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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WT7xLVrC4KZnNf7xNMkjy6N</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000600943</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200407</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200407</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Diretrizes</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diretriz Brasileira de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular &#8211; 2020</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8817-1255</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Tales de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Almir Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hossri</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christina Gr&#252;ne Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocco</surname>
            <given-names>Eneas Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Emed</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Gustavo Marin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Marconi Gomes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Augusto dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Morita Fernandes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Odilon Gariglio Alvarenga de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Marino Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador Manoel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiosport</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Cl&#237;nica de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiosport , Florian&#243;polis , SC &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (Udesc), Florian&#243;polis , SC &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fitcordis Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Fitcordis Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio , Bras&#237;lia , DF &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (HCPA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina , Florian&#243;polis , SC &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Unisul: Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Florian&#243;polis , SC &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Hcor), S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio , Clinimex, Rio de Janeiro , RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Samaritano Paulista , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro , RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>14</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Rio de Janeiro , RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>15</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>16</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini , Curitiba , PR &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>17</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar , Salvador , BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>18</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica , Salvador , BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>19</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">SPORTIF &#8211; Cl&#237;nica do Exerc&#237;cio do Esporte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> SPORTIF &#8211; Cl&#237;nica do Exerc&#237;cio do Esporte , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>20</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">ACE Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> ACE Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio , Rio de Janeiro , RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>21</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia , Rio de Janeiro , RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>22</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; , Curitiba , PR &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23">
        <label>23</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minascor Centro M&#233;dico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Minascor Centro M&#233;dico , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24">
        <label>24</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (IECAC), Rio de Janeiro , RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: 20020-907. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>943</fpage>
      <lpage>987</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="26"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="382"/>
        <page-count count="45"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold>
      <italic>Departamento de Ergometria, Exerc&#237;cio, Cardiologia Nuclear e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes (2020-2021):</bold>
      <italic>Brivaldo Markman Filho, Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Correa Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</italic>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coordenador de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes (2020-2021):</bold>
      <italic>Brivaldo Markman Filho</italic>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coordenadores da Diretriz:</bold>
      <italic>Tales de Carvalho e Mauricio Milani</italic>
    </p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="13%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="8">Declara&#231;&#227;o de potencial conflito de interesses dos autores/colaboradores da Diretriz Brasileira de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular &#8211; 2020 Se nos &#250;ltimos 3 anos o autor/colaborador da diretriz:</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="8">
