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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dkZhp99p3nKctHTWL6bhkvn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000500047</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200024</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 1/2020 - Mulher de 55 Anos com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca ap&#243;s Interna&#231;&#227;o por Diagn&#243;stico Presumido de Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio e Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral com Rotura de Corda Tend&#237;nea</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5470-0326</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5673-165X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Desiderio Favarato &#8226; Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco II, 2&#186; andar (Unidade C&#237;nica de ATerosceros) Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>47</fpage>
      <lpage>56</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Prolapso da Valva Mitral/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Sepse</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados P&#243;s Operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="22"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, de 55 anos, procedente de Carapicu&#237;ba, SP, era portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial e iniciou dispneia a esfor&#231;os maiores um ano e meio antes da interna&#231;&#227;o. Em setembro de 2016, apresentou dor precordial de forte intensidade, em aperto, que pouco aliviava com repouso, associada a n&#225;useas. Procurou servi&#231;o m&#233;dico em sua cidade, sendo medicada e liberada para casa. Na manh&#227; seguinte, houve repeti&#231;&#227;o da dor e foi internada. No per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, apresentou parada card&#237;aca, revertida com choque el&#233;trico. A paciente permaneceu internada por 10 dias e recebeu alta com os diagn&#243;sticos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e valvopatia mitral.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, evoluiu com dispneia de classe funcional IV (New York Heart Association), epis&#243;dios espor&#225;dicos de dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna e ortopneia, e foi encaminhada para o InCor-HCFMUSP. Estava em uso de AAS, 100 mg/dia; furosemida 40mg, 3 vezes ao dia; captopril 50mg, 3 vezes ao dia; clopidogrel 75mg, 1 vez ao dia; sinvastatina 40mg, 1 vez ao dia.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 102 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 118x86 mmHg; a ausculta pulmonar revelou estertores crepitantes em bases pulmonares; a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou bulhas r&#237;tmicas com sopro sist&#243;lico mitral +++/6+; o exame abdominal foi normal, e n&#227;o havia edema de membro inferior.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (28/9/2016) mostrou di&#226;metro de aorta de 28 mm; do &#225;trio esquerdo, de 47 mm; do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo diast&#243;lico, de 48 mm, e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sist&#243;lico, de 26 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 77%; espessura de septo, de 11 mm; e, da parede posterior, de 9 mm. A valva mitral apresentava rotura parcial de cordas, evers&#227;o para dentro do &#225;trio esquerdo da c&#250;spide posterior, com falha da coapta&#231;&#227;o entre as c&#250;spides e refluxo exc&#234;ntrico de grau acentuado. A valva tric&#250;spide tamb&#233;m apresentava refluxo acentuado. Estimou-se a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar em 62 mmHg.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais (8/11/2016) revelaram os seguintes valores: 4.300.000 hem&#225;cias/mm<sup>3</sup>, hemoglobina de 12,3 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 38%, 8110 leuc&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>, creatinina de 1,75mg/dL, s&#243;dio 140 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 3,8 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (8/11/2016) revelou sobrecarga atrial esquerda e atraso final de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular do est&#237;mulo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>
            <italic>ECG (8/11/2016) evidenciando ritmo sinusal, sobrecarga biatrial e atraso final de condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo intraventricular.</italic>
          </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Havia cardiomegalia acentuada e sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar &#224; radiografia de t&#243;rax ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>
            <italic>Radiografia de t&#243;rax (8/11/2016) mostrando congest&#227;o pulmonar e acentuada cardiomegalia.</italic>
          </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Foram solicitados ecocardiograma e cateterismo card&#237;aco com cinecoronariografia.</p>
    <p>A cinecoronariografia (8/2/2017) revelou les&#227;o no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda de 40%, duas les&#245;es de 50% no &#243;stio e 90% no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do ramo interventricular anterior; les&#227;o proximal de 60% no ramo circunflexo e les&#227;o de 60% no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da coron&#225;ria direita ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>
            <italic>Cinecoronariografia. Painel esquerdo: coron&#225;ria esquerda em OAD &#8211; les&#227;o de interventricular anterior, 80% e 50% proximal de circunflexa. Painel direito: coron&#225;ria direita &#8211; les&#227;o focal de 50%.</italic>
          </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Foi indicada cirurgia de corre&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia valvar e de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Os exames pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios revelaram: hem&#225;cias, 4.300.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; hemoglobina, 12,4 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 37%; leuc&#243;citos, 13.990/mm<sup>3</sup> (2% bast&#245;es, 80% segmentados, 0% eosin&#243;filos, 8% linf&#243;citos e 10% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 173.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; colesterol total, 158 mg/dL; HDL-C, 28 mg/dL; LDL-C, 109 mg/dL; triglic&#233;rides, 103 mg/dL; creatina fosfoquinase (CPK), 2938 U/L; glicose, 120 mg/dL; ureia, 310 mg/dL; creatinina, 4,79 mg/dL; s&#243;dio, 136 mEq; pot&#225;ssio, 4,9 mEq/L; alanina aminotransferase (AST), 988 U/L; aspartato aminotransferase (ALT), 681 U/L; &#225;cido &#250;rico, 27,1 mg/dL; hemoglobina glicada, 5,4%; urina I com protein&#250;ria de 0,38 g/L e sedimento com 14.000 c&#233;lulas epiteliais/mL, 63.000 leuc&#243;citos/mL e 4290 cilindros hialinos/mL; TSH, 6,25 <italic>&#181;</italic> UI/mL; T4 livre, 0,98 mg/dL; tempo de trombina (INR), 1,4; rela&#231;&#227;o de tempos de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA) de 0,96. Os resultados da sorologia para hepatites B e C e para HIV foram negativos.</p>
    <p>Em vista dessas altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais, a paciente foi convocada &#224; Emerg&#234;ncia do InCor (23/2/2017).</p>
    <p>A paciente referiu que, ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo card&#237;aco em 8/2/2017, recebeu prescri&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina, e desde ent&#227;o vinha evoluindo com mialgia difusa e piora de classe funcional, com dispneia ao repouso e ortopneia at&#233; 3 dias antes da interna&#231;&#227;o, associadas a redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio, com urina de colora&#231;&#227;o escurecida. Tinha tamb&#233;m dor tor&#225;cica na regi&#227;o inframam&#225;ria, com irradia&#231;&#227;o para a regi&#227;o epig&#225;strica e piora aos esfor&#231;os habituais, mal caracterizada com dura&#231;&#227;o de horas e sem fatores de melhora. Negou febre e tosse. Referia estar obstipada havia 3 dias.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, a paciente apresentava-se em estado geral regular, descorada 2+/4+, hidratada, ict&#233;rica +/4+, acian&#243;tica e afebril. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era de 65 bpm; a press&#227;o arterial, de 70x50 mmHg; a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, de 90%, e havia crepita&#231;&#245;es finas em bases pulmonares; a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou bulhas r&#237;tmicas, e sopro holossist&#243;lico regurgitativo 3+/6+ em foco mitral; o abdome estava plano, com presen&#231;a de ru&#237;dos hidroa&#233;reos e com f&#237;gado palp&#225;vel a 2 cm do rebordo costal direito; n&#227;o havia edema nem sinais de trombose venosa profunda em membro inferior.</p>
