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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5ggBMwN8YTC5gZsLhNfPXhj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000701061</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200389</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200389</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Controle do Intervalo QT para Preven&#231;&#227;o de Torsades de Pointes Durante uso de Hidroxicloroquina e/ou Azitromicina em Pacientes com COVID 19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7881-0447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2329-7439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Arritmia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Tan Chen Wu &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Arritmia - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>tan_chen@bol.com.br</email> , <email>tanchen.cardio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Wu TC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Wu TC, Sacilotto L, Darrieux FCC, Pisani CF, Hachul DT; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Wu TC, Sacilotto L, Darrieux FCC, Pisani CF, Melo SL, Hachul DT, Scanavacca M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1061</fpage>
      <lpage>1066</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Coronavirus/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Torsades Pointes</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Hidroxicloroquina/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Azitromicina/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em dezembro de 2019, foram relatados os primeiros casos da doen&#231;a causada pelo novo coronav&#237;rus (COVID-19), origin&#225;rios de Wuhan, China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Desde a declara&#231;&#227;o de pandemia em mar&#231;o de 2020 por Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), com dissemina&#231;&#227;o intercontinental, vivenciamos intensa busca por um tratamento seguro e eficaz.</p>
      <p>Estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> demonstraram algum efeito da cloroquina contra o novo coronav&#237;rus,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> intermediada pela glicosila&#231;&#227;o dos receptores celulares de SARS-CoV e pelo aumento do pH endoss&#244;mico, bloqueando a invas&#227;o celular pelo v&#237;rus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m dessa atividade antiviral, a cloroquina, tradicionalmente um imunomodulador, emergiu como promissora no tratamento da pneumonia que se instala em torno de uma semana ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A hidroxicloroquina (HCQ), derivada da cloroquina, tem efeitos terap&#234;uticos semelhantes e menos efeitos adversos, sendo amplamente utilizada em doen&#231;as autoimunes. Os primeiros ensaios cl&#237;nicos com a HCQ, no tratamento do COVID-19, refor&#231;aram um aparente benef&#237;cio e encorajaram a sua aprova&#231;&#227;o para estudos cl&#237;nicos por &#243;rg&#227;os regulat&#243;rios nacionais e internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O macrol&#237;deo azitromicina (AZ), ainda por mecanismo incerto, demonstrou ser efetivo quando iniciado precocemente em pacientes com infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Embora estas medica&#231;&#245;es tenham um adequado perfil de seguran&#231;a em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, ambos bloqueiam o canal de pot&#225;ssio hERG, podendo prolongar a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e causar <italic>torsades de pointes</italic> (TdP);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O subgrupo da popula&#231;&#227;o com maior risco de eventos potencialmente fatais s&#227;o os pacientes com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades ou em cuidados intensivos, que estar&#227;o expostos a intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas e/ou a dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos, al&#233;m dos portadores da s&#237;ndrome do QT longo cong&#234;nito, que podem necessitar do tratamento (1:2000 indiv&#237;duos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco antes e o monitoramento do intervalo QTc durante s&#227;o fundamentais para preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos arr&#237;tmicos.</p>
      <p>Giudicessi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> divulgaram uma diretriz institucional da <italic>Mayo Clinic</italic> , para a seguran&#231;a dos pacientes em uso de HCQ e/ou AZ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> apresentou uma sugest&#227;o para controle do intervalo QT e preven&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares em pacientes que participam do protocolo HQC/AZ para tratamento do COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 0 N&#250;cleo de Arritmias do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o formulou um protocolo institucional a fim de contribuir para o uso consciente dessas medica&#231;&#245;es durante o surto de infe&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O intervalo QT &#233; a medida da dura&#231;&#227;o do in&#237;cio do complexo QRS at&#233; o final da onda T e &#233; modulado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Quando prolongado, est&#225; associado a maior risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares polim&#243;rficas e TdP ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A medida do intervalo QT deve ser corrigida pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (QTc) e, na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, &#233; considerada normal quando &#8804; 440 ms em homens e &#8804; 460 ms em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Intervalo QT. Fonte: Acervo InCor HCFMUSP</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1061-00389-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>QT longo com torsades de pointes, Fonte: Acervo InCor HCFMUSP</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1061-00389-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Como Medir o Intervalo QTc</title>
      <p>O intervalo QT pode ser medido pelo m&#233;todo de tangente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ) ou visual (quando o final da onda T for de f&#225;cil defini&#231;&#227;o), preferencialmente em deriva&#231;&#245;es DII ou V5. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Exemplos de determina&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT pelo m&#233;todo de tangente. Fonte: Acervo InCor HCFMUSP,</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1061-00389-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A corre&#231;&#227;o pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode ser feita pela f&#243;rmula de Bazett, considerando-se o RR precedente ao intervalo QT medido (QTc= intervalo QT/raiz quadrada do intervalo RR). Essa f&#243;rmula est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em calculadoras de <italic>sites</italic> (QTc calculadora) ou em Apps (por exemplo: EP Mobile ou MedCalX).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Monitoramento do intervalo QTc durante o tratamento com HCQ/AZ</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o do ECG inicial, os pacientes podem ser estratificados conforme o risco de desenvolver TdP, em menor risco (grupo verde), risco intermedi&#225;rio (grupo azul), risco intermedi&#225;rio a elevado (grupo laranja) e alto risco (grupo vermelho).</p>
