<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">p4nFLWGxKk4MN9BRgYtvcPN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000500027</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190104</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio como Primeira Manifesta&#231;&#227;o da Policitemia Vera</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Ferreira da Silva Mazeto Pupo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitali</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via Beatriz Santos Limonta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5049-8236</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faustino</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maur&#237;cio</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandra Del Carmen Villanueva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0607-8189</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati Bazan &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP - Cardiologia - Distrito Rubi&#227;o Jr, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sgzanati@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silveira CFSMP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silveira CFSMP, Vitali LBSL, Faustino FG, Maur&#237;cio ADCV; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silveira CFSMP, Vitali LBSL, Faustino FG, Maur&#237;cio ADCV, Teixeira R, Bazan SGZ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silveira CFSMP, Vitali LBSL, Faustino FG, Maur&#237;cio ADCV, Teixeira R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bazan SGZ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>27</fpage>
      <lpage>30</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Policitemia Vera</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombocitose</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtornos Mieloproliferativos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A policitemia vera (PV) &#233; uma neoplasia mieloproliferativa clonal progressiva cr&#244;nica caracterizada por um aumento absoluto nos eritr&#243;citos e, geralmente, leucocitose, trombocitose e esplenomegalia. Sua incid&#234;ncia est&#225; em torno de 2,8/100.000 pessoas por ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico &#233; feito utilizando os crit&#233;rios definidos pelas diretrizes revisadas da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) de 2016.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os principais crit&#233;rios s&#227;o n&#237;veis de hemoglobina acima de 16,5 e 16,0 g/dL ou hemat&#243;critos acima de 49 e 48% em homens e mulheres, respectivamente, ou aumento da massa de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos em mais de 25% acima do valor m&#233;dio normal previsto; bi&#243;psia da medula &#243;ssea apresentando hipercelularidade para a idade com crescimento de trilinhagem; presen&#231;a de muta&#231;&#227;o no &#233;xon 12 do gene JAK2V617F ou JAK2. Um crit&#233;rio menor &#233; o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico reduzido de eritropoietina. O diagn&#243;stico requer que se atenda aos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios principais ou aos dois crit&#233;rios principais e ao crit&#233;rio menor. O paciente tamb&#233;m &#233; considerado em risco de trombose; aqueles com mais de 60 anos ou com hist&#243;rico de trombose s&#227;o considerados de alto risco; se ambos os fatores de risco estiverem ausentes, &#233; considerado baixo risco.</p>
      <p>O tratamento inclui medicamentos citorredutores, como hidroxiureia, antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios e sangrias terap&#234;uticas.</p>
      <p>A trombose representa importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com PV. Esses eventos tromb&#243;ticos s&#227;o mais frequentemente microcirculat&#243;rios e arteriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) nas doen&#231;as mieloproliferativas &#233; atribu&#237;do principalmente &#224; trombose coronariana devido &#224; hiperviscosidade e trombocitose. O risco aumenta na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os eventos coronarianos s&#227;o comuns durante o acompanhamento da PV, com uma taxa de 11,4% no seguimento de 10 anos, conforme consta na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em estudos recentes, os eventos tromb&#243;ticos arteriais foram mais comuns que os tromb&#243;ticos venosos quando diagnosticados pouco antes do diagn&#243;stico de PV. Entretanto, a primeira apresenta&#231;&#227;o da PV como IAM &#233; considerada rara, com menos de 10 casos na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 68 anos de idade, branco, em tratamento regular para hipertens&#227;o, sem hist&#243;rico de eventos tromb&#243;ticos. Deu entrada no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia com mal-estar inespec&#237;fico, sem dor precordial ou dispneia, dorm&#234;ncia na por&#231;&#227;o proximal de ambos os bra&#231;os. Foi internado hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel com boa satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio. No exame f&#237;sico, apresentava face plet&#243;rica e macicez &#224; percuss&#227;o no espa&#231;o de Traube. Devido &#224; probabilidade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, inicialmente, o paciente foi investigado com eletrocardiograma (ECG) e marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (MNM), hemograma completo e