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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vfgvKLHBtw3fJPdFvwjc86k</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000500031</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190405</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mixoma Atrial Recorrente em Paciente com Complexo de Carney. Relato de Caso e Revis&#227;o de Literatura</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0285-7337</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cervantes-Molina</surname>
            <given-names>Laura A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ram&#237;rez-Cedillo</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Masini-Aguilera</surname>
            <given-names>Italo D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>L&#243;pez-Taylor</surname>
            <given-names>Jaime G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machuca-Hern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>Michel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8824-4813</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pineda-De Paz</surname>
            <given-names>Dulman O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Civil de Guadalajara</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidad Hospitalaria Fray Antonio Alcalde</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guadalajara</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Jalisco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Unidad Hospitalaria Fray Antonio Alcalde - Cardiovascular Surgery, Guadalajara, Jalisco - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Dulman O. Pineda-De Paz &#8226; Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Unidad Hospitalaria Fray Antonio Alcalde &#8211; Cardiology - Calle Hospital, 278 Colonia El Retiro Guadalajara Jalisco 45235 &#8211; M&#233;xico E-mail: <email>dulmanpinedamd@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cervantes-Molina LA, Cedillo-Ram&#237;rez D, Masini-Aguilera ID, Pineda-De Paz DO; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cervantes-Molina LA, Masini-Aguilera ID, Pineda-De Paz DO; Hern&#225;ndez MM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cervantes-Molina LA, Machuca-Hern&#225;ndez M, Pineda-De Paz DO; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cervantes-Molina LA, Ram&#237;rez-Cedillo D, Masini-Aguilera ID, L&#243;pez-Taylor JG, Machuca-Hern&#225;ndez M, Pineda-De Paz DO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>31</fpage>
      <lpage>33</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Complexo de Carney/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Mixoma Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Loci G&#234;nicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>PRKAR1A</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios s&#227;o incomuns. Apresentam incid&#234;ncia entre 0,0017% e 0,28%, correspondendo a 17 e 2.800 tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios a cada 1 milh&#227;o de aut&#243;psias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O mixoma card&#237;aco (MC) &#233; uma neoplasia benigna e representa a mais comum entre os tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios em adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O MC apresenta uma incid&#234;ncia anual de 0,5&#8211;0,7 de casos de ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica a cada um milh&#227;o; com a maioria dos casos apresentando apar&#234;ncia espor&#225;dica e, menos de 10%, apresentando padr&#227;o de hereditariedade familiar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) &#233; o local de origem mais comum (75&#8211;80%), seguido do &#225;trio direito. MC m&#250;ltiplos representam 5% de todos os CMs e apenas 50% deles t&#234;m origem bilateral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O MC apresenta diversos tipos de manifesta&#231;&#245;es, principalmente sintomas obstrutivos, podendo produzir embolias, sendo o pior dos cen&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existem 2 tipos de MC: 1. O tipo simples, o mais comum, representando 95% de todos os MCs. Sua maior preval&#234;ncia &#233; aos 56 anos, com risco de 1 a 3% de desenvolver um segundo mixoma. 2. Formas familiares autoss&#244;micas dominantes, como o Complexo de Carney (CNC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses tipos de CM apresentam uma distribui&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica at&#237;pica que &#233; diferente do AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Eles aparecem aos 25 anos de idade, em m&#233;dia, e tendem a ser m&#250;ltiplos em 45% dos casos, com uma taxa de recidiva de 15% a 22%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Relatamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, com 22 anos de idade, hist&#243;rico de ressec&#231;&#227;o de MC no &#225;trio direito aos 12 anos de idade e ressec&#231;&#227;o de mixoma cut&#226;neo abdominal aos 20 anos de idade; ele foi levado ao pronto-socorro devido a parestesia generalizada de in&#237;cio s&#250;bito associado a hemiparesia fascio-corporal direita e afasia motora. Ao exame f&#237;sico, apar&#234;ncia acromeg&#225;lica, pesco&#231;o curto, lentiginose com nevos acinzentados no l&#225;bio inferior e m&#250;ltiplas manchas caf&#233; com leite na face ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-A</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Painel A. Imagem do paciente mostrando nevos acinzentados (seta) e manchas caf&#233; com leite (c&#237;rculo). Painel B. Tomografia computadorizada (TC) axial do cr&#226;nio mostrando imagem hipodensa intra-axial na regi&#227;o parieto-temporal esquerda de 40 * 24 mm (asterisco) com edema circundante leve/moderado. Painel C. Corte apical transtor&#225;cico de quatro c&#226;maras mostrando grande massa atrial esquerda (asterisco) e painel D mostrando sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a vista cir&#250;rgica (seta). Painel E. Vista macrosc&#243;pica do mixoma do &#225;trio esquerdo. Painel F. Ultrassom testicular direito mostra m&#250;ltiplas calcifica&#231;&#245;es.