                <hr/>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Nomes Integrantes da diretriz</th>
              <th>Participou de estudos cl&#237;nicos e/ou experimentais subvencionados pela ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica ou de equipamentos relacionados &#224; diretriz em quest&#227;o</th>
              <th>Foi palestrante em eventos ou atividades patrocinadas pela ind&#250;stria relacionados &#224; diretriz em quest&#227;o</th>
              <th>Foi (&#233;) membro do conselho consultivo ou diretivo da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica ou de equipamentos</th>
              <th>Participou de comit&#234;s normativos de estudos cient&#237;ficos patrocinados pela ind&#250;stria</th>
              <th>Recebeu aux&#237;lio pessoal ou institucional da ind&#250;stria</th>
              <th>Elaborou textos cient&#237;ficos em peri&#243;dicos patrocinados pela ind&#250;stria</th>
              <th>Tem a&#231;&#245;es da ind&#250;stria</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Almir Sergio Ferraz</td>
              <td align="center">Novartis, Amgen, Sanofi</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">Boehringer</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Anderson Donelli da Silveira</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Artur Haddad Herdy</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carlos Alberto Cordeiro Hossri</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Christina Gr&#252;ne Souza e Silva</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">Inbramed</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Eneas Antonio Rocco</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Jos&#233; Antonio Caldas Teixeira</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de Matos</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes Dourado</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Luiz Gustavo Marin Emed</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Marconi Gomes da Silva</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mauricio Milani</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mauro Augusto dos Santos</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Miguel Morita Fernandes da Silva</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">Novartis</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Odilon Gariglio Alvarenga de Freitas</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pablo Marino Corr&#234;a Nascimento</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ricardo Stein</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Romeu Sergio Meneghelo</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Salvador Manoel Serra</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tales de Carvalho</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Sum&#225;rio</p>
    <p>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o 946</p>
    <p>1.1. Classes (Graus) de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o 947</p>
    <p>1.2. N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia 947</p>
    <p>2. Estrutura de um Programa de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular 947</p>
    <p>2.1. Equipe e Responsabilidades dos Profissionais 947</p>
    <p>
      <bold>2.1.1. M&#233;dico Assistente 947</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>2.1.2. M&#233;dico-l&#237;der no Programa de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular 947</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>2.1.3. Outros Profissionais 947</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>2.1.4. Fisioterapeutas e Profissionais de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica 947</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>2.1.5. Profissional de Enfermagem 947</bold>
    </p>
    <p>2.2. Estrutura F&#237;sica de um Servi&#231;o de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o 948</p>
    <p>
      <bold>2.2.1. Aspectos Gerais 948</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>2.2.2. Equipamentos para a Pr&#225;tica de Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos 948</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>2.2.2.1. Exerc&#237;cios Aer&#243;bicos</italic> 948</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>2.2.2.2. Exerc&#237;cios de Fortalecimento Muscular</italic> 948</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>2.2.2.3. Outros Exerc&#237;cios</italic> 948</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>2.2.3. Monitoramento 948</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>2.2.4. Seguran&#231;a 948</bold>
    </p>
    <p>3. Fases da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular e Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco 949</p>
    <p>3.1. Risco Cl&#237;nico Alto 949</p>
    <p>3.2. Risco Cl&#237;nico Intermedi&#225;rio 950</p>
    <p>3.3. Risco Cl&#237;nico Baixo 951</p>
    <p>4. Custo-efetividade da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular 952</p>
    <p>5. Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Domiciliar 953</p>
    <p>6. Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Integrando o Tratamento Cl&#237;nico Pleno das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares 953</p>
