                  <td align="center">91%/9%</td>
                  <td align="center">24,6&#177;3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">24,4 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Homens e mulheres pr&#233;-hipertensos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lacombe et al.<sup>32</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=13 homens</td>
                  <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                  <td align="center">57&#177;4</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Homens pr&#233;-hipertensos e inativos fisicamente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rossow et al.<sup>26</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=15 homens</td>
                  <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                  <td align="center">25,8&#177;6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">22,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Homens normotensos e treinados</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rossow et al.<sup>26</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=10 mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">0/100%</td>
                  <td align="center">25&#177;3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">22,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Mulheres normotensas e treinadas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mourot et al.<sup>31</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=10 homens</td>
                  <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                  <td align="center">24,6&#177;0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">21,86 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Homens pr&#233;-hipertensos treinados</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Fonte: elabora&#231;&#227;o do Autor. Recife, 2019.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas das sess&#245;es de EC e EI dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autores</th>
                  <th>Modalidade</th>
                  <th>Local de interven&#231;&#227;o/ Supervis&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Protocolo EI</th>
                  <th>Protocolo EC</th>
                  <th>Equipamento e momento de an&#225;lise</th>
                  <th>Mecanismos relacionados a HPE</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pimenta et al.<sup>38</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Esteira</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">5 x 3 min &#8211; 85-95% VO<sub>2</sub>res/ 2 min &#8211; 50-60% VO<sub>2</sub>res</td>
                  <td align="center">~35 min &#8211; 60 - 70% VO<sub>2</sub>res</td>
                  <td align="center">Esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide - 60min</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o investigado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Costa et al.<sup>30</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Esteira</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">10 x 1 min &#8211; 80-85%FCres/ 2 min &#8211; 40-45%FCres</td>
                  <td align="center">30 min &#8211; 50-55%FCres</td>
                  <td align="center">Oscilom&#233;trico - 60min</td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>EI:</bold> &#8594; DC, &#8595; RVP, IVT, &#8594; CA; <bold>EC:</bold> &#8594; DC, &#8594; RVP, &#8595; IVT, &#8594; CA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Boeno et al.<sup>37</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Esteira</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">5 km: 1 min- 90% FCm&#225;x/ 1 min -60% FCm&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">5 km &#8211; 70% FCm&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">Esfigmoman&#244;metro digital - 60min</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o investigado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Maya et al.<sup>36</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Esteira</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">500 kcal: 3 min &#8211; 115%LA/ 1min 30s RP</td>
                  <td align="center">500 kcal: 85% LA</td>
                  <td align="center">Esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide - 60min</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o investigado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Santos et al.<sup>35</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">4x 4 min-85-90%FCres/ 2 min - 50%FCres</td>
                  <td align="center">40 min - 60-80% FCres</td>
                  <td align="center">Esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide - 60min</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o investigado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morales-Palomo et al.<sup>34</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">5 x 4 min-90% FCpico/ 3min 70% FCpico (~460 kcal)</td>
                  <td align="center">~70 min-60% FCpico (~460 kcal)</td>
                  <td align="center">Esfigmoman&#244;metro digital &#8211; 45min</td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>EI:</bold> &#8593; DC, &#8595; VS, &#8595; RVP; <bold>EC:</bold> &#8594; DC, &#8594; VS, &#8594; RVP</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morales-Palomo et al.<sup>34</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">5 x 4 min-90% FCpico/ 3 min 70% FCpico (~460 kcal)</td>
                  <td align="center">~70 min-60% FCpico (~460 kcal)</td>
                  <td align="center">Esfigmoman&#244;metro digital &#8211; 45min</td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>EI:</bold> &#8593; DC, &#8595; VS, &#8595; RVP; <bold>EC:</bold> &#8594; DC, &#8594; VS, &#8594; RVP</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Costa et al.<sup>29</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Esteira</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">10 x 1 min-90% MAV/ 1min - 30% MAV</td>
                  <td align="center">20 min - 60% MAV</td>
                  <td align="center">Esfigmoman&#244;metro digital &#8211; 60min</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o investigado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Graham et al.<sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">5 x 30s - 0,075% MC - <italic>all out</italic> /4 min 30 s - RA &#8211; erg&#244;metro de MMSS</td>
                  <td align="center">50 min-65% VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">Esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide - 60min</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o investigado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Graham et al.<sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">5 x 30s - 0,075% MC - <italic>all out</italic> /4 min 30 s - RA &#8211; erg&#244;metro de MMII</td>
                  <td align="center">50 min-65% VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">Esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide - 60min</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o investigado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angadi et al.<sup>27</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">4 x 4min-90-95%FCm&#225;x/3min &#8211;50%FCm&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">30 min - 75-80% FCm&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">Oscilom&#233;trico - 60min</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o investigado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angadi et al.<sup>27</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">6 x 30s- (0,075% MC &#8211; <italic>all out</italic> ) /4min &#8211; 50%FCm&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">30 min - 75-80% FCm&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">Oscilom&#233;trico - 60min</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o investigado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lacombe et al.<sup>32</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">5x 2min - 85%VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x/ 2min-40%VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">21 min - 60% VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">Esfigmoman&#244;metro digital - 60min</td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>EI:</bold> &#8595;SBR, &#8594; DC, &#8595;VS. <bold>EC:</bold> &#8594; SBR, &#8594; DC, &#8595;VS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rossow et al.<sup>26</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">4 x 30s -0,07% MC &#8211; <italic>all out</italic> /4min30s- RA</td>
                  <td align="center">60 min-60% FCres</td>
                  <td align="center">Esfigmoman&#244;metro digital - 60min</td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>EI:</bold> &#8593; DC, &#8595; RVP; <bold>EC:</bold> &#8593; DC, &#8595; RVP</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mourot et al.<sup>31</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td align="center">Laborat&#243;rio/Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">9x4min-1&#186;LV/ 1min-Ppico</td>
                  <td align="center">48 min-1&#186; LV</td>
