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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Cj43ncvPrZKVWkq8fqzgctL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000701040</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2020005007202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180354</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180354</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Preval&#234;ncia da Hipotens&#227;o Ortost&#225;tica e a Distribui&#231;&#227;o da Varia&#231;&#227;o Press&#243;rica no Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1176-903X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Velten</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Paula Costa Velten &#8226; Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo - Rodovia Governador M&#225;rio Covas, Km 60 - Bairro Litor&#226;neo. CEP 29932-540, S&#227;o Mateus, ES - Brasil E-mail: <email>paulinhavelten@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Velten APC, Bensenor I, Lotufo P, Mill JG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Bensenor I, Lotufo P, Mill JG; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Velten APC, Bensenor I, Mill JG; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Velten APC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Velten APC, Mill JG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1040</fpage>
      <lpage>1048</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (HO) tem sido negligenciada na cl&#237;nica n&#227;o havendo estudos sobre sua preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de HO e a varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) ap&#243;s manobra postural no Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> No presente estudo descritivo da linha de base (N = 14.833 indiv&#237;duos, 35-74 anos), os participantes ficavam deitados por 20 minutos e ent&#227;o levantavam ativamente, com a medida da PA em supino e aos 2, 3, e 5 minutos de ortostase. A HO foi definida por queda &#8805; 20 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica e/ou queda &#8805; 10 mmHg na PA diast&#243;lica aos 3 minutos, sendo determinada a sua preval&#234;ncia com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC<sub>95%</sub>). A distribui&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s a manobra postural foi determinada numa subamostra (N = 8.011) ap&#243;s remo&#231;&#227;o de participantes com morbidade cardiovascular e/ou diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia de HO foi de 2,0% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 1,8 &#8211; 2,3), crescente com a idade. Se o crit&#233;rio for a mesma queda press&#243;rica em qualquer das medidas, a preval&#234;ncia aumenta para 4,3% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 4,0 &#8211; 4,7). Em presen&#231;a de HO houve relato de sintomas (tontura, escotomas, n&#225;useas, etc.) em 19,7% dos participantes (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 15,6 &#8211; 24,6) e em apenas 1,4% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 1,2 &#8211; 1,6) dos sem HO. Os escores-Z &#8722;2 das varia&#231;&#245;es da PA antes e ap&#243;s manobra postural na subamostra foram de &#8722;14,1 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica e &#8722;5,4 mmHg na diast&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia de HO varia em fun&#231;&#227;o do momento da aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA. Os pontos de corte atuais podem subestimar a ocorr&#234;ncia de HO na popula&#231;&#227;o. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(6):1040-1048)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipotens&#227;o Ortost&#225;tica/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Posi&#231;&#227;o Ortost&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Estudos longitudinais t&#234;m mostrado que a hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (HO) &#233; preditor de aumento do risco de mortalidade geral e de outros agravos &#224; sa&#250;de, como doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e cerebrovascular, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e novos casos de hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diretrizes atuais definem a HO como a redu&#231;&#227;o sustentada de 20 mmHg da Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS) e/ou de 10 mmHg da Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD) dentro de 3 minutos ap&#243;s a ado&#231;&#227;o da ortostase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A mesma diretriz sugere uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 30 mmHg na PAS em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos como o crit&#233;rio mais adequado.</p>
      <p>Desde a primeira defini&#231;&#227;o de HO,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> a quantidade de estudos investigando a preval&#234;ncia desse achado na popula&#231;&#227;o geral tem sido pequena, havendo grande diverg&#234;ncia na metodologia da medida da press&#227;o arterial (PA) e at&#233; mesmo nos crit&#233;rios de defini&#231;&#227;o. A maior parte dos estudos tem sido realizada em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, como idosos, portadores de diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a de Alzheimer, indiv&#237;duos hospitalizados ou institucionalizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mesmo sendo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o simples e barata, a medida da PA em manobra postural n&#227;o &#233; usual na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e poucos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos avaliaram essa medida, seus fatores associados e implica&#231;&#245;es no estado geral de sa&#250;de. A preval&#234;ncia de HO encontrada em popula&#231;&#245;es mais pr&#243;ximas da geral varia muito em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade, indo, em sua maioria, desde cerca de 5% (45 a 64 anos) at&#233; 30% em estudos apenas com idosos (&gt; 65 anos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Praticamente a totalidade dos estudos foi realizada em popula&#231;&#245;es da Am&#233;rica do Norte,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Europa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e &#193;sia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e nenhum deles levou em considera&#231;&#227;o o crit&#233;rio de queda de 30 mmHg na PAS para hipertensos.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a preval&#234;ncia de HO em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, verificar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com sintomas e descrever a distribui&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s a manobra postural.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo realizado com dados coletados na linha de base (2008-2010) do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), com uma coorte de 15.105 servidores p&#250;blicos de ambos os sexos, de 35 a 74 anos de idade, cujo objetivo principal foi de determinar a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e os seus determinantes na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. A pesquisa vem sendo conduzida em seis centros de investiga&#231;&#227;o sediados em institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas de ensino superior e pesquisa, sendo os participantes os servidores p&#250;blicos, ativos ou aposentados, destas institui&#231;&#245;es. Detalhes sobre a amostragem, recrutamento e dados coletados na linha de base foram publicados anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Neste estudo foram inclu&#237;dos todos os participantes do ELSA-Brasil, exceto os que n&#227;o possu&#237;am dados completos da manobra postural. A amostra final foi composta por 14.833 indiv&#237;duos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>- <italic>Fluxograma do estudo.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1040-80354-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manobra postural e hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica</title>
        <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da manobra postural, o participante permanecia deitado por cerca de 20 minutos enquanto era submetido ao protocolo de aferi&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB). Foram obtidas tr&#234;s medidas da PA no bra&#231;o direito na posi&#231;&#227;o supina com intervalo de dois minutos entre elas. Utilizou-se a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas como o valor da PA em supino. Em seguida, o aferidor instru&#237;a o participante a se levantar (se necess&#225;rio com ajuda) e a manter postura ereta, com apoio apenas dos p&#233;s. A PA foi novamente medida aos 2, 3 e 5 minutos ap&#243;s ado&#231;&#227;o da ortostase, com o bra&#231;o do participante sem apoio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em formul&#225;rio pr&#243;prio, o aferidor deveria anotar a presen&#231;a de sintomas relatados espontaneamente (tontura, altera&#231;&#245;es visuais, n&#225;usea, etc.). Em fun&#231;&#227;o da intensidade dos sintomas, o protocolo podia ser alterado fazendo-se as medidas da PA na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada.</p>
        <p>Houve uma rotina de treinamento, certifica&#231;&#227;o e recertifica&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica dos aferidores. Supervisores treinados e certificados em n&#237;vel central treinaram as equipes locais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Todas as medidas da PA foram obtidas com aparelho oscilom&#233;trico validado (Omron HEM 705CPINT, Jap&#227;o)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> com tamanho do manguito escolhido de acordo com a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. Em 27 participantes foi necess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio (Unitec, Brasil) por falha na leitura do aparelho oscilom&#233;trico. Outros 14 participantes n&#227;o conseguiram manter a ortostase para todas as medidas press&#243;ricas e tiveram incremento press&#243;rico com o retorno &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Para estes fez-se uma corre&#231;&#227;o baseada na m&#233;dia dos deltas press&#243;ricos dos indiv&#237;duos que permaneceram eretos com o mesmo valor de queda press&#243;rica.</p>
        <p>Definiu-se HO pela presen&#231;a de queda da PAS de &#8805; 20 mmHg e/ou da PAD de &#8805; 10 mmHg na medida de 3 minutos ap&#243;s ado&#231;&#227;o da ortostase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Posteriormente foi feita avalia&#231;&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia considerando a queda press&#243;rica em qualquer medida ou ainda adotando-se a queda de &#8805; 30 mmHg na PAS dos hipertensos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HO foi determinada por sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, ra&#231;a/cor e escolaridade. Os dados de preval&#234;ncia foram apresentados como frequ&#234;ncia e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. A fim de afastar a influ&#234;ncia da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ou diabetes, a preval&#234;ncia de HO foi recalculada para uma subamostra gerada pela remo&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o (em uso ou n&#227;o de anti-hipertensivos), diabetes, auto-relato de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via (infarto ou coloca&#231;&#227;o de stent) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Foram descritos ainda as m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es de idade de cada subamostra. Al&#233;m disso foi verificada a preval&#234;ncia de sintomas relacionados &#224; mudan&#231;a postural nos indiv&#237;duos com e sem HO.</p>
        <p>Descreveu-se tamb&#233;m a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o (DP) da varia&#231;&#227;o da PA (delta da press&#227;o: PA em ortostase menos PA em supino) por faixa et&#225;ria e em geral, tanto para a varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS, quanto para a varia&#231;&#227;o da PAD. Por fim foram calculadas as preval&#234;ncias de HO considerando as quedas press&#243;ricas aos 2, 3 e 5 minutos, assim como para o crit&#233;rio de queda de &#8805; 30 mmHg na PAS aos 3 minutos, nos hipertensos. Ainda tra&#231;ou-se um diagrama de Venn com as medidas dos tr&#234;s momentos. As an&#225;lises foram efetuadas utilizando os softwares Microsoft Office Excel e o IBM SPSS Statistics 21.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quest&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O ELSA-BRASIL foi submetido e aprovado nos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa das institui&#231;&#245;es envolvidas e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HO por sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, ra&#231;a/cor e escolaridade na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e na subamostra &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . A m&#233;dia de idade na popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo foi maior do que na subamostra (52,1 &#177; 9 anos <italic>versus</italic> 49,1 &#177; 8,2 anos, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,01). As preval&#234;ncias de HO nestes dois grupos foram, respectivamente, de 2,0% (IC<sub>95%:</sub> 1,8 &#8211; 2,3) e 1,5% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 1,3 &#8211; 1,8). Considerando em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o os indiv&#237;duos com menos de 60 anos e com 60 anos ou mais, a preval&#234;ncia de HO foi de 1,6% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 1,4 &#8211; 1,9) e 3,2% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 2,8 &#8211; 4,1), respectivamente. Na subamostra, esses valores foram 1,4% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 1,1 &#8211; 1,7; m&#233;dia de idade = 47,2 anos) e 2,6% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 1,8 &#8211; 3,8; m&#233;dia de 64,3 anos), respectivamente. O efeito da idade fica mais claro agrupando-se os indiv&#237;duos por d&#233;cadas. Observa-se que a preval&#234;ncia abaixo de 55 anos &#233; praticamente id&#234;ntica na popula&#231;&#227;o total e na subamostra. A partir desta idade, a subamostra apresenta preval&#234;ncias menores. Outro fator com impacto na preval&#234;ncia foi a escolaridade, havendo aumento progressivo da preval&#234;ncia entre os participantes de menor escolaridade, tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o total como na subamostra.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica segundo dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, ELSA-Brasil (2008 &#8211; 2010)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="3" scope="col">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3" rowspan="1" scope="col">Hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" rowspan="1" scope="col">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col">Presente</th>
