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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5hqTZbkMzZrtpRpG8hS8sXk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180207</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem: Origem An&#244;mala da ACE Saindo do Tronco da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bu</surname>
            <given-names>Haisong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8708-6761</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Tianli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Second Xiangya Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hunan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Second Xiangya Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Central South University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Changsha</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Second Xiangya Hospital - Central South University - Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changsha &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Tianli Zhao &#8226; Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University - Department of Cardiovascular Surgery - Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Middle Renmin Road 139, Changsha 410011 &#8211; China E-mail: <email>zhaotianli@csu.edu.cn</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bu H, Zhao T; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Zhao T.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>4</fpage>
      <lpage>7</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Pulmonar/anormalidades</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda saindo do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar (ALCAPA) &#233; uma anomalia cong&#234;nita rara, com mortalidade de 90% at&#233; o 1<sup>o</sup> ano de idade sem interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Atualmente, o procedimento de escolha para corre&#231;&#227;o da ALCAPA depende do estabelecimento de um sistema arterial coronariano duplo por reimplante direto da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda an&#244;mala (ACE) na aorta ascendente. Entretanto, varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas da origem da ACE an&#244;mala costumam dificultar esse objetivo, principalmente em pacientes submetidos &#224; reopera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica evolui como consequ&#234;ncia da coronariopatia na aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es de folheto prim&#225;rio ou patologia cordal:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica causa remodelamento da geometria ventricular esquerda, deslocamento dos m&#250;sculos papilares, deslocamento dos m&#250;sculos papilares, <italic>tethering</italic> dos folhetos e dilata&#231;&#227;o anular, levando &#224; insufici&#234;ncia mitral funcional. O desfecho desses pacientes representa um problema desafiador tanto para cardiologistas quanto para cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares. De fato, o papel da cirurgia da v&#225;lvula mitral (CVM) associado &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ainda &#233; controverso.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Relato de caso 1</title>
      <p>Menino de 11 anos de idade de uma aldeia remota no sul da China, valvoplastia mitral pr&#233;via sem melhora sintom&#225;tica significativa. Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) mostrou &#225;trio esquerdo aumentado de 61 mm, RM moderada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 60%. O di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) encontrava-se aumentado, com 7 mm, na extremidade proximal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ), e a ACE n&#227;o sa&#237;a do seio coronariano esquerdo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref> ), inserida na art&#233;ria pulmonar atrav&#233;s de uma f&#237;stula de 5 mm ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1D</xref> ). A angiotomografia tridimensional computadorizada (ATC) da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria mostrava ALCAPA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B e D</xref> ) com ACD gigante e torcida ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2A e C</xref> ). Angiografia da aorta ascendente mostrava ACD dilatada e torcida ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3A e B</xref> ) e ALCAPA. A dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano era ACD-ramo comunicante-ACE ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3C e D</xref> ) e, portanto, havia roubo de fluxo coron&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral moderada (A) e o di&#226;metro da ACD mostrou-se aumentado na extremidade proximal (B, setas), e a ACE n&#227;o vinha do seio da coroa esquerda (C, setas), estando inserida na art&#233;ria pulmonar (D, setas). VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AD: &#225;trio direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VA: valva a&#243;rtica; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; VP: valva pulmonar.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0004-80207-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> A imagem da angiotomografia computadorizada mostrou ACD gigante e torcida (A e C, setas) e ALCAPA (B e D, setas). VA: valva a&#243;rtica; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0004-80207-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> A angiografia da aorta ascendente mostrou ACD dilatada e torcida e ALCAPA (setas A e B), al&#233;m do fen&#244;meno de roubo de fluxo sangu&#237;neo (C e D, setas). ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0004-80207-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Relato de caso 2</title>
      <p>Menino de 9 anos de idade, chin&#234;s, troca valvar mitral pr&#233;via, feita sete anos antes, apresentou febre recorrente e dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e foi encaminhado ao nosso departamento. ETT mostrava &#225;trio esquerdo aumentado de 58 mm, vazamento parabasilar mitral moderado e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 62%. O di&#226;metro da ACE encontrava-se aumentado, com 5 mm, na extremidade proximal, e a ACE n&#227;o sa&#237;a do seio da coroa esquerda. ATC tridimensional da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria mostrava ALCAPA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4B e C</xref> ) com ACD gigante ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4A, B e C</xref> ). Angiografia da aorta ascendente mostrou ACD dilatada e torcida ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4D</xref> ). Havia fen&#244;meno de roubo de fluxo coron&#225;rio. A dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coron&#225;rio era da ACD-ramo comunicante-ACE-art&#233;ria pulmonar ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4E e F</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> A imagem da angiotomografia computadorizada mostrou ACD gigante (A, B e C, setas) e ALCAPA (C, setas); A angiografia da aorta ascendente mostrou apenas ACD dilatada e torcida (D, setas) e um fen&#244;meno de roubo sangu&#237;neo (E e F, setas). Ao: aorta; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; APE: art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda; APD: art&#233;ria pulmonar direita.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0004-80207-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results|conclusions">
