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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KKxQZFbjqRx57BwssNkbSFN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000500013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180159</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180159</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uma Combina&#231;&#227;o Fatal: Indometacina e Dabigatrana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2404-6447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Adar</surname>
            <given-names>Adem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Onalan</surname>
            <given-names>Orhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cakan</surname>
            <given-names>Fahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Karabuk University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Karabuk</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology, Karabuk &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Adem Adar &#8226; Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology - Karabuk 78050 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>dradaradem@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Adar A, Onalan O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Adar A, Onalan O, Cakan F; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Adar A, Cakan F; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Onalan O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>13</fpage>
      <lpage>15</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Indometacina/administra&#231;&#227;o e dosagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Dabigatrana/administra&#231;&#227;o e dosagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Derrame Pleural</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora raras, diversas complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas podem ocorrer em pacientes sob uso de dabigatrana. O risco de hemorragia &#233; particularmente alto em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal ou em uso concomitante de medicamentos nefrot&#243;xicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Relatamos um caso de derrame pleuroperic&#225;rdico maci&#231;o desenvolvido ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento com indometacina em paciente em uso de dabigatrana devido a trombose venosa profunda.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 50 anos de idade, deu entrada no atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia com dispneia progressiva. Apresentava frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 120 batimentos/min, press&#227;o arterial de 180/90 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 15 respira&#231;&#245;es/minuto, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 95% (no ar ambiente) e temperatura de 36,8&#176;C na interna&#231;&#227;o. O paciente apresentava sedentarismo, obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corporal: 31 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada (por 5 anos sem terapia m&#233;dica) e trombose venosa profunda (em uso de dabigatrana 150 mg duas vezes ao dia por 50 dias). Vinte dias antes de sua interna&#231;&#227;o, come&#231;ou a receber indometacina (uma vez ao dia) devido &#224; sua dor na perna. No exame f&#237;sico, apresentava bulhas card&#237;acas e pulmonares diminu&#237;das. A eletrocardiografia mostrou taquicardia sinusal. Radiografia de t&#243;rax mostrou cardiomegalia e derrame pleural bilateral (maiores no pulm&#227;o esquerdo). A tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax confirmou derrame pleural bilateral e revelou derrame peric&#225;rdico maci&#231;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ). Na admiss&#227;o, os exames de sangue mostravam: glicose: 107 mg/dL, ureia: 63 mg/dL, creatinina: 1,99 mg/dL, AST: 69 U/L, ALT: 99 U/L, gl&#243;bulos brancos: 9,73 10<sup>9</sup>/L, hemoglobina: 9,6 mg/dL, prote&#237;na C-reativa: 0,9 mg/dL, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (APTT): 91,4 segundos e raz&#227;o normalizada internacional (RNI): 2.5. Como seu &#250;ltimo n&#237;vel de creatinina foi de 1,1 mg/dL, 20 dias antes (imediatamente antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento com indometacina), considerou-se insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda. O paciente foi internado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, onde se realizou ecocardiografia detalhada. