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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XzkRj6jm64pftBkZjRzhhmw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000701067</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200358</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200358</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas no Contexto Atual da Pandemia COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Boesche</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Breno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botelho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petraco</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9674-8528</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sarmento-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia,Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;deo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;deo, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia,S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Tri&#226;ngulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Uberl&#226;ndia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Tri&#226;ngulo,Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Imperial College London</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londres</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Inglaterra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Imperial College London,Londres, Inglaterra Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rog&#233;rio Sarmento-Leite &#8226; Instituto de Cardiologia - Avenida Princesa Isabel, 395. 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil <email>rsl.sarmento@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Guimar&#227;es RB, Falc&#227;o B, Costa RA, Lopes MACQ, Botelho RV, Petraco R, Sarmento-Leite R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Roberto Vieira Botelho: acionista de empresas de telemedicina. ITMS Telemedicine Network e Conexa Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1067</fpage>
      <lpage>1071</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicina/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Quarentena</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A COVID-19, descrita inicialmente no final de 2019 na China, pode, nas formas graves, cursar como pneumonia at&#237;pica e s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Classificada em fevereiro de 2020 como pandemia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), tem determinado importantes repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, sociais, pol&#237;ticas e econ&#244;micas, deixando marcas, consequ&#234;ncias e aprendizados. A sociedade como um todo teve que se adaptar &#224; uma nova realidade. Hospitais precisaram reescrever suas rotinas e procedimentos operacionais. A cria&#231;&#227;o de cuidados especiais para evitar a dissemina&#231;&#227;o interna dos vetores de contamina&#231;&#227;o tornou-se imperativa. Unidades dedicadas &#224; COVID foram montadas, e a&#231;&#245;es protocolares de biosseguran&#231;a foram instaladas. Recursos humanos, materiais e financeiros foram alocados no intuito de proporcionar a melhor qualidade assistencial poss&#237;vel, sem preju&#237;zo &#224; seguran&#231;a das equipes.</p>
      <p>O isolamento social, principal forma de conter a dissemina&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, permitiu, em algumas localidades, o &#8220;achatamento da curva&#8221;, evitando o esgotamento total do sistema de sa&#250;de. No entanto, ainda &#233; uma inc&#243;gnita a extens&#227;o de dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, risco de cont&#225;gio e manuten&#231;&#227;o de todos os cuidados.</p>
      <p>Os sintomas cl&#225;ssicos da COVID-19 s&#227;o bem conhecidos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e a maioria dos infectados tem apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas brandas. Todavia, em virtude das recomenda&#231;&#245;es das autoridades de sa&#250;de para procurar atendimento hospitalar somente em casos graves, literalmente, do medo da popula&#231;&#227;o de se expor ao v&#237;rus, o diagn&#243;stico, o tratamento e o progn&#243;stico de v&#225;rias outras condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas a que usualmente os seres humanos est&#227;o expostos tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido duramente impactados. Isso aumenta o sinal de alerta para quest&#245;es inerentes ao manejo da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), que pode encontrar obst&#225;culos no atual cen&#225;rio mundial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o obstante a isso, indiv&#237;duos acima de 60 anos de idade ou que tenham doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias, cardiovasculares pr&#233;vias ou diabetes est&#227;o mais propensos a desenvolver as formas graves da COVID-19, podendo ter o seu sistema cardiovascular comprometido e sofrer manifesta&#231;&#245;es de miocardite ou infartos do tipo II e fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Experi&#234;ncias Internacionais</title>
        <p>Experi&#234;ncias internacionais de pa&#237;ses que nos antecederam na apari&#231;&#227;o de casos apontaram associa&#231;&#245;es importantes entre a COVID-19 e a doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Portadores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou cerebrovascular acometidos por COVID-19 representam cerca de 40% dos casos graves e t&#234;m pior progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em pacientes com COVID-19, contrastando com uma taxa de fatalidade por caso geral de 2,3%, a taxa de fatalidade por caso entre os portadores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular preexistente foi de 10,5% e, entre os diab&#233;ticos, de 7,3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas atribu&#237;das &#224; COVID-19 tamb&#233;m foram reportadas. Arritmias ocorreram em 16,7% e les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica aguda em 7% dos casos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> com eleva&#231;&#245;es de troponina registradas, particularmente nos casos mais graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Al&#233;m dessas associa&#231;&#245;es diretas, &#8220;efeitos colaterais&#8221; da pandemia de COVID-19 no atendimento de SCA geraram preocupa&#231;&#227;o. Registrou-se queda brusca na procura por atendimento ao pronto-socorro cardiol&#243;gico pelos pacientes com SCA, possivelmente relacionada com o medo de contrair a infec&#231;&#227;o no ambiente hospitalar, que pode redundar em subdiagn&#243;stico e tratamento inadequado, com risco de sequelas e mortes evit&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, atrasos para angioplastia prim&#225;ria foram registrados tanto pr&#233;-hospitalares, por relut&#226;ncia na procura ou por dificuldades de acesso, fazendo com que o paciente seja admitido em uma condi&#231;&#227;o mais grave, como intra-hospitalares, atribu&#237;dos a modifica&#231;&#245;es nos fluxos decorrentes das barreiras de biosseguran&#231;a necess&#225;rias contra o coronav&#237;rus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Alertas &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o sobre a import&#226;ncia de valorizar sintomas sugestivos de SCA e de procurar ajuda rapidamente s&#227;o fundamentais e v&#234;m sendo gerados por associa&#231;&#245;es importantes em outros pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A telemedicina &#233; uma ferramenta facilitadora nesse contexto, tem o potencial de permitir ao m&#233;dico reconhecer remotamente sintomas suspeitos de SCA e orientar o paciente a procurar imediatamente por atendimento. Al&#233;m disso, permite diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-hospitalar de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel de segmento ST, possibilitando acionamento r&#225;pido dos laborat&#243;rios de hemodin&#226;mica e sele&#231;&#227;o da melhor estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, fibrinol&#237;tica ou angioplastia prim&#225;ria, de maneira personalizada. Pode-se evitar a passagem pelo pronto-socorro, conduzindo o paciente diretamente &#224; sala de cateterismo, de forma a minimizar o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o nosocomial e encurtar o tempo para recanaliza&#231;&#227;o, reduzindo tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e sequelas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Assim, o preparo das equipes com treinamento m&#233;dico continuado, protocolos assistenciais, alertas de novas pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas populacionais e o uso da telemedicina como ferramenta auxiliar t&#234;m demonstrado ser fundamentais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo da S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda <italic>(Protocolos de Atendimento)</italic></title>
        <p>A pandemia da COVID-19 fez emergir novos questionamentos, desafios e paradigmas na abordagem da SCA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> &#8211; uma emerg&#234;ncia m&#233;dica que deve ser diagnosticada e tratada precocemente conforme protocolos validados extensamente na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> &#201; fato incontest&#225;vel que o tratamento da SCA, sobretudo do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, tem evolu&#237;do e demonstrado redu&#231;&#245;es significativas nas taxas de mortalidade, especialmente se implementado nas primeiras horas do evento cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A tromb&#243;lise, a angioplastia e os <italic>stents</italic> coron&#225;rios promoveram uma verdadeira revolu&#231;&#227;o. Com a&#231;&#245;es precoces, verifica-se menor n&#250;mero de arritmias ventriculares, redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do dano mioc&#225;rdico, menores incid&#234;ncias de reinfarto e maior preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Tais efeitos se sustentam a longo prazo e impactam na qualidade e expectativa de vida. Infelizmente, a pandemia da COVID-19 tem impactado negativamente no diagn&#243;stico precoce e no adequado tratamento da SCA atualmente. S&#227;o muitos os relatos apontando para uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o nos atendimentos por essa apresenta&#231;&#227;o nos setores de emerg&#234;ncias. Dados reportados de todo o mundo e da cidade de Nova York, Estados Unidos, apontam para redu&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 70% no volume de atendimentos por SCA e aumento em at&#233; 800% nas mortes s&#250;bitas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es de diversas Sociedades M&#233;dicas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> destacam as implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas cardiovasculares do coronav&#237;rus e aten&#231;&#227;o para os riscos individuais e populacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Al&#233;m das estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para preven&#231;&#227;o da dissemina&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o, vacina&#231;&#227;o anti-influenza e antipneumoc&#243;cica, h&#225; alerta para a muito prov&#225;vel subnotifica&#231;&#227;o e a falta de assist&#234;ncia para os casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio durante a pandemia da COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, a cria&#231;&#227;o de rotas e fluxos voltados para dar aten&#231;&#227;o a esses pacientes precisa de ampla estrutura&#231;&#227;o e divulga&#231;&#227;o. As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> apresentam sugest&#245;es de protocolos assistenciais que precisam ser validados e ajustados &#224;s diferentes realidades locais. Para tanto, equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual (&#243;culos antirrespingos, protetores faciais, m&#225;scaras N95 ou equivalentes, gorros e aventais imperme&#225;veis) para paramenta&#231;&#227;o completa devem estar dispon&#237;veis para toda a equipe assistencial e seguir r&#237;gidas rotinas institucionais no seu uso.