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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MQRFV3FqHS7pFwxdxkBCXpc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000701015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200096</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200096</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o Por Cateter Sem Uso de Fluoroscopia Para Tratamento de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e Arritmias Atriais: Efic&#225;cia e Seguran&#231;a</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8879-9077</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Slater</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>In&#225;cio</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Oliveira</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Vignoli dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camanho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Montenegro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Arritmias e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco - Servi&#231;o de Arritmias e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo B. Saad &#8226; Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco - Servi&#231;o de Arritmias e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial - Rua General Polidoro, 192. CEP 22280-003, Botafogo, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>eduardobsaad@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Saad EB, Slater C, In&#225;cio Jr. LAO, Santos GV, Dias LC, Camanho LEM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Saad EB, Slater C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1015</fpage>
      <lpage>1026</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O uso da radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante em procedimentos m&#233;dicos est&#225; associado a riscos significativos &#224; sa&#250;de dos pacientes e da equipe de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia aguda da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e arritmias supraventriculares (SVTs), utilizando uma abordagem exclusivamente n&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pica, guiada por eco intracard&#237;aco (ICE) e mapeamento 3D.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> 95 pts (idade m&#233;dia 60 &#177; 18 anos, 61% do sexo masculino) programados para abla&#231;&#227;o de FA (69 pts, 45 FA parox&#237;stica e 24 FA persistente) ou SVTs (26 pts &#8211; 14 reentrada nodal, 6 Wolf-Parkinson-White [WPW], 5 flutter atrial direito [AD], 1 taquicardia atrial). Nove pacientes (9,5%) tinham marcapasso definitivo ou dispositivos de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o com desfibrilador. Dois sistemas de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico foram utilizados &#8211; CARTO (65%) e NAVx (35%), bem como cateteres de ICE dispon&#237;veis &#8211; Acunav e ViewFlex.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O isolamento das veias pulmonares (VPs), bem como todos os outros alvos que precisavam de abla&#231;&#227;o em ambos os &#225;trios, foram alcan&#231;ados e adequadamente visualizados. N&#227;o foram observados derrames peric&#225;rdicos, complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas ou outras intercorr&#234;ncias nesta s&#233;rie. Pun&#231;&#245;es transseptais dif&#237;ceis (19 pacientes &#8211; 20%) foram realizadas sem fluoroscopia em todos os casos. N&#227;o foi utilizada fluoroscopia de backup, e nenhum vestu&#225;rio de chumbo foi necess&#225;rio. Avalia&#231;&#245;es detalhadas dos marcapassos ap&#243;s o procedimento n&#227;o mostraram nenhum dano aos eletrodos, deslocamentos ou mudan&#231;as de limiar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Uma estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter sem uso de radia&#231;&#227;o para FA e outras arritmias atriais &#233; segura e eficaz quando guiada pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o adequada do ICE e do mapeamento 3D. Diversos s&#237;tios em ambos os &#225;trios podem ser alcan&#231;ados e adequadamente ablacionados sem a necessidade de fluoroscopia de backup. N&#227;o foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(6):1015-1026)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Fluoroscopia</kwd>
        <kwd>Radia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Efic&#225;cia</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguran&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="18"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; atualmente o m&#233;todo mais eficaz para o tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> flutter atrial e taquicardias supraventriculares (SVTs). &#201; amplamente realizado em v&#225;rios centros ao redor do mundo, dada a crescente preval&#234;ncia de FA na popula&#231;&#227;o e a modesta resposta a medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos.</p>
      <p>Como acontece com a maioria dos procedimentos card&#237;acos percut&#226;neos, a fluoroscopia tem sido a modalidade prim&#225;ria de imagem para manipular cateteres no espa&#231;o vascular e c&#226;maras card&#237;acas. No entanto, a radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante tem m&#250;ltiplos efeitos delet&#233;rios tanto para os pacientes quanto para a equipe de sa&#250;de envolvida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esses efeitos s&#227;o cumulativos, e todos estamos continuamente expostos devido ao uso frequente em m&#233;todos de imagem com fins diagn&#243;sticos terap&#234;uticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste cen&#225;rio, o princ&#237;pio <bold>ALARA</bold> ( <bold>A</bold> s <bold>L</bold> ow <bold>A</bold> s <bold>R</bold> easonably <bold>A</bold> chieveable) foi proposto para ajustar o uso de radia&#231;&#227;o ao m&#237;nimo necess&#225;rio para atender aos objetivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, v&#225;rios avan&#231;os foram obtidos para reduzir a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o durante os procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, incluindo a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o e das doses de fluoroscopia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> melhores m&#233;todos de barreira, e, especialmente, o uso crescente de outras modalidades de imagem n&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pica &#8211; sistemas eletroanat&#244;micos 3D (EA) e ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca (ICE).</p>
      <p>Estas ferramentas de redu&#231;&#227;o de fluoroscopia t&#234;m sido cada vez mais utilizadas no laborat&#243;rio de eletrofisiologia ao longo dos anos, de tal forma que se tornou poss&#237;vel us&#225;-las para orientar todo o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o e, assim, evitar o uso de raios-X<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> inteiramente. Relatadas pela primeira vez h&#225; cerca de 10 anos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> estas t&#233;cnicas &#8220;zero-fluoro&#8221; est&#227;o ganhando popularidade na comunidade eletrofisiol&#243;gica, pois podem ser t&#227;o seguras e eficazes quanto as orientadas pela fluoroscopi.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivos</title>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar a viabilidade e seguran&#231;a da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para tratamento da FA, flutter atrial e outras taquicardias supraventriculares, sem o uso de fluoroscopia, utilizando exclusivamente o mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico e o ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco ecocardiografia, em uma s&#233;rie de 95 pacientes consecutivos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral e os acessos venosos profundos foram guiados por ultrassom, de acordo com a necessidade espec&#237;fica do procedimento; usualmente, consistiu em duas ou tr&#234;s pun&#231;&#245;es na veia femoral direita, uma pun&#231;&#227;o na veia femoral esquerda (para o cateter ICE), e uma na veia jugular pun&#231;&#227;o interna (em casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, para coloca&#231;&#227;o de cateter duodecapolar no seio coron&#225;rio [SC]). O monitoramento durante o procedimento incluiu eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e adesivos cut&#226;neos de mapeamento EA (Ensite NavX &#8211; St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA ou CARTO 3 &#8211; Biosense Webster Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, USA)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Navega&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do espa&#231;o intravascular</title>
        <p>A partir da veia femoral esquerda, um cateter ICE (ViewFlex Xtra &#8211; Abbott ou Acunav &#8211; Biosense Webster) foi avan&#231;ado para o &#225;trio direito (RA), guiado pela visualiza&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;espa&#231;os livres de eco&#8221; no sistema vascular.</p>
        <p>O cateter ICE foi avan&#231;ado atrav&#233;s da veia il&#237;aca esquerda, mantendo um &#8220;espa&#231;o livre de eco&#8221; pr&#243;ximo do campo proximal de imagem do ultrassom (representando uma aus&#234;ncia de contato tecidual na ponta do cateter ICE). Essa t&#233;cnica permite ao operador discriminar entre o avan&#231;o livre atrav&#233;s do l&#250;men vascular e uma resist&#234;ncia ao avan&#231;o pela parede vascular quando esse padr&#227;o de imagem n&#227;o &#233; obtido.</p>
        <p>Quando o caminho at&#233; a veia cava inferior n&#227;o era t&#227;o claro ou tortuoso, a t&#233;cnica de seguir um fio-guia no l&#250;men vascular, usando guias longas inseridas atrav&#233;s da veia femoral esquerda, permitiu avan&#231;ar o cateter ICE seguindo a imagem da guia no l&#250;men. &#201; de particular valor em pacientes com veias il&#237;acas finas, onde o &#8220;espa&#231;o livre de eco&#8221; pode n&#227;o ser muito claro.</p>
