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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8PCdzFrf7C4RqKf4tv7Gj7H</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000701072</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200329</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200329</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 e Eventos Coron&#225;rios Agudos &#8211; Danos Colaterais. Um Relato de Caso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9021-7657</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1137-7527</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Solano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar,Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica,Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt &#8226; Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Centro de Estudos Cl&#237;nicos &#8211; Av. Anita Garibaldi, 2199. CEP 40170-130, Ondina, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>luizritt@hotmail.com</email> , <email>lefr@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ritt LEF, Viana MS, Darz&#233; ES; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ritt LEF, Viana MS, Feitosa GF, Oliveira AM, Souza FS, Darz&#233; ES; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ritt LEF, Viana MS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ritt LEF, Viana MS, Feitosa GF, Souza FS, Darz&#233; ES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1072</fpage>
      <lpage>1075</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel de ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>P&#226;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#234;do</kwd>
        <kwd>Cineangiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>
        <italic>&#8220;O medo que tens, Sancho, faz com que nem vejas nem ou&#231;as direito &#8212; disse dom Quixote &#8212;, porque um dos efeitos do medo &#233; perturbar os sentidos e fazer com que as coisas n&#227;o pare&#231;am o que s&#227;o.&#8221;</italic>
      </p>
      <p>Miguel de Cervantes em Dom Quixote</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 49 anos, hipertenso h&#225; 8 anos, dislipid&#234;mico, com hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (pai cursou com infarto aos 60 anos), vinha em uso de olmesartana 40 mg e rosuvastatina 10 mg ao dia at&#233; 10 dias antes da admiss&#227;o hospitalar, quando suspendeu a olmesartana pelo receio de que esta droga facilitasse a infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2.</p>
    <p>Na manh&#227; de 02/04/2020 cursou com desconforto tor&#225;cico retroesternal intenso e sensa&#231;&#227;o de dispneia, desencadeados ao esfor&#231;o menor e que cessaram com o repouso e recorreram em menor intensidade ao longo do dia. Preocupado com a possibilidade de infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2, isolou-se, monitorou curva t&#233;rmica e usou paracetamol por conta pr&#243;pria. N&#227;o registrou febre. No dia seguinte, houve recorr&#234;ncia da dor tor&#225;cica, agora com irradia&#231;&#227;o para ombros, associada &#224; sudorese e dispneia. Devido &#224; sudorese, ficou ainda mais preocupado com a possibilidade de SARS-CoV-2 e telefonou para um infectologista que o orientou, caso os sintomas persistissem ou recorressem, a procurar um atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia. Ao longo do dia permaneceu isolado e realizando curva t&#233;rmica. Referiu que &#8220;apenas a possibilidade de Coronav&#237;rus passava pela cabe&#231;a&#8221;.</p>
    <p>Na manh&#227; de 04/04 cursou com piora da dor, sudorese mais intensa e resolveu procurar emerg&#234;ncia. Foi triado como possibilidade de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), mas n&#227;o aceitou fazer os exames por n&#227;o querer ficar no setor onde haviam outros pacientes, saindo &#224; revelia. No caminho de volta &#224; resid&#234;ncia, os sintomas intensificaram, sudorese mais profusa e dispneia, mudando o curso do domic&#237;lio para nosso hospital, onde apresentou-se com taquicardia sinusal (FC 108 bpm), PA sist&#243;lica de 176 mmHg, satura&#231;&#227;o de O2 98% e temperatura de 36,4oC. Eletrocardiograma revelou supradesn&#237;vel de segmento ST em V5, V6, D1, AVL ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ), configurando infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel de ST (IAMcSST). O paciente foi submetido &#224; cineangiocoronariografia e angioplastia prim&#225;ria de art&#233;ria descendente anterior em ter&#231;o m&#233;dio com um tempo porta-bal&#227;o de 57 minutos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Ecocardiograma mostrou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de grau leve, devido &#224; acinesia de toda a regi&#227;o apical e do segmento m&#233;dio da parede anterior, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 45% atrav&#233;s do M&#233;todo de Simpson. Pico de troponina I de alta sensibilidade foi de 21.424 ng/L. O paciente evoluiu sem complica&#231;&#245;es e obteve alta ap&#243;s 3 dias de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> mostra a sequ&#234;ncia temporal dos fatos at&#233; o diagn&#243;stico do IAMcSST.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>Eletrocardiograma da admiss&#227;o</italic></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1072-00329-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>Cineangiocoronariografia representando: a) art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior oclu&#237;da e b) ap&#243;s angioplastia prim&#225;ria.