      <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s in&#237;cio do tratamento pode ser feita pelo ECG convencional de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, ECG apenas com deriva&#231;&#245;es perif&#233;ricas, pela telemetria ou por outros dispositivos remotos, para nessa situa&#231;&#227;o peculiar de pandemia, minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o de profissionais de sa&#250;de e de equipamentos ao v&#237;rus. Sugerimos que a frequ&#234;ncia de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e o m&#233;todo (ECG, telemetria ou dispositivos) sejam determinados pelo risco do paciente, baseado em um QTc inicial (admissional). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">figura 4</xref> esquematiza o modelo de controle proposto.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Esquema sugerido de controle do tratamento HCQ e/ou AZ</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1061-00389-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco inicial do paciente para o tratamento pela medida do QT basal em ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es:</title>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="background-color:#70b230">
                  <td>QTc 450 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">Liberado para uso</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color: #3F8EC7">
                  <td>450ms &lt; QTc &#8804; 470 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">Cautela ou apenas uso em regime hospitalar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color: #F36301">
                  <td>470ms &lt; QTc &lt; 500 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">Evitar ou somente uso hospitalar com telemetria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color: #e3390e">
                  <td>QTc 500 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">Evitar, considerando o risco/benef&#237;cio</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em casos de d&#250;vidas ou medi&#231;&#245;es lim&#237;trofes para maior risco ao longo do tratamento, pode-se optar pelo uso isolado da HCQ ou da AZ ou tamb&#233;m pelo uso escalonado da HCQ, seguido da AZ, sob monitoriza&#231;&#227;o. Sugere-se decis&#227;o compartilhada com a equipe de cardiologia ou arritmia do hospital.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quando repetir o ECG durante o tratamento hospitalar de acordo com o QTc pr&#233;vio</title>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="background-color: #70b230">
                  <td>QTc 450 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">No 2&#186; dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color: #3F8EC7">
                  <td>450 ms &lt; QTc &#8804; 470 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">No 2&#186; dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color: #F36301">
                  <td>470 ms &lt; QTc &lt; 500 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">No 2&#186; dia e no 4&#186; dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color: #e3390e">
                  <td>QTc 500 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">Em 4 a 8 horas ap&#243;s a primeira dose e diariamente</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Intensificar o controle nas seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es:</title>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>- Se houver fatores de risco associados ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t3">
                <label>Tabela 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Fatores de risco para prolongamento de QT e TdP. (18)</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="100%">
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">
                        <list list-type="simple">
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Idade &gt; 65 anos</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Mulheres</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos (hipocalcemia, hipocalemia, hipomagnesemia)</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Uso concomitante de mais medica&#231;&#245;es que prolongam QT (crediblemeds.org)</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Insuficiencia cardiaca cr&#244;nica ou FEVE &lt; 40%</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Bradicardia, bloqueio de ramo</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>S&#237;ndrome do QT longo cong&#234;nito ou outra susceptibilidade gen&#233;tica</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Diabetes mellitus</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica dial&#237;tica</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Anorexia ou inani&#231;&#227;o</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Hipoglicemia</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>Feocromocitoma</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>P&#243;s-parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria recente</p>
                          </list-item>
                          <list-item>
                            <p>P&#243;s-hemorragia subaracn&#243;idea, acidente vascular cerebral ou traumatismo cr&#226;nio encef&#225;lico (1&#186; semana).</p>
                          </list-item>
                        </list>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Na presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares como miocardite e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Obs.: Sugest&#227;o de modelo para Lista de checagem pr&#233;-tratameto e controle apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figuras 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">6</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Lista de checagem PR&#201;-tratamento. AF= antecedente familiar; SQTL = s&#237;ndrome do QT longo cong&#234;nito</italic></title>
              <p>
                <italic>Em vermelho: aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es de risco; em laranja: moderado risco; em verde: baixo risco ou alvo desej&#225;vel</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1061-00389-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Lista de checagem CONTROLE:</italic></title>
              <p>