        <p>Ao chegar &#224; veia cava inferior, &#233; poss&#237;vel apreciar a jun&#231;&#227;o cavo-atrial onde, ao n&#237;vel do f&#237;gado, uma imagem parenquimatosa com as veias intra-hep&#225;ticas &#233; visualizada. Neste momento, &#233; essencial identificar e evitar a progress&#227;o inadvertida do cateter ICE atrav&#233;s das veias hep&#225;ticas e direcion&#225;-lo corretamente para o &#225;trio direito (AD), o que pode ser feito com suave deflex&#227;o anterior. Uma vez no AD, todas as visualiza&#231;&#245;es &#8220;padr&#227;o&#8221; podem ser obtidas usando a t&#233;cnica convencional de torque no sentido hor&#225;rio ou anti-hor&#225;rio a partir da &#8220;home view&#8221;. O cateter &#233; ent&#227;o prolapsado para ventr&#237;culo direito usando deflex&#227;o anterior, mantendo a v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide vis&#237;vel, e imagens do espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico s&#227;o obtidas para excluir qualquer derrame peric&#225;rdico de base. De volta ao AD, uma deflex&#227;o posterior com um torque suave no sentido hor&#225;rio permite uma vis&#227;o longitudinal da veia cava superior (VCS). Essa vis&#227;o permite a visualiza&#231;&#227;o adequada de cateteres provenientes de cavas (superior e inferior) e &#233; tamb&#233;m a vis&#227;o padr&#227;o para monitorar o avan&#231;o das guias e bainhas transseptais ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>&#8211; Sequ&#234;ncia de imagens do ICE mostrando os passos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o das duas pun&#231;&#245;es transseptais &#8220;zero-fluoro&#8221;. A) Um fio-guia (seta) &#233; avan&#231;ado at&#233; a veia cava superior (SVC); na imagem, o &#225;trio direito (RA) tamb&#233;m &#233; visualizado, bem como o ap&#234;ndice atrial direito (*), confirmando o posicionamento correto da guia. B) Uma longa bainha transseptal (seta) &#233; avan&#231;ada sobre a guia para a veia cava superior, apagando o brilho da guia &#224; medida que &#233; avan&#231;ada. C) O conjunto bainha transseptal com a agulha (seta) na cava superior ser&#225;, subsequentemente, recuado at&#233; a fossa oval. O &#225;trio esquerdo (LA) &#233; visualizado, bem como outro acesso transseptal que j&#225; foi realizado previamente. D) Bainha + agulha (seta) sendo recuada ao longo do septo em seu caminho para a fossa oval. E) Bainha + agulha fazendo tenda na fossa oval (seta), confirmando posicionamento adequado para perfurar o septo e acessar o &#225;trio esquerdo (LA).F) Pun&#231;&#227;o da fossa oval (FO) e posicionamento da agulha visualizado na cavidade atrial esquerda (seta). A pun&#231;&#227;o transseptal &#233; realizada na por&#231;&#227;o posterior do septo, confirmada pela visualiza&#231;&#227;o da veia pulmonar inferior esquerda (LIPV) no plano do feixe de ultrassom.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Um longo fio-guia foi, ent&#227;o, inserido atrav&#233;s da veia femoral direita e a progress&#227;o suave para o VCS foi confirmada pelo ICE. &#201; poss&#237;vel visualizar o ap&#234;ndice atrial direito perto do &#243;stio da VCS, e o posicionamento inadvertido do fio-guia nessa estrutura pode, ent&#227;o, ser evitado. Uma longa bainha transeptal foi avan&#231;ada sobre a guia e colocada na VCS (usando ICE, pode-se ver a bainha &#8220;cobrindo&#8221; o fio-guia, enquanto a parte distal do fio-guia permanece brilhante).</p>
        <p>Quando os cateteres multipolares s&#227;o inseridos atrav&#233;s das veias femorais, usando bainhas curtas, &#233; poss&#237;vel ver o avan&#231;o do cateter por mapeamento EA e pelo ICE, at&#233; que potenciais el&#233;tricos apare&#231;am nos polos distais, confirmando a &#8220;chegada&#8221; no AD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Posicionamento dos cateteres</title>
        <p>Quando o sistema CARTO foi utilizado, um cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o irrigado com sensor de for&#231;a de contato foi avan&#231;ado guiado pela visualiza&#231;&#227;o de EA e ICE, e um mapa atrial direito limitado foi constru&#237;do, criando assim uma matriz (permitindo que os outros cateteres sejam visualizados em mapas EA), e delineando a anatomia septo e SC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">v&#237;deo 1</xref> ). Essa etapa n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria com o sistema NAVx, com o qual qualquer cateter pode ser visualizado sem necessidade de constru&#231;&#227;o de matriz. O SC foi, ent&#227;o, canulado com o cateter multipolar, tamb&#233;m sob visualiza&#231;&#227;o pelo mapa EA e ICE (O ICE mostra claramente a por&#231;&#227;o proximal do SC e seu &#243;stio, assim como a entrada do cateter). A progress&#227;o desses cateteres multipolares foi monitorada e confirmada usando mapeamento EA (se o cateter vem da veia femoral, a anatomia da cava veia inferior &#233; criada) ou pelo ICE (se o cateter vem da veia jugular interna, pode ser claramente avan&#231;ando na VCS). Quando o cateter duodecapolar foi usado, os 10 polos distais foram colocados no SC e os polos proximais no AD. Um cateter quadripolar foi colocado no ventr&#237;culo direito usando a mesma t&#233;cnica.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>&#8211; Inser&#231;&#227;o de cateter a partir do acesso femoral ao AD guiada pelo sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico. Ap&#243;s os cateteres chegarem no AD (cateter decapolar seguido do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o [RF]), marcado pelo aparecimento de eletrogramas, a anatomia atrial &#233; reconstru&#237;da e o seio coron&#225;rio canulado &#8211; primeiro pelo cateter RF e em seguida pelo decapolar.</italic>
              </title>
              <p>
                <italic>Acesse o v&#237;deo aqui: https://bit.ly/3gOojgU.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes com FA</title>
        <p>Nos casos de FA, uma vez criada uma geometria r&#225;pida do AD (sistema CARTO apenas), dois fios-guia foram inseridos na SVC e o posicionamento adequado confirmado pelo ICE. Duas longas bainhas transseptais (curva fixa e deflect&#237;vel) foram avan&#231;adas sobre o fio at&#233; a VCS. &#201; importante ressaltar que a heparina foi dada assim que os acessos venosos foram obtidos, antes de qualquer inser&#231;&#227;o de cateter, visando um TCA &gt; 350s. Estes n&#237;veis eram mantidos at&#233; o final da instrumenta&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo atrav&#233;s de infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de heparina e novos bolus, quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Duas pun&#231;&#245;es transseptais foram realizadas separadamente e guiadas continuamente pelo ICE, descendo at&#233; o septo a partir da VCS ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">v&#237;deo 2</xref> ). Ap&#243;s cada perfura&#231;&#227;o septal, um fio-guia foi avan&#231;ado para a veia pulmonar superior esquerda (PV), permitindo assim o posicionamento seguro das bainhas sobre a guia na cavidade atrial esquerda (LA). O cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o e um cateter de mapeamento multipolar foram ent&#227;o posicionados nas VPs. Todas essas etapas foram claramente visualizadas no ICE, que tamb&#233;m poderia ser colocado na pr&#243;pria cavidade atrial esquerda atrav&#233;s de um dos acessos transseptais para uma visualiza&#231;&#227;o de alt&#237;ssima defini&#231;&#227;o (feita nos &#250;ltimos 15 casos desta s&#233;rie). Foi colocado tamb&#233;m um cateter esof&#225;gico multipolar (para monitorar a temperatura durante aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia [RF]) e sua posi&#231;&#227;o ajustada pela visualiza&#231;&#227;o no ICE.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>V&#237;deo 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Pun&#231;&#227;o transseptal &#8220;zero-fluoro&#8221;. Ap&#243;s o posicionamento do ICE no AD, o AE e a VCS s&#227;o visualizados. O fio-guia chega a VCS seguido de avan&#231;o da bainha sobre a guia. A posi&#231;&#227;o da bainha na SVC &#233; confirmada por inje&#231;&#227;o salina mostrando fluxo craniocaudal de bolhas. A tenda septal e a perfura&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o mostradas, seguidas do avan&#231;o da guia para as VPs esquerdas. O posicionamento da bainha &#233; ent&#227;o confirmado na cavidade atrial esquerda tamb&#233;m por visualiza&#231;&#227;o de bolhas com inje&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina. A segunda bainha transseptal &#233; ent&#227;o recuada da VCS para o septo, seguindo-se, ent&#227;o, uma segunda pun&#231;&#227;o transseptal.</italic></title>
              <p>
                <italic>Acesse o v&#237;deo aqui: https://bit.ly/3gOojgU.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A anatomia do &#225;trio esquerdo e veias pulmonares foi reconstru&#237;da por um mapa de alta densidade usando o cateter multipolar ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">v&#237;deo 3</xref> ). Em particular, a prega entre a PV superior esquerda e o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foi visualizada no ICE (com o cateter colocado no ventr&#237;culo direito ou na pr&#243;pria cavidade atrial esquerda &#8211; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 2</xref> ) e sua posi&#231;&#227;o anotada manualmente no mapa EA. Ap&#243;s a calibra&#231;&#227;o do sensor de contato, foi realizado isolamento circunferencial ponto a ponto para ambos os pares de veias pulmonares ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">figura 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">v&#237;deo 4</xref> ), utilizando 40W de pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima de RF e for&#231;a de contato entre 10-20g. Na presen&#231;a de aumento da temperatura do es&#244;fago, que ocorre nos segmentos posteriores, foram utilizadas aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF mais curtas (5-10 segundos) e/ou menor pot&#234;ncia (25-30W). Ap&#243;s o isolamento, infus&#245;es de Adenosina (18 mg) foram utilizadas para confirmar a aus&#234;ncia de condu&#231;&#227;o residual.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>V&#237;deo 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Reconstru&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica de alta densidade da cavidade atrial esquerda e das VPs. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica &#233; obtida movendo, sequencialmente, o cateter de mapeamento multipolar, enquanto o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o est&#225; estacionado no anel mitral. Duas vis&#245;es diferentes s&#227;o mostradas (posterior e superior).</italic></title>
              <p>
