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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CtMQTMkj7dJSBWzVPBSTMDg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000701029</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2020005004202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190071</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190071</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos Efeitos Card&#237;acos de Lectina Sol&#250;vel em &#193;gua (WSMoL) de Sementes de Moringa Oleifera</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5920-7028</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yurre</surname>
            <given-names>Ainhoa Rodr&#237;guez de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6274-7968</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Dayvid Ferreira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4480-904X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Kalinne da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0012-7514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eduarda Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Isalira Peroba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>W&#234;nio Sandoval Filho Lima da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarpa</surname>
            <given-names>J&#233;ssica da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Caio C&#233;sar da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0065-2602</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Napole&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Cassandra Breitenbach Barroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Maria Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0044-1311</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Medei</surname>
            <given-names>Emiliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Emiliano Medei &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco G. CEP 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>emedei70@biof.ufrj.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn_ast1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Estes autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Paiva PMG, Medei E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rodriguez de Yurre A, da Silva JDF, Torres MK, Martins EL, Ramos IP, Silva WSFL, Sarpa JS, Guedes CCS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rodriguez de Yurre A, da Silva JDF, Martins EL, Ramos IP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rodriguez de Yurre A, da Silva JDF, Napole&#227;o TH, Paiva PMG, Coelho LCBB, Medei E. Rodriguez de Yurre A e da Silva JDF contribuiram igualmente para este trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1029</fpage>
      <lpage>1037</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundsamento</title>
          <p> As sementes de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> , que s&#227;o utilizadas para clarifica&#231;&#227;o de &#225;gua, cont&#234;m uma lectina chamada WSMoL que tem mostrado atividade antibacteriana e imunomoduladora <italic>in vitro</italic> . Devido ao seu valor nutritivo e potencial terap&#234;utico, as folhas e as sementes dessa &#225;rvore s&#227;o consumidas em algumas comunidades. Algumas lectinas de plantas n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#243;xicas para mam&#237;feros, mas tem sido relatado que outras s&#227;o prejudiciais quando ingeridas ou administradas por outros meios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Como um dos passos necess&#225;rios para determinar a seguran&#231;a de WSMoL, n&#243;s avaliamos os poss&#237;veis efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos desta prote&#237;na purificada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Durante 21 dias consecutivos, a WSMoL foi administrada a camundongos por gavagem. Foram investigadas as fun&#231;&#245;es eletrofisiol&#243;gicas, mec&#226;nicas e metab&#243;licas <italic>in vivo</italic> e <italic>ex vivo</italic> por meio de registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear e respirometria de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O tratamento com WSMoL n&#227;o induziu altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de glicose no sangue ou peso corporal em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Adicionalmente, as rela&#231;&#245;es peso card&#237;aco/peso corporal e peso card&#237;aco/comprimento tibial estavam semelhantes em ambos os grupos. A ingest&#227;o de lectina tamb&#233;m n&#227;o modificou a toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose ou resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos ou na dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco. Os cora&#231;&#245;es dos camundongos dos grupos controle e WSMoL mostraram fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada. Al&#233;m disso, a WSMoL n&#227;o induziu altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial (em todos os casos, p &gt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A administra&#231;&#227;o de WSMoL demonstrou ter um perfil de seguran&#231;a card&#237;aca. Estes resultados contribuem &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de seguran&#231;a do uso de sementes de <italic>M. oleifera</italic> para tratar &#225;gua, visto que essa lectina est&#225; presente na prepara&#231;&#227;o empregada por algumas popula&#231;&#245;es com esse fim. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Moringa Oleifera</kwd>
        <kwd>Lectinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicos&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>Carboidratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguran&#231;a H&#237;drica</kwd>
        <kwd>Camundongos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco</funding-source>
          <award-id>APQ-0661-2.08/15</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FACEPE</funding-source>
          <award-id>IBPG-0841-2.08 / 15</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>88881.068531/ 2014-01</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>PROCAD/2013 - 88887.124150/2014-00</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="45"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p><italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> Lamarck (Moringaceae) &#233; uma &#225;rvore nativa da regi&#227;o sul do Himalaia, amplamente cultivada na &#193;sia e nos tr&#243;picos, principalmente devido ao seu uso para clarifica&#231;&#227;o de &#225;gua. Tem sido cultivada como um rem&#233;dio tradicional, utilizada nas ind&#250;strias alimentar, cosm&#233;tica e farmac&#234;utica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e tamb&#233;m &#233; usada para tratar v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, como c&#226;ncer e doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e infecciosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma lectina sol&#250;vel em &#225;gua isolada das sementes de <italic>M. oleifera</italic> (WSMoL) tem demonstrado atividade inseticida,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> demonstraram sua atividade antibacteriana contra bact&#233;rias corrosivas e patog&#234;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A WSMoL demonstrou atividade anti-inflamat&#243;ria <italic>in vitro</italic> em macr&#243;fagos murinos estimulados por lipopolissacar&#237;deos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e foi capaz de ativar linf&#243;citos humanos a partir de culturas de c&#233;lulas mononucleares do sangue perif&#233;rico, mostrando um efeito imunomodulador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m tem sido comprovado que WSMoL &#233; uma das prote&#237;nas coagulantes encontradas nas sementes de <italic>M. oleifera</italic> ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e &#233; capaz de reduzir a turbidez e a ecotoxicidade de amostras de &#225;gua coletadas de um riacho polu&#237;do.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Est&#225; bem demonstrado que muitos antibi&#243;ticos e algumas classes de drogas anti-inflamat&#243;rias est&#227;o frequentemente associados a efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Entre os eventos adversos no sistema cardiovascular, est&#227;o a ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica, arritmias e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Classicamente, como uma consequ&#234;ncia de cardiotoxicidade, podem ser observadas altera&#231;&#245;es no eletrocardiograma (ECG), tais como o prolongamento do intervalo QT, o qual tem sido observado em pacientes que usaram v&#225;rias classes de drogas antimicrobianas, incluindo macr&#243;lidos e fluoroquinolonas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Entre os macr&#243;lidos, a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de eritromicina apresenta o risco maior de aumento do intervalo QT, e arritmias fatais t&#234;m sido relatadas quando foi usada isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o com outras drogas que prolongam o intervalo QT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Portanto, a prote&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca atualmente est&#225; um desafio constante para a ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, autoridades reguladoras e m&#233;dicos que enfrentam rea&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas adversas de v&#225;rios agentes terap&#234;uticos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>WSMoL tem surgido como um potencial medicamento antibacteriano e como um agente imunomodulador. Algumas lectinas de plantas n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#243;xicas para mam&#237;feros,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> enquanto outras t&#234;m sido relatadas como prejudiciais quando ingeridas ou administradas por outros meios, como inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Portanto, como um dos passos necess&#225;rios para determinar a seguran&#231;a de WSMoL, este estudo avaliou os poss&#237;veis efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos desta prote&#237;na.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Material das plantas e isola&#231;&#227;o da lectina</title>