                <italic>* Condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e metab&#243;licas durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica: injurias mioc&#225;rdicas entre outras.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1061-00389-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sinais de alerta</title>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>- Aumento do QTc &gt; 60 ms e/ou mais de 10% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ECG basal.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- QTc acima de 520 ms - avaliar suspens&#227;o do tratamento depois de serem suspensos outros f&#225;rmacos (dispens&#225;veis e com efeito sin&#233;rgico sobre o QTc) ou dist&#250;rbio eletrol&#237;tico.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Necessidade de adicionar medica&#231;&#245;es que prolongam o intervalo QT, conforme evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Presen&#231;a de arritmia ventricular e/ou bradicardia associada -&gt; escolher os f&#225;rmacos que podem ser suspensos conforme o balan&#231;o risco <italic>vs</italic> . benef&#237;cio. Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, h&#225; necessidade de manter o paciente sob telemetria cont&#237;nua.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Cuidados adicionais para preven&#231;&#227;o de TdP</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Quanto ao controle de eletr&#243;litos na admiss&#227;o:</title>
        <p>A dosagem de c&#225;lcio, pot&#225;ssio e magn&#233;sio, fundamentais na estabilidade da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, deve ser realizada para todos os pacientes eleg&#237;veis para o tratamento com HCQ/AZ.</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>- Manter K<sup>+</sup> &gt; 4,0</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Manter Mg<sup>++</sup> &gt; 2,0</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Evitar hipocalcemia</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Obs.: mesmo em pacientes com n&#237;vel sangu&#237;neo normal, recomenda-se manter suplementa&#231;&#227;o emp&#237;rica de magn&#233;sio via oral, exceto naqueles com insufici&#234;ncia renal (ClCr &lt; 30 ml/min).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quanto ao controle de eletr&#243;litos na evolu&#231;&#227;o:</title>
        <p>A rotina de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de eletr&#243;litos deve ser realizada a crit&#233;rio cl&#237;nico, sempre que houver necessidade de ajustes para manter os n&#237;veis ideais ou desej&#225;veis durante o tratamento, principalmente nos pacientes com intervalo QTc inicial &gt; 470 ms.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quanto ao uso de medica&#231;&#245;es concomitantes:</title>
        <p>Deve-se evitar a prescri&#231;&#227;o de outros medicamentos, n&#227;o essenciais, que prolonguem o intervalo QT. In&#250;meras drogas, utilizadas habitualmente em pacientes internados, podem bloquear o canal hERG, prolongar o tempo de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e facilitar a ocorr&#234;ncia de TdP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A supervis&#227;o de farmac&#234;uticos &#233; desej&#225;vel sempre que poss&#237;vel, para garantir a seguran&#231;a do paciente.</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> elencamos as medica&#231;&#245;es de risco baixo (verde), risco poss&#237;vel (laranja) e alto risco (vermelho) de prolongamento do intervalo QT e ocorr&#234;ncia de TdP. Assim, sempre que poss&#237;vel, deve-se preferir as medica&#231;&#245;es adicionais de baixo risco, pois tanto a HCQ como a AZ j&#225; s&#227;o listadas como de alto risco para ocorr&#234;ncia de TdP.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Lista de medica&#231;&#245;es a serem evitadas (em vermelho e laranja)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th style="background-color: #e3390e">Alto risco</th>
                  <th style="background-color: #F36301">Moderado risco</th>
                  <th style="background-color: #70b230">Baixo risco ou NC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiarr&#237;tmicos</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Amiodarona Sotalol</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Propafenona</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Lidoca&#237;na Propranolol Sulfato Mg Isoproterenol</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antipsic&#243;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Haloperidol</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Risperidona</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Benzodiazep&#237;nico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Clorpromazina</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Quetiapina</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #70b230">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Levomepromazine</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Prometazina Olanzapina</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #70b230">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedativos</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Propofol</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Dexmedetomidina</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Midazolam</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">
									</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #F36301">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Fentanil</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiem&#233;ticos e pr&#243;-cin&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Ondansentrona Domperidona Bromoprida Cisaprida</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Cimetidina Granisetrona Metoclopramida</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Dimenidrato</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antibi&#243;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Quinolonas</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Piperacilina-tazobactam Sulfametoxazole-trimetropim</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Teicoplamida Vancomicina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antif&#250;ngicos</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Fluconazol</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Anfotericina Itraconazol Voriconazol</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #70b230">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inibidores de bomba de pr&#243;tons</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Pantoprazol</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #70b230">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Omeprazol Esomeprazol Lanzoprazol</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #70b230">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antial&#233;rgicos</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #e3390e">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Prometazina</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Fexofenadina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #e3390e">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Hidroxizina Difenidramina</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Loratadina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pandemia</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Cloroquina Azitromicina</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #F36301">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Oseltamivir</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Broncodilatadores</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #e3390e">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Salbutamol Fenoterol Formoterol Terbutalina</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #70b230">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticolinester&#225;zicos</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Donepezila</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Galantamina</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #70b230">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antidepressivos</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Citalopram Escitalopram</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Fluoxetina Paroxetina Mirtazapina Tric&#237;clicos Sertralina Venlafaxina</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #70b230">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Cilostazol Metadona Tramadol</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Loperamida</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Fenito&#237;na</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cuidados especiais</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">
