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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mhtNnmm8kYtMWqgH8kd3mcn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000500008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180077</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180077</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Amiloidose por Transtirretina (ATTR) &#8211; Papel da Multimodalidade no Diagn&#243;stico Definitivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9983-6438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tonnison de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darze</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ximenes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Estudos em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA </named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Centro de Estudos em Cardiologia,Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica,Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de Santana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de Santana,Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Tonnison Oliveira Silva Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Centro de Estudos em Cardiologia - Av. Anita Garibaldi, 2199. CEP 40170-130, Ondina, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>tonnisonsilva@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva TO; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva TO, Darz&#233; ED, Ritt LEF, Almeida ALC, Ximenes A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>8</fpage>
      <lpage>12</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Amiloidose/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#233;-Albumina</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR) &#233; uma causa rara de cardiomiopatia restritiva e/ou polineuropatia perif&#233;rica, de car&#225;ter progressivo, irrevers&#237;vel e fatal, subdiagnosticada e com diagn&#243;stico definitivo realizado de forma tardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico precoce, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do tipo de amiloidose e posterior institui&#231;&#227;o de terap&#234;utica espec&#237;fica s&#227;o fundamentais para uma evolu&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica mais favor&#225;vel dessa doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apresentamos um caso de ATTR em que a suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, associada ao uso da multimodalidade diagn&#243;stica, notadamente da medicina nuclear, foram capazes de definir com seguran&#231;a o diagn&#243;stico, sem necessidade de bi&#243;psia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente de 75 anos, do sexo masculino, com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) em est&#225;gio 1, com queixa de dispneia aos esfor&#231;os moderados h&#225; dois meses. Fazia uso regular de losartana, 50mg ao dia, com controle press&#243;rico adequado. Exame f&#237;sico sem nenhum achado digno de nota, eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrava ritmo sinusal de 64 bpm e extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares isoladas. Ecocardiografia (ECO) revelou discreta dilata&#231;&#227;o biatrial, discreta disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o = 49% (Simpson), disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de grau II e presen&#231;a de importante hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, desproporcional ao hist&#243;rico de HAS, achados que levantaram suspeita de uma poss&#237;vel amiloidose card&#237;aca. Realizada resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) do cora&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-B</xref> ), que demonstrou hipertrofia ventricular com realce tardio subendoc&#225;rdico difuso e heterog&#234;neo. ECO bidimensional pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>speckle tracking</italic> evidenciou redu&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal (GLS = &#8211;10%), rela&#231;&#227;o entre fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e GLS = 4,9, com comprometimento difuso da deforma&#231;&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica, por&#233;m com preserva&#231;&#227;o do &#225;pice ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-A</xref> ), achados que refor&#231;aram a suspeita cl&#237;nica inicial.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> 1-A) Ecocardiograma com strain demonstrando o cl&#225;ssico apical sparing .1-B) RM com realce tardio heterog&#234;neo e difuso no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (setas &#224; esquerda) e evidenciando aumento difuso da espessura do VE (seta &#224; direita).1-C) Resultado do estudo gen&#233;tico, demonstrando a muta&#231;&#227;o da valina pela isoleucina (VAL142IIe).</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0008-80077-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Solicitada imunofixa&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas no sangue e na urina, associada a pesquisa sangu&#237;nea de cadeias leves, todas negativas. Ainda sem diagn&#243;stico conclusivo e diante da cl&#237;nica e dos achados de imagem sugestivos, foi levantada suspeita de um tipo mais raro de amiloidose, a ATTR. Nesse tipo de amiloidose, os exames de laborat&#243;rio n&#227;o ajudam e as bi&#243;psias podem n&#227;o ser conclusivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Optou-se ent&#227;o pela solicita&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia com pirofosfato, de elevada acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica para esse tipo de amiloidose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os achados da cintilografia foram compat&#237;veis com ATTR ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com pirofosfato marcado com tecn&#233;cio<sup>99m</sup>. 