                  <td align="center">Esfigmoman&#244;metro digital &#8211; 60min</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o investigado</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>N: n&#250;mero de participantes; EI: exerc&#237;cio intervalado; EC: exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LA: limiar anaer&#243;bio; LV: limiar ventilat&#243;rio; FCres: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva; FCm&#225;x: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima; Wm&#225;x: Watts m&#225;ximos; FCpico: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de pico; Ppico: pot&#234;ncia de pico; MAV: m&#225;xima velocidade aer&#243;bia na esteira; VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; VO<sub>2</sub>res: consumo de oxig&#234;nio de reserva; MC: massa corporal; H: homens; M: mulheres; MMSS: membro superior; MMII: membro inferior; RA: recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa; RP: recupera&#231;&#227;o passiva; NI: n&#227;o informado; DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; SBR: sensibilidade barorreflexa; IVT: imped&#226;ncia vascular total; CA: complac&#234;ncia arterial; &#8593; aumento; &#8595; redu&#231;&#227;o; &#8594; manuten&#231;&#227;o. Fonte: elabora&#231;&#227;o do Autor. Recife, 2019.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas das interven&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Dos 12 estudos inclu&#237;dos, sete (~58%) utilizaram cicloerg&#244;metro,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> e cinco utilizaram esteira<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> nas sess&#245;es. Quando a sess&#227;o de EI foi realizada na esteira, foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es sobre PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de ~9,8 e 4,4 mmHg, respectivamente. Quando a sess&#227;o de EI foi realizada em cicloerg&#244;metro, a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foi de ~7,6 e 3,7 mmHg, respectivamente. A redu&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de EC na esteira foi de ~6,2 e 2,5 mmHg, respectivamente, e no cicloerg&#244;metro a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foi de ~4,5 e 2,6 mmHg, respectivamente. O protocolo de EI mais utilizado consistiu em 4 minutos em alta intensidade, seguidos de 3 minutos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> 2 minutos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> ou 1 minuto<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> de recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa. Os outros protocolos utilizaram per&#237;odos mais curtos (30 segundos a 3 minutos) em alta intensidade. J&#225; os protocolos de EC tiveram est&#237;mulo constante, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 30 a 70 minutos.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> mostra a avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa dos estudos inclu&#237;dos. De acordo com a escala TESTEX (0 a 15 pontos), todos os estudos apresentaram pontua&#231;&#227;o acima de 10 pontos. Os pontos mais fr&#225;geis nos estudos foram: aus&#234;ncia de oculta&#231;&#227;o na aloca&#231;&#227;o (92%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> cegamento do avaliador para avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho (100%)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> e aus&#234;ncia de reporte sobre eventos adversos (75%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="5%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Autores</th>
                  <th colspan="5">Qualidade do estudo</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Parcial (0 a 5)</th>
                  <th colspan="10">Qualidade do estudo</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Parcial (0 a 10)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Total (0 a 15)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="5">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="10">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>1</th>
                  <th>2</th>
                  <th>3</th>
                  <th>4</th>
                  <th>5</th>
                  <th>6 a</th>
                  <th>6 b</th>
                  <th>6 c</th>
                  <th>7</th>
                  <th>8 a</th>
                  <th>8 b</th>
                  <th>9</th>
                  <th>10</th>
                  <th>11</th>
                  <th>12</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Costa et al. (2020)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pimenta et al. (2019)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Boeno et al. (2019)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Maya et al. (2018)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Santos et al. (2018)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morales-Palomo et al. (2017)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Costa et al. (2016)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Graham et al. (2016)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angadi et al. (2015)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lacombe et al. (2011)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rossow et al. (2010)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mourot et al. (2004)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>* : estudos que n&#227;o reportaram o n&#250;mero de desist&#234;ncias, por&#233;m todos finalizaram com o mesmo n&#250;mero de participantes que iniciaram a interven&#231;&#227;o; 6c: n&#227;o se enquadra, todos os estudos s&#227;o de an&#225;lise aguda; NC: sem grupo-controle. Qualidade dos estudos: 1 = crit&#233;rio de elegibilidade espec&#237;fico; 2 = tipo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o especificada; 3 = aloca&#231;&#227;o ocultada; 4 = grupos similares no <italic>baseline</italic> ; 5 = os avaliadores foram cegados (pelo menos em um resultado principal); 6 = resultados avaliados em 85% dos participantes (6a = 1 ponto se conclu&#237;ram mais de 85%; 6b = 1 ponto se os eventos adversos foram relatados; 6c = se for relatado atendimento ao exerc&#237;cio); 7 = inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; 8 = compara&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre os grupos foi relatada (8a = 1 ponto se compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos s&#227;o relatadas para a vari&#225;vel de desfecho prim&#225;rio de interesse; 8b = 1 ponto se compara&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas entre grupos s&#227;o relatadas para pelo menos uma medida secund&#225;ria); 9 = medidas pontuais e medidas de variabilidade para todas as medidas de resultado que foram relatadas; 10 = monitoramento da atividade no grupo-controle; 11 = a intensidade relativa ao exerc&#237;cio permaneceu constante; 12 = o volume do exerc&#237;cio e o gasto de energia foram relatados. <italic>Fonte</italic>:  elabora&#231;&#227;o do Autor. Recife, 2019.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeito do EI versus EC sobre a press&#227;o arterial cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> (painel A) mostra uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre os efeitos do EI e do EC sobre a PA sist&#243;lica. A metan&#225;lise demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa em favor do EI (WMD: -2,93 mmHg [IC 95%: -4,96, -0,90], p = 0,005). Observou-se moderada heterogeneidade para esta an&#225;lise (I<sup>2</sup>= 50%; p = 0,01). Uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade mostrou que o efeito em favor do EI sobre a HPE permaneceu ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o de cada um dos estudos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Forest plot da compara&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos do exerc&#237;cio intervalado (EI) versus exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo (EC) sobre a press&#227;o arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica (painel A) e diast&#243;lica (painel B). Resultados expressos em delta de mudan&#231;a (valores de press&#227;o arterial p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio &#8211; valores de press&#227;o arterial pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio).</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0005-90107-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre os efeitos do EI e do EC sobre a PA diast&#243;lica demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa em favor do EI (WMD: -1,73 mmHg [IC95%: -2,94, -0,51], p = 0,005). Baixa heterogeneidade foi encontrada para esta an&#225;lise (I<sup>2</sup>= 0%; p = 0,49), conforme apresenta a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> (painel B). Na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, todos os estudos (um por um) foram retirados, e verificou-se que apenas a remo&#231;&#227;o do estudo de Maya et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> da an&#225;lise faz com que o resultado positivo em favor do EI desaparecesse (WMD: -0,99 mmHg [IC95%: -2,30, 0,32], p = 0,14; I<sup>2</sup>= 0%; p = 0,97).