									</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #F36301">
									</td>
                  <td style="background-color: #70b230">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color: #F36301">Cuidados com espolia&#231;&#227;o de eletr&#243;litos</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>NC &#8211; N&#227;o classificada, ou seja, sem evid&#234;ncia de prolongar o intervalo QT com base nos estudos publicados.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Alguns medicamentos podem aumentar o risco por outros mecanismos ou de maneira indireta, como no caso da hipocalemia induzida por diur&#233;ticos. A lista completa de intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosa deve ser checada diariamente pelo site crediblemeds.org.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Em caso de ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia ventricular ou TdP (Tabela 3) 20,21:</title>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>- Lidoca&#237;na &#233; o antiarr&#237;tmico de escolha:</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Sulfato de magn&#233;sio</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Isoprotenerol em TdP mediado por bradicardia</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Marcapasso provis&#243;rio para pacientes bradic&#225;rdicos, com TdP recorrente. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inicial deve ser programada para 90 bpm e os ajustes feitos de acordo com a resposta clinica do paciente.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Suspens&#227;o imediata do uso de todas as medica&#231;&#245;es com potencial para prolongamento do intervalo QT.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O risco de arritmias fatais, facilitado pelo uso da HCQ e/ou AZ, em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19, ou em outras situa&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias fora da pandemia com medica&#231;&#245;es que tenham potencial para prolongamento do intervalo QT, pode ser minimizado com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de protocolos de conduta que auxiliem o profissional de sa&#250;de na decis&#227;o pela prescri&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Manejo Farmacol&#243;gico da arritmia ventricular e/ou TdP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Lidoca&#237;na</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Dose de ataque &#8211; 1,0 a 1,5mg/kg IV com doses repetidas em <italic>bolus</italic> de 0,5-0,75 mg/kg em <italic>bolus</italic> at&#233; 3 mg/kg.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Manuten&#231;&#227;o &#8211; 20 mcg/kg/min IV.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Sulfato de magn&#233;sio</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2 a 4 g IV</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Isoprotenerol</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Dose de ataque: 1 a 2 mcg IV.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Manuten&#231;&#227;o; 0,15 mcg/min e titular at&#233; 0,3 mcg/min de acordo com a resposta ou necessidade cl&#237;nica.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>QT Interval Control to Prevent Torsades de Pointes during Use of Hydroxychloroquine and/or Azithromycin in Patients with COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7881-0447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2329-7439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Arritmia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Tan Chen Wu &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Arritmia - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: tan_chen@bol.com.br, tanchen.cardio@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Data acquisition: Wu TC; Writing of the manuscript: Wu TC, Sacilotto L, Darrieux FCC, Pisani CF, Hachul DT; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Wu TC, Sacilotto L, Darrieux FCC, Pisani CF, Melo SL, Hachul DT, Scanavacca M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronavirus/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19, Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Torsades Pointes</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia,Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic, use</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In December 2019, the first cases of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were reported in Wuhan, China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Since the pandemic designation in March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO), with intercontinental spread of the disease, we are intensely seeking for a safe and effective treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p><italic>In vitro</italic> studies have demonstrated some effect of chloroquine against the new coronavirus,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> mediated by the glycosylation of SARS-CoV cell receptors and by increased endosomal pH, blocking cell invasion by the virus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In addition to this antiviral activity, chloroquine, which is traditionally an immunomodulator, has shown to be promising for treatment of pneumonia that installs approximately one week after onset of symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which is derived from chloroquine, has similar therapeutic effects, with fewer adverse effects, and it is widely used in autoimmune diseases. The first clinical trials with HCQ for treatment of COVID-19 reinforced an apparent benefit and encouraged its approval for clinical studies by national and international regulatory institutions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The macrolide azithromycin (AZ), due to a mechanism that is still unclear, has shown to be effective when initiated early in patients with severe respiratory infections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although these medications have an adequate safety profile in diverse clinical situations, both of them block the hERG potassium channel, which can prolong ventricular repolarization and cause torsades de pointes (TdP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The subgroup of the population with the highest risk of potentially fatal events are patients with multiple comorbidities or patients in intensive care, who will be exposed to drug interactions and/or electrolyte disorders, in addition to patients with congenital long QT syndrome, who may need treatment (1:2000 individuals).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Risk assessment before treatment and monitoring of the QTc interval during treatment are essential measures to preventing arrhythmic events.</p>