                <italic>Acesse o v&#237;deo aqui: https://bit.ly/3gOojgU.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Sequ&#234;ncia de imagens do ICE durante mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo. Estas imagens foram obtidas ap&#243;s o cateter ICE ser colocado na cavidade atrial esquerda (LA) atrav&#233;s do septo. A) Um cateter de mapeamento multipolar de alta densidade (Pentarray &#8211; Biosense Webster, marcado por seta) est&#225; coletando dados anat&#244;micos e el&#233;tricos ao redor do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (LAA). MV &#8211; v&#225;lvula mitral. B) A ponta do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o com sensor de for&#231;a de contato est&#225; flutuando na cavidade atrial esquerda. Como n&#227;o est&#225; tocando em nenhuma estrutura, este &#233; um bom local para calibrar o sensor como for&#231;a zero. Este passo &#233; necess&#225;rio antes de come&#231;ar as aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF. LAA &#8211; ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. C) O cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o &#233; destacado no teto do &#225;trio esquerdo (LA) em torno da veia pulmonar superior esquerda (LSPV). O cateter de mapeamento (seta) est&#225; dentro da veia pulmonar (LSPV) monitorando sua atividade el&#233;trica e a conex&#227;o com o &#225;trio esquerdo. &#201; n&#237;tido que o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o est&#225; no antro da veia pulmonar e n&#227;o aplicando energia no seu interior. Asterisco marca a prega entre a veia superior esquerda e o ap&#234;ndice atrial (LAA). D) Abla&#231;&#227;o na prega (*) entre a veia superior esquerda e o ap&#234;ndice atrial (LAA). O cateter de mapeamento est&#225; dentro da veia pulmonar (LSPV &#8211; seta).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Sequ&#234;ncia de imagens durante a abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial ao redor das veias pulmonares esquerdas para isolamento. S&#227;o mostradas imagens 3D guiadas pelo sistema CARTO e as marca&#231;&#245;es das aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF (pontos rosas e vermelhos) ao redor das veias esquerdas. Observa-se que o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o fornece informa&#231;&#245;es de for&#231;a de contato, a seta representando o vetor de for&#231;a e no canto superior esquerdo o n&#250;mero de gramas quantificando o contato com o tecido (entre 7 e 15g neste exemplo); pontos mais escuros significam mais contato com o tecido e tempo de aplica&#231;&#227;o de energia. Tamb&#233;m &#233; mostrado um cateter de mapeamento multipolar na veia superior esquerda (LSPV &#8211; Pentarray &#8211; Biosense Webster), para monitorar sua atividade el&#233;trica e confirmar o isolamento.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f09">
            <label>V&#237;deo 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Imagens 3D guiadas pelo sistema CARTO demonstrando as aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF (pontos rosas e vermelhos) ao redor das VPs esquerdas. O cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o fornece informa&#231;&#245;es de for&#231;a de contato &#8211; a seta mostra o vetor de for&#231;a e no canto superior esquerdo o n&#250;mero de gramas quantificando o contato tecidual. S&#237;tios de aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF cobrindo toda a circunfer&#234;ncia ao redor das VPs esquerdas s&#227;o visualizados.</italic></title>
              <p>
                <italic>Acesse o v&#237;deo aqui: https://bit.ly/3gOojgU.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Infus&#227;o de alta dose de Isoproterenol a uma taxa de 20 mcg/10 min foi rotineiramente realizada em busca de focos extrapulmonares indut&#237;veis, que foram mapeados e ablacionados quando presentes. Em pacientes com flutter atrial t&#237;pico documentado, o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o foi trazido de volta ao RA, e uma les&#227;o linear guiada pelo ICE no istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo foi realizada. A visualiza&#231;&#227;o detalhada ao ICE foi essencial para evitar embara&#231;ar o cateter com os eletrodos de marcapasso, quando presentes. Em anatomias desafiadoras (por exemplo, proeminente v&#225;lvula de Eust&#225;quio ou na presen&#231;a de depress&#245;es), o ICE &#233; fundamental para garantir o contato adequado com o tecido ao longo da linha.</p>
        <p>Recuperar o acesso transseptal ao LA, sempre que necess&#225;rio, foi f&#225;cil usando os mesmos s&#237;tios de acesso previamente marcados no mapa EA. Durante o procedimento, por seguran&#231;a, o cateter ICE foi frequentemente prolapsado no ventr&#237;culo direito para verificar se havia derrame peric&#225;rdico, nos seguintes tempos: (1) no in&#237;cio do procedimento, (2) ap&#243;s as pun&#231;&#245;es transseptais, (3) ap&#243;s o isolamento das veias esquerdas, (4) ap&#243;s o isolamento das veias direitas e (5) ao final do procedimento. O ICE permite tamb&#233;m a imediata detec&#231;&#227;o de trombos, que n&#227;o s&#227;o detectados por nenhum outro m&#233;todo de imagem n&#227;o baseado em ultrassom.</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com marcapasso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo foi realizada antes e depois do procedimento para garantir a integridade dos eletrodos.</p>
        <p>O fechamento do acesso &#224;s veias femorais foi feito com suturas em &#8220;figura de oito&#8221; com Prolene &#8220;0&#8221; para atingir a hemostasia total. Protamina era usada na dose m&#225;xima de 50 mg IV para revers&#227;o parcial da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. A deambula&#231;&#227;o foi permitida ap&#243;s 6h, e a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral foi retomada no mesmo dia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes com SVT</title>
        <p>Para os casos de SVTs, foi utilizada uma rotina semelhante aos casos de FA. Para facilitar o avan&#231;o do cateter multipolar na aus&#234;ncia de bainhas transseptais, foram preferidas bainhas longas que j&#225; entregam os cateteres na cava inferior, evitando assim as tortuosidades anat&#244;micas dos vasos femorais e il&#237;acos.</p>
        <p>A partir desse local, a progress&#227;o para o AD foi marcada pelo aparecimento de eletrogramas atriais e visualiza&#231;&#227;o pelo ICE, como descrito. Marcos anat&#244;micos como o feixe de His e SC, veias cavas e ap&#234;ndice atrial direito foram marcados nos mapas EA, sob orienta&#231;&#227;o do ICE ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">figura 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o para taquicardia supraventricular. A abla&#231;&#227;o de uma via acess&#243;ria (WPW) no anel mitral &#233; mostrada no painel superior, onde o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o (seta) &#233; posicionado na por&#231;&#227;o septal do anel. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF leva &#224; elimina&#231;&#227;o imediata da condu&#231;&#227;o pela via e &#224; normaliza&#231;&#227;o do QRS (*). No painel inferior, uma taquicardia atrial foi mapeada e ablacionada no &#225;trio direito (seta), com interrup&#231;&#227;o da arritmia (*) e retorno ao ritmo sinusal normal. MV &#8211; v&#225;lvula mitral. TV &#8211; v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide. SVC &#8211; veia cava superior. CS &#8211; seio coron&#225;rio.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        <p>Esta s&#233;rie reporta pacientes consecutivos, n&#227;o selecionados, encaminhados para procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para o tratamento de arritmias atriais (FA, flutter e SVTs) realizados sem uso de fluoroscopia, guiados exclusivamente pelo mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico e ICE. O software Excel (vers&#227;o 2019) foi utilizado para tabula&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Os principais objetivos s&#227;o descrever a viabilidade desta estrat&#233;gia inovadora e demonstrar seu perfil de seguran&#231;a.</p>
        <p>De maio/2019 a dezembro/2019, 95 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia de 60 &#177; 18 anos, 61% do sexo masculino) foram submetidos &#224; abordagem &#8220;zero fluoro&#8221;, com a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos: abla&#231;&#227;o de FA (69 pts [73%], 45 FA parox&#237;stica [47%] e 24 FA persistente [25%]) ou SVT (26 pts [27%) &#8211; 14 reentrada nodal [15%], 6 WPW [6% - 4 no anel mitral e 2 no anel tric&#250;spide), 5 flutter atrial direito t&#237;picos [5%], 1 taquicardia atrial [1%]). Em pts com FA, a m&#233;dia do volume atrial esquerdo era 36 &#177; 4 ml/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , e 36% (25 pts) apresentavam cardiopatia estrutural, incluindo doen&#231;as valvares reum&#225;ticas (3 pts &#8211; 3%) e funcionais (8pts &#8211; 8%), doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria (17 pts &#8211; 17%) e p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca (12 pts &#8211; 12%, que apresentam cicatrizes e suturas no AD, AE e septo). Os pacientes e as caracter&#237;sticas dos procedimentos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">figura 5</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>N = 95</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (61%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carto</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (65%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Navx</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (34%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                  <td align="center">22,5 &#177; 2,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (75%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (51%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (33)%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes segundo o tipo de arritmia. AT &#8211; taquicardia atrial; CTI &#8211; flutter t&#237;pico no istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo; SVT &#8211; taquicardia supraventricular (reentrada nodal AV ou WPW); Afib &#8211; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O protocolo inclu&#237;a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de 24h em uma unidade com telemetria. Nenhum exame de imagem era necessariamente realizado antes da alta hospitalar. Tomografias computadorizadas n&#227;o foram realizadas antes e nem no seguimento, enquanto outros m&#233;todos de imagem sem radia&#231;&#227;o foram utilizados a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>N&#227;o foram observados derrames peric&#225;rdicos, complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas ou outras complica&#231;&#245;es nesta s&#233;rie. Todos os alvos de abla&#231;&#227;o em ambos os &#225;trios foram alcan&#231;ados e adequadamente visualizados. Todas as aplica&#231;&#245;es planejadas foram realizadas, o que significa que a falta de imagens fluorosc&#243;picas n&#227;o impediu a entrega de RF a nenhum s&#237;tio. Esses locais inclu&#237;ram o antro das VPs, parede posterior do AE, parede anterior, septo, ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, ap&#234;ndice atrial direito, SC, istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo, anel mitral e tric&#250;spide, via lenta nodal e crista terminalis (AD). N&#227;o foi usado fluoroscopia de backup, e nenhum avental de chumbo foi necess&#225;rio em qualquer paciente.</p>