                <th scope="col">Total</th>
                <th scope="col">Preval&#234;ncia (IC 95%*)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n = 14.833)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <hr/>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">135</td>
                <td align="center">6.796</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (1,7 &#8211; 2,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">165</td>
                <td align="center">8.037</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (1,8 &#8211; 2,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="4">Faixa et&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">35 a 44 anos</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">3.298</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 (0,9 &#8211; 1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">45 a 54 anos</td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
                <td align="center">5.825</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (1,3 &#8211; 2,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">55 a 64 anos</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">4.157</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 (2,3 &#8211; 3,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">65 a 74 anos</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">1.553</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 (2,6 &#8211; 4,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="4">Cor ou ra&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">Preta</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">2.342</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (2,0 &#8211; 3,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">4.110</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (1,6 &#8211; 2,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">139</td>
                <td align="center">7.679</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (1,5 &#8211; 2,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Amarela/ind&#237;gena</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">525</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (1,5 &#8211; 4,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="3">Escolaridade</td>
                <td align="center">At&#233; fundamental completo</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">1.883</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 (2,3 &#8211; 3,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">5.133</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (1,8 &#8211; 2,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Superior completo</td>
                <td align="center">133</td>
                <td align="center">7.817</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (1,4 &#8211; 2,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1">Total</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">300</td>
                <td align="center">14.833</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (1,8 &#8211; 2,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <hr/>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Subamostra da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo&#8224; (n = 8.011)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <hr/>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">3.289</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (1,3 &#8211; 2,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">4.722</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (1,1 &#8211; 1,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="4">Faixa et&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">35 a 44 anos</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">2.570</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,9 &#8211; 1,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">45 a 54 anos</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">3.388</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 (1,1 &#8211; 1,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">55 a 64 anos</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">1.688</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (1,2 &#8211; 2,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">65 a 74 anos</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">365</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (1,3 &#8211; 4,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="4">Ra&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">Preta</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">1.223</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,8 &#8211; 2,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">2.219</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (1,3 &#8211; 2,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">4.181</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 (1,2 &#8211; 1,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Amarela/ind&#237;gena</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">284</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,4 &#8211; 3,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1">Escolaridade</td>
                <td align="center">At&#233; fundamental completo</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">645</td>
                <td align="center">2,3(1,4 &#8211; 3,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1">
								</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">2.643</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 (1,1 &#8211; 2,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Superior completo</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">4.723</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (1,1 &#8211; 1,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1">Total</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">122</td>
                <td align="center">8.011</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 (1,3 &#8211; 1,8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. &#8224;: Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de hipertensos, usu&#225;rios de anti-hipertensivos, diab&#233;ticos, com hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria grave, infarto e acidente vascular cerebral.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Foram referidas altera&#231;&#245;es de protocolo em 775 (5,2%) indiv&#237;duos. Em 33,7% destes casos (260 indiv&#237;duos ou 1,8% da popula&#231;&#227;o total), relatou-se a ocorr&#234;ncia de sinais e sintomas sugestivos de HO (tontura, dificuldade em permanecer em p&#233; sem apoio, n&#225;useas, e mais raramente v&#244;mito). As mudan&#231;as de protocolos nos demais casos decorreram, em geral, de limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas que dificultavam a realiza&#231;&#227;o da manobra, uso do bra&#231;o ou perna esquerda (ITB), e do esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio.</p>
      <p>O relato de sintomas associados &#224; HO ocorreu em apenas 1,4% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 1,2 &#8211; 1,6) dos indiv&#237;duos sem HO, valor este que subiu para 19,7% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 15,6 &#8211; 24,6) naqueles com HO e para 43% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 33,0 &#8211; 53,6) quando a HO era definida por queda de ambas as press&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Os valores m&#233;dios e o DP das varia&#231;&#245;es das PAS e PAD na manobra postural em toda a coorte e na subamostra est&#227;o descritas por sexo e faixa et&#225;ria na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Observa-se que, na m&#233;dia, as varia&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas s&#227;o positivas, sem diferen&#231;as entre sexos e idade.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (mmHg) aos 3 minutos, na popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo e na subamostra da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, por sexo e faixa et&#225;ria, ELSA-Brasil (2008 &#8211; 2010)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col">Faixa et&#225;ria por sexo</th>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1" scope="col">&#916; PAS (mmHg)</th>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1" scope="col">&#916; PAD (mmHg)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="10" scope="col">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col">
								</th>
                <th scope="col">M&#233;dia (&#181;)</th>
                <th scope="col">Desvio padr&#227;o (&#963;)</th>
                <th scope="col">&#181;-2&#963;</th>
                <th scope="col">&#181;-3&#963;</th>
                <th scope="col">M&#233;dia (&#181;)</th>
                <th scope="col">Desvio padr&#227;o (&#963;)</th>
                <th scope="col">&#181;-2&#963;</th>
                <th scope="col">&#181;-3&#963;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="10">
                  <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n = 14.833)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="10">
                  <hr/>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="3">Total</td>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">3,62</td>
                <td align="center">9,72</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;15,81</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;25,53</td>
                <td align="center">7,05</td>
                <td align="center">6,56</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;6,07</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">3,80</td>
                <td align="center">9,51</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;15,21</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;24,72</td>
                <td align="center">7,33</td>
                <td align="center">6,63</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;5,93</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">3,47</td>
                <td align="center">9,89</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;16,31</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;26,20</td>
                <td align="center">6,81</td>
                <td align="center">6,50</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;6,18</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="3">35 a 44 anos</td>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">4,05</td>
                <td align="center">8,34</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,63</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;20,97</td>
                <td align="center">8,67</td>
                <td align="center">6,34</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;4,00</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;10,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">3,99</td>
                <td align="center">8,44</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,89</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;21,33</td>
                <td align="center">9,22</td>
                <td align="center">6,13</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;3,05</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;9,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">4,10</td>
                <td align="center">8,25</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,40</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;20,65</td>
                <td align="center">8,19</td>
                <td align="center">6,48</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;4,76</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;11,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="3">45 a 54 anos</td>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">3,59</td>
                <td align="center">9,06</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;14,53</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;23,59</td>
                <td align="center">7,29</td>
                <td align="center">6,51</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;5,74</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">4,04</td>