    <p>6.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es Gerais para Incremento da Atividade F&#237;sica e Pr&#225;tica de Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos 954</p>
    <p>6.2. Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica 955</p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.2.1. Benef&#237;cios Terap&#234;uticos dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos 955</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.2.2. Indica&#231;&#245;es de Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos na Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica 956</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.2.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o 956</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.2.4. Particularidades na Prescri&#231;&#227;o e no Acompanhamento dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos 957</bold>
    </p>
    <p>6.3. Coronariopatia Est&#225;vel ap&#243;s Evento Agudo ou Revasculariza&#231;&#245;es 957</p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.3.1. Benef&#237;cios Terap&#234;uticos dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos 958</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.3.2. Quando Indicar Reabilita&#231;&#227;o 958</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.3.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e Prescri&#231;&#227;o de Exerc&#237;cios 959</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.3.4. Particularidades na Prescri&#231;&#227;o e Acompanhamento dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos 960</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>6.3.4.1. Angina Refrat&#225;ria</italic> 960</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>6.3.4.2. Treinamento com Indu&#231;&#227;o de Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</italic> 960</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>6.3.4.3. Ajustes de F&#225;rmacos Diante da Assimila&#231;&#227;o do Treinamento F&#237;sico</italic> 960</bold>
    </p>
    <p>6.4. Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca 961</p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.4.1. Prescri&#231;&#227;o dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos e Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o 961</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.4.2. Considera&#231;&#245;es Finais sobre a Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca 963</bold>
    </p>
    <p>6.5. Transplante Card&#237;aco 963</p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.5.1. Benef&#237;cios dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos 963</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.5.2. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e Particularidades 964</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.5.3. Prescri&#231;&#227;o do Treinamento F&#237;sico 964</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.5.4. Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Domiciliar 965</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.5.5. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es 965</bold>
    </p>
    <p>6.6. Miocardiopatias 966</p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.6.1. Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica 966</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>6.6.1.1. Benef&#237;cios Terap&#234;uticos do Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</italic> 966</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>6.6.1.2. Quando Indicar Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</italic> 967</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>6.6.1.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o</italic> 967</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>6.6.1.4. Particularidades na Prescri&#231;&#227;o e no Acompanhamento dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</italic> 968</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.6.2. Miocardite 968</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.6.3. Outras Miocardiopatias 969</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>6.6.3.1. Cardiomiopatia Arritmog&#234;nica do Ventr&#237;culo Direito</italic> 969</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>6.6.3.2. Miocardiopatia N&#227;o Compactada</italic> 969</bold>
    </p>
    <p>6.7. Valvopatias 970</p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.7.1. Fase Pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o 970</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.7.2. Fase P&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o 970</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.7.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o 970</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.7.4. Particularidades na Prescri&#231;&#227;o e no Acompanhamento dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos 971</bold>
    </p>
    <p>6.8. Portadores de Marcapasso ou Cardioversor Desfibrilador Implant&#225;vel 971</p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.8.1. Benef&#237;cios Terap&#234;uticos dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos 972</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.8.2. Quando Indicar Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular 973</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.8.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o 973</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.8.4. Particularidades na Prescri&#231;&#227;o e no Acompanhamento dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos 973</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.8.5. Treinamento Resistido 974</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.8.6. Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica Neuromuscular 974</bold>