</italic></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1072-00329-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>Linha do tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o diagn&#243;stico do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. BRA, bloqueador renina angiotensina; PA, pronto atendimento; SD, suspeita diagn&#243;stica; SCA, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; HCP, Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar; ECG, eletrocardiograma; IAMcSST, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel de segmento ST; ADA, art&#233;ria descendente anterior.</italic></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1072-00329-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com a pandemia de SARS-CoV-2, per&#237;odos de quarentena t&#234;m sido declarados em diversas cidades do Brasil e do mundo, e indiv&#237;duos t&#234;m sido orientados a manter o distanciamento social para conter a r&#225;pida dissemina&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;rus. O medo extremado de adquirir a infec&#231;&#227;o pode fazer com que sintomas t&#237;picos de uma SCA sejam negligenciados ou atribu&#237;dos erroneamente a outras causas menos prov&#225;veis, retardando seu tratamento e impondo riscos evit&#225;veis &#224; vida dos pacientes. Relatamos um caso t&#237;pico de SCA em um paciente com fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, que, dirigido pelo p&#226;nico da COVID-19, foi incapaz de reconhecer a natureza dos sintomas, adiando sua ida &#224; emerg&#234;ncia at&#233; o momento em que a dor tor&#225;cica se tornou intoler&#225;vel. Adicionalmente, tamb&#233;m por receio da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2, o paciente suspendeu o uso do bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina (BRA). Apesar de um tempo porta-bal&#227;o de 57 min, em decorr&#234;ncia do prolongado tempo de isquemia, o paciente evoluiu com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, ainda que assintom&#225;tica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Atraso no reconhecimento e atendimento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
        <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; a emerg&#234;ncia m&#233;dica que mais mata no mundo, possui uma incid&#234;ncia de 43 &#8211; 144 por 100.000 pessoas/ano e uma mortalidade hospitalar de 4 - 12%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A angioplastia prim&#225;ria, especialmente quando institu&#237;do nas primeiras 12 horas de in&#237;cio dos sintomas, &#233; considerado o padr&#227;o-ouro de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O tempo porta-bal&#227;o &#233; indicador de qualidade de tratamento no contexto do IAM. N&#227;o menos importante &#233; um curto tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e chegada ao hospital. Diferente dos tempos de atendimento ap&#243;s a chegada no hospital que podem ser otimizados por fluxos e protocolos internos, o tempo at&#233; a chegada ao hospital &#233; quase exclusivamente dependente da percep&#231;&#227;o do paciente e valoriza&#231;&#227;o de suas queixas.</p>
        <p>A pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 trouxe outras perspectivas de abordagem desta patologia, considerando o potencial risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o em ambiente de hemodin&#226;mica, cujos procedimentos podem necessitar de uma maior invasividade, com uma inadequa&#231;&#227;o do ambiente para o controle do espalhamento viral e seguran&#231;a dos profissionais de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Publica&#231;&#227;o recente do epicentro desta pandemia pondera, inclusive, a possibilidade de terapia trombol&#237;tica para os casos confirmados com sintomas respirat&#243;rios da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> .</p>
        <p>O caso em quest&#227;o ilustra um outro cen&#225;rio da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 t&#227;o preocupante quanto a pr&#243;pria pandemia per se. Estudos previamente publicados em outras epidemias virais sugerem um aumento da ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, com maior propens&#227;o &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e instabilidade de placa <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e este tamb&#233;m aparenta ser o racional para a infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Entretanto, relatos em diferentes centros mundiais apontam para uma redu&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia de admiss&#245;es por infarto, com estudo observacional apontando para uma queda de 40% no atendimento do infarto com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, com um discreto aumento na taxa de tromb&#243;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esta queda paradoxal pode estar associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o da procura destes pacientes a unidades de pronto-atendimento, frente ao temor gerado pela pandemia, eventuais d&#250;vidas quanto aos sintomas associados a SCA e infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 e problemas log&#237;sticos de atendimento gerados pelo colapso do sistema de sa&#250;de. No nosso servi&#231;o, por exemplo, 21 pacientes foram atendidos na emerg&#234;ncia no protocolo gerenciado de dor tor&#225;cica entre 20/03/2020 e 08/04/2020, compat&#237;vel com uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de 74% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao mesmo per&#237;odo de 2019 e de 72% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao mesmo per&#237;odo de 2018.</p>