                <td align="center">8,74</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;13,44</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;22,18</td>
                <td align="center">7,81</td>
                <td align="center">6,69</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;5,57</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">3,21</td>
                <td align="center">9,30</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;15,39</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;24,69</td>
                <td align="center">6,85</td>
                <td align="center">6,33</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;5,82</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="3">55 a 64 anos</td>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">3,23</td>
                <td align="center">10,70</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;18,16</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;28,86</td>
                <td align="center">6,15</td>
                <td align="center">6,44</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;6,74</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;13,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">3,27</td>
                <td align="center">10,56</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;17,85</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;28,40</td>
                <td align="center">6,22</td>
                <td align="center">6,38</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;6,55</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">3,20</td>
                <td align="center">10,81</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;18,41</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;29,22</td>
                <td align="center">6,09</td>
                <td align="center">6,49</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;6,89</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;13,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="3">65 a 74 anos</td>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">3,91</td>
                <td align="center">11,81</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;19,70</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;31,51</td>
                <td align="center">5,13</td>
                <td align="center">6,64</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;8,15</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;14,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">3,86</td>
                <td align="center">11,21</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;18,57</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;29,78</td>
                <td align="center">4,55</td>
                <td align="center">6,57</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;8,58</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;15,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">3,96</td>
                <td align="center">12,38</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;20,79</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;33,17</td>
                <td align="center">5,70</td>
                <td align="center">6,67</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;7,63</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;14,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="10">
                  <hr/>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="10">
                  <bold>Subamostra da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo* (n=8.011)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="10">
                  <hr/>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="3">Total</td>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">3,77</td>
                <td align="center">8,93</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;14,09</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;23,03</td>
                <td align="center">7,48</td>
                <td align="center">6,43</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;5,39</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;14,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">3,76</td>
                <td align="center">8,83</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;13,90</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;22,73</td>
                <td align="center">7,89</td>
                <td align="center">6,40</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;4,90</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;15,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">3,78</td>
                <td align="center">9,01</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;14,23</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;23,24</td>
                <td align="center">7,19</td>
                <td align="center">6,44</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;5,70</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;14,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="3">35 a 44 anos</td>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">4,17</td>
                <td align="center">8,35</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,53</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;20,88</td>
                <td align="center">8,70</td>
                <td align="center">6,30</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;3,91</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;17,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">3,99</td>
                <td align="center">8,53</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;13,08</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;21,61</td>
                <td align="center">9,25</td>
                <td align="center">6,16</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;3,07</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;18,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">4,32</td>
                <td align="center">8,21</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,10</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;20,31</td>
                <td align="center">8,27</td>
                <td align="center">6,38</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;4,49</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;16,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="3">45 a 54 anos</td>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">3,59</td>
                <td align="center">8,67</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;13,76</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;22,43</td>
                <td align="center">7,31</td>
                <td align="center">6,35</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;5,39</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;14,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">3,92</td>
                <td align="center">8,33</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,74</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;21,07</td>
                <td align="center">7,83</td>
                <td align="center">6,28</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;4,74</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;15,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">3,36</td>
                <td align="center">8,89</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;14,43</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;23,32</td>
                <td align="center">6,95</td>
                <td align="center">6,37</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;5,79</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;13,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="3">55 a 64 anos</td>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">3,50</td>
                <td align="center">9,80</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;16,11</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;25,91</td>
                <td align="center">6,37</td>
                <td align="center">6,38</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;6,38</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">3,00</td>
                <td align="center">9,75</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;16,49</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;26,23</td>
                <td align="center">6,41</td>
                <td align="center">6,41</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;6,40</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">3,79</td>
                <td align="center">9,83</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;15,87</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;25,70</td>
                <td align="center">6,34</td>
                <td align="center">6,36</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;6,38</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="1" rowspan="3">65 a 74 anos</td>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">3,89</td>
                <td align="center">10,80</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;17,71</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;28,52</td>
                <td align="center">5,64</td>
                <td align="center">6,88</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;8,13</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;11,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">3,65</td>
                <td align="center">10,92</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;18,19</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;29,11</td>
                <td align="center">4,80</td>
                <td align="center">6,62</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;8,43</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;9,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">4,08</td>
                <td align="center">10,73</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;17,39</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;28,12</td>
                <td align="center">6,29</td>
                <td align="center">7,04</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;7,79</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;12,57</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>&#916;: diferen&#231;a das press&#245;es antes e ap&#243;s ortostase; &#181;: m&#233;dia; &#963;: desvio padr&#227;o; *: Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de hipertensos, usu&#225;rios de anti-hipertensivos, diab&#233;ticos, auto-relato de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria grave, infarto e acidente vascular cerebral.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> apresenta as varia&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas por faixa de diferen&#231;a. Observa-se que geralmente essa oscila&#231;&#227;o situa-se de &#8722;10 a +10 mmHg na PAS e de aumentos de at&#233; 10 mmHg na PAD. H&#225; aumento da PAS em 66,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o e em 88,0% da PAD. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> cont&#233;m o histograma das varia&#231;&#245;es na subamostra. Est&#227;o sinalizados os valores da m&#233;dia menos dois DP e o atual valor de refer&#234;ncia. As varia&#231;&#245;es seguem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e semelhante, e os pontos de corte atuais situam-se entre dois e tr&#234;s DP abaixo da m&#233;dia.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>A) Altera&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s 3 minutos de ortostase por faixa de diferen&#231;a em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, ELSA-Brasil (2008 &#8211; 2010). B) Histograma dos deltas das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica aos 3 minutos ap&#243;s a ortostase, na subamostra da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, ELSA-Brasil (2008 &#8211; 2010).</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1040-80354-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia aos 3 minutos considerando o crit&#233;rio de queda de 30 mmHg nos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos foi de 1,5% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,3 &#8211; 1,7), totalizando 222 participantes. Ainda sobre a medida dos 3 minutos, considerando a queda em ambas as press&#245;es, a preval&#234;ncia situou-se em 0,6% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,5 &#8211; 0,7), queda somente na PAS preval&#234;ncia em 1,6% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 1,4 &#8211; 1,8) e queda somente na PAD em 1,0% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,9 &#8211; 1,2).</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> apresenta o diagrama de Venn para a HO aos 2, 3 e 5 minutos. Nota-se que 265 indiv&#237;duos tiveram HO aos 2 minutos, preval&#234;ncia de 1,8% (IC<sub>95%:</sub> 1,6-2,0); e 385 indiv&#237;duos aos 5 minutos, 2,6% (IC<sub>95%:</sub> 2,4-2,9). Em toda amostra, 94 indiv&#237;duos apresentaram HO em todas as medidas. Novamente n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significativa entre sexos e ra&#231;a/cor, mas houve uma progress&#227;o importante com a idade e com n&#237;veis mais baixos de escolaridade. A presen&#231;a de sintomas relacionados &#224; HO foi relatada em 10,2% (IC<sub>95%:</sub> 7,1 &#8211; 14,4) dos que apresentaram HO aos 2 minutos e 17,4% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 13,9 &#8211; 21,5) dos que apresentaram aos 5 minutos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>- <italic>Diagrama de Venn sobre a hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica aos 2, 3 e 5 minutos, incluindo a descri&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia total e segundo dados s&#243;ciodemogr&#225;ficos dos indiv&#237;duos com hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica nos tr&#234;s momentos, ELSA-Brasil (2008 &#8211; 2010).</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1040-80354-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HO considerando a exist&#234;ncia de queda press&#243;rica aos 2 ou 3 minutos sobe para 2,9% (IC<sub>95%:</sub> 2,7 &#8211; 3,2) e alcan&#231;a 4,3% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 4,0 &#8211; 4,7) quando considerada queda press&#243;rica em pelo menos uma das tr&#234;s medidas. Na popula&#231;&#227;o acima de 60 anos esses valores seriam de 5,1% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 4,4 &#8211; 5,9) e 7,3% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 6,5 &#8211; 8,2), respectivamente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nosso conhecimento, esse &#233; o primeiro estudo de preval&#234;ncia de HO em uma grande amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Destaca-se que o valor de 2,0% encontrado foi similar em homens e mulheres e apresentou n&#237;tido crescimento com a idade, notadamente a partir dos 55 anos. Na subamostra gerada com menor influ&#234;ncia de fatores confundidores, a preval&#234;ncia caiu para 1,5%. Essa queda decorreu principalmente das diferen&#231;as nas faixas superiores a 55 anos.</p>