    </p>
    <p>6.9. Doen&#231;a Arterial Obstrutiva Perif&#233;rica 975</p>
    <p>Refer&#234;ncias 977</p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Est&#225; cientificamente comprovado, sendo algo incorporado ao senso comum, que ser fisicamente ativo contribui para preservar e recuperar a boa sa&#250;de do corpo e da mente. Os efeitos favor&#225;veis da reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular (RCV) com &#234;nfase nos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos t&#234;m sido consistentemente documentados, inclusive em meta-an&#225;lises de estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados, que demonstram significativas redu&#231;&#245;es da morbimortalidade cardiovascular e global, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> bem como da taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> com expressivo ganho de qualidade de vida, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> justificando a sua consensual e enf&#225;tica recomenda&#231;&#227;o pelas principais sociedades m&#233;dicas mundiais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O sedentarismo, que apresenta elevada preval&#234;ncia no Brasil e no mundo, est&#225; fortemente relacionado &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) e &#224; mortalidade precoce. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, maiores volumes de atividade f&#237;sica s&#227;o positivamente associados &#224; melhor qualidade e &#224; maior expectativa de vida, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> existindo uma forte e inversa associa&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica com a mortalidade por todas as causas e com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares desfavor&#225;veis. Ou seja, quanto menor o n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, maior tende ser a taxa de mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, o principal objetivo da RCV com &#234;nfase nos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos &#233; propiciar uma melhora dos componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, tanto aer&#243;bico quanto n&#227;o aer&#243;bicos (for&#231;a/pot&#234;ncia muscular, flexibilidade, equil&#237;brio), algo que exige a combina&#231;&#227;o de diferentes modalidades de treinamento. Assim, a RCV deve proporcionar os mais elevados n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica pass&#237;veis de obten&#231;&#227;o, de modo a reduzir o risco de eventos cardiovasculares e promover todos os outros benef&#237;cios a serem auferidos pela pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, culminando com a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade geral. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, apesar dos benef&#237;cios documentados e do excelente significado em termos de custo-efetividade, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> a RCV &#233; mundialmente subutilizada. No Brasil, pa&#237;s de dimens&#227;o continental e grande diversidade social e econ&#244;mica, dentre as in&#250;meras barreiras ao acesso &#224; RCV, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> vale destacar como algo presente em praticamente todas as regi&#245;es: escassez de servi&#231;os estruturados, dificuldade de deslocamento (mobilidade urbana ruim) e n&#237;veis altos de viol&#234;ncia nas cidades. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Neste contexto, programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular domiciliar (RCVD), em que a maioria das sess&#245;es ocorre no ambiente domiciliar sob supervis&#227;o indireta, surgem como complemento ou alternativa aos programas tradicionais, nos quais as sess&#245;es s&#227;o sempre realizadas sob supervis&#227;o direta ou presencial.</p>
      <p>A exemplo do que ocorreu nos documentos anteriormente publicados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre o tema, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> esta diretriz aborda exclusivamente a interven&#231;&#227;o com base na pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos direcionadas aos pacientes com DCV, sendo a classe (ou grau) de recomenda&#231;&#227;o sempre fundamentada no n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia encontrado, conforme consta a seguir.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>1.1. Classes (Graus) de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Classe I</bold>: condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conclusivas, ou, na sua falta, consenso de que o procedimento &#233; seguro e &#250;til/eficaz;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Classe II</bold>: condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conflitantes e/ou diverg&#234;ncia de opini&#227;o sobre seguran&#231;a e utilidade/efic&#225;cia do procedimento:</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Classe IIA</bold>: peso ou evid&#234;ncia/opini&#227;o a favor do procedimento. A maioria aprova;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Classe IIB</bold>: seguran&#231;a e utilidade/efic&#225;cia menos bem estabelecida, n&#227;o havendo predom&#237;nio de opini&#245;es a favor.