        <p>Foram coletadas sementes de <italic>moringa oleifera</italic> em Recife (Pernambuco, Brasil) com a autoriza&#231;&#227;o (n&#186; 38690) do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conserva&#231;&#227;o da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) e armazenadas a &#8722;20 &#186;C. Uma amostra do material coletado foi armazenada como um atestado de esp&#233;cie (n&#250;mero 73345) no herb&#225;rio D&#225;rdano de Andrade Lima do Instituto Agron&#244;mico de Pernambuco. Foi registrado o acesso (A6CAB4C) no Sistema Nacional de Gest&#227;o do Patrim&#244;nio Gen&#233;tico e do Conhecimento Tradicional Associado (SisGen).</p>
        <p>A WSMoL foi isolada a partir do p&#243; das sementes de acordo com o protocolo previamente descrito por Coelho et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Resumidamente, as prote&#237;nas foram extra&#237;das em &#225;gua destilada, e, ap&#243;s filtra&#231;&#227;o e centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, o extrato foi tratado com sulfato de am&#244;nio com satura&#231;&#227;o de 60%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> durante 4 h a 28 &#176;C. Ap&#243;s outra centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, o precipitado foi ressuspenso em &#225;gua e dialisado durante 8 h contra &#225;gua destilada (4 h) e NaCl 0,15 M (4 h). A fra&#231;&#227;o dialisada (100 mg de prote&#237;nas) foi carregada em uma coluna de quitina equilibrada com NaCl 0,15 M (taxa de fluxo de 20 mL/h), e o WSMoL foi elu&#237;do com 1,0 M de &#225;cido ac&#233;tico. A lectina isolada foi dialisada contra &#225;gua destilada com tr&#234;s trocas de l&#237;quido para elimina&#231;&#227;o do eluente. A atividade de liga&#231;&#227;o de carboidratos da lectina foi monitorada durante o processo de purifica&#231;&#227;o pelo ensaio da atividade hemaglutinante, de acordo com o m&#233;todo descrito por Paiva e Coelho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Foram utilizados camundongos machos adultos C57BL/6 mantidos no Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) sob condi&#231;&#245;es controladas de temperatura constante (23 &#176;C), com um ciclo claro/escuro de 12h/12h e acesso livre a comida e &#225;gua. Todos os experimentos foram realizados de acordo com os Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos de Pesquisa em Animais adotados pelo Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal, e os protocolos aplicados foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa em Animais da UFRJ, sob n&#250;mero de protocolo DFBCICB041. Os camundongos foram utilizados para experimentos durante 21 dias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais</title>
        <p>Os animais foram separados em dois grupos experimentais: CNTRL (grupo controle) e WSMoL (animais tratados com WSMoL). V&#225;rios estudos do nosso grupo t&#234;m extensivamente realizado experimentos com WSMoL utilizando concentra&#231;&#245;es entre 10 &#956;g/ml e 0,2 mg/ml<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> com a finalidade de testar diversos efeitos biol&#243;gicos de WSMoL. No presente estudo, para testar a cardiotoxicidade desta prote&#237;na purificada, foi utilizada uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de WSMoL 10 vezes mais alta. Deste modo, os animais do grupo WSMoL foram tratados com a lectina (prote&#237;na purificada) por gavagem, com uma concentra&#231;&#227;o 5 mg/kg do peso corporal (equivalente a 2 mg/ml) durante 21 dias. Os animais no grupo CNTRL foram tratados com &#225;gua milli-Q por gavagem durante 21 dias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hipertrofia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Com a finalidade de avaliar a exist&#234;ncia de poss&#237;vel hipertrofia card&#237;aca, os cora&#231;&#245;es dos camundongos foram pesados, e os dados foram normalizados, calculando as rela&#231;&#245;es peso card&#237;aco/peso corporal (PC/PCorp) e peso card&#237;aco/comprimento tibial (PC/CT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a pesagem, os animais foram sacrificados por meio de deslocamento cervical. Subsequentemente, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram extra&#237;dos, lavados com solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS), secados para remover o excesso de l&#237;quido e pesados. O comprimento tibial foi medido com um paqu&#237;metro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Glicemia de jejum, teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose intraperitoneal e teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; insulina intraperitoneal</title>
        <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es de glicemia de jejum foram determinadas a partir do sangue das veias da cauda usando um glicos&#237;metro automatizado (Contour<sup>TM</sup> TS Bayer), teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose intraperitoneal (TTGI) e o teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; insulina intraperitoneal (TTII), os camundongos foram mantidos em jejum por 6 h e 4 h, respectivamente. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de jejum, os animais receberam, por via intraperitoneal, 2 g/kg de glicose para o TTGI ou 0,5 IU/kg de insulina TTII,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e n&#237;veis de glicemia de jejum foram monitorizados 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 min ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de um corte na cauda. Foi calculada a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) utilizando todos os pontos no tempo, descontando os valores basais de glicose para cada animal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eletrocardiografia e ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>Para avaliar a atividade el&#233;trica card&#237;aca <italic>in vivo</italic> , foi realizado um registro de eletrocardiograma (ECG) nos animais conscientes utilizando um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> a saber: dois eletrodos subcut&#226;neos implantados sob anestesia com isoflurano nas patas dianteiras direita e esquerda, correspondendo &#224; deriva&#231;&#227;o I do ECG. No momento do registro, os eletrodos foram conectados por cabos flex&#237;veis a um amplificador diferencial caseiro acoplado em CC (generosamente fornecido por Dr. Ariel Escobar, University of California, Merced, EUA), utilizando um filtro passa-baixo de 500 Hz e uma frequ&#234;ncia de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de 1 kHz. O sinal foi digitalizado usando Digidata 1440A (Axon Instruments, San Jos&#233;, CA, EUA) e registrado usando um programa de aquisi&#231;&#227;o baseado em Labview (National Instruments, Austin, TX, EUA). Foram analisadas as dura&#231;&#245;es dos seguintes intervalos: PR, RR, QRS e QJ.</p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi avaliada por ecocardiografia (ECHO) <italic>in vivo</italic> utilizando o Sistema de Imagem de Alta Resolu&#231;&#227;o Vevo 770 (VisualSonics, Toronto, Canad&#225;) acoplado a um transdutor de 30 MHz, sob anestesia com isoflurano. As imagens foram adquiridas na modalidade bidimensional e analisadas por um investigador cego. Foram calculados o volume diast&#243;lico final, o volume sist&#243;lico final, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a mudan&#231;a de &#225;rea fracionada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo utilizando o m&#233;todo de Simpson. Resumidamente, estes par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foram avaliados em um corte do eixo paraesternal longitudinal e em quatro imagens do eixo curto no modo B em alta resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal, obtidas em diferentes n&#237;veis ventriculares, como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Potencial de a&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Para realizar registros do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o (PA) card&#237;aco em cora&#231;&#227;o intato, um sistema de perfus&#227;o retr&#243;grada de Langendorff foi utilizado para manter os cora&#231;&#245;es funcionais ex vivo durantes horas, como previamente descrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Para evitar danos no tecido cardiaco pela forma&#231;&#227;o de co&#225;gulos sangu&#237;neos, os animais foram injetados por via intraperitoneal, com Na<sup>+</sup>-heparina, 15 min antes da eutan&#225;sia que foi realizada por deslocamento cervical. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram rapidamente removidos, canulados pela aorta e continuamente perfundidos com uma solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode oxigenada contendo o seguinte (em mM): NaCl 140, KCl 5,3, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 2, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1, NaPO4H2 0,33, HEPES 10 e glicose 10. O pH foi calibrado para 7,4 com NaOH a 32 &#186;C. Para diminuir a contra&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram perfundidos com Tyrode contendo 4 mM de Blebbistatin (Selleckchem, Houston, TX, EUA).</p>