        <p>Uma s&#233;rie de casos oriunda de um &#250;nico centro de atendimento de infarto agudo em Hong Kong demonstrou significativo atraso no atendimento destes pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o com uma s&#233;rie hist&#243;rica do ano anterior, com o aumento da mediana de tempo de todos os indicadores de qualidade assistencial analisados e em especial no tempo de in&#237;cio dos sintomas ao primeiro contato m&#233;dico (318 minutos, IIQ 75 &#8211; 458 vs. 82,5 minutos, IIQ 32,5 &#8211; 195).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Suspens&#227;o do uso de ieca/bloqueador da angiotensina e risco de eventos</title>
        <p>O paciente em quest&#227;o havia suspenso por conta pr&#243;pria o uso do BRA. Apesar de n&#227;o podermos definir um nexo causal entre a suspens&#227;o e a ocorr&#234;ncia do IAM, sabe-se que a descontinua&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas pode contribuir para a maior ocorr&#234;ncia SCA .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A enzima conversora de angiotensina do tipo 2 (ECA-2) parece estar imbricada no mecanismo de internaliza&#231;&#227;o do SARS-CoV-2 a n&#237;vel tecidual. Esta informa&#231;&#227;o gerou especula&#231;&#245;es de que usu&#225;rios de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) ou de BRA pudessem ter maior chance de infectar-se devido a upregulation da ECA-2. N&#227;o existem dados cl&#237;nicos publicados que comprovem esta rela&#231;&#227;o fora a observa&#231;&#227;o mecanicista, a n&#227;o ser o racional te&#243;rico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Modelos experimentais em animais mostram efeitos inconsistentes de IECA e BRA sobre n&#237;veis de ECA-2 ou sua atividade tissular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ademais, estudos transversais nos campos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, estenose a&#243;rtica e doen&#231;a coronariana<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> resultaram em atividade plasm&#225;tica de ECA-2 semelhante, independente do uso ou n&#227;o de IECA e BRA. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de ECA-2 pode n&#227;o ser marcador confi&#225;vel da forma ligada &#224; membrana e faltam evid&#234;ncias de que modifica&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de ECA-2 ou atividade nos tecidos favore&#231;am a penetra&#231;&#227;o do SARS-CoV-2.</p>
        <p>Neste cen&#225;rio, as principais sociedades de cardiologia no mundo realizaram informativos e foram un&#226;nimes em orientar manuten&#231;&#227;o do uso dessas medica&#231;&#245;es, pois o risco de eleva&#231;&#227;o rebote da press&#227;o arterial ou de descompensa&#231;&#227;o de quadros de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca poderiam acarretar potencial danoso maior.13 Vale ressaltar que alguns estudos preliminares at&#233; sugerem que estas medica&#231;&#245;es possam ter efeito protetor reduzindo a inflama&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>No momento em que todos est&#227;o preocupados com os riscos potenciais da pandemia de COVID-19 precisamos estar atentos e alertar a popula&#231;&#227;o para que n&#227;o deixe de valorizar sintomas sugestivos de eventos cardiovasculares e dos riscos relacionados &#224; procura tardia de um atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia. Os danos diretos do COVID-19 est&#227;o no topo da lista de discuss&#245;es na m&#237;dia e nas revistas cient&#237;ficas, mas os potenciais danos cardiovasculares colaterais relacionados ao atendimento tardio de um paciente com evento vascular agudo n&#227;o devem ser minimizados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 and Acute Coronary Events &#8211; Collateral Damage. A Case Report.</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9021-7657</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1137-7527</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Solano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt &#8226; Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Centro de Estudos Cl&#237;nicos &#8211; Av. Anita Garibaldi, 2199. Postal Code 40170-130, Ondina, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: luizritt@hotmail.com, lefr@cardiol.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ritt LEF, Viana MS, Darz&#233; ES; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Ritt LEF, Viana MS, Feitosa GF, Oliveira AM, Souza FS, Darz&#233; ES; Statistical analysis: Ritt LEF, Viana MS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ritt LEF, Viana MS, Feitosa GF, Souza FS, Darz&#233; ES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Panic</kwd>
        <kwd>Fear</kwd>
        <kwd>Cineangiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <italic>&#8220;On account of your fear, Sancho, you do not see or hear things correctly &#8212; said Don Quixote &#8212;, because one of the effects of fear is that it disturbs the senses and makes things seem not what they are.&#8221;</italic>
        </p>
        <p>Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>A 49-year-old male patient, with dyslipidemia, 8-year-history of hypertension, and family history of coronary artery disease (His father had had an infarction at 60 years of age), had been using olmesartan 40 mg and rosuvastatin 10 mg daily until 10 days before being admitted to the hospital, having suspended use of olmesartan due to concern that the medication would facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>