2.1) Rela&#231;&#227;o de contagem entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e a regi&#227;o correspondente no hemit&#243;rax direito = 1,8 (31/17 =1,8). 2.2) Concentra&#231;&#227;o aumentada do radiotra&#231;ador em &#225;rea de proje&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos arcos costais, correspondendo ao escore 3. Escore &gt;2 e rela&#231;&#227;o de contagem entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e a regi&#227;o contralateral &gt; 1,5 indicam alta probabilidade de amiloidose transtirretina senil ou heredit&#225;ria.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0008-80077-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O paciente foi submetido a estudo gen&#233;tico para diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre ATTRw(wild) e ATTRm (mutante) atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise do DNA coletado em swab de saliva, que confirmou tratar-se de ATTRm, com muta&#231;&#227;o da valina por isoleucina ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-C</xref> ). Apresentava tamb&#233;m diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de s&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo (STC) bilateral de causa n&#227;o esclarecida; realizou-se uma eletroneuromiografia, que demonstrou polineuropatia axonal distal (caracter&#237;stica de neuropatia amiloide).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Iniciado tratamento com tafamidis f&#225;rmaco que estabiliza a transtirretina, diminuindo a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a neurol&#243;gica e que, mais recentemente, demonstrou benef&#237;cio importante em termos de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A amiloidose &#233; uma doen&#231;a infiltrativa, localizada ou sist&#234;mica, onde o grau de acometimento card&#237;aco pode definir o progn&#243;stico. Trata-se de uma causa reconhecida de cardiomiopatia restritiva, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e polineuropatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Existem mais de vinte tipos de prote&#237;na amiloide, com maior destaque para duas: de cadeia leve (AL) e a relacionada a transtirretina (ATTR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No tipo AL, que &#233; mais prevalente, mais comum em indiv&#237;duos idosos e do sexo masculino, as prote&#237;nas fibrilares s&#227;o formadas por cadeias leves ( <italic>kappa</italic> e lambda) produzidas por plasm&#243;citos dentro da medula &#243;ssea. A ATTRm, tipo mutante ou heredit&#225;ria, &#233; causada por uma muta&#231;&#227;o autoss&#244;mica dominante e acomete de modo semelhante ambos os sexos, e o in&#237;cio do aparecimento dos sintomas se d&#225; acima dos 60 anos; no entanto isso depender&#225; do tipo de muta&#231;&#227;o encontrado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Quanto &#224; ATTRw, conhecida como tipo selvagem (&#8220; <italic>wild</italic> &#8221;) ou senil, n&#227;o existe muta&#231;&#227;o associada e apresenta maior preval&#234;ncia em homens &gt; 70 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os dois &#243;rg&#227;os mais frequentemente acometidos pela amiloidose s&#227;o o cora&#231;&#227;o e o rim. Protein&#250;ria importante, chegando a s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, s&#227;o as principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es do acometimento renal do acometimento renal dessa enfermidade cl&#237;nica. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de cardiomiopatia amiloide passa por um quadro de cardiomiopatia restritiva, IC direita, com ascite, hepatomegalia e edema dos membros inferiores, IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e, menos frequentemente, um quadro similar ao de uma cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica septal assim&#233;trica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Comprometimento do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo com hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, do sistema nervoso perif&#233;rico com polineuropatia sensitivomotora, desordens do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e tamb&#233;m STC, principalmente se bilateral, s&#227;o algumas das poss&#237;veis manifesta&#231;&#245;es de infiltra&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica pelo material amiloide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; STC, trabalho recente de Sperry et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> demonstrou que parte dos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica tinha, na verdade, amiloidose como doen&#231;a de base e, desses, 20% apresentavam tamb&#233;m envolvimento card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A transtirretina &#233; uma prote&#237;na sintetizada principalmente no f&#237;gado, com as fun&#231;&#245;es de transporte de vitamina A e de tiroxina. Existem mais de cem muta&#231;&#245;es dos genes que codificam essa prote&#237;na levando em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas com dobramento err&#244;neo e deposi&#231;&#227;o