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pelo nosso conhecimento, essa &#233; a primeira revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise que comparou diretamente a magnitude da HPE ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de EC e EI em adultos. O principal achado desse estudo &#233; que o EI apresenta redu&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de ~3 e 1,3 mmHg, respectivamente, maior que o EC (45 a 60 minutos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio). Entretanto, &#233; importante destacar que esse resultado sobre a PA diast&#243;lica representa consider&#225;vel influ&#234;ncia de um &#250;nico estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De modo geral, o presente estudo observou que o EI reduziu ~8 e 4 mmHg a PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente, 45 a 60 minutos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. J&#225; a redu&#231;&#227;o observada ap&#243;s o EC foi de ~5 e 2,6 mmHg para a PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente, no mesmo per&#237;odo p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio analisado. Portanto, a compara&#231;&#227;o direta ( <italic>head-to-head</italic> ) dos efeitos dessas interven&#231;&#245;es confirmou a superioridade do EI em compara&#231;&#227;o ao EC no que se refere a magnitude da HPE sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica entre 45 e 60 minutos. Esses dados s&#227;o similares aos encontrados em metan&#225;lise anterior,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> que observou redu&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica de 7,1 e 4,0 mmHg e redu&#231;&#227;o da PA diast&#243;lica de 2,5 e 3,2 mmHg, respectivamente, para exerc&#237;cios intervalados e cont&#237;nuos. &#201; importante destacar, por&#233;m, que n&#227;o apenas a natureza intervalada <italic>versus</italic> cont&#237;nua foi comparada na presente metan&#225;lise, e sim interven&#231;&#245;es que envolveram especificamente EI (em intensidade vigorosa e &#8220; <italic>all out</italic> &#8221;) <italic>versus</italic> EC (em intensidade moderada e vigorosa), o que n&#227;o foi feito no estudo anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a magnitude da HPE pode estar relacionada tanto com a intensidade atingida durante a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> quanto com o volume do exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Na presente metan&#225;lise, a maioria dos estudos inclu&#237;dos (~66%; n = 8)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> equalizou o volume, e/ou intensidade m&#233;dia, e/ou gasto energ&#233;tico total das sess&#245;es de EI com EC, o que pode facilitar o entendimento do impacto da natureza (intervalado <italic>versus</italic> cont&#237;nua) e da intensidade dos est&#237;mulos sobre a magnitude da HPE. Tal aspecto &#233; importante porque estudos mostram que, quando o volume e/ou a intensidade m&#233;dia s&#227;o equalizados, a HPE &#233; semelhante entre o EI e o EC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Contudo, dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, naqueles que apresentaram volume, e/ou intensidade m&#233;dia, e/ou gasto energ&#233;tico total equalizados entre os protocolos de exerc&#237;cio, foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de -9,7 e -5 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica e -4,3 e -2,2 mmHg na PA diast&#243;lica, para o EI e o EC, respectivamente. Os protocolos de EI que apresentaram menor volume, e/ou intensidade m&#233;dia, e/ou gasto energ&#233;tico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> mostraram redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de -6,2 e -3,4 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente, o que foi ligeiramente maior que as redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica observadas no EC (-4,9 e -3,2 mmHg, respectivamente). Portanto, os est&#237;mulos em alta intensidade parecem ter um papel na magnitude da HPE, independentemente de haver ou n&#227;o equaliza&#231;&#227;o do volume e/ou da intensidade m&#233;dia e/ou do gasto energ&#233;tico total.</p>
      <p>Os mecanismos pelos quais a HPE ocorre ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma sess&#227;o de EC s&#227;o bem documentados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica tem sido frequentemente atribu&#237;da a um dos principais mecanismos de redu&#231;&#227;o aguda da PA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> que &#233; auxiliada pela redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica no vaso, devido ao controle barorreflexo, o que gera vasodilata&#231;&#227;o prolongada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, vasodilatadores locais (p. ex., prostaglandinas e &#243;xido n&#237;trico) tamb&#233;m desempenham papel importante para a ocorr&#234;ncia da HPE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#245;es vasculares (p. ex., idosos, portadores de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e obesos), a HPE ocorre por redu&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico, devido a diminui&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga, que n&#227;o &#233; compensada por aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Os estudos que compararam diretamente os efeitos agudos do EC e do EI sobre a PA mostraram que os mecanismos relacionados &#224; HPE entre esses modelos de exerc&#237;cio parecem ser diferentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em normotensos, Rossow et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> observaram maior redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (mediado por aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) ap&#243;s o protocolo de EI comparado ao EC. Em homens pr&#233;-hipertensos, Lacombe et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> demonstraram que o EI gerou maiores mudan&#231;as na sensibilidade barorreflexa e variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do que o EC no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Morales-Palomo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> observaram, em indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (normotensos e hipertensos), maiores redu&#231;&#245;es no volume sist&#243;lico, resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, resist&#234;ncia vascular cut&#226;nea, maior fluxo sangu&#237;neo na pele e maiores aumentos da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s EI, em compara&#231;&#227;o a EC. Em mulheres hipertensas de meia-idade e idosas, Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> observaram que 60 minutos ap&#243;s EI houve redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; sess&#227;o-controle, o que n&#227;o ocorreu ap&#243;s EC. Em conjunto, o EI parecer induzir maior redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao EC. &#201; importante destacar que os estudos que compararam os determinantes hemodin&#226;micos da HPE entre EI e EC s&#227;o poucos e envolvem diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, o que dificulta o entendimento das poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre esses protocolos.</p>
      <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, redu&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de 2 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica reduz em 6% o risco de mortalidade por acidente vascular cerebral e em 4% o risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, ao passo que redu&#231;&#227;o de 5 mmHg diminui o risco em 14% e 9%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise demonstrou que o efeito anti-hipertensivo cr&#244;nico do EI e do EC &#233; similar em indiv&#237;duos com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o, tanto sobre a PA sist&#243;lica (-6,3 <italic>versus</italic> -5,8 mmHg) quanto sobre a diast&#243;lica (-3,8 <italic>versus</italic> -3,5 mmHg) em repouso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao efeito anti-hipertensivo agudo do exerc&#237;cio, a presente revis&#227;o sugere superioridade do EI em rela&#231;&#227;o ao EC tanto para a PA sist&#243;lica (~ 3 mmHg) quanto para a diast&#243;lica (~1,3 mmHg). Entretanto, &#233; importante ressaltar que esse efeito foi observado entre 45 e 60 minutos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Portanto, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico deve ser realizado com regularidade para que os benef&#237;cios cr&#244;nicos sejam alcan&#231;ados.</p>
      <p>Os achados deste estudo demonstraram que uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio &#233; capaz de promover HPE em adultos, independentemente do est&#237;mulo realizado (EC ou EI). A magnitude da HPE foi relacionada a intensidade e natureza intervalada do exerc&#237;cio, de tal forma que o EI gerou maior HPE. No entanto, &#233; importante destacar que existem diferentes formas de prescri&#231;&#227;o de EI, o que impossibilita a determina&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo que maximize a HPE.</p>
      <p>Apesar dos resultados interessantes e novos, essa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es: i) apenas quatro bases de dados foram pesquisadas para inclus&#227;o dos estudos; ii) poucos estudos foram inclu&#237;dos nessa revis&#227;o; iii) os estudos inclu&#237;dos envolveram uma pequena quantidade de participantes (10 a 30 indiv&#237;duos); iv) diferentes m&#233;todos de aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA foram utilizados nos estudos; v) o controle da ingest&#227;o alimentar e de &#225;gua, o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e outros fatores de confus&#227;o foram pouco reportados nos estudos; vi) curto tempo de monitora&#231;&#227;o da PA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, o que dificulta o entendimento da dura&#231;&#227;o da HPE entre os protocolos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Essa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise de estudos cruzados sugere que, comparado ao EC, o EI induz uma HPE de maior magnitude entre 45 e 60 minutos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em adultos, tanto na PA sist&#243;lica (~3 mmHg) quanto na diast&#243;lica (~1,3 mmHg). No entanto, a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica desses achados deve ser considerada com cautela. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos que comparem o efeito agudo do EI e do EC sobre a PA ambulatorial, a fim de esclarecer se de fato a diferen&#231;a entre esses tipos de exerc&#237;cios tem import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica no que se refere ao controle agudo da PA, tanto na vig&#237;lia quanto no sono.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <source>Hypertension</source>