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Infarto agudo com supra ST na era COVID.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1067-00358-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Angina inst&#225;vel/s&#237;ndrome coronariana sem supra ST na era COVID.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1067-00358-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Somado a isso, a cria&#231;&#227;o de redes de infarto, apoiadas por telemedicina, pode diminuir a mortalidade e o tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. O programa Mission Lifeline STEMI Systems Accelerator<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> observou o impacto da implementa&#231;&#227;o de redes de infarto em 167 hospitais, que atenderam a 23.498 pacientes com infarto com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Documentou-se melhora de 3 processos-chave para o cuidado: ativa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-hospitalar da hemodin&#226;mica (62% para 91%; p &lt; 0,001); protocolo de chamada &#250;nica para transfer&#234;ncia de unidade externa (45% a 70%; p &lt; 0,001); encaminhamento direto para a hemodin&#226;mica (evitando-se atrasos no pronto-socorro) (48% a 59%; p = 0,002); al&#233;m de significativa redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo entre o primeiro contato m&#233;dico at&#233; o bal&#227;o (88 minutos &#215; 98 minutos; p &lt; 0,001). O programa LATIN<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> conectou 13 hospitais terci&#225;rios a 86 unidades de pronto atendimento (UPA) no Brasil. Mais de 6.000 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica foram atendidos atrav&#233;s de telemedicina. O tempo m&#233;dio para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto foi de 5 minutos. A angioplastia prim&#225;ria foi empregada em 49% desses pacientes, atingindo-se mortalidade hospitalar m&#233;dia de 5%. Nessas redes, casos atendidos precocemente seguem rotas que evitam o pronto atendimento e conduzem o paciente diretamente &#224; sala de hemodin&#226;mica, encurtando os retardos evit&#225;veis, e podem at&#233; prescindir de UTI, aliviando a sobrecarga ao sistema de sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perspectivas Futuras</title>
        <p>A inerente e iminente recess&#227;o econ&#244;mica dificulta a manuten&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o em quarentena. Fato que, teoricamente, poder&#225; implicar na maior dissemina&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ou surgimento de uma segunda onda com chances reais de superlota&#231;&#227;o e esgotamento no sistema de sa&#250;de. Nesse sentido, compilar ambiente seguro e protocolos adequados de tratamento dos pacientes com SCA &#233; fundamental no enfrentamento da pandemia, tanto no &#226;mbito da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica como suplementar. Revis&#227;o cont&#237;nua das medidas institucionais de gerenciamento protocolar s&#227;o fundamentais no manejo dos pacientes com COVID-19 que apresentam SCA e para aqueles com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana aguda sem infec&#231;&#227;o coexistente. A equipe m&#233;dica dever&#225; estar sempre alinhada e trabalhando de forma multidisciplinar, atenta aos potenciais efeitos colaterais cardiol&#243;gicos das diferentes medica&#231;&#245;es e terap&#234;uticas utilizadas no enfrentamento da COVID-19. Ser&#225; imperativo o treinamento da equipe de atendimento com rela&#231;&#227;o a: triagem, biosseguran&#231;a, escalas de trabalho, equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual, t&#233;cnicas corretas de paramenta&#231;&#227;o, observ&#226;ncia absoluta nos processos de desparamenta&#231;&#227;o, cuidados com pacientes, isolamento, medidas de higieniza&#231;&#227;o, adequa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica, de modo a exposi&#231;&#227;o da equipe de sa&#250;de. Aliado a todo esse preparo, &#233; urgente alertar a popula&#231;&#227;o de que &#8220;o infarto e as doen&#231;as do cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o respeitam quarentena&#8221;. Campanhas dedicadas, como a <italic>Cora&#231;&#227;o Alerta</italic> (https://coracaoalerta.com.br), patrocinada pela Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista (SBHCI), a&#231;&#245;es governamentais, sociais e comunit&#225;rias e espa&#231;os para este fim na m&#237;dia leiga e literatura m&#233;dica podem, como nunca, salvar vidas.</p>
        <p>Um novo modo de viver e de fazer assist&#234;ncia se apresentou e segue em nosso horizonte. O real desfecho de tudo o que estamos vivenciando ainda n&#227;o &#233; sabido, mas &#233; certo que esta complicada situa&#231;&#227;o ir&#225; passar, e as patologias cardiovasculares (em especial as SCA) n&#227;o podem ser colocadas em segundo plano &#8211; o melhor manejo dispon&#237;vel sempre dever&#225; estar dispon&#237;vel e ser oferecido. Com ci&#234;ncia, sabedoria e bom senso, sairemos desta grave situa&#231;&#227;o, mais fortes e com muitos ensinamentos, o que nos ajudar&#225; ainda mais a qualificar a atividade assistencial em prol de nosso bem maior: a vida.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Coronary Syndromes in the Current Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Boesche</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Breno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botelho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petraco</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9674-8528</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sarmento-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;deo, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Tri&#226;ngulo, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Imperial College London, Londres, Inglaterra Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Adress: Rog&#233;rio Sarmento-Leite &#8226; Instituto de Cardiologia - Avenida Princesa Isabel, 395. Postal code 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil rsl.sarmento@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Guimar&#227;es RB, Falc&#227;o B, Costa RA, Lopes MACQ, Botelho RV, Petraco R, Sarmento-Leite R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflicts of Interest</p>