        <p>Foram usados microeletrodos de vidro borossilicato (10-40 M&#937;) para registrar os sinais el&#233;tricos. Estes microeletrodos foram preenchidos com solu&#231;&#227;o de KCl 3 M e inseridos em um suporte (MEH1SF12, World Precision Instrument [WPI], Sarasota, FL, EUA) incorporado em um micromanipulador (MM33 links, WPI) conectado &#224; entrada de um pr&#233;-amplificador (Electro 705, WPI). Os microeletrodos foram colocados na superf&#237;cie do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a leitura do microeletrodo foi ajustada em zero. Os sinais amplificados foram digitalizados (NI USB 6281, National Instrument) e analisados com um programa caseiro em LabView (generosamente desenvolvido e fornecido por Dr. Ariel Escobar, University of California, Merced, CA, EUA).</p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros analisados foram a dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o (DPA) a 30% e 90% de repolariza&#231;&#227;o (DPA<sub>30</sub> e DPA<sub>90</sub>, respectivamente).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolamento das mitoc&#244;ndrias card&#237;acas dos camundongos</title>
        <p>O isolamento das mitoc&#244;ndrias card&#237;acas dos camundongos foi adaptada do protocolo descrito por Affourtit et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> com pequenas modifica&#231;&#245;es. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram rapidamente dissecados e lavados em tamp&#227;o Chappell-Perry (CP) gelado, contendo o seguinte (em mM): KCl 100, Tris-HCl 50, EGTA 2 com pH de 7,2. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram pesados, picados com l&#226;minas e lavados 4 a 5 vezes com tamp&#227;o CP. O tecido foi subsequentemente incubado por 5 min com tamp&#227;o CP suplementado com albumina a 0,5%, 5 mM de MgCl2, 1 mM de ATP e 125 U/100 mL de protease tipo VIII, na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1 mL/100 mg de tecido. Ap&#243;s isso, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram homogeneizados (Ultra-turrax homogenizer [IKA&#174;, Campinas, SP, Brasil], configura&#231;&#227;o baixa, 3 s, 3 vezes), e o homogenato resultante foi centrifugado. O sobrenadante foi centrifugado e o sedimento foi lavado e ressuspenso em tamp&#227;o CP gelado e finalmente centrifugado. O sedimento mitocondrial final foi ressuspenso em um volume pequeno de tamp&#227;o CP. A dosagem de prote&#237;na da prepara&#231;&#227;o obtida foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo descrito por Lowry et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> . As prepara&#231;&#245;es mitocondriais isoladas foram submetidas &#224; respirometria de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o para medir os fluxos de consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Respirometria de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Para as an&#225;lises de consumo de oxig&#234;nio, foram usadas mitoc&#244;ndrias isoladas. Os experimentos foram realizados em um respir&#244;metro O2k de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria, UE) a 37&#176;C com meio de respira&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial (MIR05) contendo o seguinte (in mM): EGTA 0.5, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 3, K-MES 60, taurina 20, KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 20, HEPES 20, sacarose 110 e 1 g/L BSA livre de gordura com pH de 7,1. O protocolo utilizado para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial foi adaptado de Pesta e Gnaiger,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> consistindo na adi&#231;&#227;o sequencial de m&#250;ltiplos substratos e inibidores, a saber: 5 mM piruvato, 2,5 mM malato, 10 mM glutamato, 100 &#956;M 5&#8217;-difosfato de adenosina (ADP), 1 mM ADP, 10 mM succinato, 0,2 &#956;g/mL oligomicina e 2 &#956;M antimicina A. A rela&#231;&#227;o de controle respirat&#243;rio (RCR) foi calculada pelo fluxo de oxig&#234;nio ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o do succinato na presen&#231;a de ADP, dividido pelo fluxo ap&#243;s a oligomicina. A capacidade fosforilativa m&#225;xima do sistema de transporte de el&#233;trons (OXPHOS) foi calculado pelo consumo de oxig&#234;nio ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o do succinato menos o consumo de oxig&#234;nio residual (ROX), o qual foi estimado ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o da antimicina A. O vazamento inespec&#237;fico de pr&#243;tons foi determinado pelo fluxo de oxig&#234;nio n&#227;o sens&#237;vel &#224; oligomicina menos o ROX. Um protocolo distinto foi realizado, alterando a sequ&#234;ncia dos substratos, para calcular o vazamento de el&#233;trons, a rela&#231;&#227;o de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) pelo fluxo de O<sub>2</sub>. A ordem de titula&#231;&#227;o deste protocolo foi a seguinte: 5 mM piruvato, 2.5 mM malato, 10 mM glutamato, 10 mM succinato, 1 mM ADP e 0,2 &#956;g/mL oligomicina. Os dados foram analisados em software DatLab 5 (Oroboros Instruments) e expressos em pmol O<sub>2</sub>/mg/s.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Produ&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial de H2O2</title>
        <p>O H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> mitocondrial foi medido monitorizando-se a taxa de aparecimento de resorufina a 563/587 nm (excita&#231;&#227;o/emiss&#227;o) em um espectrofot&#244;metro de fluoresc&#234;ncia (Varian Cary Eclipse, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, EUA). A mesma concentra&#231;&#227;o de mitoc&#244;ndria isolada que foi utilizada nos experimentos de consumo de oxig&#234;nio foi acrescentada em 2 mL de MIR05 suplementado com 5,5 &#956;M Amplex red, 2 U/mL peroxidase e 40 U/mL super&#243;xido dismutase. Os ensaios de produ&#231;&#227;o de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> foram realizados a 37 &#186;C, e os substratos, inibidores e desacopladores foram acrescentados na ordem seguinte: 5 mM piruvato, 2,5 mM malato, 10 mM glutamato, 10 mM succinato, 1 mM ADP, 0,2 &#956;g/mL oligomicina, 2 t&#237;tulos de 0,5 &#956;M de cianeto de carbonila-4-(trifluorometoxi) fenil-hidrazona (FCCP) e 2 &#956;M antimicina A. Os dados gerados em unidades arbitr&#225;rias de fluoresc&#234;ncia foram analisados no software Origin Pro-8 (Origin Lab Corporation, Northampton, MA, EUA) e normalizados em pmol de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/mg/min a partir da calibra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o das curvas de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> realizadas na presen&#231;a do mesmo n&#250;mero de mitoc&#244;ndrias isoladas para cada experimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (com intervalo interquartil). Para comparar os resultados entre os grupos CNTRL e WSMoL, foi utilizado o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, quando apropriado. De outra maneira, os dados que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o gaussiana (teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov) foram comparados pelo teste Mann-Whitney. Foram consideradas significativas as diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis quando o valor p era &lt; 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando GraphPad Prism 7.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, EUA). N&#243;s n&#227;o utilizamos m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos para predeterminar o tamanho das amostras. Os tamanhos das amostras foram estimados com base na disponibilidade da amostra e em estudos experimentais anteriores do sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O tratamento de 21 dias com WSMoL n&#227;o induziu altera&#231;&#245;es (p &gt; 0,05) nos n&#237;veis de glicose no sangue ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ) nem no peso corporal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ), em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo CNTRL. Al&#233;m disso as rela&#231;&#245;es PC/PCorp ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref> ) e PC/CT ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1D</xref> ) foram semelhantes (p &gt; 0,05) em ambos os grupos, indicando que nenhuma hipertrofia card&#237;aca foi desenvolvida. O tratamento tamb&#233;m n&#227;o modificou a toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1E</xref> ) ou a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1F</xref> ), em compara&#231;&#227;o com os camundongos n&#227;o tratados (p &gt; 0,05), revelando a aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo de carboidratos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tratamento com WSMoL durante 21 dias n&#227;o induziu altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas. (A) N&#237;veis