      <title>Resultados e conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>ALCAPA &#233; uma anomalia cong&#234;nita rara, com mortalidade de 90% no 1<sup>o</sup> ano de idade sem interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Noventa por cento dos pacientes apresentam, no primeiro ano de vida, sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os sobreviventes adultos, no entanto, s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos ou apresentam dispneia, angina, RM, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou arritmia ventricular, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e morte s&#250;bita. Esse fato &#233; contrastante com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (palpita&#231;&#245;es, angina e fadiga) em crian&#231;as e m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o ponderal, irritabilidade, transpira&#231;&#227;o excessiva e apatia em beb&#234;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Durante a inf&#226;ncia, h&#225; diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o pulmonar e decl&#237;nio nos n&#237;veis de oxig&#234;nio, levando &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria e isquemia, principalmente durante a alimenta&#231;&#227;o ou choro, quando a demanda mioc&#225;rdica de oxig&#234;nio aumenta. A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica leva ao comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apenas do mioc&#225;rdio, mas tamb&#233;m do aparelho valvar mitral com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e, posteriormente, regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral. Se essa fase for tolerada, ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es compensat&#243;rias ao longo do tempo e o mioc&#225;rdio &#233; remodelado durante a inf&#226;ncia. Devido ao desenvolvimento de colaterais intercoronarianas partindo da ACD, cada vez maior, o fornecimento de suprimento colateral &#224; ACE leva a uma revers&#227;o do fluxo da coron&#225;ria esquerda an&#244;mala para a art&#233;ria pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Finalmente, existem vasos colaterais excessivos que levam ao desvio de sangue da ACD via colaterais para a ACE e na art&#233;ria pulmonar durante a fase adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Isso &#233; visto como um exemplo do fen&#244;meno de roubo de fluxo sangu&#237;neo.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma &#233; a base da ferramenta de diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasiva durante a triagem precoce, que descreve a origem anormal da ACE com jato anormal, dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ACD dilatada, enchimento retr&#243;grado, hipocinesia leve da parede anterior, presen&#231;a de hiperecogenicidade do endoc&#225;rdio e/ou m&#250;sculos papilares, di&#226;metro da ACD como propor&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do anel da aorta, etc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tradicionalmente, o diagn&#243;stico de ALCAPA &#233; feito por angiografia coron&#225;ria. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a angiotomografia computadorizada de coron&#225;rias (ATCC) surgiu como o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para a identifica&#231;&#227;o e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de anomalias das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. A ATCC permite um diagn&#243;stico preciso n&#227;o invasivo, descrevendo a origem e o curso das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Al&#233;m disso, oferece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o tridimensional das rela&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas entre as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e as estruturas adjacentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> possibilitando vistas em corte das estruturas card&#237;acas sob v&#225;rios &#226;ngulos. Portanto, poderia ser considerada a modalidade de imagem de escolha para delinear de forma n&#227;o invasiva a anatomia dos vasos coron&#225;rios. Al&#233;m disso, desempenha um papel importante no planejamento da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, podendo ser uma valiosa ferramenta de acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio para os pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O crescente uso da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) n&#227;o apenas aumentou o rendimento diagn&#243;stico, como tamb&#233;m possibilitou uma melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o das consequ&#234;ncias da hipoperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e de defeitos cong&#234;nitos associados. A presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, cicatriza&#231;&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica e altera&#231;&#245;es regionais da motilidade segmentar s&#227;o indicadores de isquemia cr&#244;nica. E a presen&#231;a de realce subendoc&#225;rdico tardio pode ser observada nas imagens de RMC, sugerindo isquemia subendoc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica, sendo considerado um sinal muito importante, principalmente em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica deve ser fortemente considerada se esse achado estiver presente. A RMC tem sido cada vez mais utilizada em v&#225;rios outros estudos para orientar as decis&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas em pacientes com ALCAPA.</p>
      <p>O reimplante na aorta &#233; o &#250;nico reparo anat&#244;mico verdadeiro, mas os benef&#237;cios da CVM no momento da opera&#231;&#227;o da ALCAPA devem ser pesados contra os efeitos do <italic>bypass</italic> prolongado em caso de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo j&#225; isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a valvoplastia mitral/troca valvar e transplante de ACE, n&#227;o foram observados sintomas de fen&#244;meno de roubo de fluxo sangu&#237;neo, e a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas. O ecocardiograma p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, 7 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, mostrou que a ACE se origina da aorta, com boa visualiza&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;stios coron&#225;rios, diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sem RM e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular aumentada para 72%.</p>