      <p>A comparabilidade de dados entre estudos sobre HO &#233; dif&#237;cil, dada a diversidade de caracter&#237;sticas das popula&#231;&#245;es, sobretudo no que diz respeito &#224; faixa et&#225;ria, e &#224; heterogeneidade dos m&#233;todos utilizados na execu&#231;&#227;o da manobra postural. Em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o espec&#237;ficas, similares &#224; geral, s&#227;o encontradas preval&#234;ncias que oscilam entre 2,73%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> a 58,6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A mais baixa (2,73%) foi descrita nos participantes do Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, cuja m&#233;dia de idade era de 53 anos, ou seja, similar &#224; da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil. No ARIC a PA foi medida na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e depois em p&#233; a cada 30 segundos por 2 minutos, utilizando-se a m&#233;dia dessas medidas (exceto a primeira) para definir HO. Destaca-se que os participantes eram normotensos. J&#225; para Cooke et al. (58,6%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> a m&#233;dia de idade era de 73 anos e a PA foi medida de modo cont&#237;nuo (batimento a batimento), durante 3 minutos em mesa de <italic>tilt</italic> com inclina&#231;&#227;o de 70<sup>o</sup>. A HO foi definida pela queda press&#243;rica a qualquer momento durante o monitoramento, independente da dura&#231;&#227;o. Assim, as diferen&#231;as de preval&#234;ncia decorrem da diversidade de popula&#231;&#245;es e de metodologia, tendo como tra&#231;o comum apenas os pontos de corte da queda press&#243;rica. Em nossa pr&#243;pria amostra considerando a queda press&#243;rica de 2 ou de 3 minutos, ou a queda em qualquer medida, a preval&#234;ncia cresce de 2,9% e 4,3%, respectivamente, sendo a &#250;ltima mais que o dobro da preval&#234;ncia somente no terceiro minuto (2,0%) que tem sido o momento mais referido em estudos descritos na literatura.</p>
      <p>H&#225; grande varia&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo da medida. H&#225; estudos medindo a PA ap&#243;s 3 minutos da ortostase;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> ap&#243;s 1 e 3 minutos, considerando a queda em uma das duas medidas a partir da medida da posi&#231;&#227;o supina;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> ou da medida com o participante sentado;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> medindo ap&#243;s 1 minuto;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> ou ap&#243;s 1, 2 e 3 minutos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> ou 1, 2 e 5 minutos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> considerando a queda em qualquer medida; medindo de forma cont&#237;nua, considerando a queda entre 60 e 110 segundos;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> existindo ainda outras varia&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A diretriz atual recomenda a defini&#231;&#227;o pela queda press&#243;rica dentro de 3 minutos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> ap&#243;s a ortostase. N&#227;o h&#225; consenso, entretanto, sobre qual o melhor momento dentro deste per&#237;odo. A fim de determinar o tempo mais apropriado, um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> avaliou 407 idosos (m&#233;dia de idade de 78,7 &#177; 7,8 nos com HO e 74,1 &#177; 8,6 nos sem HO aos 3 minutos) ap&#243;s 1, 3 e 5 minutos da ortostase. A preval&#234;ncia encontrada foi de 21,86%, 21,37% e 19,90%, respectivamente, e os par&#226;metros associados &#224; HO foram os mesmos nos tr&#234;s momentos. &#201; destacado que 29 idosos apresentaram HO somente no primeiro minuto, 18 somente no terceiro e 12 somente no quinto. Os autores sugerem a ado&#231;&#227;o de 1 minuto para utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica por necessitar de menor tempo (o que &#233; importante principalmente em idosos) e por identificar a maioria dos casos. Destaca-se que se a defini&#231;&#227;o de HO fosse feita com base na queda press&#243;rica a qualquer tempo, a preval&#234;ncia seria maior.</p>
      <p>Outros estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> sugerem avalia&#231;&#245;es mais prolongadas, de at&#233; 10 minutos, uma vez que muitos participantes desenvolveram HO tardiamente. Em nosso estudo, com m&#233;dia de idade mais baixa (52,1 &#177; 9,1 anos), alguns participantes tamb&#233;m desenvolveram queda press&#243;rica mais tardia, visto que a preval&#234;ncia aos 3 minutos foi maior que aos 2, e que a de 5 minutos foi maior que ambas.</p>
      <p>&#201; preciso ter cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados provenientes de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da PA ap&#243;s ado&#231;&#227;o de ortostase. Nesses casos, um decl&#237;nio press&#243;rico fisiol&#243;gico pode ser esperado ap&#243;s ado&#231;&#227;o da ortostase, principalmente nos idosos, pela redu&#231;&#227;o s&#250;bita do retorno venoso e do d&#233;bito sist&#243;lico, at&#233; que os mecanismos de compensa&#231;&#227;o estabilizem a PA. Finucane et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> notou estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dentro de 30 segundos em indiv&#237;duos entre 50 a 59 anos, e com mais de 30 segundos nos indiv&#237;duos mais velhos. Tendo em vista essa queda inicial, considerar a queda independente do momento que ela ocorre como HO pode ser inapropriado. Os trabalhos que assim procedem t&#234;m encontrado preval&#234;ncias muito altas, como 58,6%, encontrada por Cooke et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Tais valores devem conter grande quantidade de falsos positivos. Cooke et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> mencionam que, caso fosse considerada a queda sustentada da PA com dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 60 segundos, a preval&#234;ncia cairia para 23,3% e para apenas 9%, caso fosse considerada a manuten&#231;&#227;o por 180 segundos.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s essas considera&#231;&#245;es sobre a heterogeneidade das popula&#231;&#245;es e m&#233;todos, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os trabalhos deve ser cautelosa. Estudos em popula&#231;&#245;es com faixa et&#225;ria semelhante &#224; do ELSA apresentam preval&#234;ncias entre 2,73%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> a 7,4%;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> com destaque para os artigos referentes &#224;s coortes ARIC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e Malmo Preventive Project (MPP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As varia&#231;&#245;es decorrem de exclus&#245;es nas amostras em fun&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos de cada artigo. A maioria dos artigos do ARIC apresenta preval&#234;ncia de cerca de 5%. Em todos eles a m&#233;dia de idade foi de cerca de 53 anos. Os artigos do MPP apresentam preval&#234;ncia de cerca de 6% e amostras bem semelhantes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 48 anos.</p>
      <p>Destaca-se que estudos de preval&#234;ncia em indiv&#237;duos com menos de 45 anos s&#227;o escassos. Encontramos apenas um<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> com indiv&#237;duos de 18 a 100 anos (m&#233;dia de 49 anos). Entretanto, a preval&#234;ncia por faixa et&#225;ria n&#227;o foi mencionada.</p>
      <p>O aumento da preval&#234;ncia de HO com o envelhecimento estaria ligado a uma s&#233;rie de causas. Pode-se citar as altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o barorreflexa, respostas vasoconstritoras inadequadas, redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e vascular, diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume sangu&#237;neo e menor efici&#234;ncia dos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos de atuar como bomba facilitadora do retorno venoso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em idades mais avan&#231;adas &#233; maior a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, condi&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; HO. Isso, entretanto, parece n&#227;o ter ocorrido em nosso estudo haja vista que o aumento press&#243;rico na popula&#231;&#227;o total do ELSA foi similar &#224;quele observado na subamostra, tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o sist&#243;lica como diast&#243;lica ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m da faixa et&#225;ria, uma menor escolaridade tamb&#233;m indicou tend&#234;ncia de aumento de HO, tra&#231;o este observado tanto na amostra global como na subamostra, com uma atenua&#231;&#227;o neste &#250;ltimo grupo. Ressalta-se que as diferen&#231;as de idade s&#227;o um fator adjacente a estes achados, j&#225; que os grupos com menor escolaridade apresentaram m&#233;dia de idade maior (56,5 anos na categoria de menor escolaridade e de 51,9 na de maior, na popula&#231;&#227;o total; na subamostra essas m&#233;dias foram de 53,4 anos e de 49,3 anos, respectivamente).</p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de sintomas, observamos que a preval&#234;ncia de HO &#233; significantemente maior quando algum sintoma caracter&#237;stico de queda no fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral &#233; relatado, principalmente quando a queda ocorre em ambas as press&#245;es. No Cardiovascular Health Study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> 20% dos indiv&#237;duos com HO apresentaram sintomas e no Rotterdam Study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> este indicador foi de 13,9%. Esses valores s&#227;o pr&#243;ximos aos detectados no ELSA-Brasil, confirmando que a HO &#233; assintom&#225;tica na maioria dos indiv&#237;duos. A presen&#231;a de sintomas &#233; relevante para iniciar novas avalia&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e tomar decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; diretrizes sobre a tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas nos portadores de HO, mas sem sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos deltas das press&#245;es resultaram em escores-Z de &#8722;2 a &#8722;14,09 mmHg para a PAS e de &#8722;5,39 mmHg na PAD na subamostra de pacientes sem a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o (medicados ou n&#227;o), diabetes, hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria grave, infarto ou AVC. Rose et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> em amostra de 6.951 participantes, ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o dos hipertensos, encontraram valor semelhante no percentil 5 da queda da PAS (&#8722;15,25 mmHg) mesmo utilizando um m&#233;todo diferente. Ressalta-se que os documentos que definiram a HO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> relatam o ponto de corte de &#8722;20 mmHg na PAS e &#8722;10 mmHg na PAD. Considerando que a varia&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica apresenta distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana, os pontos de corte atualmente recomendados para definir presen&#231;a de HO estariam al&#233;m daqueles previstos por um crit&#233;rio estat&#237;stico padr&#227;o, isto &#233;, considerar varia&#231;&#227;o excessiva os indiv&#237;duos que se situam nos 5% inferiores de distribui&#231;&#227;o da curva. A defini&#231;&#227;o de ponto de corte al&#233;m deste limite aumenta a probabilidade de falsos negativos, ou seja, indiv&#237;duos portadores de HO que n&#227;o receberiam este diagn&#243;stico e a orienta&#231;&#227;o adequada em fun&#231;&#227;o do estabelecimento de pontos de corte com base emp&#237;rica e n&#227;o com achados experimentais.</p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de HO, considerando o crit&#233;rio de uma queda &#8805; 30 mmHg em hipertensos, nota-se pequena diminui&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia (de 2% para 1,5%), obviamente pelo deslocamento para a esquerda do ponto de corte. A sugest&#227;o de 30 mmHg &#233; justificada na diretriz<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> devido &#224; maior PA inicial dos hipertensos. Entretanto, nos hipertensos do ELSA, menos da metade apresentava PA n&#227;o controlada, ficando a d&#250;vida em como proceder nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que a mesma n&#227;o &#233; abordada na defini&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o encontramos alus&#227;o sobre a preval&#234;ncia em hipertensos utilizando esse crit&#233;rio em outros estudos.</p>