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Classe III</bold>: condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias e/ou consenso de que o procedimento n&#227;o &#233; &#250;til/eficaz e, em alguns casos, pode ser prejudicial.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>1.2. N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>N&#237;vel A</bold>: dados obtidos a partir de m&#250;ltiplos estudos randomizados de bom porte, concordantes e/ou de meta-an&#225;lise robusta de estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>N&#237;vel B</bold>: dados obtidos a partir de meta-an&#225;lise menos robusta, com base em um &#250;nico estudo randomizado ou em estudos n&#227;o randomizados (observacionais);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>N&#237;vel C</bold>: dados obtidos de opini&#245;es consensuais de especialistas.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Estrutura de um Programa de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</title>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Equipe e Responsabilidades dos Profissionais</title>
        <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o das equipes profissionais de RCV deve ajustar-se aos objetivos, &#224; clientela e &#224;s disponibilidades de recursos humanos e materiais, respeitadas as caracter&#237;sticas regionais, a modalidade (supervis&#227;o direta ou indireta) e o local de realiza&#231;&#227;o (hospital, cl&#237;nica, ambulat&#243;rio e outros). A equipe multiprofissional habitualmente &#233; composta por m&#233;dicos, educadores f&#237;sicos, fisioterapeutas e profissionais de enfermagem, mas outros, como nutricionistas, psic&#243;logos e assistentes sociais, podem compor a equipe. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.1. M&#233;dico Assistente</title>
          <p>A RCV comp&#245;e o tratamento cl&#237;nico pleno dos pacientes est&#225;veis com DCV, o que exige a integra&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente, que, ao encaminhar o seu paciente, deve ter conhecimento das indica&#231;&#245;es e dos benef&#237;cios a serem obtidos, adotando as necess&#225;rias provid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o. Tendo em vista o encaminhamento de relat&#243;rios, eventuais necessidades de ajustes farmacol&#243;gicos, intercorr&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas, entre outros, &#233; de grande relev&#226;ncia que sejam criados mecanismos para uma f&#225;cil comunica&#231;&#227;o entre o m&#233;dico assistente e a equipe de RCV. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.2. M&#233;dico-l&#237;der no Programa de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Coordena as a&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, sendo no Brasil habitualmente o coordenador geral do programa de RCV. Ele deve conhecer em profundidade a tem&#225;tica de RCV e ter conhecimento para atuar em emerg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Algumas de suas principais atua&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Executar a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o, com inclus&#227;o de testes de exerc&#237;cio, de modo a subsidiar a programa&#231;&#227;o inicial das sess&#245;es de treinamento da RCV; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Treinar a equipe para identificar situa&#231;&#245;es de risco e realizar o atendimento apropriado em situa&#231;&#245;es emergenciais;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Estabelecer restri&#231;&#245;es e limites para a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Liderar e interagir com os demais membros da equipe, com o objetivo de otimizar a qualidade e a seguran&#231;a da prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Programar reavalia&#231;&#245;es subsequentes, sempre interagindo com o m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.3. Outros Profissionais</title>
          <p>De modo semelhante aos m&#233;dicos, os demais membros da equipe, ao executarem suas respectivas fun&#231;&#245;es, devem seguir as normas e regras que norteiam as atividades do programa, respeitando as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de seus respectivos conselhos profissionais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.4. Fisioterapeutas e Profissionais de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</title>
          <p>Atuam diretamente na prescri&#231;&#227;o e na supervis&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, dentro das metas e dos limites definidos na orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e subsequentes reavalia&#231;&#245;es. Devem ter conhecimentos espec&#237;ficos sobre as DCV e fisiologia do exerc&#237;cio, al&#233;m de receberem periodicamente treinamento de suporte b&#225;sico de vida, incluindo o uso de desfibrilador autom&#225;tico externo. Al&#233;m da atua&#231;&#227;o nas sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, podem contribuir para as orienta&#231;&#245;es e demais medidas, visando a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1.5. Profissional de Enfermagem</title>