      <p>On the morning of April 2, 2020, the patient had intense retrosternal chest discomfort and feeling of dyspnea. These symptoms were triggered by the slightest effort; they ceased while resting and recurred with decreasing intensity throughout the day. Concerned with the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection, he self-isolated, monitored his temperature, and self-administered paracetamol. He did not record a fever. The following day, chest pain recurred, radiating to his shoulders, in association with sweating and dyspnea. Due to the sweating, he became even more worried about the possibility of SARS-CoV-2, and he called an infectologist who instructed him to seek emergency medical care if the symptoms persisted or recurred. Throughout the day, the patient remained isolated and self-monitored his temperature. He reported that &#8220;only the possibility of coronavirus went through his mind.&#8221;</p>
      <p>On the morning of April 4, when the pain worsened, and the sweating was more intense, the patient decided to seek emergency medical care. The case was screened as possible acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but the patient refused to undergo tests, because he did not wish to remain in the sector where there were other patients, and he left against medical advice. On his way home, symptoms intensified, namely more profuse sweating and dyspnea; the patient changed course and came to our hospital, where he presented with sinus tachycardia (HR 108 bpm), SBP 176 mmHg, O2 saturation 98%, and temperature 36.4&#186;C. Electrocardiogram revealed ST segment elevation in V5, V6, D1, and AVL ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ), indicating acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation (STEMI). The patient underwent coronary cineangiography and primary angioplasty in the middle third of the anterior descending artery, with a door-to-balloon time of 57 minutes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). Echocardiogram showed mild systolic dysfunction, due to akinesia of the entire apical region and the middle segment of the anterior wall; ejection fraction was 45%, using the Simpson Method. Peak high sensitivity troponin I was 21,424 ng/L. The patient progressed without complications and was discharged after 3 days of hospitalization. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> shows the timeline of events up to diagnosis of acute STEMI.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Electrocardiogram upon admission.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1072-00329-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02001">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Coronary cineangiography representing: a) occluded anterior descending coronary artery and b) after primary angioplasty.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1072-00329-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03001">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Timeline from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of myocardial infarction. ACS: acute coronary syndrome; ADA: anterior descending artery; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CPH: Cardiopulmonary Hospital; ECG: electrocardiogram; ER: emergency room; SD: suspected diagnosis; STEMI: myocardial infarction with ST elevation.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1072-00329-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Considering the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, quarantine periods have been declared in several cities in Brazil and worldwide, and people have been instructed to maintain social distancing in order to contain the rapid spread of the virus. Taken to the extreme, fear of becoming infected may result in typical symptoms of ACS being neglected or erroneously attributed to other less probable causes, delaying treatment and imposing avoidable risks to patients&#8217; lives. We report a typical case of ACS in a patient with risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, who, driven by panic related to COVID-19, was unable to recognize the nature of his symptoms, thus delaying his trip to the emergency room until the moment that chest pain became unbearable. Furthermore, also due to concerns related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the patient suspended use of angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). In spite of a door-to-balloon time of 57 minutes, as a result of prolonged ischemia time, the patient developed left ventricular systolic dysfunction, albeit asymptomatic.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Delayed recognition and medical care in acute myocardial infarction</title>
          <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most lethal medical emergency worldwide, with an incidence of 43 &#8211; 144 per 100,000 people/year and a hospital mortality of 4% &#8211; 12%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Primary angioplasty, especially when instituted within the first 12 hours after onset of symptoms, is considered the gold standard treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Door-to-balloon time is an indicator of treatment quality in the context of AMI. It is equally important to minimize the time between onset of symptoms and arrival at a hospital. While time of attendance upon arrival at the hospital may be optimized by internal movement and protocol, time to arrival at the hospital depends almost exclusively on patients&#8217; perception and evaluation of symptoms.</p>