    <p>Diagnosticaram-se choque cardiog&#234;nico e rabdomi&#243;lise, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, hepatite isqu&#234;mica e poss&#237;vel endocardite infecciosa. Foram prescritos noradrenalina; furosemida 40 mg intravenosa de 8 em 8h; e antibi&#243;ticos ceftriaxona e oxacilina.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais (23/2/2017) revelaram: hemoglobina, 12 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 35%; leuc&#243;citos, 14.230/mm<sup>3</sup> (82% neutr&#243;filos, 8% linf&#243;citos e 10% mon&#243;citos); 147.000 plaquetas/m<sup>3</sup>; CK-MB massa, 54,5ng/dL; troponina I, 0,349 ng/mL; ureia, 313 mg/dL; creatinina, 4,94 mg/dL; AST, 938 U/L; ALT, 746 U/L; gama-glutamil transferase (gama GT,) 473 U/L; fosfatase alcalina (FA), 279 U/L; prote&#237;na total do soro, 7 g/dL; bilirrubinas totais, 1,67 mg/dL; bilirrubina direta, 1,15 gm/dL; lipase, 799 U/L; prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), 98,69 mg/L. O tempo de protrombina (INR) foi de 1,4 e a rela&#231;&#227;o dos tempos de trombina parcial ativada (TTPA) foi de 0,96. A urina revelou hemoglobina livre ++, leuc&#243;citos 32.000/mL, eritr&#243;citos 13.000/mL, sem cilindr&#250;ria. A gasometria revelou pH de 7,40; pCO<sub>2</sub> de 18,7 mmHg; pO<sub>2</sub> de 99,9 mmHg; satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> de 99,9%; e bicarbonato de 11,2 mmol/L. O valor do lactato foi de 49 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>A cultura de sangue foi positiva para <italic>Staphylococcus hominis</italic> sens&#237;vel a oxacilina, e a urocultura foi positiva para <italic>Eschericchia coli</italic> multissens&#237;vel. Foram ent&#227;o trocados, no dia 3/3/2017, os antibi&#243;ticos para vancomicina, piperacilina e tazobactam. Al&#233;m da administra&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos vasoativos, foi realizada hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico n&#227;o revelou vegeta&#231;&#245;es, e estimou-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 65%, sem altera&#231;&#227;o da motilidade segmentar. A valva mitral apresentava prolapso da c&#250;spide posterior, com sinais de ruptura de corda associada. O estudo com Doppler e mapeamento com fluxo em cores demonstraram insufici&#234;ncia de grau acentuado (jato exc&#234;ntrico).</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais (2/3/2017) revelaram: hemoglobina, 9,2 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 28%; leuc&#243;citos, 12.220/mm<sup>3</sup> (1% bast&#245;es, 88% segmentados, 5% linf&#243;citos e 6% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 123.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; ureia, 54 mg/dL; creatinina, 1,68 mg/dL; s&#243;dio, 139 mEq/L; pot&#225;ssio, 3,0 mEq/L; AST, 44 U/L; ALT, 160 U/L.</p>
    <p>Foi submetida (3/3/2017) a cirurgia com pl&#225;stica de valva mitral com reconstru&#231;&#227;o e comissurotomia sem anuloplastia (ressec&#231;&#227;o quandrangular), fechamento de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com enxerto da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda (mam&#225;ria esquerda) para interventricular anterior e ponte de safena para descendente posterior da direita, al&#233;m de fechamento de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (3/3/2017) revelou discreta insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</p>
    <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (3/3/2017) no leito em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato revelou eletrodos de monitora&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, cateter venoso central, dreno pleural em hemit&#243;rax esquerdo, sutura met&#225;lica esternal, campos pulmonares livres e &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal.</p>
    <p>A biopsia do folheto posterior da valva mitral revelou fibrose e acentuada degenera&#231;&#227;o mucoide do estroma da c&#250;spide (B17-0412).</p>
    <p>A paciente apresentou convuls&#227;o no dia 4/3/2017 e iniciou tratamento com lamotrigina. A tomografia de cr&#226;nio n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (20/3/2017) revelou: valva mitral com redu&#231;&#227;o da coapta&#231;&#227;o de suas c&#250;spides, c&#250;spide posterior com discreta calcifica&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o da sua mobilidade, e discreta insufici&#234;ncia. N&#227;o foram observadas imagens de trombos em &#225;trios e respectivos ap&#234;ndices ou imagens sugestivas de vegeta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Recebeu alta em 29/3/2017, e tr&#234;s dias depois veio &#224; Emerg&#234;ncia com queixas de dificuldade para alimentar-se, com epis&#243;dios de v&#244;mitos, apesar do uso de ondansetrona, e diarreia. Queixou-se tamb&#233;m de rouquid&#227;o e zumbido nas duas orelhas. Negou tontura ou vertigem. Negou febre. Referia dispneia ao repouso desde 1 dia antes.</p>
    <p>Estava em uso de amiodarona 200mg, 1 vez ao dia; AAS 100mg, dia, lamotrigina, 25mg/dia; furosemida 40mg, 1 vez ao dia; ondansetrona 8mg, 3 vezes ao dia; omeprazol 20mg, 1 vez ao dia; dipirona 500mg, 4 vezes ao dia. (Ao exame f&#237;sico, mostrava-se descorada 3+/4+. A press&#227;o arterial era 94x68 mmHg e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era de 64 bpm; a ausculta pulmonar foi normal, e a card&#237;aca revelou sopro sist&#243;lico mitral 2+/6+, abdome e membros inferiores sem altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A radiografia (1<sup>o</sup>/4/2017) revelou focos de condensa&#231;&#227;o para-hilar e borda card&#237;aca direita, velamento de seios costofr&#234;nicos e cardiomegalia global +++, com desdobramento do arco m&#233;dio esquerdo e luxa&#231;&#227;o do br&#244;nquio-fonte esquerdo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f04">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>
            <italic>Radiografia de t&#243;rax &#8211; condensa&#231;&#245;es para-hilares direitas e borda card&#237;aca direita, sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar e cardiomegalia.</italic>
          </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O ECG (2/4/2017) revelou: ritmo sinusal, sobrecarga atrial esquerda, bloqueio de ramo direito e altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f05">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>
            <italic>ECG mostrando sobrecarga atrial esquerda, bloqueio de ramo direito.</italic>
          </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram os seguintes valores: hemoglobina, 12,3 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 37%; leuc&#243;citos, 4980/mm<sup>3</sup>; plaquetas, 213.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; prote&#237;na C reativa, 23,87mg/L; creatinina, 1,56 mg/dL; ureia, 107 mg/dL; s&#243;dio, 134 meq/L; e pot&#225;ssio, 3,4 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (4/4/2017) revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de dimens&#245;es e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;licas preservadas, sem altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares. A valva mitral apresentava acentuada insufici&#234;ncia, com redu&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade da c&#250;spide posterior, mas sem causar estenose. Foi observada estrutura filamentar na base da c&#250;spide posterior. A valva tric&#250;spide apresentava insufici&#234;ncia acentuada, em altera&#231;&#245;es das c&#250;spides valvares. Estimou-se a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica pulmonar em 75 mmHg.</p>
    <p>A tomografia de t&#243;rax revelou foco de condensa&#231;&#227;o em segmento anterior do lobo superior direito e &#225;reas de atelectasias e derrame pleural em ambas as bases pulmonares.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (7/4/2017) foi semelhante ao transtor&#225;cico do dia 4/4/2017.</p>
    <p>A paciente recebeu antibioticoterapia com vancomicina e meropen&#233;m; houve melhora cl&#237;nica e recebeu alta em 19 de abril de 2017.</p>
    <p>No dia 21/5/2017, voltou &#224; Emerg&#234;ncia do InCor por piora da dispneia, agora com ortopneia e edema dos membros inferiores. Al&#233;m disso, apresentava an&#250;ria desde 1 dia antes. Queixava-se tamb&#233;m de v&#244;mitos di&#225;rios e diarreia desde a alta da segunda interna&#231;&#227;o. Cinco dias antes dessa interna&#231;&#227;o, havia sido atendida em consulta ambulatorial e, por suspeita de colite pseudomembranosa, recebeu prescri&#231;&#227;o de ciprofloxacino e metronidazol.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 22 incurs&#245;es por minuto, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 134 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 105x80 mmHg, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 98% em uso de 2L/min de O<sub>2</sub>. Ausculta pulmonar mostrava estertores crepitantes at&#233; o ter&#231;o m&#233;dio; o ritmo card&#237;aco era regular em dois tempos, sem sopros; o abdome apresentava discreta distens&#227;o, com presen&#231;a de ru&#237;dos hidroa&#233;reos; havia edema dos membros inferiores, bilateral +++/4+, sem sinais de trombose venosa profunda.</p>
    <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (21/5/2017) revelou campos pulmonares livres e cardiomegalia ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> ).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f06">
        <label>Figura 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>
            <italic>Radiografia de t&#243;rax (21/5/2017) mostrando campos pulmonares livres e cardiomegalia.</italic>