          <p>Em um programa de RCV, o profissional de enfermagem pode auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, atuando na obten&#231;&#227;o e no fornecimento de informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente, inclusive em contato com os familiares. Pode ser respons&#225;vel pelas dosagens de glicemia e verifica&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial (PA), antes e durante as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios. Em caso de intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, pode participar do atendimento e auxiliar o m&#233;dico, com eventuais administra&#231;&#245;es de medicamentos. Deve tamb&#233;m estar capacitado para atuar no suporte b&#225;sico de vida, com uso de desfibrilador autom&#225;tico externo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2.2. Estrutura F&#237;sica de um Servi&#231;o de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>2.2.1. Aspectos Gerais</title>
        <p>Um programa de RCV pode funcionar em v&#225;rios tipos de instala&#231;&#245;es, a depender dos objetivos e recursos dispon&#237;veis. Mais frequentemente, os programas de RCV s&#227;o realizados em ambientes fechados e climatizados, sendo tamb&#233;m poss&#237;vel realizar as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos em espa&#231;os abertos, como pistas de atletismo, quadras, gin&#225;sios poliesportivos, parques ou &#225;reas p&#250;blicas de lazer. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em ambientes fechados, o espa&#231;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos dever&#225; apresentar dimens&#245;es e caracter&#237;sticas adequadas, vari&#225;veis de acordo com os recursos locais e a capacidade de atendimento. O ambiente dever&#225; ser suficientemente amplo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, com uma altura de p&#233; direito idealmente igual ou superior a 2,5 m. Tamb&#233;m dever&#225; ser apropriadamente iluminado e bem ventilado, onde seja poss&#237;vel manter a temperatura entre 22 <sup>o</sup> C e 25 <sup>o</sup> C, al&#233;m de umidade relativa do ar entre 40 e 65% durante as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio. A &#225;rea dispon&#237;vel exclusivamente para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, desconsiderando vesti&#225;rios, banheiros, recep&#231;&#227;o ou sala de espera, varia muito, podendo ir desde 20 m <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> a algumas centenas de metros quadrados. &#201; importante que existam locais pr&#243;prios para a troca de roupas e instala&#231;&#245;es sanit&#225;rias. Para minimizar o risco de acidentes e quedas, o piso deve ter propriedades antiderrapantes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.2.2. Equipamentos para a Pr&#225;tica de Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</title>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>2.2.2.1. Exerc&#237;cios Aer&#243;bicos</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>Os equipamentos mais usados s&#227;o esteiras rolantes e cicloerg&#244;metros de membros inferiores (MMII), mas tamb&#233;m podem ser utilizados cicloerg&#244;metros de membros superiores (MMSS), remoerg&#244;metros, erg&#244;metros de esqui, el&#237;pticos, entre outros. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As esteiras rolantes devem ser el&#233;tricas, com capacidade de suportar, pelo menos, 100 kg de peso corporal, com suportes frontal e lateral para as m&#227;os e trava de seguran&#231;a. Devem tamb&#233;m permitir ajuste individualizado dentro de uma faixa ampla de velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o. Os cicloerg&#244;metros podem ser de frenagem mec&#226;nica ou eletromagn&#233;tica. H&#225; modelos espec&#237;ficos para MMSS ou ainda para que os quatro membros sejam exercitados simultaneamente. Para os modelos de MMII existem as op&#231;&#245;es vertical e horizontal. O ideal &#233; que o cicloerg&#244;metro possibilite a leitura da cad&#234;ncia ou velocidade e, principalmente, da pot&#234;ncia em watts. H&#225; cicloerg&#244;metros em que &#233; poss&#237;vel programar a intensidade diretamente em watts, de modo que a resist&#234;ncia do pedal aumenta quando a cad&#234;ncia diminui e vice-versa.</p>
        <p>Os remoerg&#244;metros, erg&#244;metros de esqui e el&#237;pticos podem ser particularmente &#250;teis para os pacientes com menor grau de limita&#231;&#227;o funcional ou que j&#225; tenham tido experi&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias com tais equipamentos. Eles apresentam como vantagem possibilitar o exerc&#237;cio simult&#226;neo dos MMSS e MMII.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>2.2.2.2. Exerc&#237;cios de Fortalecimento Muscular</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>H&#225; v&#225;rios tipos de equipamentos que podem ser utilizados para o fortalecimento muscular. Por&#233;m, &#233; poss&#237;vel realizar v&#225;rios exerc&#237;cios utilizando somente o peso corporal, que representa um esfor&#231;o, em geral, suficiente nos pacientes mais debilitados. Um exemplo pr&#225;tico &#233; o exerc&#237;cio de sentar e levantar, cuja realiza&#231;&#227;o requer t&#227;o somente uma cadeira ou um banco.</p>