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerdo normal (FE 65%), hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica ventricular esquerda (HCVE: 118 g/m<sup>2</sup>), derrame peric&#225;rdico e pleural maci&#231;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ). N&#227;o havia sinais de tamponamento card&#237;aco na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica. No entanto, durante o acompanhamento, sua dispneia e taquicardia aumentaram gradualmente, e observou-se colapso diast&#243;lico ventricular direito na segunda ecocardiografia. Decidiu-se realizar pericardiocentese urgentemente. A fim de reduzir o risco de hemorragia, administrou-se idarucizumabe (total de 5 gramas divididos em duas infus&#245;es consecutivas de 2,5 gramas) antes da pericardiocentese. Duas horas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de idarucizumabe, o valor do APTT caiu para 44 segundos. A pericardiocentese foi realizada com orienta&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Aproximadamente 3 L de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico n&#227;o coagulado vermelho-sangue foram drenados ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). A an&#225;lise do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico mostrou-se negativa para colora&#231;&#227;o de gram, citologia, PCR e microrganismos ( <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> ). N&#227;o houve derrame peric&#225;rdico na outra ecocardiografia realizada no dia seguinte ap&#243;s a pericardiocentese ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref> ). De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Light modificados, o derrame peric&#225;rdico apresentava caracter&#237;sticas exsudativas. A toracocentese foi ent&#227;o realizada e 2 L de l&#237;quido pleural foram drenados. Os testes bioqu&#237;micos mostraram-se novamente consistentes com o l&#237;quido exsudativo. Os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, reumatol&#243;gicos, infecciosos e de rastreamento do c&#226;ncer foram todos negativos. As fun&#231;&#245;es renais melhoraram ap&#243;s reposi&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica, pericardiocentese e descontinua&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com indometacina. Sua condi&#231;&#227;o geral melhorou significativamente e nenhuma outra complica&#231;&#227;o foi observada. No 8&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, recebeu alta com enoxaparina subcut&#226;nea.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Derrame peric&#225;rdico e pleural maci&#231;o na tomografia tor&#225;cica. B) Derrame peric&#225;rdico ao redor do cora&#231;&#227;o e derrame pleural. C) Derrame peric&#225;rdico completamente drenado.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0013-80159-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; L&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico n&#227;o coagulado vermelho-sangue.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0013-80159-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro caso relatado de derrame pleuroperic&#225;rdico maci&#231;o associado ao uso concomitante de dabigatrana e indometacina. Pelos motivos enumerados a seguir, pensamos que a toxicidade da dabigatrana teria sido a causa mais plaus&#237;vel de derrame pleuroperic&#225;rdico no presente caso. (1) Presen&#231;a de derrame pleuroperic&#225;rdico hemorr&#225;gico, (2) desenvolvimento de derrames ap&#243;s desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, (3) altos n&#237;veis de APTT (91,4 segundos) e RNI (2,5) na interna&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e, finalmente, (4) aus&#234;ncia de outros motivos para explicar o derrame pleuroperic&#225;rdico hemorr&#225;gico.</p>
      <p>A dabigatrana &#233; um metab&#243;lito ativo derivado da hidr&#243;lise do etexilato de dabigatrana. Inibe a trombina livre e ligada ao co&#225;gulo. A meia-vida da dabigatrana &#233; de 12 a 14 horas, sendo excretada, em grande parte, pelos rins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As diretrizes atuais recomendam o acompanhamento regular da fun&#231;&#227;o renal nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No presente caso, o paciente apresentou insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento com indometacina, um agente nefrot&#243;xico, durante o tratamento com dabigatrana. Foram encontrados 12 casos de hemoperic&#225;rdio associado &#224; toxicidade da dabigatrana,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A indica&#231;&#227;o para a dabigatrana foi a preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em todos os casos relatados. Em concord&#226;ncia com os nossos achados, 7 (58%) ADDIN EN.CITE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> desses casos apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda na interna&#231;&#227;o e 4 (33%) ADDIN EN.CITE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> apresentaram hemoperic&#225;rdio dois meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da dabigatrana.</p>
      <p>A absor&#231;&#227;o de etexilato de dabigatrana &#233; mediada pela glicoprote&#237;na P (gpP). As intera&#231;&#245;es da gpP no trato gastrointestinal podem interferir na absor&#231;&#227;o da dabigatrana. Ye CG et al. observaram que a indometacina pode inibir a gpP, diminuindo sua express&#227;o e/ou a inibi&#231;&#227;o direta de sua atividade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Assim, a coadministra&#231;&#227;o com indometacina pode ter contribu&#237;do para a toxicidade da dabigatrana no nosso caso.</p>