de glicose no sangue ap&#243;s 21 dias de tratamento com solu&#231;&#227;o salina (CNTRL) ou solu&#231;&#227;o de WSMoL (WSMoL) (CNTRL n = 14 camundongos e WSMoL n = 11 camundongos), (B) peso corporal dos grupos CNTRL e WSMoL (CNTRL n = 14 camundongos e WSMoL n = 11 camundongos), (C) rela&#231;&#227;o peso card&#237;aco/peso corporal (CNTRL n = 8 camundongos e WSMoL n = 7 camundongos) e (D) rela&#231;&#227;o peso card&#237;aco/comprimento tibial, demonstrando que o tratamento com 5mg/kg de peso corporal de WSMoL preserva a estrutura card&#237;aca (CNTRL n = 8 camundongos e WSMoL n = 7 camundongos), (D) teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose intraperitoneal e (E) teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; insulina intraperitoneal com seus gr&#225;ficos de AUC correspondentes inseridos (CNTRL n = 9 camundongos e WSMoL n = 7 camundongos). Cada ponto representa valores individuais e as linhas representam valores m&#233;dios. &#9675;: Camundongos CNTRL; &#9679;: Camundongos WSMoL. Foram realizadas as compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos utilizando teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. Os resultados s&#227;o mostrados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1029-90071-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> mostra os par&#226;metros de ECG no 21&#186; dia de tratamento. Os intervalos PR, RR, QRS e QJ ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2C&#8211;F</xref> ) n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes (p &gt; 0,05) entre os grupos WSMoL e CNTRL. A DPA<sub>30</sub> e a DPA<sub>90</sub> foram semelhantes (p &gt; 0,05) entre os camundongos tratados e n&#227;o tratados ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2G&#8211;J</xref> ). Portanto, os dados obtidos aqui consistentemente demonstraram que o tratamento com WSMoL foi seguro para o comportamento el&#233;trico de cora&#231;&#245;es de camundongo.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; WSMoL n&#227;o comprometeu atividade el&#233;trica card&#237;aca in vivo ou in vitro. Registros de ECG representativos in vivo dos grupos (A) CNTRL e (B) WSMoL. Os intervalos (C) PR, (D) RR, (E) QRS e (F) QJ sumarizaram os dados obtidos ap&#243;s 21 dias de tratamento com WSMoL (CNTRL n = 7 camundongos; 2.034 medi&#231;&#245;es e WSMoL n = 7 camundongos; 2.038 medi&#231;&#245;es). Cada ponto representa valores individuais e as linhas representam valores m&#233;dios. Registros representativos in vitro do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o dos grupos (G) CNTRL e (H) WSMoL s&#227;o mostrados. Os efeitos do tratamento com WSMoL na dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o (DPA) a (I) 30% e (J) 90% de repolariza&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o sumarizados (CNTRL n = 5 cora&#231;&#245;es; 483 medi&#231;&#245;es e WSMoL n = 4 cora&#231;&#245;es; 545 medi&#231;&#245;es). Cada ponto representa valores individuais e as linhas representam valores m&#233;dios. Foram realizadas as compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos utilizando teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, e dados que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana (teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov) foram comparados pelo teste Mann-Whitney. &#9675;: Camundongos CNTRL; &#9679;: Camundongos WSMoL. Os resultados s&#227;o mostrados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana e como mediana e intervalo interquartil para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o gaussiana.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1029-90071-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Considerando que tem sido demonstrado que alguns antibi&#243;ticos podem prejudicar a fun&#231;&#227;o e a estrutura do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, n&#243;s estudamos a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo detalhadamente utilizando ECHO ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Os camundongos dos grupos CNTRL e WSMoL apresentaram estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada, conforme indicada pela aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as significativas (p &gt; 0,05) nos par&#226;metros seguintes: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A</xref> ), altera&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracion&#225;ria ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref> ), volume sist&#243;lico ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3C</xref> ), volume diast&#243;lico final ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3D</xref> ), volume sist&#243;lico final ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3E</xref> ) e massa ventricular esquerda ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3F</xref> ). Como um conjunto, esses dados demonstram que o tratamento com WSMoL n&#227;o prejudicou a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fun&#231;&#227;o e estrutura do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estavam preservadas ap&#243;s tratamento com WSMoL. Os resultados obtidos por ECHO dos dois grupos est&#227;o sumarizados nos seguintes: (A) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular, (B) altera&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracion&#225;ria, (C) volume sist&#243;lico, (D) volume diast&#243;lico final (E) volume sist&#243;lico final e (F) massa ventricular esquerda (CNTRL n = 7 camundongos e WSMoL n = 10 camundongos). Foram realizadas as compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos utilizando teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. Cada ponto representa valores individuais e as linhas representam valores m&#233;dios. &#9675;: Camundongos CNTRL; &#9679;: Camundongos WSMoL. Os resultados s&#227;o mostrados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1029-90071-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Finalmente, para verificar se WSMoL interfere na fisiologia da fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial card&#237;aca, n&#243;s empregamos abordagens experimentais para analisar duas fun&#231;&#245;es mitocondriais importantes: fosforila&#231;&#227;o oxidativa e produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio. O tratamento de 21 dias com WSMoL n&#227;o induziu altera&#231;&#245;es no consumo de oxig&#234;nio mitocondrial, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4A&#8211;E</xref> . Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento n&#227;o interferiu com a taxa de produ&#231;&#227;o de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> na presen&#231;a de diversos substratos, inibidores e desacopladores ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4F</xref> ), e n&#227;o alterou o vazamento de el&#233;trons ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4G</xref> ) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo CNTRL.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; WSMoL n&#227;o alterou a fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial ap&#243;s 21 dias de tratamento. (A) Fluxos de consumo de O2 na respirometria de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o dos grupos CNTRL e WSMoL, (B) rela&#231;&#227;o de controle respirat&#243;rio (RCR), (C) capacidade fosforilativa m&#225;xima do sistema de transporte de el&#233;trons (OXPHOS), (D) vazamento inespec&#237;fico de pr&#243;tons (LEAK), (E) consumo de oxig&#234;nio residual (ROX), (F) taxas de produ&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial de H2O2 e (G) vazamento de el&#233;trons nos grupos CNTRL e WSMoL. (CNTRL n = 4 cora&#231;&#245;es e WSMoL n = 5 cora&#231;&#245;es). Cada ponto representa valores individuais e as linhas representam valores m&#233;dios. &#9675;: Camundongos CNTRL; &#9679;: Camundongos WSMoL. Foram realizadas as compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos utilizando teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, e dados que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana (teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov) foram comparados pelo teste Mann-Whitney. Os resultados s&#227;o mostrados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana e como mediana e intervalo interquartil para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o gaussiana.