          <p>Roberto Vieira Botelho is a shareholder of telemedicine companies. ITMS Telemedicine network and Conexa Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Myocardial Infarction/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicine/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Quarantine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>COVID-19, initially described at the end of 2019 in China, may present as atypical pneumonia and severe respiratory failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Classified in February 2020 as a pandemic<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> by the World Health Organization (WHO), COVID-19 has had major clinical, social, political and economic implications. Society as a whole has had to adapt to a new reality, forcing hospitals to rewrite their routine practices and clinical pathways. Specific measures have had to be put in place to prevent hospital transmission of the infection. Also, dedicated COVID units have been set up and infection control protocols implemented. Finally, additional human, material and financial resources have been allocated in order to provide patients with the best possible care, without compromising the safety of healthcare workers.</p>
        <p>Social isolation as a way of containing the spread of the disease may have helped, in some places, to &#8220;flatten the curve&#8221;, preventing the collapse of healthcare systems. However, the duration of the pandemic, as well as the precise risk of transmission are still largely unknown.</p>
        <p>Typical symptoms of COVID-have been described<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and most infected patients present with mild viral syndromes. As a result, and as part of social distancing measures, patients are recommended to seek hospital care only in case of severe symptoms. This policy has, on the other hand, has generated a widespread reluctance by the population to go to hospitals, for fear of being exposed to the virus in healthcare settings. As a result, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of several other clinical conditions have been unintentionally impacted. This applies to cardiology and, particularly, to Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS), a phenomenon described globally.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, individuals who are over 60 years old and those with previous cardiovascular or respiratory disorders are more likely to develop severe forms of COVID-19, with increased cardiovascular compromise during the infection course, such as myocarditis, type II infarctions and thromboembolic phenomena.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>International Experiences</title>
          <p>Experiences shared from countries in which the COVID-19 infection wave preceded ours indicate important associations between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease.</p>
          <p>COVID-19 patients with established cardiovascular disease and those with hypertension and diabetes represent about 40% of the severe cases and have a worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> These groups have a much higher fatality rate &#8211; 7.3-10.5% compared to 2.3% for the general population<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> . Cardiac manifestations attributed to COVID-19 have also been reported, with arrhythmias occurring in 16.7% and acute myocardial injury in up to 7% of hospitalized cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In addition to these direct associations, the &#8220;side effects&#8221; of the COVID-19 pandemic in the care of acute coronary syndromes have generated concern. There was a sharp drop in the search for cardiac emergency room care by patients with ACS, possibly related to the fear of contracting infections in the hospital environment, which can result in underdiagnosis and inadequate treatment, with risk of death and long-term morbidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In addition, delays in primary angioplasty have been reported, with complications of late-presenting myocardial infarction having been described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>National campaigns targeted to raise awareness of ACS symptoms have been put in place internationally, advising patients to seek help quickly in case of suspected cardiac emergencies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Telemedicine is a facilitating tool for such complex COVID-19 circumstances, as it has the potential to allow the physician to remotely recognize suspected symptoms of acute coronary syndrome and guide the patient to seek care immediately. In addition, it allows pre-hospital diagnosis of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction, enabling the rapid activation of catheterization laboratories and selection of the best myocardial reperfusion strategy using an individualized approach. It is possible to refer the patient directly to the heart attack center or catheterization laboratory, by-passing emergency departments, reducing hospitalization time and myocardial sequelae.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Therefore, early training of cardiology teams with pathways that include the use of telemedicine is essential for the successful implementation of such tools.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Management of ACS <italic>(protocols of care)</italic></title>