      <p>Pun&#231;&#245;es transseptais dif&#237;ceis (devido &#224; fossa oval pequena, septo el&#225;stico ou fibroso), observado em 19 pacientes (20%), foram administradas sem uso de fluoroscopia em todos os casos. Este &#233; um achado significativo, uma vez que h&#225; uma cren&#231;a comum de que a visualiza&#231;&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pica transseptal de todo o conjunto bainha-agulha &#233; essencial tanto para a perfura&#231;&#227;o septal, a penetra&#231;&#227;o no AE e a troca de bainhas sobre guias. Todos esses passos foram claramente visualizados usando o ICE de forma otimizada. O mesmo se aplica &#224; passagem por ramos venosos tortuosos para avan&#231;ar o cateter ICE &#8211; todos os casos foram gerenciados com sucesso sem fluoroscopia por visualiza&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa do espa&#231;o livre de eco e/ou inser&#231;&#227;o de fios-guia.</p>
      <p>Eletrodos de marcapasso definitivo estiveram presentes em 9 pacientes (9,5%), 7 marcapassos de dupla c&#226;mara (DDD) e 2 dispositivos desfibriladores-ressincronizadores com 3 eletrodos (AD, VD e SC). Cinco pacientes (56%) eram dependentes da estimula&#231;&#227;o devido a bloqueio AV completo sem qualquer ritmo de escape. Em 3 desses casos, foram realizados mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o no AD (istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo e flutter relacionado &#224; cicatriz de atriotomia), al&#233;m de instrumenta&#231;&#227;o do AE e isolamento das VPs. Todos esses casos tamb&#233;m foram devidamente conclu&#237;dos sem fluoroscopia. &#201; importante ressaltar que as avalia&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s o procedimento n&#227;o mostraram nenhum dano, desposicionamento ou altera&#231;&#245;es de limiar dos eletrodos. Importante salientar que se deve ter cuidado para diferenciar fios-guia dos eletrodos permanentes no ICE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Essa s&#233;rie de casos destaca a viabilidade, a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia de uma abordagem &#8220;zero- fluoro&#8221; para tratar tanto FA quanto diferentes tipos de arritmias atriais, mesmo na presen&#231;a de eletrodos de marcapasso (mesmo em pacientes dependentes). Nesse caso, &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia que o mapeamento EA e o ICE sejam usados de forma &#243;tima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossa s&#233;rie representa uma experi&#234;ncia pioneira no Brasil e na Am&#233;rica Latina usando uma abordagem livre de radia&#231;&#227;o. Resultou de uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o antiga sobre a necessidade de redu&#231;&#227;o da radia&#231;&#227;o e da implementa&#231;&#227;o constante de etapas independentes de raios-X ao nosso protocolo de abla&#231;&#227;o. J&#225; t&#237;nhamos experi&#234;ncia significativa no uso do ICE e mapeamento EA em todos os casos de FA, nos &#250;ltimos 16 anos, o que certamente facilitou nossa curva de aprendizado. Nesse sentido, n&#227;o foi observado aumento de custo em nossa s&#233;rie, pois exatamente os mesmos cateteres s&#227;o utilizados nos procedimentos utilizando fluoroscopia.</p>
      <p>A capacidade de usar o mapa EA e o ICE para fornecer visualiza&#231;&#227;o adequada de cada etapa do procedimento j&#225; foi relatada. Razminia et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> compararam, retrospectivamente, a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia entre dois grupos (60 procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pica e 60 fluorosc&#243;picos). N&#227;o foi observado aumento significativo de complica&#231;&#245;es ou no tempo de procedimento, com efic&#225;cia compar&#225;vel. O grupo fluorosc&#243;pico teve uma exposi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de raios-X de 33 minutos em casos de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA. Bulava et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> relataram estudo com 80 pacientes randomizados para serem submetidos a isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares guiado por fluoroscopia ou utilizando apenas ICE e CARTO 3 com cateter de for&#231;a de contato. N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a na sobrevida livre de arritmias ap&#243;s 12 meses. N&#227;o foram registradas complica&#231;&#245;es graves em ambos os grupos. Nessa s&#233;rie, o grupo fluorosc&#243;pico teve uma exposi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 3 min para abla&#231;&#245;es de FA, mostrando que os operadores j&#225; tinham experi&#234;ncia no uso de imagens n&#227;o fluorosc&#243;picas. Juntos, esses dados sugerem que a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas de redu&#231;&#227;o de radia&#231;&#227;o pode afetar drasticamente a exposi&#231;&#227;o a raios-X mesmo em procedimentos fluoroscopicamente guiados, sem preju&#237;zos na seguran&#231;a.</p>
      <p>O mapeamento EA &#233; ferramenta fundamental no procedimento, uma vez que fornece uma geometria confi&#225;vel para orientar a navega&#231;&#227;o e aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF, mas pode potencialmente fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es enganosas se n&#227;o for rigorosamente usada. A descri&#231;&#227;o inicial de Reddy et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> relataram uma s&#233;rie de 20 procedimentos consecutivos de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA sem o uso de fluoroscopia, contando apenas com imagens ICE e o sistema NAVx para criar geometria. Nessa s&#233;rie, a integra&#231;&#227;o da imagem EA com uma tomografia computadorizada de &#225;trio esquerdo adquirida previamente foi utilizada na maioria dos pacientes, exigindo acesso &#224; art&#233;ria femoral e mapeamento da raiz a&#243;rtica para criar uma fus&#227;o confi&#225;vel das imagens. Novas tecnologias, como cateteres de mapeamento com m&#250;ltiplos polos de registro e softwares de reconstru&#231;&#227;o, podem gerar uma geometria com menos trauma, de forma mais r&#225;pida e confi&#225;vel. Esses sistemas permitem um mapa de alta densidade com melhor delineamento de anatomia, compar&#225;vel a uma reconstru&#231;&#227;o de tomografia computadorizada, sem a necessidade de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ou acesso arterial. Em nossa s&#233;rie, nenhum paciente foi submetido &#224; tomografia pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os sistemas EA fornecem orienta&#231;&#227;o da movimenta&#231;&#227;o de cateter permitindo movimentos facilmente reprodut&#237;veis e uma excelente correla&#231;&#227;o entre torque, deflex&#227;o e for&#231;a de contato.</p>
      <p>Em nosso pa&#237;s, apenas duas empresas fornecem sistemas de mapeamento EA &#8211; sistema CARTO 3 (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, EUA) e sistema Ensite-NavX (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA). Quando esses dois sistemas foram comparados para mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o (4), os resultados (sucesso agudo, complica&#231;&#245;es e taxas de recorr&#234;ncia) foram semelhantes. Em nosso estudo, o CARTO 3 foi utilizado em 67,8% dos pacientes e o sistema NavX, em 32,2% de todos os procedimentos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ), com resultados semelhantes.</p>
      <p>A visualiza&#231;&#227;o do ICE &#233; fundamental em cada passo de uma abla&#231;&#227;o complexa n&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pica. Com a varredura completa do ICE, todas as etapas podem ser adequadamente monitoradas, at&#233; mesmo quando os cateteres saem pela ponta da bainha (certificando-se que n&#227;o pressione a parede atrial). Nenhum passo &#233; cego usando essa abordagem, mesmo ao avan&#231;ar cateteres ou guias no sistema venoso at&#233; o cora&#231;&#227;o. A visualiza&#231;&#227;o e a canula&#231;&#227;o do SC s&#227;o melhores do que com fluoroscopia. Sem mencionar as pun&#231;&#245;es transseptais, que s&#227;o, indubitavelmente, melhor visualizadas no ICE. Baykaner et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> relatou, recentemente, 747 pun&#231;&#245;es transseptais sem uso de fluoroscopia, realizadas em 646 pacientes, em 5 centros nos EUA, usando diferentes abordagens para alcan&#231;ar a fossa oval. O acesso transseptal foi associado a uma baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es (0,7%). Em nosso estudo, foram realizadas 142 pun&#231;&#245;es transseptais sem qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o. &#201; fato que uma curva de aprendizado relativamente curta &#233; necess&#225;ria para se tornar confort&#225;vel e proficiente na manipula&#231;&#227;o do ICE. Mas, definitivamente, d&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es melhores e mais detalhadas do que a fluoroscopia.</p>
      <p>Razminia et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> relataram 5 anos de acompanhamento de abla&#231;&#245;es sem fluoroscopia em uma s&#233;rie de 500 pacientes. Os procedimentos foram realizados de forma segura e eficaz, com taxas semelhantes de recorr&#234;ncia e complica&#231;&#245;es quando comparadas com a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o. Em nossa s&#233;rie, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observamos nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o significativa. &#192; medida que essa t&#233;cnica se torna a pr&#225;tica padr&#227;o para procedimentos ainda mais complexos, como taquicardias ventriculares, um aumento na taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es poderia ser esperado. Por isso, relatos da seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia para os pacientes s&#227;o extremamente importantes e, associado a um treinamento mais difundido de ICE e mapeamento EA, ser&#227;o vitais para a ado&#231;&#227;o em larga escala desses procedimentos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Todas as ferramentas necess&#225;rias para uma abla&#231;&#227;o sem radia&#231;&#227;o j&#225; est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na maioria dos laborat&#243;rios de eletrofisiologia e s&#227;o familiares para a maioria dos eletrofisiologistas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O engajamento neste campo s&#243; precisa de uma equipe motivada com uma mudan&#231;a de mentalidade. Uma vez feito, &#233; um caminho sem volta. &#201; altamente ben&#233;fico para os pacientes que se submetem, frequentemente, a mais de um procedimento abla&#231;&#227;o e usam outras modalidades diagn&#243;sticas ou terap&#234;uticas que utilizam, ao longo de sua vida, radia&#231;&#227;o (por exemplo, tomografias, interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias) e que, geralmente, ou n&#227;o s&#227;o contabilizadas ou s&#227;o negligenciadas. O risco &#233; cumulativo ao longo do tempo. Temos que ter isso em mente, especialmente, frente ao preocupante crescimento de c&#226;nceres, nas estat&#237;sticas, e levando em considera&#231;&#227;o que o impacto pode ocorrer anos ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Interven&#231;&#245;es sem radia&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m permitem um tratamento seguro de pacientes gr&#225;vidas. As diretrizes europeias mais recentemente publicadas pelo ESC, para o tratamento de arritmias supraventriculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> d&#227;o uma indica&#231;&#227;o <bold>IIa</bold> em centros experientes. Mesmo em casos convencionais de SVTs, onde procedimentos simples com seda&#231;&#227;o e uso de apenas 2 cateteres s&#227;o frequentemente utilizados, h&#225; valor o uso de ICE e anestesia geral. Ambos contribuem para um procedimento seguro e confort&#225;vel para pacientes e m&#233;dicos e adicionam a possibilidade de induzir apneia transit&#243;ria para melhorar a estabilidade dos cateteres em aplica&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;ximas ao n&#243;dulo AV / feixe de His.</p>