      <p>O idarucizumabe, um fragmento de anticorpo monoclonal humanizado que se liga &#224; dabigatrana com alta afinidade sem aumentar os eventos tromb&#243;ticos, &#233; utilizado para reverter o efeito anticoagulante da dabigatrana em pacientes com condi&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O efeito da dabigatrana p&#244;de ser revertido com o uso do idarucizumabe no presente caso. Duas horas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do idarucizumabe, verificou-se que o valor do APPT caiu de 91,4 segundos para 44 segundos. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas ou tromb&#243;ticas ap&#243;s a pericardiocentese.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Deve-se considerar derrame pleuroperic&#225;rdico em pacientes com dispneia desenvolvida recentemente, em tratamento com dabigatrana. O risco de sangramentos maiores pode aumentar quando a indometacina &#233; utilizada concomitantemente com a dabigatrana. Ao se prescrever a dabigatrana, todos os pacientes devem ser informados sobre as poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es com outros medicamentos. Os poss&#237;veis riscos de medica&#231;&#245;es nefrot&#243;xicas utilizadas concomitantemente devem ser considerados em todos os pacientes em uso de dabigatrana e, se poss&#237;vel, esses agentes devem ser evitados, principalmente em pacientes com m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco de hemorragia. Por fim, os pacientes que desenvolvem hemorragia em uso de dabigatrana devem ser investigados quanto a co-medica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Life-threatening Combination: Indomethacin and Dabigatran</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2404-6447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Adar</surname>
            <given-names>Adem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Onalan</surname>
            <given-names>Orhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cakan</surname>
            <given-names>Fahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology, Karabuk &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Adem Adar - Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology - Karabuk 78050 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: dradaradem@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Adar A, Onalan O; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Adar A, Onalan O, Cakan F; Writing of the manuscript: Adar A, Cakan F; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Onalan O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Indomenthacin/administration &amp; dosage</kwd>
        <kwd>Dabigatran/administration &amp; dosage</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Pleural Effusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Although rare, several bleeding complications may occur in patients receiving dabigatran. The risk of bleeding is particularly high in patients with impaired kidney functions or in patients who are on concomitant nephrotoxic drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> We report a case of massive pleuropericardial effusion developed after the initiation of indomethacin treatment in a patient who was receiving dabigatran for deep venous thrombosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 50-year old male patient admitted to the emergency department with progressive dyspnea. He had a heart rate of 120 beats/min, blood pressure of 180/90 mmHg, respiration rate of 15 breaths/min, oxygen saturation of 95% (on room air) and temperature of 36.8 &#186;&#1057; at presentation. He had a sedentary lifestyle, obesity (body mass index: 31 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), uncontrolled hypertension (for 5 years without medical therapy) and deep vein thrombosis (on dabigatran 150 mg twice a day for 50 days). Twenty days prior to his presentation, he started to receive indomethacin (once a day) for his leg pain. On physical examination, he had diminished heart and lung sounds. Electrocardiography showed sinus tachycardia. Cardiomegaly and bilateral pleural effusion (greater on the left lung) were noticed on chest X-ray. Chest computerized tomography confirmed bilateral pleural effusion and revealed massive pericardial effusion ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> ). On admission, his blood tests were as follows: glucose: 107 mg/dL, urea: 63 mg/dL, creatinine: 1.99 mg/dL, AST: 69 U/L, ALT: 99 U/L, white blood cells: 9.73 10<sup>9</sup>/L, hemoglobin: 9.6 mg/dL, C-reactive protein: 0.9 mg/dL, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT): 91.4-seconds and international normalized ratio (INR): 2.5. Since his last creatinine level was 1.1 mg/dL 20 days before (just before the initiation of indomethacin treatment), acute renal failure was considered. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit and detailed echocardiography was performed. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed normal left ventricular systolic function (EF 65%), left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (LVMI: 118 g/m<sup>2</sup>), massive pericardial and pleural effusion ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> ). There were no signs of cardiac tamponade on the first echocardiographic evaluation. However, during follow-up, his dyspnea and tachycardia were gradually increased, and right ventricular diastolic collapse was noticed on control echocardiography. We decided to perform urgent pericardiocentesis. In order to reduce the risk of bleeding, idarucizumab was administered (total 5 grams divided into two consecutive infusions of 2.5 grams) before pericardiocentesis. Two hours after administration of idarucizumab, the APTT value decreased to 44 seconds. Pericardiocentesis was performed with echocardiography guidance. Approximately 3L of blood-red, non-coagulating pericardial fluid was drained out ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). Pericardial fluid analysis was negative for gram staining, cytology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microorganisms ( <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> ). There was no pericardial effusion on repeat echocardiography performed on the following day after pericardiocentesis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref> ). According to the modified Light criteria, pericardial effusion had exudative characteristics. Thoracentesis was then performed, and 2 L of pleural fluid was drained out. Biochemical tests were again consistent with exudative fluid. Inflammatory, rheumatological, infection and cancer screening markers were all negative. Renal functions improved after fluid replacement, pericardiocentesis, and discontinuation of indomethacin therapy. His overall status improved significantly, and no other complications were noticed. On the 8<sup>th</sup>day of hospitalization, he was discharged with subcutaneous enoxaparin.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Massive pericardial and pleural effusion in thoracic tomography. B) Pericardial effusion surrounding the heart and pleural effusion. C) Pericardial effusion was drained completely.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0013-80159-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Blood-red non-coagulating pericardial fluid.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0013-80159-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is the first reported case of massive pleuropericardial effusion associated with concomitant use of dabigatran and indomethacin. For the following reasons, we thought that dabigatran toxicity was the most plausible cause of pleuropericardial effusion in the present case. (1) Presence of hemorrhagic pleuropericardial effusion, (2) development of effusions after development of acute renal failure, (3) high APTT (91.4 seconds) and INR (2.5) levels at presentation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and, finally, (4) no other reasons to explain hemorrhagic pleuropericardial effusion.</p>
        <p>Dabigatran is an active metabolite derived from the hydrolysis of dabigatran etexilate. It inhibits both free and clot-bound thrombin. The half-life of dabigatran is 12&#8211;14 hours and it is largely excreted via the kidneys.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Current guidelines recommend regular follow-up of kidney function in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In the present case, the patient experienced acute renal failure after initiation of indomethacin, a nephrotoxic agent, during dabigatran therapy. We found 12 cases of hemopericardium associated with dabigatran toxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Indication for dabigatran was stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation for all reported cases. Consistent with our findings, 7 (58%)<sup>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> of these cases had acute renal failure at presentation and 4 (33%)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> experienced hemopericardium two months after initiation of dabigatran.</p>
        <p>The absorption of dabigatran etexilate is mediated by the p-glycoprotein (P-gp). Gastrointestinal tract-based P-gb interactions may interfere with the absorption of dabigatran. Ye CG et al. reported that indomethacin may inhibit P-gp by decreasing its expression and/or direct inhibition of its activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Thus, co-administration with indomethacin may have contributed to dabigatran toxicity in our case.</p>
        <p>Idarucizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody fragment which binds to dabigatran with high affinity without increasing thrombotic events, is used for reversing the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran in patients with life-threatening bleeding conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The effect of dabigatran was successfully reversed with idarucizumab in the present case. Two hours after initiating idarucizumab, the APPT value was found to fall from 91.4 seconds to 44 seconds. In addition, no bleeding or thrombotic complications occurred after pericardiocentesis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Pleuropericardial effusion should be considered in patients with newly developed dyspnea who are under dabigatran treatment. The risk of major bleeding may increase when indomethacin is used concomitantly with dabigatran. When prescribing dabigatran, all patients should be informed about the potential interactions with other drugs. Potential risks of concomitant nephrotoxic medications should be considered in all patients receiving dabigatran and, if possible, these agents should be avoided, particularly in patients with multiple risk factors for bleeding. Finally, patients who develop bleeding under treatment with dabigatran should be investigated for co-medications.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