          </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram: hemoglobina, 8,2 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 25%; leuc&#243;citos, 22.750/mm<sup>3</sup> (94% neutr&#243;filos, 3% linf&#243;citos, 3% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 217.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; ureia, 147 mg/dL; creatinina, 3,21 mg/dL; prote&#237;na C reativa, 49,19 mg/L; s&#243;dio, 133 mEq/L; pot&#225;ssio, 3,7 mEq/L; lactato, 34 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>Apresentou epis&#243;dio convulsivo e recebeu fenito&#237;na.</p>
    <p>Houve assistolia, a qual n&#227;o respondeu &#224;s manobras de reanima&#231;&#227;o, e a paciente veio a &#243;bito (22h55 min de 21/5/2017).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
      <p>Paciente de 55 anos, com hipertens&#227;o arterial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca h&#225; um ano e com dor precordial e parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria havia cinco meses, evoluiu com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e insufici&#234;ncia mitral por prolapso de valva mitral e rotura de cordas.</p>
      <p>A impress&#227;o diagn&#243;stica &#233; de que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por valvopatia mitral precedeu o epis&#243;dio de dor precordial e dispneia intensa.</p>
      <p>Quanto ao epis&#243;dio de dor precordial, discute-se se teria sido realmente infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou epis&#243;dio de rotura de corda tend&#237;nea com agravamento s&#250;bito da insufici&#234;ncia mitral e edema agudo de pulm&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A mais recente classifica&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (a quarta defini&#231;&#227;o universal) introduziu um novo conceito: <italic>myocardial injury</italic> &#8211; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem infarto, na qual ocorre eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcador de les&#227;o (a troponina), mas sem configurar infarto, pela inexist&#234;ncia concomitante de quadro cl&#237;nico sugestivo de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e de motilidade de parede. Tal situa&#231;&#227;o pode estar presente em grande n&#250;mero de estados cl&#237;nicos &#8211; anemia, taquicardia ventricular, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a renal, hipotens&#227;o e choque, hipoxemia. A nova defini&#231;&#227;o incluiu dois tipos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: a aguda, com curva de troponinas, eleva&#231;&#227;o e queda; e a cr&#244;nica, com eleva&#231;&#227;o mantida da troponina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na mesma publica&#231;&#227;o, nota-se que h&#225; um cont&#237;nuo entre &#8220;les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada&#8221; e infarto tipo 2, pois as condi&#231;&#245;es que os originam s&#227;o as mesmas, dependendo apenas da intensidade e da ocorr&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e de quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com diagn&#243;stico de infarto.</p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, h&#225; relato de caso de paciente que procurou Servi&#231;o de Emerg&#234;ncia por desconforto abdominal e dispneia intensa. O quadro foi precedido de dor precordial 24 horas antes. O paciente j&#225; tinha diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de prolapso de valva mitral. Houve eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina e altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O ecocardiograma revelou insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada e rotura de corda tend&#237;nea e prolapso acentuado de metade da c&#250;spide posterior. Diferentemente do caso atual, n&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#245;es na coronariografia. Foram feitos os diagn&#243;sticos de edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es e insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada, provavelmente aguda, por rotura de cordas tend&#237;neas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, no caso atual, apesar da presen&#231;a de les&#245;es cr&#237;ticas em coron&#225;rias, o evento descrito como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pode ter sido somente eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de les&#227;o card&#237;aca na aus&#234;ncia de infarto.</p>
      <p>Embora o prolapso de valva mitral geralmente seja associado a baixo risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, algumas publica&#231;&#245;es p&#245;em em d&#250;vida esta cren&#231;a. Avierinos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> em estudo populacional do Condado de Olmsted, Minnesota, encontraram como fatores de risco prim&#225;rios para mortalidade cardiovascular: insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada ou acentuada e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, a primeira maior que a segunda. Insufici&#234;ncia mitral leve, aumento atrial esquerdo, uma c&#250;spide prolapsada, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e idade acima de 50 anos foram considerados fatores secund&#225;rios de risco. Nesse estudo, a morbidade cardiovascular foi de 30%, a mortalidade geral foi de 19% e a cardiovascular 9% em 10 anos de seguimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No estudo Framingham, 25% dos portadores de prolapso de valva mitral desenvolveram insufici&#234;ncia mitral significativa ou necessitaram de cirurgia em um per&#237;odo de 3 a 16 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Rotura de corda tend&#237;nea valvar &#233; o fator mais comum de insufici&#234;ncia mitral aguda, e suas causas mais frequentes s&#227;o endocardite infecciosa, degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa e prolapso de valva mitral, que, todavia, podem ocorrer na presen&#231;a de valvopatia reum&#225;tica, traumatismo tor&#225;cico e doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No caso atual, as altera&#231;&#245;es tissulares do pr&#243;prio prolapso podem ser as causadoras da rotura; entretanto, deve-se sempre afastar endocardite infecciosa nesse tipo de complica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de endocardite infecciosa baseia-se em aspectos cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e de imagem por ecocardiograma. Os crit&#233;rios de Duke s&#227;o os recomendados. O diagn&#243;stico &#233; feito na presen&#231;a de 2 crit&#233;rios principais ou 1 principal e 3 secund&#225;rios, ou ainda 5 crit&#233;rios secund&#225;rios. S&#227;o considerados crit&#233;rios principais: hemocultura positiva para endocardite (duas culturas em intervalo de 12h ou 3 culturas em duas coletas de 1h de diferen&#231;a para micro-organismos comumente relacionados a endocardite &#8211; <italic>Streptoccus viridans, Streptoccus bovis</italic> , <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> , ou grupo HACEK, ou uma cultura de <italic>Coxiella burnetii</italic> ).</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da hemocultura, s&#227;o considerados crit&#233;rios principais as evid&#234;ncias de acometimento endoc&#225;rdico ao ecocardiograma (preferencialmente transesof&#225;gico): massa intracard&#237;aca oscilante em valva ou suas estruturas de suporte; abscesso em anel valvar, regurgita&#231;&#227;o nova ou intensificada.</p>
      <p>Est&#227;o entre os crit&#233;rios secund&#225;rios: predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#8211; valvopatia pr&#233;via uso de drogas injet&#225;veis ou de cateteres venosos; eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o; esplenomegalia; hemat&#250;ria; p&#250;rpura; febre acima de 38&#186;C; fen&#244;menos vasculares (embolia arterial, infarto s&#233;ptico pulmonar, aneurisma mic&#243;tico, hemorragia intracraniana ou conjuntival e les&#245;es de Janeway); fen&#244;menos imunol&#243;gicos (glomerulonefrite, n&#243;dulos de Osler, manchas de Roth e eleva&#231;&#227;o do fator reumatoide); hemocultura positiva por micro-organismos geralmente n&#227;o associados a endocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No caso atual n&#227;o foram detectadas vegeta&#231;&#245;es ao ecocardiograma, n&#227;o havia febre e na hemocultura cresceu cepa de estafilococo n&#227;o habitualmente associado a endocardite. Al&#233;m disso, na an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica dos fragmentos valvares retirados durante a cirurgia n&#227;o havia evid&#234;ncia de endocardite. Assim, o diagn&#243;stico de endocardite infecciosa pode ser afastado.</p>
      <p>Esse paciente apresentou rabdomi&#243;lise com o uso de estatina ou por isquemia grave, pois, al&#233;m da eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatina quinase (CK), tamb&#233;m havia eleva&#231;&#227;o de enzimas hep&#225;ticas sugestivas de hepatite isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o da rabdomi&#243;lise foi cl&#225;ssica com as presen&#231;as de dores musculares, fraqueza, urina escura e acentuada eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatina quinase (CK). Tamb&#233;m sua complica&#231;&#227;o mais comum, a insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, esteve presente.</p>