          <p>The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has introduced other perspectives to this pathological approach, considering the potential risk of contamination in a hemodynamic environment, with procedures that may require more invasiveness, with inadequate environment for controlling the spread of the virus and guaranteeing the safety of healthcare professionals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A recent publication from the epicenter of the pandemic weighs the possibility of thrombolytic therapy for confirmed cases with respiratory symptoms of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The reported case illustrates another scenario within the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which is as concerning as the pandemic itself. Previously published studies during other viral epidemics have suggested an increase in the occurrence of myocardial infarction, with a greater propensity for inflammation and plaque instability,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and this also appears to be the rationale for SARS-CoV-2 infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nonetheless, reports in different world centers point to a reduction in the frequency of hospital admission due to infarction, with an observational study indicating a 40% decrease in attendance for STEMI, with a slight increase in the rate of thrombolysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This paradoxical decline may be associated with a reduction in the number of patients seeking emergency care units, faced with fear generated by the pandemic, eventual doubts regarding symptoms associated with ACS and SARS-CoV-2 infection, and logistical issues related to healthcare caused by the collapse of the healthcare system. In our service, for instance, 21 patients were attended in the emergency room following the protocol for chest pain between March 20 and April 8, 2020; this is compatible with a 74% relative reduction with respect to the same period in 2019 and a 72% relative reduction with respect to the same period in 2018.</p>
          <p>A case series from a single center for attending AMI in Hong Kong demonstrated a significant delay in providing care to these patients in comparison with a historical series from the previous year, with an increase in median time for all indicators of quality of care analyzed, especially time from onset of symptoms to first medical contact (318 minutes, IIQ 75 &#8211; 458 <italic>vs.</italic> 82.5 minutes, IIQ 32.5 &#8211; 195).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Suspension of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of events</title>
          <p>The patient in question had suspended use of ARB of his own accord. Although we cannot define a causal nexus between this suspension and the occurrence of AMI, it is known that discontinuation of anti-hypertensive medications may contribute to greater occurrence of ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The type 2 angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-2) appears to be involved in the internalization mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 on the tissue level. This information has led to speculation that users of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or ARB may have a greater likelihood of becoming infected due to ACE-2 upregulation. There are no published clinical data to prove this relationship apart from mechanistic observation, except the theoretical rationale.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Experimental models in animals have shown inconsistent effects of ACEI and ARB on levels of ACE-2 or its tissue activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Furthermore, cross-sectional studies in the fields of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, aortic stenosis, and coronary disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> resulted in similar ACE-2 plasma activity, regardless of whether ACEI and ARB were used or not. In addition to this, plasma levels of ACE-2 may not be reliable markers of the membrane-bound form, and there is a lack of evidence that modification of ACE-2 levels or tissue activity favor the penetration of SARS-CoV-2.</p>
          <p>In this scenario, the world&#8217;s leading cardiology societies have published informational updates, unanimously advising people to the maintain the use of these medications, given that the risk of rebound high blood pressure or decompensation of heart failure could lead to greater potential harm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> It is worth underscoring that some preliminary studies have even suggested that these medications may have a protective effect, reducing pulmonary inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>At this time, when everyone is concerned with the potential risks of the COVID-19 pandemic, we need to be aware and alert the population not to underestimate symptoms that are suggestive of cardiovascular events or risks related to delays in seeking emergency medical care. The direct harm of COVID-19 is at the center of media discussions and scientific publications, but the potential cardiovascular collateral damage related to delayed medical care in patients with acute vascular events should not go neglected.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