      <p>Sobre a preval&#234;ncia nas demais medidas, destaca-se que houve aumento com o passar do tempo, e que muitos indiv&#237;duos apresentaram HO somente em uma das tr&#234;s medidas press&#243;ricas. A preval&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea nos tr&#234;s momentos foi de apenas 0,6%, tendo tamb&#233;m rela&#231;&#227;o com o envelhecimento, e 4,3% em qualquer um dos momentos. Uma an&#225;lise associativa com os principais fatores relacionados &#224; HO encontrados na literatura pode indicar qual(s) o(s) momento(s) mais adequado(s) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da HO nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Sobre a presen&#231;a de sintomas e a preval&#234;ncia de HO nos tr&#234;s momentos, os indiv&#237;duos que tiveram HO aos 3 minutos foram os que mais relataram sintomas. Vale lembrar que n&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#227;o sobre o momento exato do relato, podendo o sintoma ter sido relatado/ocorrido logo ap&#243;s a ortostase ou mais pr&#243;ximo &#224; medida press&#243;rica de 5 minutos. A presen&#231;a de sintomas, principalmente tontura e s&#237;ncope, pode ter grande impacto na sa&#250;de dos indiv&#237;duos, j&#225; que pode afetar sua mobilidade e seguran&#231;a.</p>
      <p>A extens&#227;o dos achados da nossa amostra para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral deve ser feita com cautela por tratar-se de uma coorte profissional. Entretanto, a amostra &#233; grande para permitir an&#225;lises de subgrupos e grande parte do espectro de varia&#231;&#227;o de idade, ra&#231;a/cor e escolaridade existente na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira est&#225; representada em ambos os sexos. Portanto, na aus&#234;ncia de dados populacionais, os dados do ELSA constituem atualmente a melhor refer&#234;ncia para a presen&#231;a de HO na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HO em uma amostra de trabalhadores p&#250;blicos brasileiros foi de cerca de 2% ao se levar em considera&#231;&#227;o as medidas press&#243;ricas obtidas 3 minutos ap&#243;s ado&#231;&#227;o da ortostase. A preval&#234;ncia &#233; igual em ambos os sexos e a idade &#233; o fator que mais influi na preval&#234;ncia. A medida press&#243;rica aos 3 minutos ap&#243;s ado&#231;&#227;o de ortostase &#233; a que melhor se correlaciona com a presen&#231;a de sintomas. Os atuais pontos de corte (-20 mmHg na PAS e -10 mmHg na PAD) podem subestimar a real ocorr&#234;ncia de HO na popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Ana Paula Costa Velten pela Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 0016.1.198.000-06. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rios da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Orthostatic Hypotension and the Distribution of Pressure Variation in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1176-903X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Velten</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do S&#227;o Mateus, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ana Paula Costa Velten &#8226; Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo - Rodovia Governador M&#225;rio Covas, Km 60 - Bairro Litor&#226;neo. CEP 29932-540, S&#227;o Mateus, ES - Brazil E-mail: paulinhavelten@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Velten APC, Bensenor I, Lotufo P, Mill JG; Acquisition of data and obtaining financing: Bensenor I, Lotufo P, Mill JG; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Velten APC, Bensenor I, Mill JG; Statistical analysis: Velten APC; Writing of the manuscript: Velten APC, Mill JG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Orthostatic hypotension (OH) has been neglected in clinical practice, and there are no studies on its prevalence in the Brazilian population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To determine the prevalence of OH and blood pressure (BP) changes after the postural change maneuver in participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>In this descriptive study of baseline data (N = 14,833 adults, ages 35 &#8211; 74 years), participants remained lying down for 20 minutes and subsequently stood up actively. BP measurements were taken while the participants were supine and at 2, 3, and 5 minutes after standing. OH was defined as a reduction of &#8805; 20 mmHg in systolic BP and/or a reduction of &#8805; 10 mmHg in diastolic BP at 3 minutes, and its prevalence was determined with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The distribution of BP variation after the postural change maneuver was determined in a subsample (N = 8,011) obtained by removing patients with cardiovascular morbidity and/or diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The prevalence of OH was 2.0% (95% CI: 1.8 &#8211; 2.3), increasing with age. If the criterion applied were a BP reduction during any measurement, the prevalence would increase to 4.3% (95% CI: 4.0 &#8211; 4.7). Symptoms (dizziness, scotoma, nausea, etc.) were reported by 19.7% of participants (95% CI: 15.6 &#8211; 24.6) with OH and 1.4% (95% CI: 1.2 &#8211; 1.6) of participants without OH. The &#8722;2 Z-scores of BP variation before and after the postural change maneuver in the subsample were &#8722;14.1 mmHg for systolic BP and &#8722;5.4 mmHg for diastolic BP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Prevalence of OH varies depending on when BP is measured. Current cutoff points may underestimate the actual occurrence of OH in the population. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(6):1040-1048)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypotension, Orthostatic/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Standing Position</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Longitudinal studies have shown that orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a predictor of increased risk of overall mortality and other health issues, such as coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and new cases of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Current guidelines define OH as a sustained reduction of 20 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or 10 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) within 3 minutes after standing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The same consensus statement also suggests a reduction of 30 mmHg in SBP in individuals with hypertension as a more adequate criterion.</p>
        <p>Since the first definition of OH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> the number of studies investigating the prevalence of this finding in the general population has been low, and there has been great divergence in the methodology for measuring blood pressure (BP) and even in the criteria for definition. Most of the studies have been carried out in specific populations, such as elderly patients; patients with diabetes, hypertension, or Alzheimer&#8217;s disease; or hospitalized or institutionalized individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Even though it is a simple and inexpensive assessment, BP measurement with the postural change maneuver is not commonly used in clinical practice, and few epidemiological studies have evaluated the measurement, its associated factors, and its implications for general health status. The prevalence of OH found in populations that most approximate the general population differs greatly according to age, varying, mostly, from around 5% (45 to 64 years of age) to 30% in studies including only elderly individuals (&gt; 65 years).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Practically all of the studies carried out have been in populations from North America,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Europe,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and Asia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and none of them have applied the criteria of a reduction of 30 mmHg in SBP for patients with hypertension.</p>
        <p>This study&#8217;s objectives were to determine the prevalence of OH in a Brazilian population, to verify its association with symptoms, and to describe the distribution of BP changes following the postural change maneuver.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This is a descriptive study carried out with data collected at the baseline (2008 &#8211; 2010) of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brazil), with a cohort of 15,105 civil servants of both sexes, between 35 and 74 years of age, whose main objective was to determine the incidence of chronic diseases and their determinants in the Brazilian population. The study is being carried out in six centers of investigation located in public higher education and research institutes, the participants being active or retired civil servants from these institutes. Details on sampling, recruiting, and data collected at the baseline have been previously published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This study included all the participants of the ELSA-Brazil, with the exception of those who did not have complete data on the postural change maneuver. The final sample was composed of 14,833 individuals ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>Fluxograma do estudo.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1040-80354-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Postural change maneuver and orthostatic hypotension</title>
          <p>To perform the postural change maneuver, participants remained lying down for approximately 20 minutes while they were submitted to the protocol for measuring ankle-brachial index (ABI). Three BP measurements were obtained in the right arm in the supine position, with two-minute intervals between them. The average of the last two measurements was used as the supine BP value. Subsequently, the assessor instructed the participant the stand up (with help, if necessary) and to maintain an upright posture, standing only on his or her feet. BP was measured again at 2, 3, and 5 minutes after standing, without supporting the participant&#8217;s arm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Assessors were instructed to take note of spontaneously reported symptoms (dizziness, visual alterations, nausea, etc.) on a specific form. Depending on the intensity of symptoms, it was possible to alter the protocol and measure BP in the seated position.</p>
          <p>Assessors received routine training, certification, and periodic recertification. Supervisors who were trained and certified on the central level trained local teams.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>All BP measurements were obtained using a validated oscillometric device (Omron HEM 705CPINT, Japan),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and cuff size was chosen according to arm circumference. It was necessary to use a mercury sphygmomanometer (Unitec, Brazil) for 27 participants, owing to failure to read the oscillometric device. Another 14 participants were unable to maintain orthostasis for all BP measurements, and their BP increased when they returned to the supine position. For these individuals, a correction is made based on the average BP variations or the individuals who remained standing with the same values of reduced pressure.</p>
          <p>OH was defined as the presence of a reduction in SBP of &#8805; 20 mmHg and/or DBP of &#8805; 10 mmHg in the measurement at 3 minutes after standing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Subsequently, prevalence was evaluated considering a BP reduction in any measurement or applying a reduction of &#8805; 30 mmHg in SBP for patients with hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The prevalence of OH was determined by sex, age range, race/color, and level of schooling. Data on prevalence were shown as frequency and 95% confidence intervals (CI). With the aim of avoiding the influence of the cardiovascular diseases or diabetes, the prevalence of OH was recalculated for a subsample generated by the removal of patients with hypertension (whether or not they were using anti-hypertensive medication), diabetes, self-reported heart failure, prior coronary disease (infarction or stent placement), and stroke. The average and standard deviation (SD) for age were also described for each subsample. Furthermore, the prevalence of symptoms related to postural change in individuals with or without OH was verified.</p>
          <p>Average and SD were also described for variations in BP (pressure variation: orthostatic BP minus supine BP) by age range and overall, for variations in both SBP and DBP. Finally, the prevalence of OH was calculated considering pressure reductions at 2, 3, and 5 minutes and applying the criterion of a reduction of &#8805; 30 mmHg in SBP at 3 minutes for patients with hypertension. A Venn diagram was also developed for the three different measurements. Analyses were carried out using Microsoft Office Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics 21.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics</title>