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0031-90405-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A tomografia computadorizada axial do cr&#226;nio mostrou imagem hipodensa intra-axial na regi&#227;o parietal-temporal esquerda com 40 x 24 mm de di&#226;metro ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-B</xref> ). Em seguida, foi realizada ecocardiografia, que mostrou FEVE normal (64%) e dilata&#231;&#227;o leve do AE. Massa m&#243;vel do AE (5,4 cm x 2,8 cm de di&#226;metro) de apar&#234;ncia homog&#234;nea e contornos regulares aderidos ao septo interatrial com prolapso para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sem gradiente de estenose ou sinais de regurgita&#231;&#227;o. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-C</xref> )</p>
      <p>Suspeitou-se de CNC, devido a um perfil hormonal anormal [hipertireoidismo secund&#225;rio e hipercortisolismo]. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> )</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Perfil end&#243;crino</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IGF-1</td>
                <td align="center">922 ng/ml (z. Escore: +4,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACTH</td>
                <td align="center">22,6 &#181;mol/l</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PRL</td>
                <td align="center">3,42 ng/dl</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cortisol</td>
                <td align="center">33,01 mcg/dl</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TSH</td>
                <td align="center">7,26 mcU/ml</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>T4l</td>
                <td align="center">2,34</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Exames adicionais foram realizados: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cerebral, que mostrou, na sequ&#234;ncia axial T1, &#225;rea hipointensa de 7 mm de di&#226;metro, correspondendo a microadenoma hipofis&#225;rio e ultrassonografia testicular, que revelou microlit&#237;ase bilateral ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-F</xref> ).</p>
      <p>Conforme recomendado nas diretrizes internacionais, o paciente foi encaminhado &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca para ressec&#231;&#227;o do tumor e ressec&#231;&#227;o concomitante do septo atrial, por ser absolutamente obrigat&#243;rio durante a ressec&#231;&#227;o do MC em casos de CNC para evitar a recidiva do mixoma atrial. Foi encontrada massa de AE de consist&#234;ncia macia e fri&#225;vel, compat&#237;vel com MC de 5,5 cm x 3 cm ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-D e E</xref> ). A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica, novamente, confirmou o mixoma atrial.</p>
      <p>O paciente apresentou desfecho p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio favor&#225;vel, sem nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de melhora progressiva dos sintomas neurol&#243;gicos. O diagn&#243;stico de CNC foi estabelecido principalmente devido a m&#250;ltiplos dist&#250;rbios cut&#226;neos, MC &#8220;recorrente&#8221; e &#8220;bilateral&#8221;, hist&#243;rico de mixoma extracard&#237;aco, al&#233;m de dist&#250;rbios end&#243;crinos e calcifica&#231;&#245;es testiculares.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os MCs s&#227;o os tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios mais comuns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, os casos de recidiva s&#227;o muito raros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O CNC &#233; um dist&#250;rbio gen&#233;tico incomum, passado hereditariamente de maneira autoss&#244;mica dominante; caracterizado por m&#250;ltiplos tumores benignos que acometem mais frequentemente o cora&#231;&#227;o, a pele e o sistema end&#243;crino; e altera&#231;&#245;es na pigmenta&#231;&#227;o da pele, resultando em uma apar&#234;ncia manchada nas &#225;reas afetadas. Manifesta-se aos 20 anos, em m&#233;dia, e sua preval&#234;ncia permanece desconhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico &#233; feito com pelo menos dois dos 12 crit&#233;rios propostos por Stratakis ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ) ou uma dessas altera&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m do acometimento de parente de primeiro grau ou muta&#231;&#227;o no gene da subunidade de tipo I reguladora da prote&#237;na quinase A [gene PRKAR1A].