      <p>Portanto, a dispneia e a RM induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio provavelmente ocorreram devido ao fen&#244;meno de roubo de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria devido &#224; origem an&#244;mala de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Este relato destaca a ess&#234;ncia do aumento dos &#237;ndices de diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio na aldeia remota da China. Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada ou importante sem outras causas aparentes, com dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e poss&#237;vel presen&#231;a de hiperecogenicidade do endoc&#225;rdio e/ou m&#250;sculos papilares, sem boa visualiza&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;stios coron&#225;rios (ou com suspeita de origem an&#244;mala ou dilata&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria) foram submetidos &#224; angiotomografia tridimensional computadorizada ou angiotomografia card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Xiangya Second Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo XYEYXW-2018-986. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Image Diagnosis: An Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bu</surname>
            <given-names>Haisong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8708-6761</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Tianli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Second Xiangya Hospital - Central South University - Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changsha &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Tianli Zhao &#8226; Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University - Department of Cardiovascular Surgery - Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Middle Renmin Road 139, Changsha 410011 &#8211; China E-mail: zhaotianli@csu.edu.cn</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bu H, Zhao T; Obtaining financing: Zhao T.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects,Congenital/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufficiency Mitral Valve/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Artery/abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital anomaly with a mortality of 90% by 1 year of age without surgical intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nowadays the procedure of choice for correction of ALCAPA depends on the establishment of a dual coronary artery system by direct reimplantation of the anomalous left coronary artery (LCA) into the ascending aorta. However, anatomic variations of the origin of the anomalous LCA often make this aim difficult to achieve, especially in patients undergoing reoperation.</p>
        <p>Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) develops as a consequence of coronary artery disease in the absence of primary leaflet abnormalities or chordal pathology:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ischemic cardiopathy causes remodeling of left ventricular geometry, displacement of papillary muscles, leaflet tethering and annular dilatation, leading to functional mitral insufficiency. The outcome of these patients represents a challenging problem for both cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. In fact, the role of mitral valve surgery (MVS) associated with coronary artery revascularization is still debated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case report 1</title>
        <p>11-year-old boy from a remote village in southern China, s/p mitral valvuloplasty without significant symptomatic improvement. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed an enlarged left atrium of 61 mm, moderate MR ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> ), and an ejection fraction of 60%. The right coronary artery (RCA) diameter was increased to 7 mm at the proximal end ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> ), and the LCA was not from a left coronary sinus ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref> ) and inserted into the pulmonary artery through a 5-mm fistula ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1D</xref> ). Three-dimensional coronary artery computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed an ALCAPA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B and D</xref> ) with a giant and twisted RCA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A and C</xref> ). Ascending aorta angiography showed dilated and twisted RCA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A and B</xref> ) and ALCAPA. The direction of coronary blood flow was RCA-communicating branch-LCA-pulmonary artery ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3C and D</xref> ) and hence there was a coronary steal.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Transthoracic echocardiography showed moderate mitral regurgitation (A) and the RCA diameter was increased at the proximal end (B, arrows), and the LCA was not from left crown sinus (C, arrows) and inserted into the pulmonary artery (D, arrows). RV: right ventricle; RA: right atrium; LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; AV: aortic valve; RCA: right coronary artery; LCA: left coronary artery; PV: pulmonary valve.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0004-80207-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Computed tomography angiography scan image showed a giant and twisted RCA (A and C, arrows) and ALCAPA (B and D, arrows). AV: aortic valve; RCA: right coronary artery; LCA: left coronary artery; PA: pulmonary artery.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0004-80207-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Ascending aorta angiography showed dilated and twisted RCA and ALCAPA (A and B, arrows) as well as a phenomenon of stealing blood (C and D, arrows). RCA: right coronary artery; LCA: left coronary artery.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0004-80207-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case report 2</title>