      <p>A fluoroscopia zero tamb&#233;m &#233; altamente ben&#233;fica para a equipe de sa&#250;de. Em primeiro lugar, reduzir a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o &#233; obviamente desejado para pessoas que t&#234;m exposi&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria por anos. &#201; muito inc&#244;modo os relatos de aumento de at&#233; 1% no risco de c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> S&#227;o preocupantes os relatos mostrando que 85% dos c&#226;nceres cerebrais em m&#233;dicos intervencionistas ocorrem no hemisf&#233;rio esquerdo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> sugerindo uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre a exposi&#231;&#227;o ocupacional e os efeitos da radia&#231;&#227;o (j&#225; que o lado esquerdo &#233; sabidamente mais exposto do que o direito). Sem mencionar o consider&#225;vel benef&#237;cio de evitar o uso de aventais de chumbo pesados, o que, ao longo do tempo, torna as quest&#245;es ortop&#233;dicas uma ocorr&#234;ncia quase un&#226;nime.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Os autores n&#227;o podem enfatizar, suficientemente, o al&#237;vio que horas de p&#233; sem uso de aventais de chumbo representa.</p>
      <p>&#8220;Zero-fluoro&#8221; &#233;, ent&#227;o, altamente ben&#233;fico para os pacientes e toda a equipe de sa&#250;de. M&#250;ltiplas exposi&#231;&#245;es &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o comuns, na era moderna, com as modalidades de imagem dispon&#237;veis. Normalmente, n&#227;o percebemos a natureza cumulativa de m&#250;ltiplas exposi&#231;&#245;es e seus potenciais efeitos prejudiciais a longo prazo. Pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o frequentemente tiveram ou ter&#227;o exposi&#231;&#227;o repetida &#224; tomografia, &#224; fluoroscopia, &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria e perif&#233;rica, bem como a exames nucleares. Um procedimento livre de radia&#231;&#227;o cujos custos, seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia sejam, ao menos, semelhantes &#224; alternativa padr&#227;o baseada em fluoroscopia, mesmo na presen&#231;a de eletrodos permanentes, &#233;, portanto, altamente valioso. Uma equipe motivada com uma mudan&#231;a de mentalidade &#233; fundamental nesse sentido. &#201; nossa percep&#231;&#227;o que, ap&#243;s uma curva de aprendizado, na maioria dos casos, a visualiza&#231;&#227;o e a manipula&#231;&#227;o de cateteres s&#227;o, de fato, mais precisas do que com a fluoroscopia, sem nenhuma parte cega.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>Relatamos um n&#250;mero, relativamente, pequeno de pacientes sem um grupo controle. Os procedimentos de fluoroscopia zero foram realizados por operadores com grande experi&#234;ncia em mapeamento 3D e ICE, e a reprodutibilidade de nossos resultados por operadores menos experientes pode variar devido a uma curva de aprendizado mais prolongada. No entanto, acreditamos que esses resultados s&#227;o significativos e representam a base para futuras avalia&#231;&#245;es sobre a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia dessas t&#233;cnicas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Uma estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter sem radia&#231;&#227;o (&#8220;zero-fluoro&#8221;) para tratamento de FA e outras arritmias atriais &#233; agudamente segura e eficaz quando guiada pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o adequada do ICE e do mapeamento 3D. Diversos s&#237;tios em ambos os &#225;trios puderam ser alcan&#231;ados e adequadamente ablacionados sem a necessidade de fluoroscopia de backup. N&#227;o foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Catheter Ablation for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation and Supraventricular Arrhythmias Without Fluoroscopy Use: Acute Efficacy and Safety</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8879-9077</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Slater</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>In&#225;cio</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Oliveira</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Vignoli dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camanho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Montenegro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco - Servi&#231;o de Arritmias e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Addresss: Eduardo B. Saad &#8226; Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco - Servi&#231;o de Arritmias e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial - Rua General Polidoro, 192. CEP 22280-003, Botafogo, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: eduardobsaad@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Saad EB, Slater C, In&#225;cio Jr. LAO, Santos GV, Dias LC, Camanho LEM; Writing of the manuscript: Saad EB, Slater C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The use of ionizing radiation in medical procedures is associated with significant health risks for patients and the health care team.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>Evaluate the safety and acute efficacy of ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) and supraventricular arrhythmias (SVTs) using an exclusively non-fluoroscopic approach guided by intracardiac echo (ICE) and 3D-mapping.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>95 pts (mean age 60 &#177; 18 years, 61% male) scheduled for AF Ablation (69 pts, 45 paroxysmal AF and 24 persistent AF) or non-AF SVT (26 pts &#8211; 14 AV node reentry, 6 WPW, 5 right atrial (RA) flutters, 1 atrial tachycardia) underwent zero fluoro procedures. Nine patients (9.5%) had permanent pacemakers or defibrillator resynchronization (CRT-D) devices. Both CARTO (65%) and NAVx (35%) mapping systems were used, as well as Acunav and ViewFlex ICE catheters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), as well as all other targets that needed ablation in both atria were reached and adequately visualized. No pericardial effusions, thrombotic complications or other difficulties were seen in these series. Difficult transseptal puncture (19 patients - 20%) was managed without fluoroscopy in all cases. No backup fluoroscopy was used, and no lead apparel was needed. Pacemaker interrogations after the procedure did not show any lead damage, dislocation, or threshold changes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>A radiation-free (fluoroless) catheter ablation strategy for AF and other atrial arrhythmias is acutely safe and effective when guided by adequate ICE and 3D-mapping utilization. Multiple different bi-atrial sites were reached and adequately ablated without the need for backup fluoroscopy. No complications were seen. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(6):1015-1026)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial, Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Fluoroscopy</kwd>
        <kwd>radiation</kwd>
        <kwd>Efficacy</kwd>
        <kwd>Safety</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Catheter ablation is currently the most effective treatment for atrial fibrillation AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atrial flutter, and supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs). It is widely performed in various centers around the world, giving the increasing prevalence of AF in the population and the modest response to anti-arrhythmic medications.</p>
        <p>As with most percutaneous cardiac procedures, fluoroscopy has been a primary imaging modality to manipulate catheters in the vascular space and cardiac chambers. However, ionizing radiation has multiple potential deleterious effects for both patients and the healthcare team.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> These effects are cumulative, and all of us are continuously exposed nowadays due to high usage in diagnostic and therapeutic imaging modalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In that regard, the <bold>ALARA</bold> ( <bold>A</bold> s <bold>L</bold> ow <bold>A</bold> s <bold>R</bold> easonably <bold>A</bold> chievable) principle has been proposed to minimize radiation use to the minimum needed to meet the objective.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In recent years, several efforts have succeeded in reducing radiation exposure during catheter ablation procedures, including a reduction in fluoroscopy times and doses,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> better shielding, and especially regarding other non-fluoroscopic imaging modalities &#8211; namely 3D electroanatomical systems (EA) and intracardiac echocardiography (ICE).</p>