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1029-90071-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A alta toxicidade de algumas drogas atualmente utilizadas para o tratamento v&#225;rias doen&#231;as &#233; uma grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o em sistemas de sa&#250;de. Por exemplo, diversas classes de antibi&#243;ticos s&#227;o cardiot&#243;xicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Neste cen&#225;rio, compostos naturais t&#234;m sido cada vez mais estudados devido ao seu potencial na descoberta e no desenvolvimento de medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Por&#233;m &#233; importante tamb&#233;m avaliar a seguran&#231;a de compostos naturais utilizados para fins alimentares e m&#233;dicos. Estudos anteriores realizados pelo nosso grupo demonstraram as atividades antibacterianas e imunomoduladoras da WSMoL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que tamb&#233;m &#233; uma prote&#237;na coagulante das sementes de <italic>M. oleifera</italic> . Neste estudo, n&#243;s avaliamos os potenciais efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos da WSMoL, quando administrada por via oral em camundongos. Estudos de seguran&#231;a s&#227;o imperativos, mesmo quando as lectinas s&#227;o administradas por via oral, visto que tem sido relatado que algumas prote&#237;nas desta classe podem atravessar a barreira intestinal e ser encontradas sistemicamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existe uma cren&#231;a que a origem natural de um produto garanta a sua seguran&#231;a em humanos. Por&#233;m alguns compostos naturais podem desencadear alguns efeitos t&#243;xicos, inclusive no n&#237;vel card&#237;aco. Por exemplo, o alcal&#243;ide aconitina, um ingrediente de Fuzi (um medicamento tradicional chin&#234;s), foi indicado como a causa de taquicardia ventricular Bidirecional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; tamb&#233;m sabido que diversos antibi&#243;ticos s&#227;o capazes de bloquear os canais de pot&#225;ssio hERG, prolongando o intervalo QT e a DPA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Guo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> observaram o prolongamento da DPA utilizando eritromicina em mi&#243;citos ventriculares de camundongos rec&#233;m-nascidos. Zhang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a azitromicina, quando administrada em porquinhos-da-&#237;ndia, causou prolongamentos significativos das DPA<sub>50</sub> e DPA<sub>90</sub>.</p>
      <p>Neste sentido, n&#243;s avaliamos os efeitos do tratamento com WSMoL na atividade el&#233;trica card&#237;aca tanto <italic>in vivo</italic> quanto <italic>ex vivo</italic> , em camundongos, observando a sua seguran&#231;a cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>Outro efeito observado em alguns antibi&#243;ticos &#233; o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o e estrutura ventricular esquerda, como observado por Zhang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> . Al&#233;m disso, alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que antibi&#243;ticos e outros compostos naturais podem prejudicar a fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> No entanto, ap&#243;s 21 dias de tratamento com WSMoL, n&#243;s observamos que a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e a fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial estavam preservadas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os dados apresentados aqui indicam que a administra&#231;&#227;o de WSMoL por gavagem n&#227;o teve efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos em camundongos tratados durante 21 dias. Estes resultados contribuem para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de seguran&#231;a do uso de sementes para o tratamento da &#225;gua, visto que essa lectina est&#225; presente na prepara&#231;&#227;o empregada por algumas popula&#231;&#245;es com este fim.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) pelo apoio financeiro e bolsas de pesquisa para os pesquisadores (THN, PMGP, EHM). Tamb&#233;m agradecemos &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (C&#243;digo Financeiro: 001) e &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE; APQ-0661-2.08/15) pelo apoio financeiro. O JDFS gostaria de agradecer &#224; FACEPE (IBPG-0841-2.08 / 15) pela bolsa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o e &#224; CAPES pela assist&#234;ncia &#224; mobilidade (88881.068531/ 2014-01; PROCAD/2013 - 88887.124150/2014-00). Al&#233;m disso, os autores agradecem o professor Ariel Escobar, da Universidade da Calif&#243;rnia, que nos deu apoio para registrar e analisar os registros de potencial de a&#231;&#227;o em cora&#231;&#245;es intactos. Por fim, os autores agradecem ao professor Antonio Galina, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, pelo apoio nos experimentos mitocondriais.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of the Cardiac Effects of a Water-Soluble Lectin (Wsmol) from <italic>Moringa Oleifera</italic> Seeds</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5920-7028</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yurre</surname>
            <given-names>Ainhoa Rodr&#237;guez de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6274-7968</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Dayvid Ferreira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4480-904X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Kalinne da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0012-7514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eduarda Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Isalira Peroba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>W&#234;nio Sandoval Filho Lima da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarpa</surname>
            <given-names>J&#233;ssica da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Caio C&#233;sar da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0065-2602</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Napole&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Cassandra Breitenbach Barroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Maria Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0044-1311</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Medei</surname>
            <given-names>Emiliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Emiliano Medei &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco G. Postal Code 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: emedei70@biof.ufrj.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>These authors contributed equally to this work</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and obtaining financing: Paiva PMG, Medei E; Acquisition of data: Rodriguez de Yurre A, da Silva JDF, Torres MK, Martins EL, Ramos IP, Silva WSFL, Sarpa JS, Guedes CCS; Analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis: Rodriguez de Yurre A, d a Silva JDF, Martins EL, Ramos IP; Writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rodriguez de Yurre A, da Silva JDF, Napole&#227;o TH, Paiva PMG, Coelho LCBB, Medei E. Rodriguez de Yurre A and da Silva JDF contriuted equaly to this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Moringa oleifera seeds, which are used for water clarification, contain a lectin named WSMoL which has shown in vitro antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity. Due to their nutritional value and therapeutic potential, the leaves and seeds of this tree are eaten in some communities. Some plant lectins are non-toxic to mammals, but others have been reported to be harmful when ingested or administered by other means.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>As one of the steps needed to define the safety of WSMoL, we evaluated possible cardiotoxic effects of this purified protein. Methods: WSMoL was administered for 21 consecutive days to mice by gavage. Electrophysiological, mechanical, and metabolic cardiac functions were investigated by in vivo and ex vivo electrocardiographic recordings, nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-resolution respirometry.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The treatment with WSMoL did not induce changes in blood glucose levels or body weight in comparison with control group. Moreover, the heart weight/body weight and heart weight/tibia length ratios were similar in both groups. Lectin ingestion also did not modify glucose tolerance or insulin resistance. No alterations were observed in electrocardiographic parameters or cardiac action potential duration. The heart of mice from the control and WSMoL groups showed preserved left ventricular function. Furthermore, WSMoL did not induce changes in mitochondrial function (in all cases, p &gt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The administration of WSMoL demonstrated a cardiac safety profile. These results contribute to the safety evaluation of using M. oleifera seeds to treat water, since this lectin is present in the preparation employed by some populations to this end. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd><italic>Moringa Ole&#237;fera</italic> (WSMoL), Lectins, Glycosides</kwd>
        <kwd>Carbohydrates</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart</kwd>
        <kwd>Water Security</kwd>