      <p>A sinvastatina e a atorvastatina s&#227;o metabolizadas pela CYP3A4 (a isoenzima mais comum da citocromo P<sub>450</sub>), enquanto a rosuvastatina &#233; metabolizada pela CYP2A9. Assim, as primeiras s&#227;o mais suscept&#237;veis a intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas que aumentam as concentra&#231;&#245;es no plasma e a probabilidade de toxicidade. Sintomas musculares s&#227;o queixas que variam de 1% a 10% dos pacientes em uso de estatinas, mas em menos de 1% h&#225; eleva&#231;&#227;o da CK.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A hepatite isqu&#234;mica &#233; caracterizada por insufici&#234;ncia cardiopulmonar ou circulat&#243;ria, associada ou n&#227;o a hipotens&#227;o arterial, eleva&#231;&#227;o maci&#231;a e revers&#237;vel das enzimas hep&#225;ticas aminotransferases (AST e ALT) e exclus&#227;o de outras causas de les&#227;o hep&#225;tica grave, tais como intoxica&#231;&#227;o por acetaminofeno, hepatite viral ou outra hepatite t&#243;xica. No caso atual, n&#227;o se pode afastar les&#227;o hep&#225;tica por estatina, n&#227;o houve aumento dos tempos de protrombina com iNR acima de 1,5 e a rela&#231;&#227;o de tempos no TTPA foi normal, altera&#231;&#245;es presentes na hepatite isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fase final da doen&#231;a dessa paciente foi decorrente de septicemia, que poderia ser decorrente da infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic> produtor de toxinas. S&#243; as cepas produtoras da toxina B (TcdB) causam a infec&#231;&#227;o, mas algumas cepas produzem tamb&#233;m a toxina A (TcdA). Elas atuam por inativa&#231;&#227;o da via das Rho GTPases por glicosila&#231;&#227;o do res&#237;duo de treonina, o que leva &#224; despolimeriza&#231;&#227;o da actina e a morte celular e estimula a cascata de inflama&#231;&#227;o respons&#225;vel por maior dano tissular, diarreia e colite pseudomembranosa.</p>
      <p>O uso de antibi&#243;ticos pode levar ao desequil&#237;brio do microbioma intestinal, com diminui&#231;&#227;o dos Bacteroides e Firmicutes, permitindo a prolifera&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Clostridium difficile.</italic> Lembremos que a paciente recebeu antibi&#243;ticos de amplo espectro por tempo prolongado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> 
 <bold>(Dr.</bold>
 <bold>Desiderio Favarato)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica:</bold> insufici&#234;ncia mitral por rotura de corda tend&#237;nea em prolapso de valva mitral, septicemia e fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os. <bold>(Dr.</bold>
 <bold>Desiderio Favarato)</bold> .</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Necropsia</title>
      <p>Ao exame externo do cad&#225;ver, notou-se deisc&#234;ncia parcial da sutura da safenectomia, com sa&#237;da de escassa secre&#231;&#227;o aos cortes; exame histol&#243;gico evidenciou extenso processo inflamat&#243;rio agudo e purulento na derme e hipoderme, com &#225;reas de necrose e presen&#231;a de microestruturas compat&#237;veis com bact&#233;rias degeneradas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref> ). O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 396 g, e notou-se dilata&#231;&#227;o de ambos os &#225;trios, particularmente do esquerdo. Presen&#231;a de <italic>patch</italic> de peric&#225;rdio medindo 15 mm de di&#226;metro ocluindo adequadamente comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial na fossa oval ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 8</xref> ). A valva mitral exibia pl&#225;stica da c&#250;spide posterior, com presen&#231;a de extensa sutura cir&#250;rgica recente com &#225;rea de refor&#231;o; entretanto, era n&#237;tida retra&#231;&#227;o de parte da c&#250;spide, com consequente aus&#234;ncia de coapta&#231;&#227;o adequada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 8</xref> ). A c&#250;spide anterior exibia discreto espessamento e abaulamento, com cordas tend&#237;neas finas e delicadas. N&#227;o havia vegeta&#231;&#245;es. As demais valvas card&#237;acas n&#227;o exibiam anormalidades. Havia cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o recente do mioc&#225;rdio, com anastomose de art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria na art&#233;ria interventricular anterior e ponte de veia safena para o segmento distal da coron&#225;ria direita, ambas p&#233;rvias. Aos cortes transversais dos ventr&#237;culos, notou-se discreta miocardioesclerose do esquerdo, inexistindo &#225;reas de infarto agudo. A art&#233;ria pulmonar encontrava-se dilatada, com presen&#231;a de discretas placas ateroscler&#243;ticas nos ramos principais. A aorta e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias exibiam aterosclerose de grau discreto/moderado, com placas focalmente calcificadas e ulceradas na aorta. O exame dos pulm&#245;es evidenciou congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica e extensas &#225;reas de infarto na base do lobo inferior direito, com outras menores em regi&#245;es posteriores dos lobos superior e inferior esquerdo. Exame histol&#243;gico confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de infarto pulmonar, com &#225;reas de aspecto s&#233;ptico apresentando intenso infiltrado neutrof&#237;lico purulento, com presen&#231;a de microestruturas compat&#237;veis com bact&#233;rias degeneradas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 9</xref> ). O exame do tubo digestivo mostrou &#225;reas granulosas acastanhadas recobrindo de forma multifocal a mucosa do intestino grosso, com exame histol&#243;gico compat&#237;vel com colite aguda pseudomembranosa ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 10</xref> ). Outros achados da necropsia foram esteatose hep&#225;tica difusa, rim vascular com cicatrizes grosseiras e &#225;reas de atrofia parenquimatosa, e discreta pancreatite linfocit&#225;ria com c&#233;lulas parenquimatosas apresentando inclus&#227;o viral de padr&#227;o citomeg&#225;lico ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 11</xref> ). O exame do enc&#233;falo n&#227;o mostrou anormalidades. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>Corte histol&#243;gico do tecido subcut&#226;neo da regi&#227;o de sutura da safenectomia exibindo intenso processo inflamat&#243;rio agudo e purulento com &#225;reas de necrose tecidual. Colora&#231;&#227;o por hematoxilina e eosina.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figura 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>Vista do &#225;trio esquerdo aberto e valva mitral. Note o patch fechando adequadamente a grande comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (asterisco), e sutura cir&#250;rgica</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f09">
          <label>Figura 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>Cortes histol&#243;gicos dos pulm&#245;es exibindo &#225;rea de infarto pulmonar (A), com apagamento da estrutura tecidual, extravasamento de fibrina e hemorragia, e &#225;rea de infarto s&#233;ptico (B), com extenso infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio purulento semelhante ao exposto na Figura 7. Colora&#231;&#227;o por hematoxilina e eosina.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>Vis&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica do c&#243;lon com m&#250;ltiplas pseudomembranas acastanhadas e granulosas (setas) recobrindo a mucosa de forma multifocal.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figura 11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>Corte histol&#243;gico do par&#234;nquima pancre&#225;tico evidenciando discreto infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio linfocit&#225;rio (duplo asterisco) e c&#233;lulas glandulares com n&#237;tida inclus&#227;o viral nuclear de padr&#227;o citomeg&#225;lico (setas). Colora&#231;&#227;o por hematoxilina e eosina.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf11.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</title>
      <p>Prolapso da valva mitral de etiologia degenerativa, operado, com insufici&#234;ncia mitral residual; aterosclerose da aorta e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, com cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; infec&#231;&#227;o bacteriana de tecidos moles na regi&#227;o da safenectomia; colite aguda pseudomembranosa; pancreatite por citomegalov&#237;rus; esteatose hep&#225;tica; septicemia com m&#250;ltiplos infartos pulmonares (causa do &#243;bito). <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