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Principais crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de acordo com Stratakis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1 - Lentiginose cut&#226;nea com distribui&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica (l&#225;bios, conjuntiva, mucosas)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 - Mixoma (cut&#226;neo e mucoso) ou mixoma card&#237;aco</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3 - Achados de mixomatose mam&#225;ria ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica sugestivos do diagn&#243;stico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4 - Doen&#231;a nodular prim&#225;ria pigmentada ou aumento paradoxal da excre&#231;&#227;o de glicocorticoides urin&#225;rios ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de dexametasona</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5 - Acromegalia associada ao adenoma hipofis&#225;rio que produz GH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6 - Tumor testicular de grandes c&#233;lulas de Sertoli calcificadas ou presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#245;es no ultrassom testicular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7 - Carcinoma tireoidiano ou presen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos n&#243;dulos hipoec&#243;icos no ultrassom da tireoide em idade pr&#233;-p&#250;bere</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8 - Schwannomas melanoc&#237;ticos psammomatosos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9 - Nevo azul, nevo azul epitelioide m&#250;ltiplo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10 - Adenomas ductais mam&#225;rios m&#250;ltiplos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11 - Osteocondromioma</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Crit&#233;rios suplementares</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 - Membro da fam&#237;lia acometido</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 - Presen&#231;a de muta&#231;&#245;es inativadoras do gene PRKAR1A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3 - Variantes ativadoras do gene PRKACA ou PRKACB</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>&#201; importante abordar e monitorar casos individuais e familiares de mixomas recorrentes, pois, at&#233; o momento, foram descritas mais de 125 muta&#231;&#245;es do gene PRKAR1A. &#201; o principal gene associado ao CNC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As muta&#231;&#245;es inativadoras do gene PRKAR1A s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelas manifesta&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas do CNC em mais de 70% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O gene PRKAR1A &#233; um componente chave da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o celular do monofosfato c&#237;clico de adenosina (cAMP) envolvido na tumorig&#234;nese. Portanto, essa patologia pode ser considerada uma forma de neoplasia end&#243;crina m&#250;ltipla com acometimento das gl&#226;ndulas adrenais, hipofis&#225;rias, tireoidianas e g&#244;nadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a vascular cerebral pode ser a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do MC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas t&#234;m apresenta&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica em pacientes jovens com predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino, sendo a principal apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do nosso caso.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O CNC &#233; uma entidade rara, associada a m&#250;ltiplas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cut&#226;neas e endocrinol&#243;gicas, estando relacionado ao aparecimento e recorr&#234;ncia de mixomas. Deve-se suspeitar de CNC em qualquer paciente com MC recorrente. Em pacientes diagnosticados com CNC, deve-se seguir uma abordagem completa e multidisciplinar, tanto no paciente quanto em parentes pr&#243;ximos, que atendam a alguns crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos, pois podem ser portadores de muta&#231;&#245;es no gene PRKAR1A. O diagn&#243;stico do complexo de Carney deve ser considerado quando ele atender aos crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico, mesmo que exames gen&#233;ticos n&#227;o estejam dispon&#237;veis ou confirmados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Recurrent Atrial Myxoma in a Patient with Carney Complex. A Case Report and Literature Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0285-7337</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cervantes-Molina</surname>
            <given-names>Laura A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ram&#237;rez-Cedillo</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Masini-Aguilera</surname>
            <given-names>Italo D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>L&#243;pez-Taylor</surname>
            <given-names>Jaime G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machuca-Hern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>Michel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8824-4813</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pineda-De Paz</surname>