        <p>A 9-year-old Chinese boy status post mitral valve replacement for about seven years presented with repeated fever and exertional dyspnea and referred to our department. TTE showed an enlarged left atrium of 58mm, moderate mitral parabasilar leak, and an ejection fraction of 62%. The RCA diameter was increased to 5 mm at the proximal end, and the LCA was not from left crown sinus. Three-dimensional coronary artery CTA showed an ALCARPA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4B and C</xref> ) with a giant RCA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4A, B and C</xref> ). Ascending aorta angiography showed dilated and twisted RCA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4D</xref> ). There was a phenomenon of stealing blood. The direction of coronary blood flow was from RCA-communicating branch-LCA-pulmonary artery ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4E and F</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Computed tomography angiography scan image showed a giant RCA (A, B and C, arrows) and ALCARPA (C, arrows); Ascending aorta angiography only showed dilated and twisted RCA (D, arrows) and a phenomenon of stealing blood (E and F, arrows). Ao: aorta; RCA: right coronary artery; LCA: left coronary artery; LPA: left pulmonary artery; RPA: right pulmonary artery.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-4suppl1-0004-80207-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results|conclusions">
        <title>Result and conclusion</title>
        <p>ALCAPA is a rare congenital anomaly with a mortality of 90% by 1 year of age without surgical intervention. Ninety percent of patients present in the first year of life with signs and symptoms of heart failure or sudden cardiac death secondary to chronic myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Adult survivors, however, are either asymptomatic or present with dyspnea, angina, MR, myocardial ischemia, or ventricular arrhythmia, pulmonary hypertension, and sudden death. This contrasts with the clinical presentation of myocardial ischemia and infarction (palpitations, angina and fatigue) in children, and failure to thrive, irritability, excessive sweating, and listlessness in babies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>During the infancy phase, there is a decrease in pulmonary pressures and decline in oxygen levels leading to decreased coronary perfusion and ischemia, especially during feeding or crying when myocardial oxygen demand is increased. Chronic mycardial ischemia leads to impaired function not only of the myocardium, but often also of the mitral valve apparatus with cardiac failure and mitral valve regurgitation following. If this phase is tolerated, then compensatory changes occur over time and the myocardium remodels during in children. Due to the development of intercoronary collaterals from the increasingly large RCA providing collateral supply to the LCA leads to a reversal of flow from the anomalous left coronary into the pulmonary artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Finally, there are excessive collateral vessels that lead to the shunting of blood from the RCA via collaterals to the LCA and into pulmonary artery during in adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This is seen as an example of a phenomenon of stealing blood.</p>
        <p>Echocardiography is the mainstay of non-invasive diagnostic tool during early screening that depicts the abnormal origin of the LCA with an abnormal jet, left ventricular dilatation, dilated RCA, retrograde filling, the mild hypokinesis of the anterior wall, presence of hyperechogenicity of the endocardium and/or papillary muscles, the RCA diameter as a ratio of the aorta ring diameter, etc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The diagnosis of ALCAPA has traditionally been made by coronary angiography. In recent years, coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) has emerged as the standard of reference for identification and characterization of coronary artery anomalies. CCTA allows a non-invasive accurate diagnosis, depicting the origin and course of the coronary arteries. Additionally, it offers a three-dimensional assessment of the anatomic relations between coronary arteries and adjacent structures,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and it provides sectional views of cardiac structures from various angles. Hence, it could be considered as the imaging modality of choice to noninvasively delineate coronary vessel anatomy. Moreover, it plays an important role in surgical intervention planning, and it may be a valuable postoperative follow-up tool for patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The increasing use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has not only increased the diagnostic yield but also enabled a better assessment of the consequences of myocardial hypoperfusion and associated congenital defects. The presence of left ventricular dilatation, subendocardial scarring, and regional wall motion abnormalities are indicators of chronic ischemia. And the presence of delayed subendocardial enhancement may be seen on cardiac MRI images, which suggests chronic subendocardial ischemia and is considered as a very important sign, particularly in asymptomatic patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Surgical correction should be strongly considered if this finding is present. Cardiac MRI has been increasingly utilized in multiple other studies to guide both diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in patients with ALCAPA.</p>
        <p>Reimplantation into the aorta is the only true anatomical repair, but the benefits of MVS at the time of ALCAPA operation should be weighed against the effects of prolonged bypass in the setting of an already ischemic left ventricle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> After mitral valvuloplasty/valve replacement and LCA transplantation, they had no symptoms of blood flow steal phenomenon, and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy did not show any ischemic changes. Postoperative echocardiography 7 days after the procedure showed that LCA originates from the aorta with good visualization of the coronary ostia, left atrium and left ventricle became smaller, no MR and ventricular ejection fraction increased to 72%.</p>
        <p>Hence, their exercise-induced dyspnea and MR were likely due to coronary artery steal phenomenon from their abnormal origin of a coronary artery. This report highlights the essence of increasing the preoperative diagnosis rate in China remote village. For patients with moderate or significant mitral insufficiency without other apparent causes, with left ventricular dilatation and the possible presence of hyperechogenicity of the endocardium and/or papillary muscles, without good visualization of the coronary ostia (or with suspicion of the anomalous origin or dilation of the coronary artery) were submitted to CTA or cardiac angiotomography.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Xiangya Second Hospital under the protocol number XYEYXW-2018-986. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