      <p>O presente caso refere-se a uma mulher de 56 anos de idade que foi submetida a pl&#225;stica da valva mitral e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio cerca de 2 meses e meio antes do &#243;bito. A paciente apresentava insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, prolapso da valva mitral com insufici&#234;ncia severa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana detectada &#224; cineangiocoronariografia, sendo a maior les&#227;o localizada na art&#233;ria descendente posterior (obstru&#231;&#227;o de 90%). Foi submetida a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valvopatia (pl&#225;stica com ressec&#231;&#227;o quadrangular da c&#250;spide posterior), ocasi&#227;o em que se verificou a presen&#231;a de grande comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, medindo 15 mm, na fossa oval. &#201; interessante notar que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre prolapso da valva mitral e comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial n&#227;o &#233; comum, tendo sido relatada muitos anos atr&#225;s em trabalho publicado no mesmo peri&#243;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, a paciente evoluiu com insufici&#234;ncia mitral residual, classificada como de grau moderado aos exames de imagem. Na autopsia verificamos acentuada retra&#231;&#227;o da c&#250;spide posterior na regi&#227;o da pl&#225;stica, o que impedia a correta coapta&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides e fundamentava a insufici&#234;ncia residual. N&#227;o havia endocardite infecciosa, cuja possibilidade foi cogitada clinicamente e constitui uma das complica&#231;&#245;es do prolapso valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O fechamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o apresentavam complica&#231;&#245;es. Deve-se salientar que a coronariopatia era de origem ateroscler&#243;tica e n&#227;o tinha grandes repercuss&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas, havendo apenas discreta miocardiosclerose do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A paciente apresentou infec&#231;&#227;o de tecidos moles na regi&#227;o da safenectomia e septicemia com hemocultura positiva para estafilococos, com progressivo agravamento do quadro cl&#237;nico at&#233; o &#243;bito. Na autopsia, confirmamos a presen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#227;o aguda purulenta no local da safenectomia, com &#225;reas de necrose. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a identifica&#231;&#227;o segura da presen&#231;a de bact&#233;rias, o que certamente se deve &#224; antibioticoterapia prolongada, prov&#225;vel causa da colite aguda pseudomembranosa encontrada. N&#227;o houve exame detalhado do sistema venoso do membro inferior, que poderia ter identificado tromboflebite s&#233;ptica, prov&#225;vel origem dos &#234;mbolos que ocasionaram os infartos pulmonares, considerados a causa terminal do &#243;bito.</p>
      <p>Em trabalho de revis&#227;o publicado recentemente, trombose venosa profunda e tromboembolia pulmonar foram detectadas em 1,62% e 0,38% de 3 milh&#245;es de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca e estiveram associadas a maior mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Foi achado de autopsia pancreatite por citomegalov&#237;rus, que, entretanto, n&#227;o apresentou repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas significativas. &#201; importante salientar que n&#227;o se tratava de infec&#231;&#227;o generalizada por citomegalov&#237;rus, que foi identificado apenas no par&#234;nquima pancre&#225;tico. A infec&#231;&#227;o pancre&#225;tica por citomegalov&#237;rus &#233; rara, tendo sido relatados muito poucos casos at&#233; o momento, tanto em pacientes imunodeprimidos quanto em imunocompetentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 
 <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o: Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur <email>(ajmansur@incor.usp.br)</email>
				</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato <email>(dclfavarato@incor.usp.br)</email> Vera Demarchi Aiello <email>(anpvera@incor.usp.br)</email>
				</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Correlation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 1/2020 - A 56 Year-Old Woman Developed Heart Failure after a Presumed Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Mitral Valve Regurgitation with Rupture of Chordae Tendineae</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5470-0326</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5673-165X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Desiderio Favarato &#8226; Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco II, 2&#186; andar (Unidade C&#237;nica de ATerosceros) Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Prolapse/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Sepsis</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock, Cardiogenic</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A 55-year-old female patient, from the municipality of Carapicuiba, state of S&#227;o Paulo, had arterial hypertension and started having dyspnea on major exertion a year and a half before hospitalization. In September 2016, she started having severe chest pain that felt like tightness, which was relieved a little with rest, associated with nausea. She sought medical care in her city, was medicated and discharged to go home. In the next morning, she had a recurrence of pain and was hospitalized. During hospitalization, she had a cardiac arrest, which was reversed with electric shocks. The patient remained hospitalized for 10 days and was discharged with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and mitral valve disease.</p>
      <p>After hospital discharge, she developed functional class IV (New York Heart Association) dyspnea, sporadic episodes of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and orthopnea, being referred to InCor-HCFMUSP. She was using ASA 100 mg / day; Furosemide 40mg 3xday; Captopril 50mg 3xday; Clopidogrel 75mg once a day; Simvastatin 40mg 1xd.</p>
      <p>The physical examination disclosed a heart rate of 102 bpm, blood pressure of 118x86 mmHg, pulmonary auscultation disclosed crackling rales in lung bases, cardiac auscultation showed rhythmic heart sounds with +++ / 6+ mitral systolic murmur; abdominal examination was normal and there was no lower -limb edema.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram (09/28/16) showed aortic diameter measuring 28 mm, left atrium 47 mm, diastolic left ventricle 48 mm and systolic 26 mm, left ventricular ejection fraction of 77%, septal thickness 11 mm and posterior wall thickness, 9 mm. The mitral valve showed partially ruptured chordae tendineae, posterior cusp eversion into the left atrium, with coaptation failure between the cusps and marked eccentric reflux. The tricuspid valve also showed marked reflux. The pulmonary artery systolic pressure was estimated at 62 mm Hg.</p>
      <p>Laboratory tests (Nov. 08, 2016) showed 4300000 red blood cells / mm<sup>3</sup>, hemoglobin 12.3 g / dL, hematocrit 38%, 8110 leukocytes / mm<sup>3</sup>, creatinine of 1.75mg / dL, sodium 140 mEq / L, and potassium 3.8 mEq / L.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (11/08/16) showed left atrial overload and final intraventricular conduction delay of the stimulus ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Marked cardiomegaly and signs of pulmonary congestion were observed on the chest X-ray ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). Echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization with coronary angiography were requested.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>ECG (Nov. 08, 2016) showing sinus rhythm, bi-atrial overload and final intraventricular conduction delay.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02001">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>Chest radiography (Nov. 08, 2016) showing pulmonary congestion and marked cardiomegaly.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The coronary angiography (02/08/17) showed a 40% left coronary artery trunk lesion, two lesions in the anterior interventricular branch, 50% in the ostium and 90% in mid-third; a 60% proximal lesion in the circumflex branch and 60% lesion in the mid-third of the right coronary artery. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> )</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03001">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>Coronary angiography. Left panel - left coronary artery in RAO view - 80% anterior interventricular injury and 50% proximal circumflex artery; Right panel - right coronary artery - 50% focal lesion.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A surgical procedure to correct valve regurgitation and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery were indicated.</p>
      <p>Preoperative tests showed: red blood cells 4300000 / mm<sup>3</sup>, hemoglobin 12.4 g / dL, hematocrit 37%, leukocytes 13990 / mm<sup>3</sup>(2% band cells, 80% segmented, 0% eosinophils, 8% lymphocytes and 10% monocytes), platelets 173000 / mm<sup>3</sup>; total cholesterol 158 mg / dL, HDL-C 28 mg / dL, LDL-C 109 mg / dL, triglycerides 103 mg / dL, creatine-phosphokinase (CPK) 2938 U / L, glucose 120 mg / dL, urea 310 mg / dL, creatinine 4.79 mg / dL, sodium 136 mEq, potassium 4.9 mEq / L, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 988 U / L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 681 U / L; uric acid 27.1 md / dL, glycated hemoglobin 5.4%, Urinalysis with proteinuria of 0.38 g / L and sediment with 14000 epithelial cells / mL, 63000 leukocytes / mL and 4290 hyaline casts / mL. TSH was 6.25 &#181;IU / mL, free T4 was 0.98 mg / dL. Thrombin time (INR) was 1.4; activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) ratio was 0.96. Serology for hepatitis B and C and for HIV were negative.</p>
      <p>Considering these laboratory alterations, the patient was called to the emergency department of InCor (Feb. 23, 2017).</p>