fun&#231;&#227;o renal. ECG em repouso ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1a</xref> ) mostrou onda Q patol&#243;gica e invers&#227;o da onda T em DII, DIII e aVF, posteriormente evoluindo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1b</xref> ) com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em DII, DIII e aVF, enquanto as demais caracter&#237;sticas foram mantidas. Os MNM foram positivos (CK-MB de 34 a 36 ng/mL; refer&#234;ncia &lt;16 ng/dL e troponina de 0,12 a 0,81 e, depois, 1,07 ng/mL; refer&#234;ncia &lt;0,01 ng/mL). A embolia pulmonar foi descartada devido ao d&#237;mero D negativo. Outras an&#225;lises laboratoriais mostraram fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal e hemoglobina 21,3 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 65,4%, plaquetas 805.000/mm<sup>3</sup> (refer&#234;ncia: 140,000 - 440,000/mm<sup>3</sup>), caracterizando hiperviscosidade, macroplaquetas e leuc&#243;citos 15.400/mm<sup>3</sup> (refer&#234;ncia: 4,000&#8211;11,000/mm<sup>3</sup>) e, principalmente, neutr&#243;filos. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas ou de glicose. O paciente foi diagnosticado com IAM causado por PV e, ao contr&#225;rio do que &#233; mais encontrado na literatura, o diagn&#243;stico de IAM ocorreu antes da descoberta da PV. Ele foi classificado como em alto risco de trombose devido &#224; idade, tendo sido iniciada terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla com AAS (dose de ataque de 300 mg mais 100 mg/dia) e clopidogrel (dose de ataque de 300 mg mais 75 mg/dia), al&#233;m de enoxaparina 1 mg/kg duas vezes ao dia. Como observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> , a eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST foi inferior a 1 mm. Al&#233;m disso, os sintomas n&#227;o pioraram com a altera&#231;&#227;o do ECG; portanto, a equipe optou por ponderar a rela&#231;&#227;o benef&#237;cio-risco em rela&#231;&#227;o a submeter &#224; angiografia um poss&#237;vel IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST ou mesmo um IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST com um n&#237;vel elevado de hemat&#243;critos. O paciente foi ent&#227;o submetido a tr&#234;s sangrias terap&#234;uticas antes que a angiografia coron&#225;ria ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2B</xref> ) pudesse ser realizada com seguran&#231;a, mostrando aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de trombo intracoronariano e dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica na por&#231;&#227;o mediana da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o ou obstru&#231;&#227;o na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda ou art&#233;ria circunflexa. O paciente apresentava grau 3 de fluxo TIMI nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;ria direita, circunflexa e descendente anterior esquerda ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> ). N&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a contagem de quadros TIMI. A avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica das art&#233;rias n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel no servi&#231;o. Embora nenhum trombo tenha sido encontrado, pois pode ter sido causado pelo tratamento anterior &#224; angiografia e, devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de outra hip&#243;tese, mantivemos o diagn&#243;stico de IAM tipo 2. O ecocardiograma mostrou fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 64% (Teichholz), disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve (raz&#227;o E/A de 1,0, raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; de 8,67) e nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular esquerda. A &#225;rea do IAM foi visualizada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2C</xref> ), que mostrou realce tardio do padr&#227;o isqu&#234;mico, compat&#237;vel com o infarto definidor da &#225;rea fibr&#243;tica da por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia e &#225;pice da parede inferior, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. A ultrassonografia do abdome confirmou esplenomegalia homog&#234;nea e baixa eritropoietina (1,5 mUI/mL; refer&#234;ncia 5,4&#8211;31,9 mUI/mL), e a muta&#231;&#227;o JAK-2 confirmou nossa hip&#243;tese. Iniciou-se tratamento com hidroxiureia, o clopidogrel foi suspenso e a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foi mantida at&#233; a alta (8 dias). O paciente evoluiu sem complica&#231;&#245;es durante sua interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar ou durante o acompanhamento precoce.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Eletrocardiogramas: na admiss&#227;o (a) com onda Q patol&#243;gica, invers&#227;o da onda T em DII, DIII e aVF e invers&#227;o assim&#233;trica da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais (V4&#8211;V6); e 1 hora ap&#243;s (b) com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em DII, DIII e aVF, mantendo as demais caracter&#237;sticas.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0027-90104-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> A. Angiografia coronariana. Quadro mostrando a coron&#225;ria direita com aneurisma, 8,0 mm de largura e 16,2 mm de comprimento; B. Angiografia coron&#225;ria. Quadro mostrando o grau 3 de fluxo TIMI da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda; C. Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. Quadro mostrando realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio no segmento apical inferior, padr&#227;o isqu&#234;mico.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0027-90104-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Relatamos aqui um caso muito raro de primeira apresenta&#231;&#227;o de PV como IAM. At&#233; onde sabemos, menos de 10 casos semelhantes a esse foram relatados at&#233; o momento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Geralmente, os pacientes s&#227;o diagnosticados com PV e, posteriormente, apresentam alguma forma de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, em cerca de 11,4% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso paciente apresentava apenas hipertens&#227;o e idade como fatores de risco, e n&#227;o apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es significativas no perfil lip&#237;dico, n&#237;vel de glicemia de jejum, fun&#231;&#227;o renal ou hist&#243;rico familiar que poderiam ter aumentado o risco de desenvolver IAM. No caso desse paciente, havia duas condi&#231;&#245;es que poderiam ter contribu&#237;do para o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio: o aneurisma coronariano e a pr&#243;pria PV, os quais podem contribuir para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo e IAM.</p>
      <p>Os mecanismos pelos quais a PV levaria a eventos vasculares ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. No entanto, algumas hip&#243;teses foram apresentadas na literatura, como superprodu&#231;&#227;o de tromboxano A2, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e de leuc&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A eleva&#231;&#227;o da contagem de leuc&#243;citos ocorre em 50 a 60% dos pacientes com PV, o que tamb&#233;m pode ter um efeito prejudicial &#224; microcircula&#231;&#227;o na PV. Os leuc&#243;citos ativados podem liberar proteases e radicais de oxig&#234;nio que alteram as c&#233;lulas endoteliais e as plaquetas, a fim de favorecer o desenvolvimento de um estado protromb&#243;tico. Na PV, a quantidade de agregados plaquetas-leuc&#243;citos aumenta, estando associados ao aumento da propens&#227;o &#224; trombose. Al&#233;m disso, o estado protromb&#243;tico na PV tem sido atribu&#237;do a uma resist&#234;ncia adquirida ao anticoagulante natural &#8212; prote&#237;na C &#8212; que est&#225; associada a n&#237;veis reduzidos de prote&#237;na S<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . De acordo com essa afirma&#231;&#227;o, nosso paciente teve um aumento n&#227;o apenas na contagem de plaquetas, mas tamb&#233;m na contagem de leuc&#243;citos, principalmente neutr&#243;filos, sem sinais de infec&#231;&#227;o, embora isso tamb&#233;m possa corresponder ao processo inflamat&#243;rio do IAM.</p>
      <p>Outro achado interessante na literatura &#233; que eventos tromb&#243;ticos podem ocorrer mesmo quando os n&#237;veis de hemat&#243;critos e plaquetas s&#227;o aceit&#225;veis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> indicando que o m&#233;dico deve estar atento a esse diagn&#243;stico diferencial, mesmo em doen&#231;as controladas.</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, este &#233; um caso raro de primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o de PV como IAM, curiosamente com a falta de obstru&#231;&#227;o na angiografia, indicando uma poss&#237;vel resolu&#231;&#227;o do trombo ap&#243;s a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria. Nesses casos, o desafio continua sendo a terapia em pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o sustentada, uma vez que a coloca&#231;&#227;o do stent pode significar um risco maior de oclus&#227;o subsequente devido &#224; suscetibilidade do paciente a formar trombos plaquet&#225;rios.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Silberstein LE, Heslop H, Weitz J, Anastasi J. Hematology Basic Principles and Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2013. p.1008-19.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benz</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silberstein</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heslop</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weitz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anastasi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Hematology Basic Principles and Practice</source>
          <edition>6th</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Saunders</publisher-name>
          <year>2013</year>
          <fpage>1008</fpage>
          <lpage>1019</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Arber, DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, Thiele J, Borowitz MJ, Le Beau MM,et al. The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. Blood.2016; 127(20):2391-405.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arber</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orazi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hasserjian</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thiele</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borowitz</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Le Beau</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia</article-title>
          <source>Blood</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2391</fpage>