        <p>Those fluoroscopy reduction tools have been increasingly used in the electrophysiology (EP) lab over the years, so that it became possible to guide the entire ablation procedure and thus avoid the use of X-ray<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> entirely. First reported about 10 years ago,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> those Zero-Fluoro techniques are gaining popularity in the EP community, as they are as safe and as effective as the ones guided by fluoroscopy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <p>The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and supraventricular tachycardias without the use of fluoroscopy, using exclusively electroanatomic mapping and intracardiac echocardiography in a series of 95 consecutive patients in a single center.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Description of the technique</title>
          <p>All procedures were performed under general anesthesia, and venous access was obtained using ultrasound guidance, according to the specific need of the procedure, but generally consisted of two or three right femoral vein punctures, one left femoral vein puncture (for the ICE catheter), and one internal jugular vein puncture (in atrial fibrillation cases, for coronary sinus duodecapolar catheter placing). Monitoring during the procedure included 12-lead electrocardiogram and EA mapping cutaneous patches (Ensite NavX - St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA or CARTO 3 &#8211; Biosense Webster Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Navigation through the intravascular space</title>
          <p>From the left femoral vein, an ICE catheter (ViewFlex Xtra &#8211; Abbott or Acunav &#8211; Biosense Webster) was advanced to the right atrium (RA), guided by visualization of echo-free spaces in the vascular system.</p>
          <p>The ICE catheter was advanced through the left iliac vein while keeping an &#8220;echo-free space&#8221; close to the near-field of the ultrasound image (representing an absence of tissue contact at the tip of the ICE catheter). This technique allows the operator to discriminate between a free-advancement of the ICE catheter tip through the vascular lumen when echo-free space is visible and a palpable resistance to advancement when this image pattern is not obtained.</p>
          <p>Whenever the path to the inferior vena cava was not so clear, a retained guidewire technique, using long wires from the left femoral vein allowed advancing the ICE catheter following a clear wire image in the lumen. That is of particular value in patients with thin iliac veins, where echo-free space is not very clear.</p>
          <p>Upon reaching the inferior vena cava, it is possible to identify the cavoatrial junction where, at the level of the liver, and a parenchymatous image with clearly visible intrahepatic veins is appreciated. At this moment, it is essential to identify and avoid the inadvertent progression of the ICE catheter through the hepatic veins and correctly direct it to the right atrium (RA), which can be done with gentle anterior deflection. Once in the RA, all standard views can be obtained using the conventional technique of clockwise or counterclockwise torque from the home view. The catheter is then prolapsed to the right ventricle using anterior deflection, while keeping the tricuspid valve visible, and sectional views of the pericardial space were obtained to rule out any baseline pericardial effusion. Back to the RA, a posterior deflection with a gentle clockwise torque allows a longitudinal view of the superior vena cava (SVC). This view allows adequate visualization of catheters coming from superior veins and is the standard view to start advancing transseptal guidewires and sheaths ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>ICE imaging sequence showing the steps for the zero-fluoro double transseptal puncture. A) A guidewire (arrow) is advanced to the superior vena cava (SVC); in the picture, the right atrium (RA) is also visualized, as well as the right atrial appendage (*), confirming correct wire positioning. B) A long transseptal sheath (arrow) is advanced over the wire to the SVC, erasing the brightness of the wire as it is advanced. C) The transseptal sheath + needle assembly (arrow) in the SVC, to be pulled down to the fossa ovalis. The left atrium (LA) is visualized, as well as a transseptal access that has been previously performed. D) Sheath + needle (arrow) pulldown along the septum on its way to the fossa ovalis. E) Sheath + needle tenting the fossa ovalis (arrow), confirming adequate positioning to provide access to the LA. F) Puncture of the fossa ovalis (FO) and needle enhancement visualized in the LA cavity (arrow). The transseptal puncture is performed in a posterior location, confirmed by visualization of the left inferior PV (LIPV) in the ultrasound plane.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A long guidewire was then inserted through the right femoral vein, and smooth progression to the SVC was confirmed by ICE imaging. It is possible to visualize the right atrial appendage near the SVC ostium, and the inadvertent misplacement of the guidewire in this structure can then be avoided. A long transeptal sheath was advanced over the wire and placed in the SVC (using ICE, one can see the sheath itself &#8220;covering&#8221; the guidewire, while the distal, unsheathed part of the guidewire remains bright).</p>
          <p>When multipolar catheters are inserted through the femoral veins using short sheaths, it is possible to see catheter advancement using EA mapping and ICE image, until electrical potentials appear in the distal poles, confirming &#8220;arrival&#8221; at the RA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Catheter positioning</title>
          <p>When the CARTO system was used, an irrigated ablation catheter with contact force sensor was then advanced under EA and ICE visualization and a limited right atrial map was constructed, mostly to create a matrix (allowing other catheters to be visualized in EA maps) and to delineate the septum and coronary sinus (CS) anatomy ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">video 1</xref> ). This step is not needed when the NAVx system is used, where any catheter can be visualized without the need for matrix creation. The CS was then cannulated with the multipolar catheter, under EA and ICE visualization (ICE can clearly visualize the proximal CS and the ostium, as well as the catheter going in). The progression of these multipolar catheters was monitored and confirmed using EA mapping (if the catheter is coming from the femoral vein, the inferior vena cava geometry is created) or ICE imaging (if the catheter is coming from the internal jugular vein, it can be clearly seen coming from the SVC). If a duodecapolar catheter was used, the distal 10 poles were placed in the CS and the proximal poles in the RA. A quadripolar catheter was placed in the RV using the same technique.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Video 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Catheter insertion from the femoral access to the RA guided by the electroanatomic mapping system. After the catheters arrive in the RA (decapolar catheter followed by the ablation catheter [RF]), marked by the appearance of electrograms, the RA anatomy is created, followed by cannulation of the coronary sinus (CS) &#8211; first by the RF catheter and followed by the decapolar one.</italic></title>
                <p>
                  <italic>Access the video here: https://bit.ly/2XWhIbE.</italic>
                </p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>AF Cases</title>
          <p>In AF cases, once a limited RA geometry was created (CARTO system only), two guidewires were inserted from the right femoral vein and advanced to the SVC, with adequate positioning being visualized on ICE. Two long transseptal sheaths (fixed curve and deflectable) were advanced over the wire to the SVC. Importantly, heparin was given as soon peripheral access was obtained, before any catheter insertion, aiming at an activated clotting time (ACT) &gt; 350s. Those levels were maintained until left atrial instrumentation ended by continuous infusion and rebolus as needed.</p>
          <p>Two transseptal punctures were separately performed under ICE visualization, coming down to the septum from the SVC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">video 2</xref> ). After each septal perforation, a guidewire was advanced to the left superior pulmonary vein (PV), thus allowing for safe passage over the wire sheath positioning in the left atrial (LA) cavity. The ablation catheter and a multipolar mapping catheter were then positioned in the PVs. All these steps were clearly visualized on ICE, which could also be placed in the LA cavity through one of the transseptal accesses for a very high definition visualization (done in the last 15 cases of these series). A multipolar esophageal catheter was placed, and its position guided by ICE visualization.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Video 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Zero-fluoro transseptal puncture. After the ICE catheter is positioned in the RA, the LA and SVC are visualized. The guidewire arrives in the SVC, followed by sheath advancement. Sheath position in the SVC is confirmed by saline injection, showing craniocaudal flow. Septal tenting and perforation are shown, followed by wire advancement to the left PV. The sheath is then confirmed in the LA cavity by saline bubble visualization. The second transseptal sheath is then pulled down from the SVC to the septum, followed by a second septal perforation.</italic></title>
                <p>
                  <italic>Access the video here: https://bit.ly/2XWhIbE.</italic>
                </p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The LA and PV anatomies were reconstructed with a high-density map using the multipolar catheter ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">video 3</xref> ). In particular, the ridge between the left superior PV and left atrial appendage was visualized on ICE (with the catheter placed in the right ventricle or in the LA cavity itself &#8211; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">figure 2</xref> ) and its position manually annotated in the EA map. After calibrating the contact sensor, point-by-point circumferential PV isolation was performed for both pairs of veins ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09001">video 4</xref> ), using 40W of maximal power and contact force between 10-20g. Whenever esophageal temperature rose in the posterior segments, shorter (5-10 seconds) RF applications and/or lower power (25-30W) were used. Adenosine challenge (18 mg) was used to confirmed PV isolation without dormant conduction.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08001">