          <p>The ELSA-Brazil received approval from the Research Ethics Committees of the institutions involved, and all participants signed a consent form.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The prevalence of OH by sex, age range, race/color, and level of schooling in the study population and the subsample is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . The average age of the total study population was higher than that of the subsample (52.1 &#177; 9 years <italic>versus</italic> 49.1 &#177; 8.2 years, respectively; p &lt; 0.01). The prevalence of OH in these two groups was 2.0% (95% CI: 1.8 &#8211;2.3) and 1.5% (95% CI: 1.3 &#8211; 1.8), respectively. In the entire population, considering individuals under the age of 60 and those 60 or over separately, the prevalence of OH was 1.6% (95% CI: 1.4 &#8211; 1.9) and 3.2% (95% CI: 2.8 &#8211; 4.1), respectively. In the subsample, these values were 1.4% (95% CI: 1.1 &#8211; 1.7; average age of 47.2 years) and 2.6% (95% CI: 1.8 &#8211; 3.8; average age of 64.3 years), respectively. The effect of age is ever clearer when grouping individuals by decades. It was observed that the prevalence below the age of 55 was practically identical in the total population and the subsample. After this age, the subsample presented a lower prevalence. Another factor that impacted prevalence was level of schooling; there was a progressive increase in prevalence among participants with lower levels, in both the total population and the subsample.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension by sociodemographic data, ELSA-Brazil (2008 &#8211; 2010)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Orthostatic hypotension</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Present</th>
                  <th align="left">Total</th>
                  <th align="left">Prevalence (95% CI*)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Study population (n = 14,833)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <hr/>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Sex</td>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">135</td>
                  <td align="center">6,796</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.7 - 2.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">165</td>
                  <td align="center">8,037</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.8 - 2.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Age range</td>
                  <td>35 to 44 years</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">3,298</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2 (0.9 - 1.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45 to 54 years</td>
                  <td align="center">93</td>
                  <td align="center">5,825</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6 (1.3 &#8211; 2.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>55 to 64 years</td>
                  <td align="center">116</td>
                  <td align="center">4,157</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 (2.3 - 3.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>65 to 74 years</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">1,553</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3 (2.6 - 4.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Color/race</td>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">2,342</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 (2.0 - 3.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mixed</td>
                  <td align="center">81</td>
                  <td align="center">4,110</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (1.6 - 2.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">139</td>
                  <td align="center">7,679</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (1.5 - 2.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yellow/Indigenous</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">525</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 (1.5 - 4.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Highest level of schooling completed</td>
                  <td>Primary</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">1,883</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 (2.3 - 3.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Secondary</td>
                  <td align="center">110</td>
                  <td align="center">5,133</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 (1.8 - 2.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tertiary</td>
                  <td align="center">133</td>
                  <td align="center">7,817</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (1.4 - 2.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Total</td>
                  <td>300</td>
                  <td>14,833</td>
                  <td>2.0 (1.8 &#8211; 2.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <hr/>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Subsample of the study population&#8224; (n = 8,011)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <hr/>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Sex</td>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">3,289</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (1.3 - 2.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">4,722</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 (1.1 - 1.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Age range</td>
                  <td>35 to 44 years</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">2,570</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (0.9 - 1.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45 to 54 years</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">3,388</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 (1.1 - 1.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>55 to 64 years</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">1,688</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (1.2 - 2.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>65 to 74 years</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">365</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 (1.3 - 4.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Color/race</td>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">1,223</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (0.8 - 2.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mixed</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">2,219</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (1.3 - 2.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">4,181</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 (1.2 - 1.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yellow/Indigenous</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">284</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (0.4 - 3.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Highest level of schooling completed</td>
                  <td>Primary</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">645</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3(1.4 - 3.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Secondary</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">2,643</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 (1.1 - 2.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tertiary</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">4,723</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 (1.1 - 1.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">122</td>
                  <td align="center">8,011</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 (1.3 - 1.8)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*95% CI: 95% confidence interval; &#8224;: Study population following the exclusion of patients with hypertension, diabetes, history of heart failure, severe coronary disease, infarction, and stroke, as well as those using anti-hypertensive medication.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Protocol changes were reported in 775 (5.2%) individuals. Of these cases, 33.7% (260 individuals, 1.8% of the total population) reported the occurrence of signs and symptoms suggestive of OH (dizziness, difficulty standing without support, nausea, and rarely vomiting). Protocol changes in other cases generally resulted from physical limitations that complicated performance of the maneuver, use of the arm or the left leg (ABI), and use of the mercury sphygmomanometer.</p>
        <p>Report of symptoms associated with OH occurred in only 1.4% (95% CI: 1.2 &#8211; 1.6) of individuals without OH; this value increased to 19.7% (95% CI: 15.6 &#8211;24.6) in individuals with OH and to 43% (95% CI: 33.0 &#8211; 53.6) when defining OH as a reduction in both pressures.</p>
        <p>Average values and SD of SBP and DBP with the postural change maneuver for the entire cohort and the subsample are described by sex and age range in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . It was observed that, on average, pressure variations were positive, with no differences between sexes and age groups.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Variation in systolic and diastolic pressure (mmHg) at 3, in the total study population and the subsample, by sex and age range, ELSA-Brazil (2008 &#8211; 2010)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="10%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">Age range by sex</th>
                  <th colspan="4">&#916; SBP (mmHg)</th>
                  <th colspan="4">&#916; DBP (mmHg)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Average (&#181;)</th>
                  <th>Standard deviation (&#963;)</th>
                  <th>&#181;-2&#963;</th>
                  <th>&#181;-3&#963;</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Average (&#181;)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Standard deviation (&#963;)</th>
                  <th>&#181;-2&#963;</th>
                  <th>&#181;-3&#963;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <bold>Study population (n = 14,833)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <hr/>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.62</td>
                  <td align="center">9.72</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;15.81</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;25.53</td>
                  <td align="center">7.05</td>
                  <td align="center">6.56</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;6.07</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">3.80</td>
                  <td align="center">9.51</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;15.21</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;24.72</td>
                  <td align="center">7.33</td>
                  <td align="center">6.63</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;5.93</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">3.47</td>
                  <td align="center">9.89</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;16.31</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;26.20</td>
                  <td align="center">6.81</td>
                  <td align="center">6.50</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;6.18</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">35 to 44 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">4.05</td>
                  <td align="center">8.34</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.63</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;20.97</td>
                  <td align="center">8.67</td>
                  <td align="center">6.34</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;4.00</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;10.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">3.99</td>
                  <td align="center">8.44</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.89</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;21.33</td>
                  <td align="center">9.22</td>
                  <td align="center">6.13</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;3.05</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;9.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">4.10</td>
                  <td align="center">8.25</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.40</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;20.65</td>
                  <td align="center">8.19</td>
                  <td align="center">6.48</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;4.76</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;11.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">45 to 54 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">3.59</td>
                  <td align="center">9.06</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;14.53</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;23.59</td>
                  <td align="center">7.29</td>
                  <td align="center">6.51</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;5.74</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">4.04</td>
                  <td align="center">8.74</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;13.44</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;22.18</td>
                  <td align="center">7.81</td>
                  <td align="center">6.69</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;5.57</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">3.21</td>