      <p>The patient reported that after undergoing cardiac catheterization on February 8, 2017, she received a prescription for atorvastatin and since then she had been progressing with diffuse myalgia and functional class worsening with dyspnea at rest and orthopnea up to 3 days before hospitalization, associated with reduced urinary output and darkened urine. She also reported chest pain in the infra-mammary region, with irradiation to the epigastric region, with worsening at usual efforts, poorly characterized, lasting for hours without improvement factors. She denied fever and cough. She said she had been constipated for 3 days.</p>
      <p>On physical examination, the patient was in regular general condition, 2+/4+ skin pallor, hydrated, +/4+ icteric skin, acyanotic and afebrile. Heart rate was 65 bpm, blood pressure was 70x50 mm Hg, oxygen saturation was 90%, with fine crackles in lung bases; auscultation disclosed rhythmic heart sounds, and 3+ / 6+ regurgitation holosystolic murmur in mitral focus; the abdomen was flat and intestinal sounds noises were present, with a palpable liver at 2 cm from the right costal margin; there was no edema or signs of deep vein thrombosis in the lower limbs.</p>
      <p>The diagnoses of cardiogenic shock and rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, ischemic hepatitis and possible infective endocarditis were made. Norepinephrine, intravenous furosemide 40 mg every 8 hours, and ceftriaxone and oxacillin antibiotics were prescribed.</p>
      <p>Laboratory tests (23 Feb 2017) showed hemoglobin 12 g/dL, hematocrit 35%, leukocytes 14230/mm<sup>3</sup>(82% neutrophils, 8% lymphocytes and 10% monocytes), 147000 platelets/m<sup>3</sup>, CK-MB mass 54.5ng/dL, troponin I 0.349 ng/mL; urea 313 mg / dL, creatinine 4.94 mg/dL, AST 938 U / L, ALT 746 U/L, gamma glutamyl transferase (Gamma-GT) 473 U/L, alkaline phosphatase (AP) 279 U/L, total serum proteins 7 g/dL, total bilirubins 1.67 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 1.15 gm/dL, lipase 799 U /L, C-reactive protein (CRP) 98.69 mg/L. Prothrombin time (INR) was 1.4 and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) ratio was 0.96. Urinary analysis showed free hemoglobin ++, leukocytes 32000/mL, erythrocytes 13000/mL, without casts. Gasometry showed a pH of 7.40, pCO<sub>2</sub>of 18.7 mm Hg, pO<sub>2</sub>of 99.9 mmHg, O<sub>2</sub>saturation of 99.9% and bicarbonate level of 11.2 mmol/L. The lactate level was 49 mg / dL.</p>
      <p>Blood culture was positive for <italic>Staphylococcus hominis</italic> , sensitive to oxacillin and the urine culture was positive for multisensitive <italic>E.coli</italic> . The antibiotics were then switched to vancomycin, piperacillin and tazobactam on March 3, 2017. In addition to vasoactive drugs, hemodialysis was performed.</p>
      <p>The transthoracic echocardiogram did not disclose vegetations, the left ventricular ejection fraction was estimated at 65%, with no change in segmental motility. The mitral valve showed posterior leaflet prolapse, with signs of associated rupture of chordae tendineae. The Doppler study and color flow mapping showed eccentric regurgitation jet of marked degree.</p>
      <p>Laboratory tests (March 02, 2017) showed: hemoglobin 9.2 g/dL, hematocrit 28%, leukocytes 12220 / mm<sup>3</sup>(1% band cells, 88% segmented, 5% lymphocytes and 6% monocytes), platelets 123000 / mm<sup>3</sup>, urea 54 mg/dL, creatinine 1.68 mg / dL, sodium 139 mEq / L, potassium 3.0 mEq / L, AST 44 U/L, ALT 160 U/L.</p>
      <p>The patient underwent surgery (March 03, 2017) with mitral valve repair and reconstruction and commissurotomy without annuloplasty (quadrangular resection), atrial septal defect closure and left internal mammary artery bypass grafting to the anterior interventricular artery and saphenous vein grafting to the right posterior descending artery, in addition to atrial septal defect closure.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram in the immediate postoperative period (March 03, 2017) disclosed mild mitral regurgitation.</p>
      <p>Chest x-ray (March 03, 2017) at the bedside in the immediate postoperative period showed cardiac monitoring electrodes, central venous catheter, pleural drain in the left hemithorax, sternal metal suture, clear lung fields and normal cardiac area.</p>
      <p>Biopsy of the mitral valve posterior leaflet showed fibrosis and marked mucoid degeneration of the cusp stroma (B17-0412)</p>
      <p>She had a seizure on March 4, 2017 and started treatment with lamotrigine. The cranial tomography showed no alterations.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram (03/20/17) disclosed mitral valve with reduced cusp coaptation, posterior cusp with mild calcification and reduced mobility, and mild regurgitation. There were no images of thrombi in the atria and their appendages or images suggestive of vegetation.</p>
      <p>She was discharged on March 29, 2017 and three days later she came to the emergency department complaining of feeding problems, with vomiting episodes, despite the use of ondansetron and diarrhea. She also complained of hoarseness and tinnitus in both ears. She denied dizziness, vertigo, and fever, but reported dyspnea at rest for 1 day.</p>
      <p>She was using Amiodarone 200mg 1x /day, AAS 100mg / day, Lamotrigine 25mg / day, Furosemide 40mg 1x / day, Ondansetron 8mg 3x / day, Omeprazole 20mg 1x / day, and Dipyrone 500mg 4x / day.</p>
      <p>On physical examination, she showed 3+/ 4+ skin pallor. Blood pressure was 94x68 mmHg and heart rate was 64 bpm; pulmonary auscultation was normal, and the cardiac auscultation disclosed a 2 + / 6 + mitral systolic murmur; abdomen and lower limbs showed no alterations.</p>
      <p>Chest x-ray (Apr. 01, 2017) showed para-hilar and right cardiac border condensation foci and blunting basal pleural effusions of the and global +++ cardiomegaly, with unfolding of the left middle arch and dislocated left main bronchus ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04001">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>Chest radiography - right perihilar condensation and right cardiac border, signs of pulmonary congestion and cardiomegaly.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The ECG (Apr. 02, 2017) disclosed sinus rhythm, left atrial overload, right bundle branch block and changes in ventricular repolarization ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05001">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>ECG showing left atrial overload, right bundle branch block.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Laboratory tests disclosed hemoglobin of 12.3 g / dL, hematocrit 37%, leukocytes 4980 / mm<sup>3</sup>, platelets 213000 / mm<sup>3</sup>, C-reactive protein 23.87mg / L, creatinine 1.56 mg / dL, urea 107 mg / dL, sodium 134 meq / L and potassium 3.4 mEq / L.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram (Apr. 04, 2017) disclosed a left ventricle with preserved systolic dimensions and function, without segmental alterations. The mitral valve showed marked regurgitation with reduced posterior cusp mobility, albeit without stenosis. Filamentary structure was observed at the base of the posterior cusp. The tricuspid valve showed marked regurgitation, with alterations of the valve cusps. Pulmonary systolic blood pressure was estimated at 75 mm Hg.</p>
      <p>Chest tomography showed a condensation focus in the anterior segment of the right upper lobe and areas of atelectasis and pleural effusion in both lung bases.</p>
      <p>The transesophageal echocardiogram (Apr. 07, 2017) was similar to the transthoracic echocardiogram performed on April 04, 2017.</p>
      <p>The patient received antibiotic therapy with vancomycin and meropenem and as there was clinical improvement, she was discharged on April 19, 2017.</p>
      <p>On May 21, 2017, she returned to the InCor Emergency Department due to worsening dyspnea, now with orthopnea and lower-limb edema. Moreover, she had had anuria for one day. She also complained of daily vomiting and diarrhea since the second hospital discharge. Five days before this hospitalization, she had been treated at an outpatient clinic and, due to suspected pseudomembranous colitis, she received a prescription for ciprofloxacin and metronidazole.</p>
      <p>Physical examination disclosed a respiratory rate of 22 breaths per minute, heart rate of 134 bpm, blood pressure was 105x80 mm Hg, oxygen saturation 98% under 2L / min of O<sub>2</sub>. Pulmonary auscultation showed crackling rales up to the middle third; the heart rate rhythm was regular, without murmurs; the abdomen showed a slight distension, with hydro-air noises were present; bilateral +++ / 4+ lower-limb edema, with no signs of deep venous thrombosis.</p>
      <p>Chest radiography (May 21, 2017) showed clear lung fields and cardiomegaly ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06001">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>Chest radiography (May 21, 2017) showing clear lungs and cardiomegaly.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Laboratory tests showed hemoglobin 8.2 g/dL, hematocrit 25%; leukocytes 22750 / mm<sup>3</sup>(94% neutrophils, 3% lymphocytes, 3% monocytes), platelets 217000 / mm<sup>3</sup>; urea 147 mg / dL, creatinine 3.21 mg / dL, C-Reactive Protein 49.19 mg / L; sodium 133 mEq / L and potassium 3.7 mEq / L; lactate 34 mg / dL.</p>