          <p>The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the management of acute coronary syndromes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> particularly the speed at which proven medical and interventional therapies can be implemented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> For instance, in STEMI cases, reperfusion is known to be most beneficial if implemented within the first few hours of symptom onset.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> With early actions, there is a reduction of ventricular arrhythmias, reduced myocardial damage, lower incidences of reinfarction and greater preservation of ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Unfortunately, late presentations of ACS have been reported worldwide. In New York, United States, there has been a reduction of up to 70% in the volume of emergency calls due to ACS and an increase of up to 800% in sudden deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Recommendations from several Medical Societies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> highlight the cardiovascular clinical implications of coronavirus and call for attention to be paid to individual and populational risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In addition to public health strategies to prevent the spread of infection, such as influenza and pneumococcal vaccination, there is a warning of a very likely underreporting and lack of assistance for cases of acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In this context, the creation of routes and flows aimed at the care of these patients need extensive structuring and dissemination. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2</xref> depict suggestions of care pathways that can be adjusted to local hospital circumstances. For this purpose, personal protective equipment (anti-splash goggles, facial protectors, respirator masks, caps and waterproof aprons/gowns) should be available to the entire team with strict institutional routines for their use.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Acute ST elevation myocardial infarction in the COVID era.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1067-00358-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Unstable Angina/Coronary Syndrome Without ST elevation in the COVID era.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1067-00358-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In addition, the creation of infarction networks, supported by telemedicine, can reduce mortality and length of hospitalization. The &#8220;Mission: Lifeline STEMI Systems Accelerator&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> program observed the impact of the implementation of infarction networks in 167 hospitals, which treated 23,498 patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. It documented key processes for improved care: pre-hospital catheterization laboratory activation (62% to 91%; P&lt;0.001), single call protocol for external unit transfer (45% - 70%; P&lt;0.001), and direct referral to the laboratory (avoiding delays in the emergency room) (48%- 59%; P=0.002). There was also a significant reduction in the time between the first medical contact and balloon inflation (88 minutes x 98 minutes; p&lt;0.001). The LATIN<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> program connected 13 tertiary hospitals to 86 emergency care units (UPAs) in Brazil. It treated more than 6,000 patients with chest pain through telemedicine. The mean time for the diagnosis of infarction was 5 minutes. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention was used in 49% of these patients, reaching an average hospital mortality of 5%. In these networks, cases assisted early follow routes that avoid emergency care and lead the patient directly to the hemodynamics room, shortening the avoidable delays, which may even prevent the need for ICU, relieving the overload of the health care system.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Future Perspectives</title>
          <p>The imminent economic recession caused by COVID-19 makes it challenging to maintain the population lockdown for long. This fact may theoretically imply a greater spread of the disease or the emergence of a second wave, with real chances of overcrowding and exhausting the health system. In this sense, providing a safe environment and adequate protocols for the treatment of patients with ACS is fundamental for coping with the pandemic, both in the public and supplementary health areas. The continuous review of institutional protocol management measures are fundamental for the management of patients with COVID-19 who have ACS, as well as for those without the co-existing infection. The medical staff should always be aligned and work as multidisciplinary teams, always alert to the potential cardiac side effects of the different drugs and therapies used to treat COVID-19. Training of the care team in relation to screening, biosafety, work routes, personal protective equipment, correct donning techniques, stringent observance of the doffing processes, patient care, isolation, hygiene measures, diagnostic adequacy and therapy avoiding the exposure of the health team will be imperative. Combined with all this preparation, it is urgent to warn the population that &#8220;myocardial infarction and heart diseases do not respect the quarantine&#8221;. Dedicated campaigns such as <italic>Cora&#231;&#227;o Alerta</italic> (https://coracaoalerta.com.br) sponsored by the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology (SBHCI), governmental, social and community actions and spaces for this purpose in the lay media and medical literature, as never before, can save lives.</p>
          <p>A new way of living and providing care has emerged. The real final outcome of everything we are experiencing is not yet known, but what is certain is that this acute complicated situation will pass and cardiovascular pathologies, especially ACS, cannot be put in the background. Therefore, the best available management should always be available and offered. With science, wisdom and common sense we will come out stronger out of this serious situation with many teachings that will further help us to qualify our care activity for the greater good, which is the protection of life.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