        <kwd>Mice</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p><italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> Lamarck (Moringaceae) is a tree that is native to the south Himalaya region, widely cultivated on Asia and throughout the tropics mainly due to its use for water clarification. It has been employed in traditional medicine, as well as in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and it is also used to treat different diseases, such as cancer and chronic and infectious diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A water-soluble lectin isolated from the seeds of <italic>M. oleifera</italic> (WSMoL) has shown insecticidal activity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and <italic>in vitro</italic> studies demonstrated its antibacterial activity against corrosive and pathogenic bacteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> WSMoL demonstrated <italic>in vitro</italic> anti-inflammatory activity on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and it was able to activate human lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures, showing an immunomodulatory effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> It has also been proven that WSMoL is one of the coagulant proteins found in <italic>M. oleifera</italic> seeds<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and it is able to reduce the turbidity and ecotoxicity of water samples collected from a polluted stream.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is well demonstrated that many antibiotics and some classes of anti-inflammatory drugs are usually associated with cardiotoxic effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The injurious events of these drugs in the cardiovascular system include the occurrence of heart failure with systolic ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, and myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Classically, as a consequence of cardiotoxicity, changes on the electrocardiogram (ECG) can be observed, such as QT interval prolongation, which has been observed in patients who have used several classes of antimicrobials, including macrolides and fluoroquinolones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Among macrolides, intravenous administration of erythromycin presents the greatest risk. It increases the QT interval, and fatal arrhythmias have been reported when it was used alone or in combination with other QT-prolonging drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Thus, protection of cardiac function is currently a constant challenge for the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and physicians facing adverse clinical reactions to various therapeutic agents in clinical practice.</p>
        <p>WSMoL has emerged as a potential antibacterial drug and as an immunomodulatory agent. Some plant lectins are non-toxic to mammals,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> but others have been reported to be harmful when ingested or administered by other means, such as intraperitoneal injection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Thus, as one of the steps needed to define the safety of WSMoL, this study evaluated this protein&#8217;s possible cardiotoxic effects.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Plant material and lectin isolation</title>
          <p><italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> seeds were collected in Recife (Pernambuco, Brazil) with the authorization (no. 38690) of the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio, acronym in Portuguese) and stored at &#8722;20 &#186;C. A sample of the collected material was stored as a voucher specimen (number 73345) at the D&#225;rdano de Andrade Lima herbarium of the Agronomy Institute of Pernambuco. The access was recorded (A6CAB4C) in the National System For The Management Of Genetic Heritage And Associated Traditional Knowledge (SisGen, acronym in Portuguese).</p>
          <p>WSMoL was isolated from seed powder according to the protocol previously described by Coelho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Briefly, proteins were extracted in distilled water, and, after filtration and centrifugation, the extract was treated with ammonium sulfate at 60% saturation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> for 4 h at 28 &#176;C. After another centrifugation, the precipitate was resuspended in water and dialyzed for 8 h against distilled water (4 h) and 0.15 M NaCl (4 h). The dialyzed fraction (100 mg of proteins) was loaded onto a chitin column equilibrated with 0.15 M NaCl (20 mL/h flow rate) and WSMoL was eluted with 1.0 M acetic acid. The isolated lectin was dialyzed against distilled water with three liquid changes for eluent elimination. Carbohydrate-binding activity of the lectin was monitored during the purification process by the hemagglutinating activity assay according to the method described by Paiva and Coelho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>Adult male C57BL/6 mice were used and maintained at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute (IBCCF, acronym in Portuguese) of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ, acronym in Portuguese) under controlled conditions of constant temperature (23 &#176;C), in a standard light/dark cycle of 12h/12h with free access to food and water. All experiments were performed in accordance with the Ethical Principles in Animal Research adopted by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation, and the the applied protocols received approval from the Committee on Ethics in Animal Research of UFRJ, under protocol number DFBCICB041. The mice were used for experiments for 21 days.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental conditions</title>
          <p>The animals were separated into two experimental groups: CNTRL (control group) and WSMoL (animals treated with WSMoL). Several studies by our group have extensively performed experiments with WSMoL using concentrations ranging from 10 &#956;g/ml to 0.2 mg/ml<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> in order to test several biological effects of WSMoL. In the present study, in order to test its cardiotoxicity of this purified protein, a 10 times higher concentration of WSMoL was used. Thus, the animals of the WSMoL group were treated with the lectin (purified protein) via gavage, at a concentration of 5 mg/kg body weight (equivalent to 2 mg/ml) for 21 days. The animals in the CNTRL group were treated with milli-Q water via gavage for 21 days.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac hypertrophy</title>
          <p>In order to evaluate the existence of possible cardiac hypertrophy, the mice&#8217;s hearts were weighed, and data were normalized by calculating the heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) and heart weight/tibia length (HW/TL) ratios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> After weighing, the animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Subsequently, the hearts were extracted, washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), dried to remove liquid excess, and weighed. The length of the tibia was measured with a caliper.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fasting glucose, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test</title>
          <p>Fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentrations were determined from tail vein blood using an automated glucometer (Contour<sup>TM</sup>TS Bayer). For intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT), mice were fasted for 6 h and 4 h, respectively. After the fasting period, animals received intraperitoneally 2 g/kg of glucose for IPGTT or 0.5 IU/kg of insulin for IPITT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and FBG levels were monitored 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 min after injection from a tail snip. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using all the time points, discounting baseline glucose values from each animal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiography and echocardiography</title>
          <p>In order to assess the cardiac electrical activity <italic>in vivo</italic> , an electrocardiogram (ECG) recording was carried out in conscious animals using a noninvasive method,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> namely, two subcutaneous electrodes were implanted under isoflurane anesthesia in the right and left forepaws, corresponding to ECG lead I. At the time of registration, the electrodes were connected by flexible cables to a homemade DC-coupled differential amplifier (kindly provided by Dr. Ariel Escobar, University of California, Merced, USA) using a 500 Hz low-pass filter and an acquisition frequency of 1 kHz. The signal was digitized using Digidata 1440A (Axon Instruments, San Jos&#233;, CA, USA) and recorded using a Labview-based acquisition program (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA). The durations of the following intervals were analyzed: PR, RR, QRS, and QJ.</p>
          <p>Cardiac function was evaluated by <italic>in vivo</italic> echocardiography (ECHO) using the Vevo 770 High-Resolution Imaging System (VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada) coupled to a 30 MHz transductor, under isoflurane anesthesia. Images were acquired in bidimensional mode and analyzed by a blinded investigator. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, ejection fraction, and fractional area change were calculated using Simpson&#8217;s method. In brief, these parameters of cardiac function were evaluated in a long parasternal axis view and four high-temporal resolution B-mode short-axis images, taken at different ventricular levels, as described previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Action potential</title>
          <p>In order to perform intact cardiac action potential (AP) records, a Langendorff retrograde perfusion system was used to maintain the hearts functional <italic>ex vivo</italic> for hours, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> To avoid tissue damage by the formation of blood clots, animals were injected intraperitoneally with Na<sup>+</sup>-heparin 15 min before euthanization by cervical dislocation. Hearts were rapidly removed, cannulated by the aorta, and perfused continuously with an oxygenated Tyrode solution containing the following, (in mM): NaCl 140, KCl 5.3, CaCl<sub>2</sub>2, MgCl<sub>2</sub>1, NaPO4H2 0.33, HEPES 10, and glucose 10. The pH was calibrated to 7.4 with NaOH at 32 &#186;C. To decrease mechanical contraction, the hearts were perfused with Tyrode containing 4 mM of Blebbistatin (Selleckchem, Houston, TX, USA).</p>