      <p>She had a seizure episode and received phenytoin. There was asystole which did not respond to resuscitation maneuvers and she died at 10:55 pm on May 21, 2017.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical aspects</title>
        <p>A 55-year-old patient with arterial hypertension and heart failure for one year and with chest pain, had a cardiorespiratory arrest five months before, developed heart failure and mitral regurgitation due to mitral valve prolapse and rupture of chordae tendineae.</p>
        <p>The diagnostic impression is that heart failure due to mitral valve disease preceded the episode of precordial pain and severe dyspnea.</p>
        <p>As for the episode of precordial pain, it is discussed whether it was really a myocardial infarction or an episode of rupture of chordae tendineae with a sudden worsening of mitral regurgitation and acute pulmonary edema.</p>
        <p>The most recent classification of myocardial infarction (the fourth universal definition) introduced a new concept &#8211; &#8220;myocardial injury&#8221; (myocardial injury without infarction) in which there is an elevation of the lesion marker (troponin level), however without constituting an infarction due to the concomitant absence of suggestive clinical picture and electrocardiographic and wall motility alterations. This situation can be found in a large number of clinical conditions &#8211; anemia, ventricular tachycardia, heart failure, kidney disease, hypotension and shock, hypoxemia.</p>
        <p>The new definition included two types of myocardial injury: the acute one with troponin curve, elevation and fall, and the chronic one, with sustained elevation of troponin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the same publication it can be noted that there is a continuum between the &#8220;isolated myocardial injury&#8221; and type 2 infarction, as the conditions that originate them are the same, depending only on the intensity and occurrence of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic alterations and a clinical picture compatible with the diagnosis of infarction.</p>
        <p>In this sense, there is a case report of a patient who sought the Emergency Services for abdominal discomfort and severe dyspnea. The condition was preceded by chest pain 24 hours before the event. The patient already had a previous diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse. There was an increase in troponin levels and nonspecific alterations in ventricular repolarization. The echocardiogram showed severe mitral regurgitation, rupture of chordae tendineae and severe prolapse of half of the posterior cusp. Unlike the current case, there were no coronary angiography alterations. Diagnoses of acute pulmonary edema and severe mitral regurgitation, probably acute, were made due to rupture of the chordae tendineae.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, in the current case, despite the presence of critical lesions in the coronary arteries, the event described as acute myocardial infarction could have been only an increase in cardiac injury markers in the absence of infarction.</p>
        <p>Although mitral valve prolapse is generally associated with a low risk of cardiovascular complications, some publications have doubted this assumption. Avierinos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> in a population study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, found moderate or severe mitral regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction as primary risk factors for cardiovascular mortality, with the first being greater than the latter. Mild mitral regurgitation, left atrial enlargement, a prolapsed cusp, atrial fibrillation and age older than 50 years were considered secondary risk factors. In this study, cardiovascular morbidity was 30%, overall mortality was 19% and cardiovascular mortality 9% in 10 years of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In the Framingham study, 25% of patients with mitral valve prolapse developed significant mitral regurgitation or required surgery in a period of 3 to 16 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The rupture of the valvar chordae tendineae is the most common cause of acute mitral regurgitation and its most frequent causes are infective endocarditis, myxomatous degeneration and mitral valve prolapse; however, they can occur in rheumatic valve disease, chest trauma and atherosclerotic heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the current case, tissue changes in the prolapse itself may be the cause of the rupture; however, one should always rule out infectious endocarditis in this type of complication.</p>
        <p>The diagnosis of infective endocarditis is based on clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic aspects. Duke&#8217;s criteria are the recommended ones. The diagnosis is made in the presence of 2 major criteria or 1 major and 3 minor, or even 5 minor criteria.</p>
        <p>The following are considered major criteria: positive blood culture for endocarditis (two cultures within a 12-hour interval or 3 cultures from two samples collected within a 1-hour interval between them for microorganisms commonly related to endocarditis - <italic>Streptococcus viridans</italic> , <italic>S. bovis</italic> , <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> , or HACEK group, or <italic>Coxiella burnetiid</italic> culture. In addition to the blood culture, evidence of endocardial involvement on echocardiogram (preferably transesophageal) is considered as major criteria: oscillating intracardiac mass in the valve or its supporting structures; valve annular abscess, new or intensified regurgitation.</p>
        <p>Among the minor criteria are: predisposition &#8211; previous valvar heart disease, use of injectable drugs or venous catheters; elevation of inflammation markers; splenomegaly, hematuria; purpura; fever &gt; 38&#186;C; vascular phenomena (arterial embolism, septic pulmonary infarction, mycotic aneurysm, intracranial or conjunctival hemorrhage and Janeway lesions); immunological phenomena (glomerulonephritis, Osler nodes, Roth&#8217;s spots and elevation of the Rheumatoid Factor); positive blood culture of microorganisms not usually associated with endocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the current case, no vegetations were detected on the echocardiogram, there was no fever and a staphylococcus strain was identified in the blood culture that is not usually associated with endocarditis. Moreover, there was no evidence of endocarditis in the histopathological analysis of the valve fragments removed during surgery. Thus, the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis can be ruled out.</p>
        <p>This patient had rhabdomyolysis with the use of statins or due to severe ischemia, because in addition to the increase in creatine kinase (CK) levels, she also had an increase in liver enzymes suggestive of ischemic hepatitis.</p>
        <p>The rhabdomyolysis presentation was the classic one, with the presence of muscle pain, weakness, darkened urine and marked increase in creatine kinase (CK) levels. Also, its most common complication, acute renal failure, was present.</p>
        <p>Simvastatin and atorvastatin are metabolized by CYP3A4 (the most common cytochrome P450 isoenzyme), while rosuvastatin is metabolized by CYP2A9. Thus, the former are more susceptible to drug interactions that increase plasma concentrations and the probability of toxicity. Muscle symptoms are complaints that range from 1% to 10% of patients using statins; however, there is an increase in CK levels in less than 1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ischemic hepatitis is characterized by cardiopulmonary or circulatory failure associated or not with arterial hypotension, massive and reversible elevation of liver aminotransferase enzymes (AST and ALT) and exclusion of other causes of severe liver damage, such as acetaminophen poisoning, viral hepatitis or another type of toxic hepatitis. In the current case, liver damage caused by statins cannot be ruled out and there was no increase in prothrombin times with iNR &gt; 1.5 and the APTT time ratio was normal, alterations present in ischemic hepatitis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The final stage of the disease of this patient was due to septicemia, which could be due to infection by toxin-producing <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic> . Only toxin-B producing <italic>C. difficile</italic> (TBcd) strains cause infection; however, some strains also produce toxin A (TAcd). They act by inactivating the Rho GTPases pathway through the glycosylation of the threonine residue, which leads to actin depolymerization and cell death and stimulates the inflammation cascade responsible for major tissue damage, diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis.</p>
        <p>The use of antibiotics can lead to an imbalance of the intestinal microbiome with a decrease in Bacteroides and Firmicutes, allowing the proliferation of <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic> . Remember that the patient received broad spectrum antibiotics for a prolonged period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> 