extracelular dessas fibrilas amiloides nos nervos perif&#233;ricos, aut&#244;nomos e em &#243;rg&#227;os como cora&#231;&#227;o e rins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A AL e a ATTR apresentam diferen&#231;as no progn&#243;stico e requerem estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas completamente distintas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Desse modo, o diagn&#243;stico precoce e a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do seu tipo s&#227;o cruciais para o manejo adequado dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por ocasi&#227;o do racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico, na presen&#231;a de HVE ao ECO (principalmente diante de espessura septal &gt;12mm) e de um ECG com baixa voltagem (BV), a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de amiloidose card&#237;aca deve ser sempre aventada. No entanto, ressalte-se que esse achado cl&#225;ssico de dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre ECG e ECO &#233; muito pouco sens&#237;vel (presente em 50% dos casos de AL e apenas 25% nos casos de ATTR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O ECO, nessa entidade cl&#237;nica classicamente apresenta aumento da espessura ventricular, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e, em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, por&#233;m s&#227;o achados inespec&#237;ficos. Para que seja feito um diagn&#243;stico com alta probabilidade de certeza, &#233; necess&#225;ria uma proped&#234;utica mais avan&#231;ada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A RM do cora&#231;&#227;o e o ECO bidimensional com a t&#233;cnica de <italic>speckle tracking</italic> apresentam boa acur&#225;cia, desempenhando papel importante no diagn&#243;stico precoce dessa patologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A RM, segundo o estudo de Austin et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> apresenta, atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de realce tardio, sensibilidade (S) de 88%, especificidade (E) de 95%, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) de 93% e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) de 90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O acometimento &#233; subendoc&#225;rdico, podendo ser difuso, heterog&#234;no ou transmural &#8211; esse &#250;ltimo apresenta pior progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O <italic>strain</italic> card&#237;aco pode ser usado para diagn&#243;stico diferencial de causas de aumento da espessura ventricular, com acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do achado da preserva&#231;&#227;o do &#225;pice bastante satisfat&#243;ria (S = 96%, E = 88%, em pacientes sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Vale ressaltar que a presen&#231;a do <italic>apical sparing</italic> n&#227;o &#233; exclusiva de doen&#231;a amiloide podendo ser encontrada, por exemplo, em HAS, estenose a&#243;rtica, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, o achado de preserva&#231;&#227;o do &#225;pice, com RRSR ( <italic>relative regional strain rate</italic> , que representa a soma do <italic>strain</italic> apical ou basal + m&#233;dio) &gt; 1, associada a rela&#231;&#227;o entre FE e GLS &gt; 4,1 (como visto no caso em discuss&#227;o), &#233; altamente sugestivo de amiloidose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Tanto a RM quanto o ECO com <italic>strain</italic> podem sugerir adequadamente o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A defini&#231;&#227;o se trata-se de AL ou ATTR, informa&#231;&#227;o fundamental para o cuidado desses pacientes, pode ser feita acuradamente por meio de medicina nuclear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A realiza&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia com tecn&#233;cio marcado com pirofosfato pode, na maioria das vezes, diferenciar esses tipos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Capta&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador em grau 2 ou 3 do escore de Perugini (avalia&#231;&#227;o visual) tem sensibilidade e especificidade em torno de 88%,com &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC de 0,945 (95%; IC, 0,901 a 0,977).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> J&#225; a avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa, feita atrav&#233;s da rela&#231;&#227;o entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e a regi&#227;o contralateral do t&#243;rax, ganha em acur&#225;cia, uma vez que um valor &gt; 1,5 apresenta S e E em torno de 92%, com &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC de 0,960 (95%; IC, 0910 a 0,981).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A maior casu&#237;stica nesse cen&#225;rio foi publicada por Gilmore et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> com uma amostra de 1.217 pacientes sob suspeita de amiloidose, sendo que cerca de 360 pacientes tiveram confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica feita atrav&#233;s de cintilografia com pirofosfato, sem necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudo histopatol&#243;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nesse estudo multic&#234;ntrico, nos pacientes sem gamopatia monoclonal, a medicina nuclear apresentou especificidade e VPP pr&#243;ximos de 100%.</p>