          <p>To record electrical signals, borosilicate glass (10-40 M&#937;) microelectrodes were used. These microelectrodes were filled with 3 M KCl solution and inserted into a holder (MEH1SF12, World Precision Instrument [WPI], Sarasota, FL, USA) embedded in a micromanipulator (MM33 links, WPI) connected to the input of a pre-amplifier (Electro 705, WPI). The microelectrodes were placed on the surface of the left ventricle and the reading of the microelectrode was set to zero. Amplified signals were digitalized (NI USB 6281, National Instrument) and analyzed with a homemade program in LabView (kindly developed and provided by Dr. Ariel Escobar, University of California, Merced, CA, USA).</p>
          <p>The parameters analyzed were action potential duration (APD) at 30% and 90% repolarization (APD<sub>30</sub>and APD<sub>90</sub>, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolation of mice heart mitochondria</title>
          <p>Isolation of mitochondria from the hearts was adapted from the protocol described by Affourtit et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> with minor modifications. The hearts were rapidly dissected and rinsed in ice-cold Chappell-Perry (CP) buffer containing the following (in mM): KCl 100, Tris-HCl 50, EGTA 2 at pH 7.2). The hearts were weighed, minced with razor blades and washed 4 to 5 times with CP buffer. The tissue was subsequently incubated for 5 min with CP buffer supplemented with 0.5% albumin, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM ATP, and 125 U/100 mL protease type VIII, at a proportion of 1 mL/100 mg of tissue. The hearts were then homogenized (Ultra-turrax homogenizer [IKA&#174;, Campinas, SP, Brazil], low setting, 3 s, 3 times) and the resultant homogenate was centrifuged. The supernatant was centrifuged and the pellet was washed and resuspended into ice-cold CP buffer and finally centrifuged. The final mitochondrial pellet was resuspended into a small volume of CP buffer. The protein dosage of the obtained preparation was performed by the method described by Lowry et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> . The isolated mitochondrial preparations were subjected to high resolution respirometry to measure the fluxes of oxygen consumption.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>High resolution respirometry</title>
          <p>For the analyses of the oxygen consumption, isolated mitochondria were used. The experiments were performed on a high-resolution O2k-respirometer (Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria, EU) at 37&#176;C with mitochondrial respiration media (MIR05) containing the following (in mM): EGTA 0.5, MgCl<sub>2</sub>3, K-MES 60, taurine 20, KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>20, HEPES 20, sucrose 110 and 1 g/L fat free BSA at pH 7.1. The protocol used to evaluate mitochondrial function was adapted from Pesta and Gnaiger,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> consisting of sequential addition of multiple substrates and inhibitors, namely, the following: 5 mM pyruvate, 2.5 mM malate, 10 mM glutamate, 100 &#956;M adenosine 5&#8217;-diphosphate (ADP), 1 mM ADP, 10 mM succinate, 0.2 &#956;g/mL oligomycin, and 2 &#956;M antimycin A. Respiratory control ratio (RCR) was calculated by the oxygen flux after addition of succinate in the presence of ADP, divided by the flux after oligomycin. The maximal phosphorylative capacity of electron transport system (OXPHOS) was calculated by the oxygen consumption following addition of succinate minus residual oxygen consumption (ROX), which was estimated after the addition of antimycin A. The non-specific leak of protons was determined by oxygen flux insensitive to oligomycin minus ROX. Another distinct protocol was performed by changing the sequence of the substrates in order to calculate the electron leakage, the ratio of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) production by O<sub>2</sub>flux. The order of titration of this protocol was the following: 5 mM pyruvate, 2.5 mM malate, 10 mM glutamate, 10 mM succinate, 1 mM ADP, and 0.2 &#956;g/mL oligomycin. Data were analyzed in DatLab 5 software (Oroboros Instruments) and expressed in pmol O<sub>2</sub>/mg/s.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mitochondrial H2O2 production</title>
          <p>Mitochondrial H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>was measured by monitoring the resorufin appearance rate at 563/587 nm (excitation/emission) in a fluorescence spectrophotometer (Varian Cary Eclipse, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The same concentration of isolated mitochondria used in the oxygen consumption experiments was added in 2 mL of MIR05 supplemented with 5.5 &#956;M Amplex red, 2 U/mL peroxidase, and 40 U/mL superoxide dismutase. The assays of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>production were performed at 37 &#186;C, and the substrates, inhibitors, and uncouplers were added every 2 min in the following order: 5 mM pyruvate, 2.5 mM malate, 10 mM glutamate, 10 mM succinate, 1 mM ADP, 0.2 &#956;g/mL oligomycin, 2 titres of 0.5 &#956;M carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and 2 &#956;M antimycin A. The data generated in arbitrary units of fluorescence were analyzed in Origin Pro-8 software (Origin Lab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA) and normalized to pmol of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/mg/min from standard calibration curves of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>performed in the presence of the same number of isolated mitochondria for each experiment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD or median (with interquartile range). In order to compare the results between CNTRL and WSMoL, unpaired Student&#8217;s t test was used, when appropriate. On the other hand, data showing non-Gaussian distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) were compared by the Mann-Whitney test. Differences between variables were considered significant when p value was &lt; 0.05. All analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 7.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). We did not use statistical methods to predetermine sample size. Samples sizes were estimated on the basis of sample availability and previous experimental studies of the cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The 21-day treatment with WSMoL did not induce changes (p &gt; 0.05) in blood glucose levels ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> ) or body weight ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> ) in comparison with CNTRL group. In addition, the HW/BW ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref> ) and HW/TL ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1D</xref> ) ratios were similar (p &gt; 0.05) in both groups, indicating that no cardiac hypertrophy was developed. The treatment also did not modify glucose tolerance ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1E</xref> ) or insulin resistance ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1F</xref> ) in comparison with untreated mice (p &gt; 0.05), revealing absence of alterations in carbohydrate metabolism.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; WSMoL treatment for 21 days did not induce metabolic alterations. (A) Blood glucose levels after 21 days of treatment with saline (CNTRL) or WSMoL (WSMoL) solution (CNTRL n = 14 mice and WSMoL n = 11 mice), (B) body weight of CNTRL and WSMoL groups (CNTRL n = 14 mice and WSMoL n = 11 mice), (C) heart weight/body weight ratio (CNTRL n = 8 mice and WSMoL n = 7 mice) and (D) heart weight/tibia length ratio, showing that the treatment with 5mg/kg body weight of WSMoL preserves cardiac structure (CNTRL n = 8 mice and WSMoL n = 7 mice), (D) intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and (E) intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test with their correspondent AUC graphs on inset (CNTRL n = 9 mice and WSMoL n = 7 mice). Each dot represents individual values and lines represent mean values. &#9675;: CNTRL mice; &#9679;: WSMoL mice. Comparisons between groups were performed using unpaired Student&#8217;s t test. The results are shown as mean &#177; SD.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1029-90071-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> shows the ECG parameters at day 21 of treatment. The PR, RR, QRS, and QJ intervals ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2C&#8211;F</xref> ) were not significantly different (p &gt; 0.05) between the WSMoL and CNTRL groups. The APD<sub>30</sub>and APD<sub>90</sub>were similar (p &gt; 0.05) between untreated and treated mice ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2G&#8211;J</xref> ). Thus, the data obtained here consistently demonstrated that WSMoL treatment was safe for the electrical behavior of mouse heart.