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            <etal>et al</etal>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Joyner</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
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        <mixed-citation>50. Brito LC, Queiroz AC, Forjaz CL. Influence of population and exercise protocol characteristics on hemodynamic determinants of post-aerobic exercise hypotension. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2014;47(8):626-36.</mixed-citation>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de doutorado de Raphael Jos&#233; Perrier Melo pela Universidade de Pernambuco - UPE.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Effect of Interval vs. Continuous Exercise on Blood Pressure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9460-6307</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Perrier-Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2807-7109</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2286-5892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Quintella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel da Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Pernambucana de Sa&#250;de, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Natal, RN - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco - Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Raphael Jos&#233; Perrier-Melo &#8226;</bold> Faculdade Pernambucana de Sa&#250;de - Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Av. Mal. Mascarenhas de Morais, 4861. Postal Code 51210-902, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: perrierprof@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Perrier-Melo RJ. Costa EC; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Perrier-Melo RJ. Costa EC. Farah BQ; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Perrier-Melo RJ. Costa EC. Farah BQ. Costa MC</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Continuous aerobic exercise (CE) is one of the main non-pharmacological recommendations for hypertension prevention and treatment. CE is safe and effective to reduce blood pressure chronically, as well as in the first few hours after its performance, a phenomenon known as post-exercise hypotension (PEH). Interval exercise (IE) also results in PEH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to compare the magnitude of PEH between CE and IE in adults.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A systematic review of studies published in journals indexed in the PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus and CENTRAL databases was performed until March 2020, which compared the magnitude of PEH between CE and IE. PEH was defined as between 45-60 minutes post-exercise. The differences between groups on blood pressure were analyzed using the random effects model. Data were reported as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. The TESTEX scale (0-15) was used to verify the methodological quality of the studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The IE showed a higher magnitude of PEH on systolic blood pressure (WMD: -2.93 mmHg [95% CI: -4.96, -0.90], p = 0.005, I2 = 50%) and diastolic blood pressure (WMD: -1,73 mmHg [IC95%: 2,94, -0,51], p= 0.005, I<sup>2</sup>= 0%) when compared to CE (12 studies, 196 participants). The scores of the studies on the TEXTEX scale varied from 10 to 11 points.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The IE resulted in a higher magnitude of PEH when compared to CE between 45 and 60 minutes post-exercise. The absence of adverse event data during IE and CE in the studies prevents comparisons of the safety of these strategies. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):5-14)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Post-Exercise Hypotension</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Review</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension affects between 30 and 40% of the world&#8217;s population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, its prevalence varies from 22.3 to 43.9%, affecting more than 60% of the elderly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Hypertension is directly associated with the incidence of heart and cerebrovascular diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> responsible for approximately 20% of deaths in individuals over 30 years of age,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in addition to generating costs of around R$ 30.8 billion <italic>reais</italic> per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Changes in lifestyle, including physical activity, healthy eating habits, weight reduction and smoking cessation have been strongly recommended for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In fact, changes in lifestyle result in reductions in blood pressure (BP) levels, which reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding physical exercises, the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of hypertension recommend aerobic exercises performed continuously (CE), mainly of moderate intensity, as they are safe and effective for reducing BP levels, improving the cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile, in addition to increasing cardiorespiratory fitness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The antihypertensive effects of CE can occur acutely,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> a phenomenon known as post-exercise hypotension (PEH), or chronically, after several sessions of physical exercise over weeks or months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In recent years, special attention has been given to exercises that can enhance the magnitude and duration of PEH, considering that this effect would reduce cardiovascular overload in the hours after the exercise session, thus decreasing the risk of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Additionally, more recent studies have shown that individuals with greater PEH after an exercise session, tend to have a greater reduction in resting BP after weeks of training (i.e., greater chronic effect).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Therefore, the magnitude of PEH seems to predict the magnitude of the chronic antihypertensive effect, which represents an important practical applicability.</p>
        <p>PEH can occur with different &#8220;doses&#8221; of physical exercise, both aerobic and strength.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In relation to aerobic exercises, a systematic review and previous meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> showed that PEH occurs after performing CE and IE, despite being documented mainly after CE, which is the basis for hypertension prevention and treatment recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, in recent years, IE, whether at vigorous or maximum intensity (&#8220;all out&#8221;), has been considered an alternative to CE for the improvement of several cardiovascular parameters, such as cardiorespiratory capacity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> vascular function<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and clinical BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, it is important to highlight that no direct comparisons were made on the acute effects of CE and IE on BP. Thus, it is not clear whether there is a superiority of the acute antihypertensive effect between exercises, which is an important knowledge gap, as it can help professionals in both hypertension prevention and treatment. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the magnitude of PEH between CE and IE in adults.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Literature search strategy</title>
          <p>The systematic review was carried out following the guidelines of the &#8216;Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA)&#8217;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The search for the articles was carried out in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus and CENTRAL electronic databases. The search strategy used the following descriptors and free terms: &#8220;high intensity interval training&#8221; [MeSH Terms] OR &#8220;high intensity interval exercise&#8221; [TIAB] OR &#8220;aerobic interval training&#8221; [TIAB] OR &#8220;aerobic interval exercise&#8221; [TIAB] OR &#8220;sprint training&#8221; [TIAB] OR &#8220;sprint&#8221; [TIAB] OR &#8220;sprint exercise&#8221; [TIAB] OR &#8220;sprint interval exercise&#8221; [TIAB] AND &#8220;blood pressure&#8221; [MeSH Terms] OR &#8220;post-exercise hypotension&#8221; [Mesh Terms] OR &#8220;post-exercise hypotension&#8221; [Mesh Terms] OR &#8220;hypotension&#8221; [Mesh Terms]. All processes for article search, selection and evaluation were carried out in duplicate and independently.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>The eligibility criteria were established according to the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes and Study Design) question.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>This review included studies involving adults (18 years or older) of both genders, with no restriction regarding the level of physical activity and BP classification (normotensive, pre-hypertensive and hypertensive). Mean pre-exercise systolic and diastolic BP values were used to classify individuals regarding BP, following the same procedures as other systematic reviews<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and the 7<sup>th</sup>Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intervention</title>