              <label>Video 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>High definition anatomic reconstruction of LA and PVs. With the multipolar mapping catheter, the anatomic acquisition is obtained by sequentially moving the mapping catheter, while the ablation catheter is parked in the mitral annulus. Two different views are shown (posterior and superior).</italic></title>
                <p>
                  <italic>Access the video here: https://bit.ly/2XWhIbE.</italic>
                </p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>ICE imaging sequence examples of LA mapping and ablation. These were recorded after the ICE catheter was placed in the LA cavity across the septum. A) A multipolar high-density mapping catheter (Pentarray &#8211; Biosense Webster, marked by arrow) is collecting anatomic and electric data around the left atrial appendage (LAA). MV &#8211; mitral valve. B) The tip of the contact force-sensor ablation catheter is floating in the LA cavity. As it is not touching any structure, this is a good spot to calibrate the sensor as zero force. This step is needed before initiating RF delivery. C) The ablation catheter is highlighted at the roof of the LA around the LSPV. The mapping catheter (arrow) is inside the LSPV monitoring its electrical connection to the LA. It is clear that the ablation catheter is in the PV antrum and not delivering energy inside the vein. D) Ablation in the ridge (*) between the LSPV and the LAA. The mapping catheter is inside the LSPV (arrow).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Sequence of imagens during circumferential ablation around the left PVs for isolation. Shown are the CARTO-guided 3D images of ablation lesions (pink and red dots) placed around the left PVs. Note that the ablation catheter provides contact-force information, the arrow depicting the force vector and on top-left, the number of grams quantifying the tissue contact (between 7 and 15g in this example), darker dots meaning more tissue contact and energy delivery. Also shown is a multipolar mapping catheter in the LSPV (Pentarray &#8211; Biosense Webster) to monitor its electrical activity and confirm isolation.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f09001">
              <label>Video 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>CARTO-guided 3D images of RF delivery (pink and red dots) placed around the left PVs. The ablation catheter provides contact-force information, the arrow showing the force vector, and on top-left, the number of grams quantifying the tissue contact. Ablation lesions covering the full circumference around the left PVs are shown.</italic></title>
                <p>
                  <italic>Access the video here: https://bit.ly/2XWhIbE.</italic>
                </p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>High-dose Isoproterenol infusion at a rate of 20 mcg/10 min was performed in search of inducible extra-pulmonary foci, which were ablated when present. In patients with documented typical atrial flutter, the ablation catheter was then pulled to the RA, and a linear, ICE guided lesion was performed in the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI). Detailed ICE visualization was essential to avoid tangling the catheter with pacemaker leads, when present. In challenging anatomies (e.g., prominent Eustachian ridge or the presence of pouches), ICE is critical to ensure adequate tissue contact throughout the CTI.</p>
          <p>Regaining access to the LA, whenever needed, was easily accomplished using previously tagged transeptal access sites in the EA map. During the procedure, to ensure safety, the ICE catheter was frequently prolapsed to the right ventricle to check for pericardial effusion, at the following times: (1) at baseline, (2) after transeptal punctures, (3) after left PV isolation, (4) after right PV isolation, (5) and at the end of procedure. ICE also allows for immediate detection of clot formation, which cannot be seen with other non-ultrasound imaging modalities.</p>
          <p>In pacemaker patients, device interrogation was performed before and after the procedure to guarantee lead integrity.</p>
          <p>Femoral vein access care was performed with figure-of-eight sutures with Prolene &#8220;0&#8221; to achieve full hemostasis. Protamine at a maximal dose of 50 mg IV was given to allow for partial reversal of anticoagulation. Deambulation was allowed after 6h, and oral anticoagulation was resumed on the same day.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SVT Cases</title>
          <p>For SVT cases, a routine somewhat similar to AF cases was used. To facilitate multipolar catheter advancement in the absence of transseptal sheaths, long sheaths that deliver the catheters in the inferior vena cava (IVC) were preferred, thus avoiding the anatomical tortuosity of the femoral and iliac vessels.</p>
          <p>Starting from that site, progression to the RA was marked by the appearance of atrial electrograms and ICE visualization, as described. Anatomical landmarks such as His bundle and CS, SVC, IVC, and right atrial appendage ostia were tagged in the EA maps under ICE guidance ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">figure 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Mapping and ablation for supraventricular tachycardia. Ablation of an accessory pathway (WPW) in the mitral annulus is shown in the upper panel, where the ablation catheter (arrow) is positioned in the septal part of the annulus. RF application leads to the immediate elimination of conduction and normalization of the QRS (*). In the lower panel, an atrial tachycardia was mapped and ablated in the RA (arrow), with interruption of the arrhythmia (*) and return to normal sinus rhythm. MV &#8211; mitral valve. TV &#8211; tricuspid valve. SVC &#8211; superior vena cava. CS &#8211; coronary sinus.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Population studied</title>
          <p>We report a series of consecutive, unselected cases of catheter ablation procedures for the treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias (AF, atrial flutter, and SVTs) performed without fluoroscopy, exclusively guided by ICE and EA mapping. Excel software (2019 version) was used for data tabulation. The main goals are to describe the feasibility of this innovative approach and to show the safety profile of this technique.</p>
          <p>From May/2019 to December/2019, 95 consecutive patients (mean age 60 &#177; 18 years, 61% males) referred for ablation underwent the zero fluoro approach, with the following procedure distribution: AF Ablation (69 pts [73%], 45 paroxysmal AF [47%] and 24 persistent AF [25%]) or non-AF SVT (26 pts [27%] &#8211; 14 AV node reentry [15%], 6 WPW syndrome [6% - 4 in the mitral and 2 in the tricuspid annulus], 5 right atrial (RA) typical flutters [5%], 1 atrial tachycardia [1%]). In AF pts, the mean LA volume was 36 &#177; 4 ml/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and 36% (25 pts) had structural heart disease, including rheumatic (3 pts - 3%) and other types of valvular disease (8 pts - 8%), coronary artery disease (17 pts - 17%), post-open heart surgery pts (12 pts - 12%, which usually have LA, RA and septal scars and sutures). Patients and procedural characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">figure 5</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" scope="col">Characteristics</th>
                    <th scope="col">N = 95</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 &#177; 18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male gender</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (61%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Carto system</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (65%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Navx system</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (35%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body Mass Index (BMI)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.5 &#177; 2.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arterial Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (75%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (51%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic Heart Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (33%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Distribution of patients according to the type of arrhythmia. AT &#8211; atrial tachycardia; CTI &#8211; cavotricuspid isthmus. SVT &#8211; supraventricular tachycardia (AV node reentry or WPW).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-06-1015-00096-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The protocol included an overnight hospital stay in a telemetry bed. No routine imaging was required before hospital discharge. CT scans were performed neither at baseline nor in the follow-up, while other radiation-free imaging methods were used at the discretion of the follow-up physician.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>No pericardial effusions, thrombotic complications, or other difficulties were seen in these series. All targets in both atria that needed ablation were reached and adequately visualized. All intended ablations were performed, meaning that the lack of fluoroscopic imaging did not hamper RF delivery. Those sites included the PV antra, LA posterior wall, anterior wall, septum, LA appendage, RA appendage, CS, CTI, mitral and tricuspid annulus, slow pathway, and crista terminalis. No backup fluoro was used, and no lead apparel was needed in any patient.</p>
        <p>Interestingly, difficult transseptal puncture (due to small fossa, floppy septum, or fibrous septum), which occurred in 19 patients (20%), was managed without fluoroscopy use in all cases. This is a significant finding, since there is a common belief that transseptal fluoroscopic visualization of the entire sheath-needle assembly is essential both for septal perforation, penetration, and sheath over the wire exchange. All these steps were clearly visualized using ICE to its best advantage. The same applied to the negotiation of tortuous venous branches to advance the ICE catheter &#8211; all cases were successfully managed without fluoroscopy by careful visualization of the echo-free space and guidewire insertion.</p>