        <p>Giudicessi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> published an institutional guideline from the Mayo Clinic for safety of patients receiving HCQ and/or AZ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The American College of Cardiology suggested controlling the QT interval and preventing ventricular arrhythmias in patients participating in the HQC/AZ protocol for treating COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The Arrhythmia Center of the Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;o Paulo formulated an institutional protocol in order to contribute to the conscious use of these medications during the COVID-19 outbreak.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definition</title>
        <p>The QT interval is the measurement of the duration from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave, which is modulated by heart rate ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). When the interval is prolonged, it is associated with a greater risk of polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias and TdP ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Measurement of the QT interval should be corrected by heart rate (QTc); in the adult population, &#8804; 440 ms is considered normal in men, and &#8804; 460 ms is considered normal in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>QT Interval Source: Collection, Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;o Paulo (InCor HCFMUSP).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1061-00389-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Long QT with torsades de pointes. Source: Collection, Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;o Paulo (InCor HCFMUSP).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1061-00389-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>How to Measure the QTc Interval</title>
          <p>The QT interval can be measured either by the tangent method ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ) or visually (when the end of the T wave is easy to define), preferably in leads DII or V5.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Examples of measurement of QT interval by the tangent method. Source: Collection, Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;o Paulo (InCor HCFMUSP).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1061-00389-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Heart rate correction can be done using Bazett&#8217;s formula, considering the RR interval preceding the measured QT interval (QTc = QT interval / square root of the RR interval). This formula is available on website calculators (QTc calculator) or in applications (for example, EP Mobile or MedCalX).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitoring the QTc interval during treatment with HCQ/AZ</title>
          <p>After evaluation of initial ECG, patients may be stratified by risk of developing TdP in the following manner: lower risk (green group), intermediate risk (blue group), intermediate to high risk (orange group), and high risk (red group).</p>
          <p>Monitoring after the start of treatment can be done by conventional 12-lead ECG, ECG with limb leads only, telemetry, or other remote devices in order to minimize the exposure of health professionals and equipment to the virus during this particular pandemic situation. We recommend that the frequency of electrocardiographic monitoring and the method (ECG, telemetry, or devices) be determined according to patients&#8217; risks, based on an initial QTc (upon admission to the hospital). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> outlines the proposed control model.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Suggested HCQ and / or AZ treatment control scheme.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1061-00389-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Initial risk assessment for treatment according to baseline QT measurement on 12-lead ECG:</title>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr style="background-color: #70b230">
                    <td>QTc &#8804; 450 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">Approved for use</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color: #3F8EC7">
                    <td>450ms &lt; QTc &#8804; 470 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">Use with caution or only in the hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color: #F36301">
                    <td>470ms &lt; QTc &lt; 500 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">Avoid or only use in the hospital with telemetry</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color: #e3390e">
                    <td>QTc &#8805; 500 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">Avoid, considering risk/benefit</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In cases where doubts exist or in borderline measurements regarding greater risk throughout the treatment, it is possible to opt for isolated use of HCQ or AZ, or also for staggered use of HCQ, followed by AZ, under monitoring. It is recommended that a shared decision be reached with the hospital&#8217;s cardiology or arrhythmia team.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>When to repeat ECG during treatment in the hospital, according to previous QTc</title>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr style="background-color: #70b230">
                    <td>QTc &#8804; 450 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">On day 2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color: #3F8EC7">
                    <td>450 ms &lt; QTc &#8804; 470 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">On day 2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color: #F36301">
                    <td>470 ms &lt; QTc &lt; 500 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">On days 2 and 4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color: #e3390e">
                    <td>QTc &#8805; 500 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">4 to 8 hours after the first dose, then daily</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Control should be intensified in the following conditions:</title>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>- If there are associated risk factors ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
              <p>
                <table-wrap id="t3001">
                  <label>Table 1</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>&#8211; Risk factors for prolonged QT and TdP. (18)</title>