          <lpage>2405</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Gouri A, Yakhlef A, Dekaken A, Bentorki AA. Acute myocardial infarction revealing a polycythemia vera. Ann Biol Clin.2012;70(4):489-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gouri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yakhlef</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dekaken</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bentorki</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute myocardial infarction revealing a polycythemia vera</article-title>
          <source>Ann Biol Clin</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>489</fpage>
          <lpage>491</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Rossi C, Randi ML, Zerbinati P, Rinaldi V, Girolami A. Acute coronary disease in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. J Intern Med. 1998;244(1):49-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rossi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Randi</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zerbinati</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rinaldi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girolami</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute coronary disease in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera</article-title>
          <source>J Intern Med</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>244</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Malak S, Labopin M, Saint-Martin C, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Najman A. French Group of Familial Myeloproliferative Disorders. Long term follow up of 93 families with myeloproliferative neoplasms: life expectancy and implications of JAK2V617F in the occurrence of complications. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2012;49(3&#8211;4):170&#8211;6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malak</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Labopin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saint-Martin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellanne-Chantelot</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Najman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>French Group of Familial Myeloproliferative Disorders. Long term follow up of 93 families with myeloproliferative neoplasms: life expectancy and implications of JAK2V617F in the occurrence of complications</article-title>
          <source>Blood Cells Mol Dis</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <season>3&#8211;4</season>
          <fpage>170</fpage>
          <lpage>176</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Bahbahani H, Aljenaee K, Bella A. Polycythemia vera presenting as acute myocardial infarction: An unusual presentation. J Saudi Heart Assoc.2015;27(1):57&#8211;60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bahbahani</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aljenaee</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bella</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Polycythemia vera presenting as acute myocardial infarction: An unusual presentation</article-title>
          <source>J Saudi Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Wu CF, Armstrong GP, Henderson RA, Ruygrok PN. Polycythaemia vera presenting as ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Heart Lung Circ. 2005;14(1):51&#8211;3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henderson</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruygrok</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Polycythaemia vera presenting as ST-elevation myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Heart Lung Circ</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>51</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Wirth L. Myocardial infarction as the initial manifestation of polycythemia vera. Mil Med.1960;125:544.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wirth</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial infarction as the initial manifestation of polycythemia vera</article-title>
          <source>Mil Med</source>
          <year>1960</year>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <size units="pages">544</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Vacca JB, Thoma GE Jr. Myocardial infarction as the initial manifestation of polycythemia vera. AMA Arch Intern Med.1959;103(6):974&#8211;7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vacca</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thoma</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial infarction as the initial manifestation of polycythemia vera</article-title>
          <source>AMA Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>1959</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>974</fpage>
          <lpage>977</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Tekin M, G&#246;kaslan S, Diker E, Aydog&#728;du S. Development of acute coronary syndrome in three patients with essential thrombocythemia or polycythemia vera. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars.2008;36(1):35&#8211;8. [Article in Turkish]</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tekin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#246;kaslan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diker</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aydog&#728;du</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development of acute coronary syndrome in three patients with essential thrombocythemia or polycythemia vera</article-title>