      <p>Para os pacientes sob suspeita cl&#237;nica e com ECO ou RM sugestivo da possibilidade de amiloidose, existe uma sequ&#234;ncia diagn&#243;stica a ser seguida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Inicia-se o fluxograma com a solicita&#231;&#227;o de imunofixa&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas no sangue e na urina, al&#233;m da pesquisa de cadeias leves, em busca de amiloidose prim&#225;ria (AL). Para passar &#224; outra etapa do algoritmo de investiga&#231;&#227;o, &#233; fundamental que esses exames laboratoriais iniciais sejam negativos; esse procedimento se explica pela exist&#234;ncia de uma propor&#231;&#227;o de casos de AL com cintilografia positiva (podendo chegar a 27% de falsos positivos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Caso seja negativa a pesquisa de gamopatia monoclonal, a etapa seguinte &#233; solicita&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia com Tc<sup>99m</sup>-pirofosfato, com o objetivo, dessa vez, de identificar dep&#243;sitos de transtirretina no mioc&#225;rdio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Com a realiza&#231;&#227;o da multimodalidade, podemos identificar e diferenciar os tipos de amiloidose de forma precoce, com excelente acur&#225;cia e sem necessidade de bi&#243;psias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Fluxograma simplificado para o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0008-80077-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Para pacientes sob suspeita cl&#237;nica de amiloidose, na aus&#234;ncia de gamopatia monoclonal, deve-se prosseguir a investiga&#231;&#227;o com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia com pirofosfato, pois pode tratar-se de ATTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A amiloidose, notadamente a associada a transtirretina, &#233; uma doen&#231;a cujo diagn&#243;stico requer alto grau de suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. &#201; fundamental o diagn&#243;stico precoce, pois trata-se de uma causa de polineuropatia e/ou cardiomiopatia que, se n&#227;o for tratada, evolui de forma progressiva e letal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mongersten</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multicenter Study of Planar technetium 99m-Pyrophosphate Cardiac Imaging</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>880</fpage>
          <lpage>889</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transthyretin Amyloidosis (ATTR) - The Role of Multimodality in the Definitive Diagnosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9983-6438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tonnison de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darze</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ximenes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Centro de Estudos em Cardiologia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Tonnison Oliveira Silva &#8226; Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Centro de Estudos em Cardiologia - Av. Anita Garibaldi, 2199. Postal Code 40170-130, Ondina, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: tonnisonsilva@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Writing of the manuscript: Silva TO; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva TO, Darz&#233; ED, Ritt LEF, Almeida ALC, Ximenes A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Amyloidosis/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Prealbumin</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy,Restrictive</kwd>
        <kwd>Endomyocardial Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a rare cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy and/or peripheral polyneuropathy, of a progressive, irreversible and fatal nature, underdiagnosed and with its definitive diagnosis performed late.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Early diagnosis, characterization of the type of amyloidosis and subsequent establishment of specific therapy are fundamental for a better prognosis of this disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> We present a case of ATTR where clinical suspicion associated with multimodality diagnosis &#8212; nuclear medicine &#8212; was able to safely deliver diagnosis, without the need for biopsy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>Male patient, 75 years old, previously diagnosed with stage 1 systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), reporting dyspnea on moderate exertion for 2 months. He was regularly taking Losartan 50 mg a day, with proper blood pressure control. Physical examination with no relevant finding, electrocardiogram (ECG) showing sinus rhythm of 64 bpm and isolated ventricular extrasystoles. Echocardiography revealed mild biatrial dilation, mild left ventricular systolic dysfunction, ejection fraction = 49% (Simpson), grade II diastolic dysfunction and severe concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle disproportionate to his history of SAH, which led to the suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">figure 1-B</xref> ) showed ventricular hypertrophy with diffuse heterogeneous subendocardial late enhancement. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography showed reduced global longitudinal strain (GLS = -10%), ejection fraction/GLS ratio = 4.9, with diffuse impairment of the subendocardial strain, but with preserved apex ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">figure 1-A</xref> ), which reinforced the initial clinical suspicion.