 <bold>(Dr.</bold>
 <bold>Desiderio Favarato)</bold> .</p>
        <p><bold>Diagnostic hypothesis:</bold> mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendineae in mitral valve prolapse, septicemia and multiple organ failure. <bold>(Dr.</bold>
 <bold>Desiderio Favarato)</bold> .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsy</title>
        <p>On external examination of the corpse, partial dehiscence of the saphenectomy suture was noted, with little secretion from the surgical wound; the histological examination disclosed an extensive acute purulent inflammatory process in the dermis and hypodermis, with areas of necrosis and the presence of microstructures compatible with degenerated bacteria ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref> ). The heart weighed 396 g, with dilation in both atria, particularly the left one. Presence of a pericardium patch measuring 15 mm in diameter, adequately occluding the atrial septal defect in the oval fossa ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 8</xref> ). The mitral valve showed posterior cusp repair, with the presence of recent extensive surgical sutures with a reinforcement area; however, there was a clear retraction of part of the cusp, with a consequent absence of adequate coaptation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 8</xref> ). The anterior cusp showed slight thickening and bulging, with thin and delicate chordae tendineae. There were no vegetations. The other cardiac valves showed no abnormalities. There was evidence of recent CABG surgery, with anastomosis of the mammary artery to the anterior interventricular artery and a saphenous vein graft to the distal segment of the right coronary artery, both patent. Cross- sections of the ventricles showed mild left myocardiosclerosis, with no areas of acute infarction. The pulmonary artery was dilated, with the presence of discrete atherosclerotic plaques in the main branches. The aorta and coronary arteries showed mild / moderate atherosclerosis, with focally calcified and ulcerated plaques in the first. Lung examination showed chronic passive congestion and extensive infarction areas at the base of the right lower lobe, with smaller ones in posterior regions of the upper and lower left lobes. The histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary infarction, with areas of septic aspect showing intense purulent neutrophilic infiltrate, with the presence of microstructures compatible with degenerated bacteria ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09001">Figure 9</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07001">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Histological section of the subcutaneous tissue in the saphenectomy suture region showing an intense purulent inflammatory process with areas of tissue necrosis. Hematoxylin-eosin staining.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08001">
            <label>Figure 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>View of the left open atrium and mitral valve. Note the patch adequately closing the large atrial septal defect (asterisk), and surgical suture on the posterior cusp with an extensive retraction area (arrow) that prevents adequate cusp coaptation.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f09001">
            <label>Figure 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Histological sections of the lungs showing an area of pulmonary infarction (A), with obliteration of the tissue structure, leakage of fibrin and hemorrhage, and an area of septic infarction (B), with extensive purulent inflammatory infiltrate similar to that shown in Figure 7. Hematoxylin-eosin staining.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Examination of the digestive tract showed multifocal brownish granular areas covering the mucosa of the large intestine, with histological examination compatible with acute pseudomembranous colitis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10001">Figure 10</xref> ). Other necropsy findings were diffuse liver steatosis, vascular kidney with renal scarring and areas of parenchymal atrophy, and mild lymphocytic pancreatitis with parenchymal cells showing viral inclusion with a cytomegalic pattern ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11001">Figure 11</xref> ). The examination of the brain showed no abnormalities. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10001">
            <label>Figura 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Macroscopic view of the colon with multiple brownish and granular pseudomembranes (arrows) covering the mucosa in a multifocal manner.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf10-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f11001">
            <label>Figura 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Histological section of the pancreatic parenchyma showing a mild lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate (double asterisk) and glandular cells with clear nuclear viral inclusion with a cytomegalic pattern (arrows). Hematoxylin-eosin staining.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0047-00024-gf11-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anatomopathological diagnoses</title>
        <p>Operated degenerative mitral valve prolapse, with residual mitral regurgitation; atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries, with CABG surgery; soft tissue bacterial infection in the saphenectomy region; acute pseudomembranous colitis; pancreatitis due to cytomegalovirus; hepatic steatosis; septicemia with multiple pulmonary infarctions (cause of death). <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comments</title>
        <p>The present case refers to a 56-year-old woman submitted to mitral valve surgery and CABG surgery approximately 2 &#189; months before death. The patient had congestive heart failure, mitral valve prolapse with severe regurgitation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and coronary obstruction detected by coronary angiography, with the largest lesion located in the posterior descending artery (90% obstruction). She underwent surgical correction of valvar heart disease (repair with quadrangular resection of the posterior cusp), on which occasion the presence of a large atrial septal defect was observed in the oval fossa, measuring 15 mm. It is noteworthy that the association between mitral valve prolapse and atrial septal defect is not common, having been reported many years ago in a study published in this same journal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> After surgery, the patient developed residual mitral regurgitation, classified as moderate on imaging exams. At the autopsy, a marked retraction of the posterior cusp in the repair region was observed, which prevented the adequate coaptation of the cusps and justified the residual regurgitation. There was no infectious endocarditis, which was clinically considered and consists of one of the complications of valve prolapse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The closure of the atrial septal defect and CABG did not have any complications. It should be noted that coronary artery disease was of atherosclerotic origin and did not have any major myocardial consequences, with only mild left ventricular myocardiosclerosis. The patient had soft tissue infection in the saphenectomy region and septicemia with positive blood culture for staphylococci, with progressive worsening of the clinical picture until death. At autopsy, we confirmed the acute purulent infection at the saphenectomy site, with areas of necrosis.It was not possible to safely identify the presence of bacteria, which is certainly due to prolonged antibiotic therapy, a probable cause of the acute pseudomembranous colitis. There was no detailed examination of the lower-limb venous system, which could have identified septic thrombophlebitis, probable origin of the emboli that caused pulmonary infarctions, considered the final cause of death.</p>
        <p>In a recently published review, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism were detected in 1.62% and 0.38% of 3 million patients undergoing cardiac surgery and were associated with higher mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Pancreatitis caused by cytomegalovirus was found at the autopsy, which, however, did not have significant clinical consequences. It is important to note that this was not a generalized cytomegalovirus infection, which was identified only in the pancreatic parenchyma. Pancreatic infection by cytomegalovirus is rare, and very few cases have been reported so far, both in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 
 <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
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          <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur <email>(ajmansur@incor.usp.br)</email>
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          <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato <email>(dclfavarato@incor.usp.br)</email> Vera Demarchi Aiello <email>(anpvera@incor.usp.br)</email>
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