          <source>Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
          <comment>Article in Turkish</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Goethals P, Evrard S, Dubois C. Recurrent coronary stent thrombosis. Acta Cardiol.2000;55(6):371&#8211;3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goethals</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evrard</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dubois</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recurrent coronary stent thrombosis</article-title>
          <source>Acta Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>371</fpage>
          <lpage>373</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Chan AW, Drobac M, Sternberg L. The management of acute myocardial infarction in a patient with polycythemia rubra vera during the thrombolytic era&#8211;does it make a difference? Can J Cardiol.1997;13(1):59&#8211;63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drobac</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sternberg</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The management of acute myocardial infarction in a patient with polycythemia rubra vera during the thrombolytic era&#8211;does it make a difference?</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>59</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Rykov VA, Letunova ON. Polycythemia vera, complicated by myocardial infarction. Arkh Patol.1995;57(3):73&#8211;4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rykov</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Letunova</surname>
              <given-names>ON</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Polycythemia vera, complicated by myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Arkh Patol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Skribnik Ela, Oteva EA. Rare types of myocardial infarction in young patients. Klin Med (Mosk).1991;69(11):32&#8211;5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ela</surname>
              <given-names>Skribnik</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oteva</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rare types of myocardial infarction in young patients</article-title>
          <source>Klin Med</source>
          <publisher-loc>Mosk</publisher-loc>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>32</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Griesshammer M, Kiladjian JJ, Besses C. Thromboembolic events in polycythemia vera. Ann Hematol. 2019;98(5):1071-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Griesshammer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiladjian</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Besses</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thromboembolic events in polycythemia vera</article-title>
          <source>Ann Hematol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1071</fpage>
          <lpage>1082</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Landolfi R, Di Gennaro L, Barbui T, De Stefano V, Finazzi G, Marfisi R, Tognoni G, Marchioli R; European Collaboration on Low-Dose Aspirin in Polycythemia Vera (ECLAP). Leukocytosis as a major thrombotic risk factor in patients with polycythemia vera. Blood. 2007;109(6):2446-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Landolfi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Gennaro</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbui</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Stefano</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Finazzi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marfisi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tognoni</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marchioli</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>European Collaboration on Low-Dose Aspirin in Polycythemia Vera (ECLAP)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Leukocytosis as a major thrombotic risk factor in patients with polycythemia vera</article-title>
          <source>Blood</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2446</fpage>
          <lpage>2452</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Hermanns B, Handt S, Kindler J, F&#252;zesi L. Coronary vasculopathy in polycythemia vera. Pathol Oncol Res.1998;4(1):37-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hermanns</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Handt</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kindler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>F&#252;zesi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary vasculopathy in polycythemia vera</article-title>