        <p>Permanent pacemaker leads were present in 9 patients (9,5%), 7 dual chamber (DDD) pacemakers, and 2 CRT-D devices with 3 leads (RA, RV, and CS leads). Five patients (56%) were pacemaker-dependent due to complete AV block without any escape rhythm. In 3 of these cases, RA mapping and ablation (CTI and atriotomy scar-related flutters) were performed on top of LA instrumentation and PV isolation. All these cases were also adequately completed without fluoroscopy. Importantly, device interrogations after the procedure did not show any lead damage, dislocation, or threshold changes. Of note, care must be taken to differentiate the guidewire from lead imaging on ICE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This series of cases highlights the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a zero fluoro approach when treating both AF and different types of atrial arrhythmias, even in the presence of pacemaker leads (and even in pacer-dependent patients). For that matter, it is of utmost importance that ICE, and EA mapping be used to their best advantage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our series represents a pioneer experience in Brazil and Latin America using a radiation-free approach. It resulted from a long-lasting concern about radiation reduction and steady implementation of non-X-ray steps to our ablation protocol. We already had significant expertise from using ICE and EA in every AF case for the last 16 years, which surely made our learning curve easier. In that regard, no increase in costs was seen in our series, as precisely the same catheters were used as in the procedures using fluoroscopy.</p>
        <p>The ability to use EAM and ICE to provide adequate visualization of every step of the procedure has already been reported. Razminia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> retrospectively compared safety and efficacy between two groups (60 non-fluoroscopic and 60 fluoroscopic ablation procedures). No significant increase in complications or procedure time was observed, with comparable efficacy. The fluoroscopic group had an average X-ray exposure of 33 minutes in AF ablation cases. Bulava et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> reported on 80 patients randomized to either fluoroscopically-guided PVI or PVI without fluoroscopy using ICE and the CARTO 3 system with contact force ablation catheters. No difference in arrhythmia-free 12-month survival was found. No severe complications were recorded in either group. In this series, the fluoroscopy group had an average exposure of 3 min for AF ablations, showing that the operators were already experts in the use of non-fluoroscopic imaging. Taken together, these data suggest that the adoption of radiation reduction measures can dramatically affect x-ray exposure even in fluoroscopically-guided procedures, with no safety concerns.</p>
        <p>EA mapping is a fundamental part of the procedure since it provides a reliable geometry to guide the roving catheter and RF applications but could potentially provide misleading information if not stringently used. The initial description by Reddy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> reported a series of 20 consecutive AF ablation procedures without the use of fluoroscopy, relying only on ICE images and the NavX EA system to create geometry. In this series, EA image integration with a previously acquired left atrium CT scan was used in the majority of patients, requiring femoral artery access and aortic root mapping to create a reliable fusion between aortic anatomy from EA mapping and CT image. New technologies, such as multielectrode mapping catheters and software can provide a less traumatic, fast, and reliable geometry, with a high-density map and better anatomy delineation, comparable to a CT scan reconstruction, without the need to expose the patient to radiation and avoiding arterial access during the procedure. In our series, no patient was submitted to pre-ablation CT scans. Also, the EA systems provide ablation catheter tip color-coding orientation that allows easily reproducible movements and an excellent correlation between torque, deflection, and contact force.</p>
        <p>In our country, only two companies currently provide EA mapping systems - Carto 3 system (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) and Ensite-NavX system (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA). When these two systems were compared for mapping and CTI catheter ablation, Macias et al. showed<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> that the results (acute success, complications, and recurrence rates) from both EA mapping systems were similar. In our study, Carto 3 was used in 67.8% of patients, and the NavX system in 32.2% of all procedures ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ), with similar results.</p>
        <p>ICE visualization is critical in every step of a non-fluoroscopic complex ablation. With thorough ICE scanning, all the steps can be adequately monitored, even when catheters come out of the sheath tip (making sure it does not force the atrial wall). There is no blind step using this approach, even when advancing catheters or wires in the venous system to the heart. CS visualization and cannulation are better than with fluoroscopy, not to mention the transseptal punctures, which are undoubtedly best visualized on ICE. Baykaner et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> recently reported on 747 zero-fluoroscopy transeptal punctures, performed in 646 patients in 5 different centers across the US, using different approaches to reach the fossa ovalis. The transseptal access was associated with a low total complication rate (0.7%). In our study, a total of 142 transseptal punctures were performed with no complications. Indeed, a somewhat short learning curve is needed to become comfortable with and proficient in ICE manipulation. But it definitively gives better and more detailed information than fluoroscopy.</p>
        <p>Razminia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reported a 5-year follow-up of fluoroless ablations in a series of 500 patients. These procedures were safely and effectively performed, with similar rates of recurrence and complications when compared with the standard technique. In our series, we also did not observe any significant complications. As this technique becomes the standard practice for even more complex procedures, such as ventricular tachycardias, a rise in complications rate could be expected. As such, reports on the safety and effectiveness for the patient are extremely important and will, together with more widespread training in ICE and EA mapping, be vital to large-scale adoption of these procedures in clinical practice.</p>
        <p>All the tools needed for a successful radiation-free ablation are already available in most EP labs and familiar to most EP physicians.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Engagement in this field only needs a motivated team with a change in mindset. Once one does it, there is no way back. It is highly beneficial to patients &#8211; who can frequently undergo more than one ablation, usually have other diagnostic or therapeutic modalities that use radiation (e.g., CT scans, coronary interventions) over their lifespan, which are usually unaccounted for or neglected. The risk is cumulative over time. We have to keep that in mind, especially when cancer statistics show a worrying steep rise and when the impact can occur years after exposure.</p>
        <p>Radiation-free interventions also allow safe ablation treatment of pregnant patients. The most recently published ESC Guidelines for the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> gives an <bold>IIa</bold> indication in experienced centers. Even for standard SVT cases, where simple procedures under conscious sedation and using two catheters are frequently performed, it is worthwhile using ICE and general anesthesia. They allow for safe and comfortable procedures for both pts and physicians and add the possibility of using transient apnea to enhance catheter stability when dealing with arrhythmias near the AV node / His bundle.</p>
        <p>Zero fluoroscopy is also highly beneficial to the health care team. First, reducing the radiation exposure is obviously desired for people who have been exposed daily for years. It is a matter of concern to read reports of an increase of up to 1% in one&#8217;s lifetime risk of cancer;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> it is uncomfortable to read reports that 85% of brain cancers in interventional physicians occur on the left hemisphere,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> suggesting a causal relation to occupational exposure to radiation effects (since the left side is known to be more exposed than the right). Not to mention the considerable benefit of avoiding using heavy lead aprons, which, over time, makes orthopedic issues an almost unanimous occurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The authors cannot stress enough the massive relief that standing hours without having to wear heavy lead aprons represents.</p>
        <p>It is also highly beneficial to patients and all the healthcare team. Multiple exposures to radiation are common in the modern era, with the readily available imaging modalities. We usually do not realize the cumulative nature of multiple exposures and their potential detrimental effects over the long term. Patients undergoing ablation not uncommonly have had or will have repeated exposure to CT, fluoroscopy, coronary and peripheral angiography, as well as nuclear scans. A radiation-free procedure with at least similar costs, safety, and effectiveness as the standard fluoro-based alternative, even when additional hardware is implanted in the heart, is thus highly valuable. A motivated team with a mindset change is critical in that regard. It is our perception that, after a learning curve, in most instances, the visualization and manipulation are indeed more precise than that with fluoroscopy, without any blind parts.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>We report on a relatively small number of patients and lack a control group. Zero fluoroscopy procedures were performed by operators with a large experience in ICE and 3D mapping, and the reproducibility of our results by less experienced operators may vary due to the need for a steeper learning curve. However, we believe that these results are meaningful and represent the basis for further evaluations about the safety and efficacy of these techniques.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>A radiation-free (fluoroless) catheter ablation strategy for AF and other atrial arrhythmias is acutely safe and effective when guided by adequate ICE and 3D mapping utilization. Multiple different bi-atrial sites could be reached and adequately ablated without the need for backup fluoroscopy. No complications were seen.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