                  <td align="center">9.30</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;15.39</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;24.69</td>
                  <td align="center">6.85</td>
                  <td align="center">6.33</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;5.82</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">55 to 64 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">3.23</td>
                  <td align="center">10.70</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;18.16</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;28.86</td>
                  <td align="center">6.15</td>
                  <td align="center">6.44</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;6.74</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;13.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">3.27</td>
                  <td align="center">10.56</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;17.85</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;28.40</td>
                  <td align="center">6.22</td>
                  <td align="center">6.38</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;6.55</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">3.20</td>
                  <td align="center">10.81</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;18.41</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;29.22</td>
                  <td align="center">6.09</td>
                  <td align="center">6.49</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;6.89</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;13.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">65 to 74 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">3.91</td>
                  <td align="center">11.81</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;19.70</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;31.51</td>
                  <td align="center">5.13</td>
                  <td align="center">6.64</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;8.15</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;14.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">3.86</td>
                  <td align="center">11.21</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;18.57</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;29.78</td>
                  <td align="center">4.55</td>
                  <td align="center">6.57</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;8.58</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;15.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">3.96</td>
                  <td align="center">12.38</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;20.79</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;33.17</td>
                  <td align="center">5.70</td>
                  <td align="center">6.67</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;7.63</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;14.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <hr/>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <bold>Subsample of the study population* (n = 8,011)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <hr/>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.77</td>
                  <td align="center">8.93</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;14.09</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;23.03</td>
                  <td align="center">7.48</td>
                  <td align="center">6.43</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;5.39</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;14.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">3.76</td>
                  <td align="center">8.83</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;13.90</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;22.73</td>
                  <td align="center">7.89</td>
                  <td align="center">6.40</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;4.90</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;15.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">3.78</td>
                  <td align="center">9.01</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;14.23</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;23.24</td>
                  <td align="center">7.19</td>
                  <td align="center">6.44</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;5.70</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;14.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">35 to 44 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">4.17</td>
                  <td align="center">8.35</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.53</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;20.88</td>
                  <td align="center">8.70</td>
                  <td align="center">6.30</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;3.91</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;17.39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">3.99</td>
                  <td align="center">8.53</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;13.08</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;21.61</td>
                  <td align="center">9.25</td>
                  <td align="center">6.16</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;3.07</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;18.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">4.32</td>
                  <td align="center">8.21</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.10</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;20.31</td>
                  <td align="center">8.27</td>
                  <td align="center">6.38</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;4.49</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;16.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">45 to 54 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">3.59</td>
                  <td align="center">8.67</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;13.76</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;22.43</td>
                  <td align="center">7.31</td>
                  <td align="center">6.35</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;5.39</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;14.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">3.92</td>
                  <td align="center">8.33</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.74</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;21.07</td>
                  <td align="center">7.83</td>
                  <td align="center">6.28</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;4.74</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;15.66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">3.36</td>
                  <td align="center">8.89</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;14.43</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;23.32</td>
                  <td align="center">6.95</td>
                  <td align="center">6.37</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;5.79</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;13.90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">55 to 64 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">3.50</td>
                  <td align="center">9.80</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;16.11</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;25.91</td>
                  <td align="center">6.37</td>
                  <td align="center">6.38</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;6.38</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">3.00</td>
                  <td align="center">9.75</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;16.49</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;26.23</td>
                  <td align="center">6.41</td>
                  <td align="center">6.41</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;6.40</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">3.79</td>
                  <td align="center">9.83</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;15.87</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;25.70</td>
                  <td align="center">6.34</td>
                  <td align="center">6.36</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;6.38</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">65 to 74 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">3.89</td>
                  <td align="center">10.80</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;17.71</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;28.52</td>
                  <td align="center">5.64</td>
                  <td align="center">6.88</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;8.13</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;11.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">3.65</td>
                  <td align="center">10.92</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;18.19</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;29.11</td>
                  <td align="center">4.80</td>
                  <td align="center">6.62</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;8.43</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;9.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">4.08</td>
                  <td align="center">10.73</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;17.39</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;28.12</td>
                  <td align="center">6.29</td>
                  <td align="center">7.04</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;7.79</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;12.57</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>&#916;: difference in pressure before and after standing; &#181;: average; &#963;: standard deviation; *: Study population following the exclusion of patients with hypertension, diabetes, history of heart failure, severe coronary disease, infarction, and stroke, as well as those using anti-hypertensive medication.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> shows pressure variations by range of difference. It was observed that the variation was generally situated from &#8722;10 to +10 mmHg for SBP, with increases of up to 10 mmHg in DBP. SBP increased in 66.4% of the population, and DBP increased in 88.0%. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> contains the histogram of the variations in the subsample. Average values minus two SD and the current reference value are indicated. The variations follow normal and similar distribution, and the current cutoff points are located between two and three SD below the average.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>A) Alteration in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at 3 minutes after standing, by age group, in the entire study population, ELSA-Brazil (2008 &#8211; 2010). B) Histogram of SBP and DBP variation at 3 minutes after standing, in the subsample of the study population, ELSA-Brazil (2008 &#8211; 2010).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1040-80354-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The prevalence at 3 minutes, when applying the criterion of a reduction of 30 mmHg for individuals with hypertension was 1.5% (95% CI: 0.3 &#8211; 1.7), with a total of 222 participants. Furthermore, with respect to measurement at 3 minutes, considering a reduction in both pressures, prevalence was 0.6% (95% CI: 0.5 &#8211; 0.7); considering a reduction in SBP alone, prevalence was 1.6% (95% CI: 1.4 &#8211; 1.8), and, considering a reduction in DBP alone, it was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.9 &#8211; 1.2).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> shows the Venn diagram for OH at 2, 3, and 5 minutes. It may be observed that 265 individuals presented OH at 2 minutes, a prevalence of 1.8% (95% CI: 1.6 &#8211; 2.0), whereas 385 individuals presented OH at 5 minutes, a prevalence of 2.6% (95% CI: 2.4 &#8211; 2.9). In the total sample, 94 individuals presented OH at all measurements. Once again, no significant differences were observed for sex or race/color, but there was an important progression with age and with lower levels of schooling. The presence of symptoms related to OH was reported in 10.2% (95% CI: 7.1 &#8211; 14.4) of individuals who presented OH at 2 minutes and 17.4% (95% CI: 13.9 &#8211; 21.5) of those who presented OH at 5 minutes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Venn diagram for orthostatic hypotension at 2, 3, and 5 minutes, including description of total prevalence and prevalence by sociodemographic data of individuals with orthostatic hypotension during all three measurements, ELSA-Brazil (2008 &#8211; 2010).</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1040-80354-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The prevalence of OH, considering the existence of a reduction in pressure at 2 or 3 minutes, increases to 2.9% (95% CI: 2.7 &#8211; 3.2), and it reaches 4.3% (95% CI: 4.0 &#8211; 4.7) when considering a reduction in pressure in at least one of the three measurements. In the population over the age of 60, these values would be 5.1% (95% CI: 4.4 &#8211; 5.9) and 7.3% (95% CI: 6.5 &#8211; 8.2), respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the prevalence of OH in a large sample of the Brazilian population. It is noteworthy that the finding of 2.0% was similar in men and women, and it showed clear growth with age, especially after the age of 55. In the subsample generated with fewer confounding factors, prevalence decreased to 1.5%. This decreased results mainly from differences in age ranges over 55.</p>