          <source>Pathol Oncol Res</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Myocardial Infarction as First Onset of Polycythemia Vera</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Ferreira da Silva Mazeto Pupo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitali</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via Beatriz Santos Limonta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5049-8236</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faustino</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maur&#237;cio</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandra Del Carmen Villanueva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0607-8189</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati Bazan &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP - Cardiologia Distrito Rubi&#227;o Jr, s/n. Postal Code 18618-687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: sgzanati@fmb.unesp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silveira CFSMP; Acquisition of data: Silveira CFSMP, Vitali LBSL, Faustino FG, Maur&#237;cio ADCV; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silveira CFSMP, Vitali LBSL, Faustino FG, Maur&#237;cio ADCV, Teixeira R, Bazan SGZ; Writing of the manuscript: Silveira CFSMP, Vitali LBSL, Faustino FG, Maur&#237;cio ADCV, Teixeira R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bazan SGZ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Polycythemia Vera, Thrombocytosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Myeloproliferative Disorders</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Polycythemia vera (PV) is a chronic clonal progressive myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by an absolute increase in erythrocytes and, usually, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and splenomegaly. Its incidence rates around 2.8/100,000 people per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Diagnosis is confirmed using the criteria defined by the 2016 revised World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Major criteria include hemoglobin levels over 16.5 and 16.0 g/dL or hematocrit over 49 and 48% in men and women, respectively, or increased red cell mass of more than 25% above the mean normal predicted value; bone marrow biopsy showing hypercellularity for age with trilineage growth; presence of JAK2V617F or JAK2 exon 12 mutation. A minor criterion is reduced serum erythropoietin level. Diagnosis requires meeting either all 3 major criteria or 2 major criteria and the minor criterion. The patient is also considered as at thrombosis risk; those aged over 60 or with thrombosis history are considered at considered high risk; if both risk factors are absent, low risk is considered.</p>
        <p>Treatment includes cytoreductive drugs, such as hydroxyurea, antiplatelet agents and therapeutic sangrias.</p>
        <p>Thrombosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in PV patients. These thrombotic events are most frequently microcirculatory and arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in myeloproliferative diseases is mostly attributed to coronary thrombosis due to hyperviscosity and thrombocytosis. The risk is increased in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Coronary events are common during the follow-up of PV, with a rate of 11.4% in 10-year follow-up in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Also, in recent studies, arterial thrombotic events were more common than venous thrombotic events when diagnosed shortly before the PV diagnosis. However, the first presentation of PV as AMI is considered rare, with fewer than 10 cases in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>Patient was a 68 years-old white male, regularly treating hypertension, without any previous history of thrombotic events. He presented at the emergency room with an unspecific malaise, without chest pain or dyspnea, numbness in the proximal portion of both arms. He was admitted hemodynamically stable with good oxygen saturation. At physical examination, he had a plethoric face and dullness to percussion over Traube&#8217;s space. Due to the likelihood of atypical presentation of acute coronary syndrome, he was initially investigated with an electrocardiogram (ECG) and myocardial necrosis markers (MNM), blood cell count and kidney function. The rest ECG ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1a</xref> ) showed pathologic Q wave and inversion of T wave in DII, DIII and aVF, later evolving ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1b</xref> ) with elevation of the ST segment in DII, DIII and aVF, while the other characteristics were maintained. MNM came positive (CK-MB from 34 to 36 ng/mL; reference &lt;16 ng/dL and troponin from 0.12 to 0.81 and then to 1.07 ng/mL; reference &lt;0.01 ng/mL). Pulmonary embolism was ruled out due to negative D-dimer. Other laboratorial analysis showed normal renal function and hemoglobin 21.3 g/dL, hematocrit 65.4%, platelets 805,000/mm<sup>3</sup>(reference: 140,000&#8211;440,000/mm<sup>3</sup>), thus characterizing hyperviscosity, macroplatelets and leucocytes 15,400/mm<sup>3</sup>(reference: 4,000&#8211;11,000/mm<sup>3</sup>), mainly neutrophils. It also showed no lipids or glucose alterations. The patient was diagnosed with AMI caused by PV and, against what is mostly found in the literature, the AMI diagnosis came prior to the discovery of PV. He was classified as at high thrombosis risk due to his age and double anti-platelet therapy was initiated with AAS (loading dose of 300 mg plus 100 mg/day) and clopidogrel (loading dose of 300 mg plus 75 mg/day), as well as enoxaparin 1 mg/kg twice a day. As observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> , ST elevation was less than 1 mm. Also, the symptoms did not get worse as the ECG changed, so the team opted for weighing the benefit-risk ratio regarding submitting a possible non ST segment elevation AMI or even a non-reperfused ST segment elevation AMI to angiography under a high hematocrit situation. He was then submitted to 3 therapeutic sangrias before the coronary angiography ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2B</xref> ) could be performed safely, showing absence of angiographic evidence of intra-coronary thrombus and aneurysmatic dilatation in the median portion of the right coronary artery and no abnormalities or obstructions in the left anterior descending coronary artery or circumflex artery. The patient had TIMI 3 flow grade in the right coronary, circumflex and left anterior descending arteries ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> ). There is no information on TIMI frame count. Physiology assessment of the arteries was not available in the service. Even though no thrombus was found, as this may have been caused by treatment prior to angiography, and due to the lack of another hypothesis, we sustained the diagnosis of type 2 AMI. Echocardiogram showed preserved systolic function with an ejection fraction of 64% (Teichholz), mild diastolic dysfunction (E/A ratio of 1.0, E/e&#8217; ratio of 8.67) and no alteration of left ventricular contractility. The AMI area was viewed on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2C</xref> ), which showed late enhancement of ischemic pattern, compatible with fibrotic area defining infarction of the medium and apex portion of the inferior wall, with preserved ejection fraction. Abdomen ultrasound confirmed homogeneous splenomegaly and low erythropoietin (1,5 mUI/mL; reference 5.4&#8211;31.9 mUI/mL), and JAK-2 mutation confirmed our hypothesis. He was then started on hydroxyurea, clopidogrel was suspended and anticoagulation was kept until discharge (8 days). The patient evolved without complications during his in-hospital stay or during early follow-up.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Electrocardiograms: at admission (a) with pathologic Q wave, inversion of T wave in DII, DIII and aVF, and asymmetric inversion of T wave in the precordial leads (V4&#8211;V6); and 1 hour after (b) with ST segment elevation in DII, DIII and aVF, keeping the other characteristics.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0027-90104-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> A. Coronary angiography. Frame showing the right coronary with aneurysm, 8.0-mm wide and 16.2-mm long; B. Coronary angiography. Frame showing the left anterior descending coronary artery TIMI 3 flow; C. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Frame showing late gadolinium enhancement in the apical inferior segment, ischemic pattern.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0027-90104-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>We report here a very rare case of first presentation of PV as AMI. To our knowledge, fewer than 10 cases similar to this have been reported so far.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Usually, the patients are diagnosed with PV and, later, present some form of coronary acute syndrome, in about 11.4% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our patient had only hypertension and age as risk factors, and had no significant alterations in lipid profile, fasting glucose level, renal function or family history that could have increased the risk of developing AMI. In this patient&#8217;s case, there were two conditions that could have contributed to myocardial infarction: the coronary aneurysm and the PV itself, both of which can contribute to the formation of thrombus and AMI.</p>
        <p>The mechanisms through which PV would lead to vascular events are not yet well established. However, some hypotheses have been displayed in literature, such as overproduction of thromboxane A2, endothelial dysfunction and platelet and leukocyte activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Elevation of leukocyte count occurs in 50 to 60% of PV patients, which may also have a detrimental effect on microcirculation in PV. Activated leukocytes may release proteases and oxygen radicals that alter endothelial cells and platelets in order to favor the development of a prothrombotic state. Platelet-leukocyte aggregates are increased in number in PV and are associated with increased propensity of thrombosis. In addition, the prothrombotic state in PV has been attributed to an acquired resistance to the naturally occurring anticoagulant &#8212; protein C &#8212; which is associated with reduced levels of protein S<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . In agreement with that statement, our patient had an increase not only in platelet but also in leukocyte count, mainly neutrophils, without any signs of infection, although that could also correspond to the AMI inflammation process.</p>
        <p>Another interesting finding in the literature is that thrombotic events might happen even when hematocrit and platelet levels are acceptable<sup>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> indicating that the physician should be alert to that differential diagnosis even in controlled diseases.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, this is a rare case of first onset of PV as AMI, interestingly with lack of obstruction in the angiography, indicating a possible resolution of the thrombus after antiplatelet therapy. The challenge in those cases remains the therapy in patients with sustained obstruction, once stent placing might mean a higher risk of subsequent occlusion due to the patient&#8217;s susceptibility to form platelet thrombi.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