          <p>The classification system for IE proposed by Weston et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> was used to define the eligibility criteria for this intervention. According to this proposal, repeated stimuli at vigorous intensity (80-100% of peak heart rate - HRpeak) interspersed with periods of recovery (active or passive) are classified as high-intensity interval training, and maximum stimuli (&#8220;all out&#8221;; or above the peak oxygen consumption load -VO<sub>2</sub>peak) interspersed with recovery periods (active or passive) are classified as sprint interval exercise. Studies that used the percentage of VO<sub>2</sub>peak, VO<sub>2</sub>reserve or rating of perceived exertion (RPE) equivalent to 80-100% of HRpeak according to the American College of Sports Medicine,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> were considered eligible, as well as the &#8220;all out&#8221; protocols. Studies that showed interventions associated with IE, such as another form of exercise (e.g., strength exercises) or nutritional strategy, were not considered for inclusion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparator</title>
          <p>The CE was considered as a comparator of the IE. Studies that used the percentage of VO<sub>2</sub>peak, VO<sub>2</sub>reserve or RPE equivalent to moderate intensity (i.e., 64-76% of HRpeak) or vigorous intensity (i.e. 77-95% of HRpeak) were considered eligible. Studies that showed interventions associated with CE, such as another type of exercise or nutritional strategy, were not considered for inclusion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>The primary outcome of this review was clinical BP, measured between 45 and 60 minutes post-exercise. This post-exercise time was defined considering that most studies that investigated the effects of CE and IE included measures within that period. Therefore, even though the study analyzed BP beyond 60 minutes post-exercise, this measure was not considered for the meta-analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design</title>
          <p>Crossover studies were considered, involving a session of CE and IE, randomized performance order, in English or Portuguese. The search was carried out without a date limit and ended in March 2020.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction</title>
          <p>An electronic spreadsheet was used to extract data from the included articles, according to the eligibility criteria, in duplicate and independently. In case of disagreement, a meeting was held, and a consensus was established between the researchers. The characteristics of the study participants (age, gender, body mass index, level of physical activity, BP classification), characteristics of the exercise sessions (modality, environments, duration, intensity and time spent in the training session), method of BP measurement and post-exercise BP measurement period were extracted and recorded. Absent data in the texts were requested directly from the authors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of study methodological quality</title>
          <p>The &#8216;Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in Exercise (TESTEX)&#8217; scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> also in duplicate and independently. In case of disagreement, a meeting was held, and consensus was established between the researchers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantitative synthesis</title>
          <p>The changes (post and pre-intervention) in clinical BP were extracted from each study and expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. The data were reported as weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup>) between the studies was calculated. Values &gt; 75% and p &lt;0.10 were used to indicate high heterogeneity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The random-effects model was adopted in the presence of low or high statistical heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). The meta-analysis was performed using the Review Manager software (RevMan 5.3, Nordic Cochrane, Denmark). Two studies did not report the standard deviation values in the pre- and post-intervention moments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In this case, the values were estimated based on the recommendations of Follman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> For this purpose, the study by Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> was adopted as the basis. In all analyses, the level of significance adopted was 5%.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>Funnel plot of the comparison of interval exercise (IE) vs. continuous exercise (CE) on blood pressure (BP)</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0005-90107-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Included studies</title>
          <p>The search strategy identified 3,252 articles for the initial analysis. After screening the titles, abstracts and excluding duplicate results, 84 studies were selected for full-text analysis. Of these, 72 did not meet the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the study. Additionally, an unpublished study was included in the analyses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> shows the flowchart of the research results.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>PRISMA flowchart of selected studies. BP: blood pressure; CE: aerobic exercises performed continuously; IE: interval exercise; PEH: post-exercise hypotension.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0005-90107-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of participants</title>
          <p>The 12 articles included in the study analyzed clinical BP as the main outcome and none of them reported adverse effects (n = 196; age between 20-75 years; BMI between 21.2-33.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Of these, three studies involved 46 normotensive individuals (n = 23 women),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> with a mean age of 32.67 years, and mean BMI of 24.52 km/m<sup>2</sup>. The mean systolic and diastolic BP at rest was 118/65.46 mmHg in IE and 117.27 / 64.73 mmHg in CE. Six studies involved 89 pre-hypertensive patients (n = 1 woman),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> with a mean age of 29.15 years, and mean BMI of 24.68 km/m<sup>2</sup>. Mean systolic and diastolic BP at rest was 127.22 / 73.12 mmHg in IE and 126.72 / 73.22 mmHg in CE. Four studies involved 61 hypertensive patients (n = 34 women),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> mean age of 60,67 years, and mean BMI of 29,97 km/m<sup>2</sup>and all used antihypertensive medication.</p>
          <p>Regarding the BP measurement, of the 12 included studies, four used the auscultatory method (~ 33%), while the others used the oscillometric method in an automatic equipment. All studies used inferential statistics, adopting a value of p &#8804; 0.05. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref> shows additional information on the characteristics of the studies and interventions.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Characteristics of participants included in the studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Authors</th>
                    <th>Participants</th>
                    <th>Men (%) / Women (%)</th>
                    <th>Age (years)</th>
                    <th>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                    <th>Sample characteristic</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pimenta et al.<sup>38</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n=20 (15 women)</td>
                    <td align="center">25%/75%</td>
                    <td align="center">51&#177;8 years</td>
                    <td align="center">30&#177;6 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Hypertensive men and women</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Costa et al.<sup>30</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n= 19 hypertensive women</td>
                    <td align="center">0/100%</td>
                    <td align="center">67.6&#177;4.7 years</td>
                    <td align="center">27.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Physically active and inactive women</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Boeno et al.<sup>37</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n= 13 pre-hypertensive men</td>
                    <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                    <td align="center">22.7&#177;2.6 years</td>
                    <td align="center">25.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Pre-hypertensive and physically inactive men</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maya et al.<sup>36</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n= 30 pre-hypertensive men</td>
                    <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                    <td align="center">23&#177;6.5 years</td>