            <given-names>Dulman O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Unidad Hospitalaria Fray Antonio Alcalde - Cardiovascular Surgery, Guadalajara, Jalisco - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Dulman O. Pineda-De Paz &#8226; Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Unidad Hospitalaria Fray Antonio Alcalde &#8211; Cardiology - Calle Hospital, 278 Colonia El Retiro Guadalajara Jalisco 44280 &#8211; M&#233;xico E-mail: dulmanpinedamd@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cervantes-Molina LA, Masini-Aguilera ID, Pineda-De Paz DO; Acquisition of data: Cervantes-Molina LA, Masini-Aguilera ID, Pineda-De Paz DO; Writing of the manuscript: Cervantes-Molina LA, Machuca-Hern&#225;ndez M, Pineda-De Paz DO; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cervantes-Molina LA, Cedillo-Ram&#237;rez D, Masini-Aguilera ID, L&#243;pez Taylor JG, Machuca-Hern&#225;ndez M, Pineda-De Paz DO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Carney Complex/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Myxoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Loci</kwd>
        <kwd>PRKAR1A</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Primary cardiac tumors are uncommon. They have an incidence between 0.0017% and 0.28% corresponding to 17 and 2,800 of primary heart tumors per 1 million autopsies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Cardiac Myxoma (CM) is a benign neoplasm and represents the most common one among primary cardiac tumors in adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CMs have an annual incidence of 0.5&#8211;0.7 of surgically resected cases per one million; with the majority of cases showing sporadic appearance and less than 10%, a family inheritance pattern.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The left atrium (LA) is the most common site of origin (75&#8211;80%), followed by the right atrium. Multiple CMs represents 5% of all CMs and only 50% of them have a bilateral origin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CMs have a wide range of manifestations, mostly obstructive symptoms, but they can also produce embolisms being the worst of their scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are 2 types of CM: 1. Simple, the most common one, representing 95% of all CMs. Its highest prevalence is at 56 years of age, with a risk of developing a second myxoma between 1 and 3%. 2. Autosomal dominant family forms, such as Carney Complex (CNC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These types of CM present an atypical anatomic distribution that is different from the LA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> They appear at an average age of 25 years and tend to be multiple in 45% of cases, with a relapse rate between 15% and 22%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>We report the case of a 22-year-old male patient with a previous history of right atrial CM resection at 12 years of age and resection of a cutaneous abdominal myxoma at 20 years of age; he was brought to the ER for generalized sudden onset paresthesia associated with right fascio-corporal hemiparesis and motor aphasia. On physical examination, acromegalic-like appearance, short neck, lentiginosis with grayish nevi on his lower lip and multiple caf&#233;-au-lait spots on his face ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1-A</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Panel A. Patient&#8217;s image showing grayish nevi (arrow) and caf&#233;-au-lait spots (circle). Panel B. Axial computed tomography (CT scan) of the brain showing intra-axial hypodense image in the left parieto-temporal region of 40 * 24 mm (asterisk) with mild/moderate surrounding edema. Panel C. Apical four-chamber transthoracic view showing a large left atrial mass (asterisk) and panel D showing its correlation with surgical view (arrow). Panel E. Macroscopic view of left atrial myxoma. Panel F. Right testicular ultrasound shows multiple calcifications.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0031-90405-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Brain axial CT scan showed intra-axial hypodense image in the left parietal-temporal region of 40 x 24 mm in diameter ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1-B</xref> ). Then, echocardiography was performed, showing normal LVEF (64%) and mild LA dilatation. LA mobile mass (5.4 cm x 2.8 cm in diameter) of homogeneous appearance and regular contours adhered to the interatrial septum with prolapse to the left ventricle without no gradient of stenosis or signs of regurgitation. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1-C</xref> )</p>
        <p>CNC was suspected, due to an abnormal hormonal profile [secondary hyperthyroidism and hypercortisolism]. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> )</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Endocrine profile</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IGF-1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>922 ng/ml (z. Score: +4.8)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACTH</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>22.6 pmol/l</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PRL</td>
                  <td align="center">3.42 ng/dl</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cortisol</td>
                  <td align="center">33.01 mcg/dl</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TSH</td>
                  <td align="center">7.26 mcU/ml</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T4l</td>
                  <td align="center">2.34</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Additional tests were performed: brain MRI, which showed in axial sequence T1 a hypointense area of 7 mm in diameter, corresponding to a pituitary microadenoma and testicular ultrasound, which revealed bilateral microlithiasis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1-F</xref> ).</p>