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> 1-A) Strain echocardiography showing classic apical sparing. 1-B) MRI with diffuse heterogeneous left ventricular late enhancement (arrows on the left) and diffuse increase in LV thickness (arrow on the right). 1-C) Result of genetic study showing valine to isoleucine mutation (VAL142IIe).</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0008-80077-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Immunofixation of proteins in blood and urine associated with blood search for light chains, all negative, was requested. Still without a conclusive diagnosis and in view of the clinical findings and suggestive imaging findings, a rarer type of amyloidosis, ATTR, was suspected. In this type of amyloidosis, laboratory tests do not help and biopsies may not be conclusive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pyrophosphate scintigraphy was then requested because of its high diagnostic accuracy for this type of amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The scintigraphy findings were compatible with ATTR ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Myocardial scintigraphy with technetium-99m labelled pyrophosphate. 2.1) Counting ratio between the heart and the corresponding site in the right hemithorax = 1.8 (31/17 = 1.8). 2.2) Increased concentration of the radiotracer in the projection area of the heart against the costal margin, corresponding to score 3. Score &gt;2 and counting ratio between the heart and the contralateral region &gt;1.5 have a high probability of senile or hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0008-80077-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The patient underwent genetic study to differentiate ATTRw (wild) x ATTRm (mutant), through DNA testing using saliva swab, confirming it is ATTRm, with valine to isoleucine mutation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">figure 1-C</xref> ). He had also been diagnosed with bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome with no clear cause. Electroneuromyography was performed and showed distal axonal polyneuropathy (characteristic of amyloid neuropathy).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Treatment started with Tafamidis, a drug that stabilizes transthyretin, decreasing progression of neurological disease and, more recently, showing an important benefit in hospitalizations and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Amyloidosis is a localized or systemic infiltrative disease, where the degree of cardiac involvement can define its prognosis. It is a recognized cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy, heart failure and polyneuropathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> There are more than twenty types of amyloid protein, most notably two: Light chain (AL) and transthyretin-related (ATTR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In the AL type, which is more prevalent, more common in the elderly and in males, fibrillar proteins are formed by light chains (Kappa and Lambda) produced by plasma cells in the bone marrow. Mutant or hereditary ATTRm is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation, similarly affecting both sexes, with the onset of symptoms above 60 years of age. However, this will depend on the type of mutation found.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As for ATTRw, known as a &#8220;wild&#8221; or senile type, there is no associated mutation and it is more prevalent in men &gt;70 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The two organs most frequently affected by amyloidosis are the heart and the kidney. Severe proteinuria leading to nephrotic syndrome and renal dysfunction are the main manifestations of renal involvement of this clinical disorder. The clinical presentation of amyloid cardiomyopathy involves restrictive cardiomyopathy, right heart failure (HF), with ascites, hepatomegaly and lower limb edema, HF with preserved ejection fraction and, less frequently, a condition that is similar to that of an asymmetric hypertrophic septal cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Impairment of the autonomic system with orthostatic hypotension, peripheral nervous system with sensory-motor polyneuropathy, conduction system disorders and also carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), especially if bilateral, are some of the possible manifestations of systemic infiltration by amyloid material.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Regarding CTS, a recent study by Sperry BW et al. showed that some of the patients with surgical indication actually had amyloidosis as the underlying disease and, of these, 20% also had cardiac involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Transthyretin is a protein synthesized mainly in the liver and carries vitamin A and thyroxine. There are more than one hundred mutations of the genes that encode this protein, ultimately leading to the formation of proteins with incorrect folding and extra-cellular deposition of these amyloid fibrils in the peripheral and autonomic nerves and in organs, such as the heart and kidneys.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> AL and ATTR present differences in prognosis and have completely different therapeutic strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Thus, early diagnosis and characterization of their type are crucial for the proper management of these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On clinical reasoning, the presence of LVH on the echocardiogram (especially if septal thickness &gt;12 mm) and low voltage (LV) ECG, the diagnostic hypothesis of cardiac amyloidosis should always be considered. However, this classical finding of ECG X ECHO dissociation is very little sensitive (present in 50% of AL cases and only 25% in ATTR cases).