                    <td align="center">23.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Pre-hypertensive and physically active men</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Santos et al.<sup>35</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n=15 hypertensive</td>
                    <td align="center">NI</td>
                    <td align="center">65.1&#177;4.7 years</td>
                    <td align="center">29.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Physically active men and women</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Morales-Palomo et al.<sup>34</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n=7 men and women with metabolic syndrome</td>
                    <td align="center">57%/43%</td>
                    <td align="center">55&#177;9 years</td>
                    <td align="center">29.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Normotensive men and women with metabolic syndrome</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Morales-Palomo et al.<sup>34</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n= 7 men</td>
                    <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                    <td align="center">59&#177;6 years</td>
                    <td align="center">33 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Hypertensive men with metabolic syndrome</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Costa et al.<sup>29</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n= 14 men</td>
                    <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                    <td align="center">24.9&#177;4.1 years</td>
                    <td align="center">24.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Normotensive and physically active men</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Graham et al.<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n=12 men</td>
                    <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                    <td align="center">23&#177;3 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">24 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Pre-hypertensive and physically inactive men</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angadi et al.<sup>27</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n=11 pre-hypertensive individuals</td>
                    <td align="center">91%/9%</td>
                    <td align="center">24.6&#177;3.7 years</td>
                    <td align="center">24.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Pre-hypertensive men and women</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lacombe et al.<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n=13 men</td>
                    <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                    <td align="center">57&#177;4 years</td>
                    <td align="center">28.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Pre-hypertensive and physically inactive men</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rossow et al.<sup>26</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n= 15 men</td>
                    <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                    <td align="center">25.8&#177;6.5 years</td>
                    <td align="center">22.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Trained normotensive men</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rossow et al.<sup>26</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n=10 women</td>
                    <td align="center">0/100%</td>
                    <td align="center">25&#177;3.4 years</td>
                    <td align="center">22.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Trained normotensive women</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mourot et al.<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">n=10 men</td>
                    <td align="center">100%/0</td>
                    <td align="center">24.6&#177;0.6 years</td>
                    <td align="center">21.86 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Trained pre-hypertensive men</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>
                  <italic>SOURCE: The author. Recife, 2019.</italic>
                </attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Characteristics of the CE and IE sessions of the included studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Authors</th>
                    <th>Modality</th>
                    <th>Intervention site/ Supervision</th>
                    <th>IE Protocol</th>
                    <th>CE Protocol</th>
                    <th>Equipment and moment of analysis</th>
                    <th>Mechanisms related to PEH</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pimenta et al.<sup>38</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Treadmill</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">5x 3 min &#8211; 85-95% resVO<sub>2</sub>/ 2 min &#8211; 50-60% resVO<sub>2</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">~35min &#8211; 60 - 70% res VO<sub>2</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">Aneroid sphygmomanometer - 60min</td>
                    <td align="center">Not investigated</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Costa et al.<sup>30</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Treadmill</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">10x 1 min &#8211; 80-85% RHR/ 2min &#8211; 40-45% RHR</td>
                    <td align="center">30 min &#8211; 50-55% RHR</td>
                    <td align="center">Oscillometric - 60min</td>
                    <td align="center"><bold>IE:</bold> &#8594; CO, &#8595; PVR, &#8595; TVI, &#8594; AC; <bold>CE:</bold> &#8594; CO, &#8594; PVR, &#8595; TVI, &#8594; AC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Boeno et al.<sup>37</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Treadmill</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">5 km: 1 min- 90% HRmax/ 1min -60% HRmax</td>
                    <td align="center">5 km &#8211; 70% HRmax</td>
                    <td align="center">Digital sphygmomanometer - 60min</td>
                    <td align="center">Not investigated</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maya et al.<sup>36</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Treadmill</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">500 kcal: 3 min &#8211; 115%AT/ 1min 30s PR</td>
                    <td align="center">500 kcal: 85% AT</td>
                    <td align="center">Aneroid sphygmomanometer - 60min</td>
                    <td align="center">Not investigated</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Santos et al.<sup>35</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">4x 4 min-85-90% RHR/ 2min - 50% RHR</td>
                    <td align="center">40 min - 60-80% RHR</td>
                    <td align="center">Aneroid sphygmomanometer - 60min</td>
                    <td align="center">Not investigated</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Morales-Palomo et al.<sup>34</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">5 x 4 min-90% HRpeak/ 3 min 70% HRpeak (~460 kcal)</td>
                    <td align="center">~70 min-60% HRpeak (~460 kcal)</td>
                    <td align="center">Digital sphygmomanometer &#8211; 45min</td>
                    <td align="center"><bold>IE:</bold> &#8593; CO, &#8595; SV, &#8595; PVR; <bold>CE:</bold> &#8594; CO, &#8594; SV, &#8594; PVR</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Morales-Palomo et al.<sup>34</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">5 x 4min-90% HRpeak/ 3 min 70% HRpeak (~460 kcal)</td>
                    <td align="center">~70 min-60% HRpeak (~460 kcal)</td>
                    <td align="center">Digital sphygmomanometer &#8211; 45min</td>
                    <td align="center"><bold>IE:</bold> &#8593; CO, &#8595; SV, &#8595; PVR; <bold>CE:</bold> &#8594; CO, &#8594; SV, &#8594; PVR</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Costa et al.<sup>29</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Treadmill</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">10x 1 min-90% MAV/ 1 min - 30% MAV</td>
                    <td align="center">20 min - 60% MAV</td>
                    <td align="center">Digital sphygmomanometer &#8211; 60min</td>
                    <td align="center">Not investigated</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Graham et al.<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">5x 30 s &#8211; 0.075% BM - all out/4 min 30 s - AR &#8211; UULL ergometer</td>
                    <td align="center">50 min-65% VO<sub>2</sub>max</td>
                    <td align="center">Aneroid sphygmomanometer - 60min</td>
                    <td align="center">Not investigated</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Graham et al.<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">5x 30s &#8211; 0.075% BM - all out/4 min 30 s - AR &#8211; LLLL ergometer</td>
                    <td align="center">50 min-65% VO<sub>2</sub>max</td>
                    <td align="center">Aneroid sphygmomanometer - 60min</td>
                    <td align="center">Not investigated</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angadi et al.<sup>27</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">4 x 4min-90-95% HRmax/3 min &#8211;50% HRmax</td>
                    <td align="center">30 min - 75-80% HRmax</td>
                    <td align="center">Oscillometric - 60min</td>