        <p>The comparability of the data between studies on OH is complicated, given the diversity of the characteristics of the populations, especially with respect to age range, and to the heterogeneity of methods used to perform the postural change maneuver. In non-specific populations similar to the general population, prevalence is found to vary from 2.73%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> to 58.6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The lowest (2.73%) was described in the participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, whose average age was 53 years, making it similar to the baseline of the ELSA-Brazil. In the ARIC, BP was measured in the supine position and then while standing, every 30 seconds for 2 minutes, using the average of these measurements (excluding the first one) to define OH. It is worth noting that the participants were normotensive. In contrast, in Cooke et al. (58.6%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> average age was 73 years, and BP was measured continuously (beat-to-beat), for 3 minutes on a tilt table at 70<sup>o</sup>. OH was defined as any drop in pressure at any moment during monitoring, regardless of duration. Thus, the differences in prevalence result from the diversity of the populations and the methods, the only common feature being the cutoff points for reduction in pressure. In our sample, considering a reduction in pressure at 2 or 3 minutes, or a reduction in any measurement, the prevalence increased to 2.9% and 4.3%, respectively; the latter is more than double the prevalence at the third minute alone (2.0%), which has been the most reported moment in studies described in the literature.</p>
        <p>There is a great deal of variation with respect to timing of measurement. There are studies measuring BP after standing for 3 minutes;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> after 1 and 3 minutes, considering a reduction in one of the measurements in relation to the measurement in the supine position;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> with seated participants;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> after 1 minute;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> after 1, 2, and 3 minutes;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> after 1, 2, and 5 minutes;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> considering a reduction in any measurement; measuring continuously, considering a reduction between 60 and 110 seconds;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The current guidelines recommend defining OH as a reduction in pressure within 3 minutes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> after standing. There is, however, no consensus regarding the best moment within this period. In order to determine the most appropriate moment, one study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> evaluated 407 elderly patients (average age of 78.7 &#177; 7.8 for patients with OH and 74.1 &#177; 8.6 for patients without OH at 3 minutes) 1, 3, and 5 minutes after standing. The prevalences were 21.86%, 21.37%, and 19.90%, respectively, and the parameters associated with OH were the same during the three moments. It stands out that 29 elderly patients presented OH only during the first minute, 18 only during the third, and 12 only during the fifth. The authors suggest adopting 1 minute for use in clinical practice, because it requires less time (which is especially important in elderly patients) and identifies the majority of cases. It is worth noting that, were the definition of OH based on a reduction in pressure at any moment, the prevalence would be higher.</p>
        <p>Other studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> suggest longer evaluations, of up to 10 minutes, given that many participants develop OH in a delayed manner. In our study, with a lower average age (52.1 &#177; 9.1 years), some participants also developed more delayed reductions in pressure, given that prevalence was higher at 3 minutes than that at 2, and it was highest at 5.</p>
        <p>It is necessary to use caution in interpreting data from continuous BP monitoring after standing. In these cases, a physiological decline in pressure may be expected after standing, especially in elderly patients, who are more susceptible to a sudden decrease in venous return and systolic output, until compensation mechanisms stabilize BP. Finucane et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> observed stabilization within 30 seconds in individuals between 50 and 59 years of age and within over 30 seconds in older individuals. Keeping this initial reduction in mind, it may be inappropriate to consider a reduction at any moment as OH. Studies conducted in this manner have found very high prevalences, such as that of 58.6% found by Cooke et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> These values must contain a large quantity of false positives. Cooke et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> mention that, were they to consider sustained reductions in BP with a minimum duration of 60 seconds, the prevalence would drop to 23.3%, and it would be only 9% if they considered reductions sustained for 180 seconds.</p>
        <p>With these considerations regarding the heterogeneity of populations and methods, the comparison between studies should proceed cautiously. Studies in populations with age ranges similar to the ELSA-Brazil showed prevalences between 2.73%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and 7.4%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> with the articles referring to to cohorts of the ARIC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and the Malmo Preventive Project (MPP) standing out.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The variations results from exclusions in the samples depending on the outcomes of each article. Most articles of the ARIC present a prevalence of approximately 5%. In all of them, the average age was around 53 years. The articles of the MPP present a prevalence of approximately 6% and very similar samples, with an average age of 48 years.</p>
        <p>It is noteworthy that studies on prevalence in individuals under the age of 45 are scarce. We found only one<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> with individuals from 18 to 100 years of age (average age of 49). However, the prevalence by age range was not mentioned.</p>
        <p>The increase in the prevalence of OH with aging is linked to a series of causes. The following may be cited: changes in baroreflex function, inadequate vasoconstrictor responses, reduced cardiac and vascular compliance, decreased blood volume, and lower efficiency of skeletal muscles to act as a pump facilitating venous return.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Moreover, as age advances, the prevalence of arterial hypertension is greater, and this condition is associated with OH. This, however, does not appear to have occurred in our study, seeing that the pressure increase in the total population for in the ELSA-Brazil was similar to that observed in the subsample, in relation to both SBP and DBP ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>In our population, in addition to age range, lower level of schooling also indicated a tendency to increase OH; this feature was observed both in the general sample and the subsample, with an attenuation in the latter group. It stands out that these differences in age are factors adjacent to these findings, given that groups with lower levels of schooling presented a higher average age (56.5 years in the category with lower schooling and 51.9 in the total population; in the subsample, these averages were 53.4 and 49.3 years, respectively).</p>
        <p>In relation to the presence of symptoms, we observed that the prevalence of OH was significantly higher when a symptom characteristic of a reduction in cerebral blood flow was reported, especially when the reduction occurred in both pressures. In the Cardiovascular Health Study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> 20% of individuals with OH presented symptoms, and, in the Rotterdam Study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> this indicator was 13.9%. These values are close to those detected in the ELSA-Brazil, confirming that OH is asymptomatic in most individuals. The presence of symptoms is relevant to indicate new diagnostic evaluations and make therapeutic decisions. In the meanwhile, there are no guidelines regarding clinical decision making in patients with OH who have no symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The distribution of pressures variation resulted in Z scores from &#8722;2 to &#8722;14.09 mmHg for SBP and &#8722;5.39 mmHg for DBP in the subsample of patients without hypertension (with or without medication), diabetes, history of heart failure, severe coronary disease, infarction, or stroke. Rose et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> with a sample of 6,951 participants, following the exclusion of patients with hypertension, found a value similar in the fifth percentile of the reduction in SBP (&#8722;15.25 mmHg), even using a different method. It is noteworthy that documents that defined OH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> reported a cutoff point of &#8722;20 mmHg for SBP and &#8722;10 mmHg for DBP. Considering that the pressure variation presents a Gaussian distribution, the cutoff points currently recommended for defining the presence of OH would go beyond those predicted by a standard statistical criterion, namely, considering excessive variation as individuals located in the 5% below the distribution of the curve. The definition of a cutoff point beyond this limit increases the probability of false negatives, or be it, individuals with OH who would not receive adequate diagnosis and advice depending on the establishment of cutoff points based on empirical and not experimental findings.</p>
        <p>In relation to the prevalence of OH, considering the criterion of a reduction of &#8805;30 mmHg in patients with hypertension, a small decrease in prevalence was observed (from 2% to 1.5%), obviously owing to the fact that the cutoff point was shifted to the left. The suggestion of 30 mmHg is justified in the guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> due to the higher initial BP in patients with hypertension. However, in patients with hypertension in the ELSA, fewer than half presented uncontrolled BP, posing a doubt as to how to proceed in this situation, given that the definition does not address it. We found no allusion to the prevalence of OH in patients with hypertension applying this criterion in other studies.</p>
        <p>Regarding the prevalence in other measurements, it stands out that there was an increase as time progressed, and many individuals presented OH in only one of the three pressure measurements. The simultaneous present during the three moments was only 0.6%, also showing a relation to aging, and it was 4.3% in any measurement. An associative analysis with the main factors related to OH found in the literature may indicate which moment(s) would be most appropriate for evaluating OH in this population.</p>
        <p>Regarding the presence of symptoms and the prevalence of OH during the three moments, the individuals who presented OH at 3 minutes were the ones who most reported symptoms. It is worth remembering that there is no information regarding the exact moment when the symptoms were reported, and the symptom may have been related or occurred immediately after standing or closer to the pressure measurement at 5 minutes. The presence of symptoms, especially dizziness and syncope, may have a great impact on the individuals&#8217; health, given that it may affect their mobility and safety.</p>
        <p>It is necessary to use caution when extending the findings in our sample to the general population, as it is a professional cohort. However, the sample was large enough to allow for subgroup analysis, and a great part of the spectrum of diversity in age, race/color, and level of schooling that exists in Brazil is represented in both sexes of the sample. Therefore, in the absence of population data, the data from the ELSA-Brazil currently constitute the best reference for the presence of OH in the Brazilian population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The prevalence of OH in a sample of Brazilian civil servants was around 2%, considering the pressure measurements obtained at 3 minutes after standing. This prevalence was equal in both sexes, and age was the factor that most influenced prevalence. The pressure measurement at 3 minutes after standing is the one that best correlates with the presence of symptoms. Current cutoff points (&#8722;20 mmHg in SBP and &#8722;10 mmHg in DBP) may underestimate the real occurrence of OH in the population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Ana Paula Costa Velten from Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the National Research Ethics Commission (CONEP) under the protocol number CAAE 0016.1.198.000-06. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de and Minist&#233;rios da Ci&#234;ncia and Tecnologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