        <p>As recommended in international guidelines, he was taken to cardiac surgery for tumor resection and concomitant resection of the atrial septum, because this is absolutely mandatory during the resection of CM in CNC to avoid atrial myxoma recurrence. LA mass of soft and friable consistency, compatible with CM of 5.5 cm x 3 cm was found ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1-D</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">E</xref> ). Histological analysis, again, confirmed atrial myxoma.</p>
        <p>The patient had a favorable postoperative outcome, without any complication, and progressive improvement of neurological symptoms. CNC diagnosis was established mainly due to the multiple cutaneous disorders, &#8220;recurrent&#8221; and &#8220;bilateral&#8221; CM, prior history of extra-cardiac myxoma, as well as endocrine disorders and testicular calcifications.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>CMs are the most common primary cardiac tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, cases of recurrence are very rare.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> CNC is an uncommon genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner; characterized by multiple benign tumors most often affecting the heart, skin and the endocrine system; and abnormalities in skin coloring (pigment) resulting in a spotty appearance to the skin of affected areas. Its mean age of presentation is 20 years, and its prevalence remains unknown.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Diagnosis is made with at least two of the 12 criteria proposed by Stratakis ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ) or one of these abnormalities plus the affection of a first-degree relative or mutation in the gene of regulatory subunit type I protein kinase A [gene PRKAR1A].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Major diagnostic criteria according to Stratakis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 - Cutaneous lentiginosis with typical distribution (lips, conjunctiva, mucous membranes)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2 - Myxoma (cutaneous and mucosal) or cardiac myxoma</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 - Mammary myxomatosis or MRI findings suggestive of the diagnosis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4 - Pigmented primary nodular disease or paradoxical increase in the excretion of urinary glucocorticoids after dexamethasone administration</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5 - Acromegaly associated with pituitary adenoma producing GH</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 - Testicular tumor of large calcified sertoli cells or presence of calcifications in testicular ultrasound</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7 - Thyroid carcinoma or presence of multiple hypoechoic nodules in prepubertal thyroid ultrasound</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 - Psammomatous melanocytic schwannomas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9 - Blue nevus, multiple epithelioid blue nevus</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10 - Multiple ductal mammary adenomas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>11 - Osteochondromyoma</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Supplementary Criteria</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 - Affected family member</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2 - Presence of inactivating mutations of the PRKAR1A gene</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 - Activating variants of the PRKACA gene or PRKACB gene</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>It is important to approach and monitor both individual and family cases of recurrent myxomas as, to date, more than 125 mutations of gene-PRKAR1A have been described. It is the main gene associated with CNC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The inactivating mutations of gene PRKAR1A are responsible for the phenotypic manifestations of CNC in more than 70% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The gene PRKAR1A is a key component of the cellular signaling pathway of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) involved in tumorigenesis. Therefore, this pathology could be considered a form of multiple endocrine neoplasia with involvement of the adrenal, pituitary, thyroid glands and gonads.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cerebrovascular disease can be the presentation of CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Besides, neurological manifestations have a typical presentation in young patients with predominance in males, being the main clinical presentation of our case.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>CNC is a rare entity that is associated with multiple cutaneous and endocrinological manifestations, and is related to the appearance and recurrence of myxomas. CNC must be suspected in any patient with recurrent CM. In patients diagnosed with CNC, a complete and multidisciplinary approach should be followed both on the patient and on close relatives meeting some diagnostic criteria, since they could be carriers of mutations of gene PRKAR1A. Diagnosis of Carney complex should be considered when it fulfills the diagnostic criteria even if the genetic test is not available or confirmed.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