                    <td align="center">Not investigated</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angadi et al.<sup>27</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">6 x 30s- (0.075% BM &#8211; all out) /4min &#8211; 50% HRmax</td>
                    <td align="center">30 min - 75-80%HRmax</td>
                    <td align="center">Oscillometric - 60min</td>
                    <td align="center">Not investigated</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lacombe et al.<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">5x 2min - 85% VO<sub>2</sub>max/ 2min-40% VO<sub>2</sub>max</td>
                    <td align="center">21 min - 60% VO<sub>2</sub>max</td>
                    <td align="center">Digital sphygmomanometer - 60min</td>
                    <td align="center"><bold>IE:</bold> &#8595;BRS, &#8594; CO, &#8595;SV. <bold>CE:</bold> BRS, &#8594; CO, &#8595;SV</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rossow et al.<sup>26</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">4x 30 s -0.07% BM &#8211; all out /4 min 30 s- AR</td>
                    <td align="center">60 min-60% RHR</td>
                    <td align="center">Digital sphygmomanometer - 60min</td>
                    <td align="center"><bold>IE:</bold> &#8593; CO, &#8595; PVR; <bold>CE:</bold> CO, &#8595; PVR</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mourot et al.<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td align="center">Laboratory/Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">9x4 min-1<sup>st</sup>VT/ 1 min-Ppeak</td>
                    <td align="center">48 min-1<sup>st</sup>VT</td>
                    <td align="center">Digital sphygmomanometer &#8211; 60min</td>
                    <td align="center">Not investigated</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>N: number of participants; IE: interval exercise; CE: continuous exercise; BMI: body mass index; AT: anaerobic threshold; VT: ventilatory threshold; RHR: reserve heart rate; HRmax: maximum heart rate; Wmax: maximum Watts; HRpeak: peak heart rate; Ppeak: peak power; MAV: maximum aerobic velocity on the treadmill; VO<sub>2</sub>max: maximum oxygen consumption; VO<sub>2</sub>res: reserve oxygen consumption; BM: body mass; M: men; W: women; UULL: upper limb; LLLL: lower limb; AR: active recovery; PR: passive recovery; NI: not informed; CO: cardiac output; PVR: peripheral vascular resistance; SV: stroke volume; BRS: baroreflex sensitivity; TVI: total vascular impedance; AC: arterial compliance; &#8593; increase; &#8595; reduction; &#8594; maintenance. SOURCE: The author. Recife, 2019.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of interventions</title>
          <p>Of the 12 studies included, seven (~ 58%) used a cycle ergometer,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> and five used a treadmill<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> in the exercise sessions. When the IE session was performed on the treadmill, reductions in systolic and diastolic BP of ~ 9.8 and 4.4 mmHg were observed, respectively. When the IE session was performed on a cycle ergometer, the reduction in systolic and diastolic BP was ~ 7.6 and 3.7 mmHg, respectively. The reduction in systolic and diastolic BP after the CE session on the treadmill was ~ 6.2 and 2.5 mmHg, respectively, and the reduction in systolic and diastolic BP in the cycle ergometer was ~ 4.5 and 2.6 mmHg, respectively. The most frequently used IE protocol consisted of 4 minutes at high intensity, followed by 3 minutes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> 2 minutes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> or 1 minute<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> of active recovery. The other protocols used shorter periods (30 seconds to 3 minutes) at high intensity. The CE protocols, on the other hand, had a constant stimulus, lasting between 30 and 70 minutes.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows the qualitative assessment of the included studies. According to the TESTEX scale (0-15 points), all studies had scores &gt; 10 points. The weakest points in the studies were: lack of allocation concealment (92%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> blinding of the evaluator to evaluate the outcome (100%)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> and absence of the reporting of adverse events (75%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Methodological quality analysis of the included studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="5%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Authors</th>
                    <th colspan="5">Study quality</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">Partial (0-5)</th>
                    <th colspan="10">Study quality</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">Partial (0-10)</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">Total (0-15)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="5">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="10">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>1</th>
                    <th>2</th>
                    <th>3</th>
                    <th>4</th>
                    <th>5</th>
                    <th>6 a</th>
                    <th>6 b</th>
                    <th>6 c</th>
                    <th>7</th>
                    <th>8 a</th>
                    <th>8 b</th>
                    <th>9</th>
                    <th>10</th>
                    <th>11</th>
                    <th>12</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Costa et al. 2020</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">NC</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Pimenta et al. 2019</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>3</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>NC</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>8</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>11</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Boeno et al. 2019</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">NC</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maya et al. 2018</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">NC</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Santos et al. 2018</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">NC</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Morales-Palomo et al. 2017</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">NC</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Costa et al. 2016</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">NC</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Graham et al. 2016</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">NC</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angadi et al. 2015</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">NC</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lacombe et al. 2011</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">NC</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rossow et al. 2010</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">NC</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mourot et al. 2004</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0*</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">NC</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*- studies that did not report the number of dropouts; however, all ended with the same number of participants who started the intervention, 6c- does not fit, all studies show an acute analysis, NC - no control group. Quality of studies: 1 = Specific eligibility criterion; 2 = Type of randomization specified; 3 = Allocation concealment; 4 = Similar groups in the baseline; 5 = The evaluators were blinded (at least for one main result); 6 = Results evaluated in 85% of participants (6a = 1 point if more than 85% were concluded; 6b = 1 point if adverse events were reported; 6c = if exercise attendance is reported); 7 = Intention to treat statistical analysis; 8 = Statistical comparison between groups were reported (8a = 1 point if comparisons between groups are reported for the variable primary outcome of interest; 8b = 1 point if statistical comparisons between groups are reported for at least one secondary measure); 9 = Point measures and measures of variability for all outcome measures were reported; 10 = Monitoring of activity in the control group; 11 = The intensity related to the exercise remained constant; 12 = Exercise volume and energy expenditure were reported. SOURCE: The author. Recife, 2019.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effect of IE versus CE on clinical BP</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> (panel A) shows the direct comparison between the effects of IE and CE on systolic BP. The meta-analysis showed a significant difference in favor of IE (WMD: -2.93 mmHg [95% CI: -4.96, -0.90], p = 0.005). Moderate heterogeneity was found for this analysis (I<sup>2</sup>= 50%; p = 0.01).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>Forest plot of the comparison of the effects of interval exercise (IE) vs. continuous exercise (CE) on systolic (panel A) and diastolic (panel B) blood pressure (BP). Results are expressed in delta change (post-exercise blood pressure values - pre-exercise blood pressure values).</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-01-0005-90107-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A sensitivity analysis showed that the effect in favor of IE on PEH persisted after the removal of each of the included studies.</p>