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; WSMoL did not impair in vivo or in vitro cardiac electrical activity. Representative in vivo ECG recordings of (A) CNTRL and (B) WSMoL groups. (C) PR, (D) RR, (E) QRS and (F) QJ intervals summarized the data obtained after 21 days of WSMoL treatment (CNTRL n = 7 mice; 2,034 measurements and WSMoL n = 7 mice; 2,038 measurements). Each dot represents individual values and lines represent mean values. Representative in vitro recordings of ventricular action potential of (G) CNTRL and (H) WSMoL groups are showed. The effect of WSMoL treatment on action potential duration at (I) 30% and (J) 90% repolarization are summarized (CNTRL n = 5 hearts; 483 measurements, and WSMoL n = 4 hearts; 545 measurements). Each dot represents individual measurements and lines represent mean values. Comparisons between groups were performed using unpaired Student&#8217;s t test, and data that did not show Gaussian distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) were compared by the Mann Whitney test. &#9675;: CNTRL mice; &#9679;: WSMoL mice. The results are shown as mean &#177; SD for data with Gaussian distribution and as median and interquartile range for data with non-Gaussian distribution.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1029-90071-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Since some antibiotics have been shown to be able to impair left ventricular function and structure, we studied the left ventricular function in detail by ECHO ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). The mice from both CNTRL and WSMoL groups showed preserved left ventricular structure and function, as indicated by the absence of significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) in the following parameters: ejection fraction ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A</xref> ), fractional area change ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref> ), stroke volume ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3C</xref> ), end-diastolic volume ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3D</xref> ), end-systolic volume ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3E</xref> ), and left ventricular mass ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3F</xref> ). Taken together, these data show that WSMoL treatment did not impair left ventricular function.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Left ventricular function and structure were preserved after WSMoL treatment. The results obtained by ECHO from both groups are summarized in the following: (A) ventricular ejection fraction, (B) fractional area change, (C) stroke volume, (D) final diastolic and (E) final systolic volume, and (F) left ventricular mass (CNTRL n = 7 mice and WSMoL n = 10 mice). Comparisons between groups were performed using unpaired Student&#8217;s t test. Each dot represents individual values and lines represent mean values. &#9675;: CNTRL mice; &#9679;: WSMoL mice. The results are shown as mean &#177; SD.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1029-90071-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Finally, in order to verify whether WSMoL interferes in the physiology of heart mitochondrial function, we performed experimental approaches to analyze two important mitochondrial functions: oxidative phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species production. The 21-day treatment with WSMoL did not induce alterations in the mitochondrial oxygen consumption, as can be observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4A&#8211;E</xref> . In addition, the treatment did not interfere in the rate of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>production in the presence of different substrates, inhibitors, and uncouplers ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4F</xref> ), nor did it alter electron leakage ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4G</xref> ) when compared to the CNTRL group.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; WSMoL did not alter mitochondrial function after 21 days of treatment. (A) O2 consumption fluxes in high-resolution respirometry of CNTRL and WSMoL groups, (B) respiratory control ratio (RCR), (C) maximal phosphorylative capacity of electron transport system (OXPHOS), (D) non-specific leak of protons (LEAK), (E) residual oxygen consumption (ROX), (F) rates of mitochondrial H2O2 production, and (G) electron leakage of CNTRL and WSMoL groups. (CNTRL n = 4 hearts and WSMoL n = 5 hearts). Each dot represents individual values and lines represent mean values. &#9675;: CNTRL mice; &#9679;: WSMoL mice. Comparisons between groups were performed using unpaired Student&#8217;s t test, and data that did not show Gaussian distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) were compared by the Mann Whitney test. The results are shown as mean &#177; SD for data with Gaussian distribution and as median and interquartile range for data with non-Gaussian distribution.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1029-90071-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The high toxicity of some drugs currently used for treatment of several diseases is a major concern in health systems. For example, several classes of antibiotics are cardiotoxic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In this scenario, natural compounds have been increasingly studied due to their potential for drug discovery and development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> However, it is also important to evaluate the safety of natural compounds used for food and medical purposes. Previous studies by our group demonstrated the antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities of WSMoL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> which is also a coagulant protein from <italic>M. oleifera</italic> seeds. In this study, we evaluated possible cardiotoxic effects of orally administrated WSMoL on mice. Safety studies are imperative, even when lectins are administered orally, since it has been reported that some proteins of this class can cross the intestinal barrier and be found systemically.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is a belief that the natural origin of a product guarantees its safety to humans. However, some natural compounds may exert toxic effects, including on the cardiac level. For example, the alkaloid aconitine, an ingredient of Fuzi (a traditional Chinese medicine), was pointed out as the cause of bidirectional ventricular tachycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is also well known that several antibiotics are able to block hERG potassium channels, prolonging the QT interval and the APD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Guo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> observed a prolongation of APD using erythromycin in neonatal mouse ventricular myocytes. Zhang M. et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> also showed that azithromycin, when administered in guinea pigs, caused significant prolongations of APD<sub>50</sub>and APD<sub>90</sub>.</p>
        <p>Accordingly, we evaluated the effects of WSMoL treatment on the cardiac electric activity both <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>ex vivo</italic> , in mice, observing that it was cardiologically safe.</p>
        <p>Another effect observed in some antibiotics is the impairment of left ventricular function and structure, as observed by Zhang M. et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> . Furthermore, some studies have shown that antibiotics and other natural compounds can impair mitochondrial function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> However, after 21 days of WSMoL treatment, we observed that left ventricular function and mitochondrial function were preserved.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The data presented here indicate that the administration of WSMoL by gavage did not have cardiotoxic effects on mice treated for 21 days. These results contribute to the safety evaluation of the use of <italic>M. oleifera</italic> seeds to treat water, since this lectin is present in the preparation employed by some populations to this end.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors express their gratitude to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) for financial support and investigator research grants (THN, PMGP, EHM). We are also grateful to the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (Financial Code: 001) and the Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE; APQ-0661-2.08/15) for financial support. JDFS would like to thank FACEPE (IBPG-0841-2.08/15) for graduate scholarship and CAPES for mobility assistance (88881.068531/2014-01; PROCAD/2013 - 88887.124150/2014-00). In addition, the authors want to thanks Professor Ariel Escobar from University of California who gave us support to record and analyze the action potential recordings in intact hearts. Finally, the authors thank Professor Antonio Galina from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro for his support in the mitochondrial experiments.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is associated with postgraduate program in Biological sciences and physiology of UFRJ and postgraduate program in Biochemistry and physiology of UFPE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro under the protocol number DFBCICB041. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