                  </caption>
                  <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                    <colgroup width="100%">
                      <col/>
                    </colgroup>
                    <tbody>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">
                          <list list-type="simple">
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Age &gt; 65 years</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Women</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Electrolyte disorders (hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia)</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Concomitant use of other medications that prolong QT (crediblemeds.org)</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Acute coronary failure</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Chronic heart failure or LVEF &lt; 40%</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Bradycardia, branch block</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Congenital long QT syndrome or other genetic susceptibility</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Diabetes mellitus</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Chronic renal failure on dialysis</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Anorexia or starvation</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Hypoglycemia</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Pheochromocytoma</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Recent post-cardiorespiratory arrest</p>
                            </list-item>
                            <list-item>
                              <p>Post-subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, or traumatic brain injury (week 1).</p>
                            </list-item>
                          </list>
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                    </tbody>
                  </table>
                </table-wrap>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- In the presence of cardiovascular complications, such as myocarditis and myocardial ischemia.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>N.B.: <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figures 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">6</xref> show suggested models for pre-treatment and control checklists.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Pre-treatment Checklist: FH = family history; LQTS=long QT syndrome</italic></title>
                <p>
                  <italic>Red: special attention to conditions of risk; orange: moderate risk; green: low risk or desirable target</italic>
                </p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1061-00389-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Control Checklist.</italic></title>
                <p>
                  <italic>* Clinical and metabolic conditions during clinical evolution: myocardial injuries, among others.</italic>
                </p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1061-00389-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Warning signs</title>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>- Increase in QTc by &gt; 60 ms and/or by more than 10% with respect to baseline ECG.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- QTc above 520 ms: evaluate suspending treatment after other drugs (those that are dispensable and that have a synergistic effect on QTc) have been suspended, or electrolyte disturbance.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Need to add medications that prolong the QT interval, according to the patient&#8217;s clinical evolution.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Presence of ventricular arrhythmias and/or associated bradycardia -&gt; Choose the drugs that can be suspended according to the risk-benefit ratio. In these situations, it is necessary to keep the patient on continuous telemetry.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Additional care measures for preventing TdP</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Regarding electrolyte control upon hospital admission:</title>
          <p>Measurements of calcium, potassium, and magnesium, which are essential for the stability of ventricular repolarization, should be carried out for all patients eligible for treatment with HCQ/AZ.</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>- Maintain K<sup>+</sup>&gt; 4.0</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Maintain Mg<sup>++</sup>&gt; 2.0</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Avoid hypocalcemia</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>N.B.: Even in patients with normal blood level, it is recommended to maintain empirical magnesium supplementation orally, except in those with renal failure (ClCr &lt; 30 ml/min).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Regarding electrolyte control during patient progression:</title>
          <p>Electrolyte monitoring routine should be determined at clinical discretion, whenever adjustments are needed to maintain ideal or desirable levels during treatment, especially in patients with an initial QTc interval &gt; 470ms.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Regarding use of concomitant medications:</title>
          <p>It is necessary to avoid prescribing other non-essential drugs that prolong the QT interval. Numerous drugs that are commonly used in hospitalized patients can block the hERG channel, prolong ventricular repolarization time, and facilitate the occurrence of TdP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> It is important to supervise use of medication whenever possible in order to guarantee patient safety.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 2</xref> provides lists of low risk (green), possible risk (orange), and high risk (red) medications with respect to prolongation of the QT interval and occurrence of TdP. Therefore, whenever possible, additional low-risk medications should be preferred, as both HCQ and AZ are already listed as high risk for the occurrence of TdP.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; List of medications to avoid (red and orange)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th style="background-color: #e3390e">High risk</th>
                    <th style="background-color: #F36301">Moderate risk</th>
                    <th style="background-color: #70b230">Low risk or NC</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antiarrhythmic drugs</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Amiodarone Sotalol</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Propafenone</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Lidocaine Propranolol Magnesium sulfate Isoproterenol</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antipsychotic drugs</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Haloperidol</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Risperidone</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Benzodiazepine</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Chlorpromazine</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Quetiapine</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #70b230">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Levomepromazine</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Promethazine Olanzapine</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #70b230">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sedatives</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Propofol</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Dexmedetomidine</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Midazolam</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #e3390e">