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The echocardiogram in this clinical entity classically presents increased ventricular thickness, diastolic dysfunction and, in more advanced stages, systolic dysfunction, but these are non-specific findings. In order to deliver a diagnosis with a high probability of certainty, a more advanced workup is necessary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiogram have good accuracy, playing an important role in the early diagnosis of this pathology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> According to a study by Austin et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> MRI with late enhancement presents 88% sensitivity (S) 95% specificity (E) 93% positive predictive value (PPV) and 90% negative predictive value (NPV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Impairment is subendocardial, and may be diffuse, heterogeneous or transmural, with the latter presenting the worst prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cardiac strain can be used for the differential diagnosis of causes of increased ventricular thickness, with diagnostic accuracy provided by the finding of quite satisfactory apex preservation (S = 96 %, E = 88%, in patients without coronary artery disease).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It is noteworthy that the presence of apical sparing is not exclusive to amyloid disease, and can be found in SAH, aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, for example.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, the finding of apex preservation, with RRSR (relative regional strain rate, which represents the sum of apical/basal + medium strain) &gt;1, associated with EF/GLS ratio &gt;4.1 (as seen in this case), are highly suggestive of amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Both MRI and strain echocardiogram can adequately suggest the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The definition of whether it is AL or ATTR, which is essential for managing these patients, can be done accurately using nuclear medicine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Scintigraphy with pyrophosphate-labeled technetium can differentiate, in most cases, these types.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Uptake of Perugini grade 2 or 3 radiotracer (visual evaluation) have sensitivity and specificity around 88%, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.945 (95% CI, 0.901&#8211;0.977).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Quantitative evaluation, done through the heart/contralateral chest area ratio, is best in terms of accuracy, since a value &gt;1.5 presents S and E around 92%, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.960 (95% CI, 0910&#8211;0.981).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The largest sample in this scenario was published by Gilmore et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> with a sample of 1,217 patients with suspected amyloidosis, where about 360 patients had diagnostic confirmation made through pyrophosphate scintigraphy not requiring histopathological study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this multicenter study, in those patients without monoclonal gammopathy, nuclear medicine showed specificity and PPV close to 100%.</p>
        <p>For patients with clinical suspicion, echocardiogram or MRI suggesting the possibility of amyloidosis, there is a diagnostic sequence to be followed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The flowchart begins with the request for immunofixation of proteins in the blood and urine in addition to assessment of light chains in the search for primary amyloidosis (AL). To move to the other stage of the investigation algorithm, it is essential that these initial laboratory tests be negative. This is due to the existence of a portion of cases of AL with positive scintigraphy (possibly reaching 27% false positives).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> If no monoclonal gammopathy is found, then the next step is to request 99mTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy, for the purposes of, this time, identifying transthyretin deposits in the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). With multimodality, we can identify and differentiate the types of amyloidosis early, with excellent accuracy and without the need for biopsies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Simplified flowchart for the diagnosis of amyloidosis.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0008-80077-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Patients with clinical suspicion of amyloidosis, in the absence of monoclonal gammopathy, should continue the investigation with pyrophosphate scintigraphy, as it may be ATTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Amyloidosis, notably that associated with transthyretin, is a disease that requires a high degree of clinical suspicion for diagnosis. Its early diagnosis is essential, as it is a cause of polyneuropathy and/or cardiomyopathy that, if left untreated, evolves progressively to death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