          <p>The direct comparison between the effects of IE and CE on diastolic BP showed a significant difference in favor of IE (WMD: -1.73 mmHg [95% CI: -2.94, -0.51], p = 0.005). Low heterogeneity was found for this analysis (I<sup>2</sup>= 0%; p = 0.49), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> (panel B). In the sensitivity analysis, all studies (one by one) were removed and it was found that only the removal of the study by Maya et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> from the analysis made the positive result in favor of IE disappear (WMD: -0.99 mmHg [95% CI: -2.30, 0.32], p = 0.14; I<sup>2</sup>= 0%; p = 0.97).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis that directly compared the magnitude of PEH after a session of CE and IE in adults. The main finding of this study is that the IE shows a reduction in systolic and diastolic BP of ~ 3 and 1.3 mmHg, respectively, more than the CE (between 45-60 minutes post-exercise). However, it is important to highlight that this result on diastolic BP has considerable influence of a single study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Overall, the present study observed that IE showed a reduction of ~ 8 and 4 mmHg for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, between 45-60 minutes post-exercise. The reduction observed after CE, however, was ~ 5 and 2.6 mmHg for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, in the same post-exercise analyzed period. Therefore, a direct comparison (head-to-head) of the effects of these interventions confirmed the superiority of IE over CE in terms of the magnitude of systolic and diastolic PEH between 45-60 minutes. These data are similar to those found in a previous meta-analysis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> which observed a reduction in systolic BP of 7.1 and 4.0 mmHg and a reduction in diastolic BP of 2.5 and 3.2 mmHg, respectively, for interval and continuous exercise. However, it is important to highlight that not only the interval <italic>versus</italic> continuous nature was compared in the present meta-analysis, but interventions that specifically involved IE (at vigorous intensity and &#8220;all out&#8221;) versus CE (at moderate and vigorous intensity), which was not performed in the previous study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies have shown that the magnitude of PEH can be related both to the intensity reached during the exercise session,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> and to the exercise volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> In the present meta-analysis, most of the included studies ( ~ 66%; n = 8)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> equalized the volume, and / or average intensity, and / or total energy expenditure of IE with CE sessions, which can facilitate the understanding of the impact of the exercise nature (interval <italic>vs</italic> . continuous) and intensity of stimuli on the PEH magnitude. This aspect is important because studies show that when volume and/or mean intensity are equalized, PEH is similar between IE and CE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> However, of the studies included in this systematic review, those that showed volume, and / or mean intensity, and / or total energy expenditure equalized between the exercise protocols, mean reductions of -9.7 and -5 mmHg were observed in systolic BP and -4.3 and -2.2 mmHg in diastolic BP, for IE and CE, respectively. The IE protocols that showed lower volume, and/or mean intensity and/or energy expenditure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> showed mean reductions of -6.2 and -3.4 mmHg in systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, which was slightly higher than the mean reductions in systolic and diastolic BP observed in CE (-4.9 and -3.2 mmHg, respectively). Therefore, high-intensity stimuli seem to have a role in the magnitude of PEH, regardless of whether or not there was volume, and/or mean intensity and / or total energy expenditure equalization.</p>
        <p>The mechanisms through which PEH occurs after a CE session are well documented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> The reduction in peripheral vascular resistance has often been attributed as one of the main mechanisms of acute post-exercise BP reduction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> which is aided by the reduction of sympathetic activity in the vessel due to baroreflex control, which generates prolonged vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Additionally, local vasodilators, such as prostaglandins and nitric oxide, also play an important role in the occurrence of PEH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> In patients with vascular disorders (e.g., the elderly, peripheral arterial disease, and obese individuals), PEH occurs by reducing the stroke volume, due to a decreased preload, which is not compensated by increased heart rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> The studies that directly compared the acute effects of CE and IE on BP showed that the mechanisms related to PEH between these exercise models seem to be different.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In normotensive individuals, Rossow et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> observed a greater reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and an increase in cardiac output (mediated by an increase in heart rate) after the IE protocol, when compared to the CE. In pre-hypertensive men, Lacombe et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> demonstrated that IE resulted in greater changes in baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability than CE in the post-exercise period. Morales-Palomo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> observed, in individuals with metabolic syndrome (normotensive and hypertensive), greater reductions in stroke volume, peripheral vascular resistance, skin vascular resistance, higher blood flow in the skin and greater increases in heart rate after IE, when compared to CE. In middle-aged and elderly hypertensive women, Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> found that there was a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance 60 minutes after IE, when compared to the control session, which did not occur after CE. Considered together, IE seems to induce a greater reduction in peripheral vascular resistance post-exercise, when compared to CE. It is important to emphasize that the studies that compared the hemodynamic determinants of PEH between IE and CE are few and involve different populations, which makes it difficult to understand the possible differences between these protocols.</p>
        <p>From a clinical point of view, a chronic reduction of 2 mmHg in systolic BP reduces the risk of mortality from stroke by 6% and coronary artery disease by 4%, while a reduction of 5 mmHg decreases 14% and 9% of the risk, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A meta-analysis showed that the chronic antihypertensive effect of IE and CE is similar in individuals with prehypertension and hypertension, both on systolic (-6.3 <italic>vs</italic> . -5.8 mmHg) and diastolic BP (-3.8 <italic>vs</italic> . -3.5 mmHg) at rest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Regarding the acute antihypertensive effect of exercise, the present review suggests the superiority of IE over CE for both systolic (~ 3 mmHg) and diastolic (~ 1.3 mmHg) BP. However, it is important to note that this effect was observed between 45-60 minutes after the exercise. Therefore, physical exercise must be performed regularly so that the chronic benefits can be attained.</p>
        <p>The findings of this study demonstrated that a single session of aerobic exercise is capable of promoting PEH in adults, regardless of the performed stimulus (CE or IE). The magnitude of the PEH was associated to the intensity and interval nature of the exercise, so that the IE generated a greater PEH. However, it is important to emphasize that there are different forms of IE prescription, which makes it impossible to determine a protocol that maximizes PEH.</p>
        <p>Despite the new and interesting results, this systematic review has some limitations: i) only four databases were searched for study inclusion; ii) few studies were included in this review; iii) the included studies involved a small number of participants (between 10 and 30 individuals); iv) different BP measurement methods were used in the studies; v) food and water intake control, level of physical activity and other confounding factors were seldom reported in the studies; vi) short post-exercise BP monitoring time, which makes it difficult to understand the duration of PEH between protocols.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis of crossover studies suggests that IE induces a PEH of greater magnitude compared to CE, between 45-60 minutes post-exercise in adults, both in systolic (~3 mmHg) and diastolic BP (~1.3 mmHg). However, the clinical importance of these findings should be considered with caution. Future studies comparing the acute effect of IE and CE on ambulatorial BP are required in order to clarify whether, in fact, the difference between these types of exercises has clinical importance regarding acute BP control, both in wakefulness and in sleep.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the doctoral dissertation by Raphael Jos&#233; Perrier Melo from Universidade de Pernambuco - UPE</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