										</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #F36301">
										</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Fentanyl</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antiemetic and prokinetic drugs</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Ondansentron Domperidone Bromopride Cisapride</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Cimetidine Granisetrone Metoclopramide</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Dimenhydrinate</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antibiotics</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Quinolones</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Piperacillin/tazobactam Sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Teicoplanin Vancomycin</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antifungal drugs</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Fluconazol</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Anfotericina Itraconazol Voriconazol</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #70b230">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Proton pump inhibitors</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #e3390e">
										</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Pantoprazol</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #70b230">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #e3390e">
										</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Omeprazol Esomeprazol Lanzoprazol</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #70b230">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antiallergic drugs</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #e3390e">
										</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Promethazine</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Fexofenadine</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #e3390e">
										</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Hydroxyzine Diphenhydramine</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Loratadine</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pandemic</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Chloroquine Azithromycin</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #F36301">
										</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Oseltamivir</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bronchodilators</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #e3390e">
										</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Salbutamol Fenoterol Formoterol Terbutalina</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #70b230">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anticholinesterase drugs</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Donepezil</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Galantamine</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #70b230">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antidepressives</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Citalopram Escitalopram</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Fluoxetine Paroxetine Mirtazapine Tricyclics Sertraline Venlafaxine</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #70b230">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Others</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #e3390e">Cilostazol Methadone Tramadol</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #F36301">Loperamide</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color: #70b230">Phenytoin</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Special precautions</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #e3390e">
										</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #F36301">
										</td>
                    <td style="background-color: #70b230">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diuretics</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color: #F36301">Precaution with spoliation of electrolytes</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>NC &#8211; Not classified, i.e., absence of evidence of prolonged QT interval based on published studies.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Some medications can increase risk through other mechanisms or indirectly, as is the case of hypokalemia induced by diuretics. The complete list of drug interactions should be checked daily by the website crediblemeds.org.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>In the event of ventricular arrhythmia or TdP (Table 3): 20,21</title>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>- Lidocaine is the antiarrhythmic drug of choice:</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Magnesium sulfate</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Isoprotenerol for TdP mediated by bradycardia</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Provisional pacemaker for bradycardic patients with recurrent TdP. Initial heart rate should be programmed to 90 bpm and adjustments should be made according to patient&#8217;s clinical response.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Immediately suspend the use of all medications with potential to prolong the QT interval.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The risk of fatal arrhythmias, increased with the use of HCQ and/or AZ, in patients with COVID-19, or in other daily situations, outside the pandemic, with medications that may potentially prolong the QT interval, can be minimized with the application of conduct protocols that help healthcare professionals decide on prescription and maintenance of treatment.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pharmacological management of ventricular arrhythmia and/or TdP</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Lidocaine</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Loading dose: 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg IV with repeated doses in bolus, 0.5 &#8211; 0.75 mg/kg in a bolus up to 3 mg/kg.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maintenance dose: 20 mcg/kg/min IV.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Magnesium sulfate</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2 to 4 g IV</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Isoprotenerol</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Loading dose: 1 to 2 mcg IV.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maintenance dose: 0.15 mcg/min and titer up to 0.3 mcg/min according to clinical response or necessity.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