        <p>O uso de cordas ou faixas suspensas, bem fixadas ao teto ou alto da parede, podem permitir uma ampla variedade de exerc&#237;cios com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do peso do pr&#243;prio corpo. Pesos livres, halteres ou caneleiras com pesos variados s&#227;o frequentemente adotados em programas de RCV e possibilitam uma ampla variedade de movimentos e est&#237;mulos adequados de diferentes grupos musculares. Podem ser tamb&#233;m utilizados aparelhos espec&#237;ficos, com pesos ligados a cabos e polias. Outros equipamentos que tamb&#233;m podem ser usados: barras, bast&#245;es, bolas com peso ( <italic>medicine balls</italic> ), &#8220;bolas su&#237;&#231;as&#8221; e faixas ou bandas el&#225;sticas com diferentes graus de resist&#234;ncia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em todos os exerc&#237;cios deve haver aten&#231;&#227;o para a correta execu&#231;&#227;o dos movimentos e adequada postura, a fim de evitar les&#245;es osteomusculares. Aten&#231;&#227;o ao manuseio dos equipamentos tamb&#233;m &#233; necess&#225;ria, com o intuito de evitar acidentes com o material e eventuais les&#245;es corporais.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>2.2.2.3. Outros Exerc&#237;cios</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>Visando a sa&#250;de global, considerando a cardiopatia e doen&#231;as associadas, pode ser necess&#225;rio acrescentar outros tipos de exerc&#237;cios, como treinamento isom&#233;trico manual, treinamento da musculatura inspirat&#243;ria e exerc&#237;cios para aprimorar o equil&#237;brio e a flexibilidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.2.3. Monitoramento</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m de esfigmoman&#244;metros e estetosc&#243;pios, h&#225; v&#225;rios recursos dispon&#237;veis, como cardiofrequenc&#237;metros e aplicativos de celulares para monitoramento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), glicos&#237;metros e ox&#237;metros digitais. Dependendo da complexidade cl&#237;nica e do risco de eventos cardiovasculares desfavor&#225;veis, &#233; desej&#225;vel o monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico no repouso e durante o exerc&#237;cio, que pode ser obtido por equipamentos de conex&#227;o direta ao paciente ou por sistemas de telemetria, sendo de fundamental import&#226;ncia em caso de eventos cardiovasculares a possibilidade do r&#225;pido acesso aos equipamentos, para identifica&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico e a subsequente conduta m&#233;dica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.2.4. Seguran&#231;a</title>
        <p>Apesar de ser extremamente incomum, &#233; importante que o programa tenha um planejamento para o adequado atendimento de eventos cardiovasculares graves, como a parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, que, na maioria dos casos em adultos, decorre de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou taquicardia ventricular sem pulso. Portanto, o desfibrilador, manual ou autom&#225;tico, &#233; um equipamento de seguran&#231;a obrigat&#243;rio. Ainda devem estar dispon&#237;veis outros materiais do suporte b&#225;sico e avan&#231;ado de vida, como laringosc&#243;pio, tubos orotraqueais de tamanhos variados, m&#225;scaras, ambu e oxigenioterapia suplementar.</p>
        <p>Para orienta&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada de t&#233;cnicas, equipamentos e medicamentos, orienta-se consultar diretrizes espec&#237;ficas sobre os respectivos assuntos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Fases da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular e Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco</title>
      <p>Tradicionalmente, a RCV &#233; dividida em fases temporais, sendo a fase 1 intra-hospitalar e as fases 2 a 4 ambulatoriais. Nos prim&#243;rdios, a fase 1 foi destinada &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM). Posteriormente, em contexto atualmente denominado reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica, foram inclu&#237;dos os pacientes internados submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas (ICP), cirurgias valvares, cirurgias para cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e transplante card&#237;aco (TxC), al&#233;m dos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), diab&#233;ticos, hipertensos, pneumopatas e nefropatas cr&#244;nicos, assim que estabilizados clinicamente. Portanto, a RCV deve ser iniciada imediatamente ap&#243;s o paciente ter sido considerado clinicamente compensado, como decorr&#234;ncia do tratamento cl&#237;nico e/ou intervencionista. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na fase 1 da RCV objetiva-se que o paciente tenha alta hospitalar com as melhores condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e psicol&#243;gicas poss&#237;veis, municiado de informa&#231;&#245;es referentes ao estilo saud&#225;vel de vida, em especial no que diz respeito ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Prop&#245;e-se a combina&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos de baixa intensidade, t&#233;cnicas para o controle do estresse e programas de educa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco e &#224; cardiopatia. A equipe de atendimento deve ser composta por, pelo menos, m&#233;dico, fisioterapeuta e enfermeiro, capacitados para atuar em RCV, que n&#227;o precisam dedicar tempo integral ao programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, podendo exercer outras atividades no hospital. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O direcionamento &#224;s fases ambulatoriais da RCV deve ser realizado na alta da interna&#231;&#227;o. A fase 2 come&#231;a imediatamente ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar e tem dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 3 meses. A fase 3 costuma ter dura&#231;&#227;o de 3 a 6 meses e a fase 4 tem dura&#231;&#227;o prolongada. Em todas as fases objetiva-se progress&#227;o dos benef&#237;cios da RCV ou, pelo menos, a manuten&#231;&#227;o dos ganhos obtidos.</p>
      <p>Em uma divis&#227;o r&#237;gida da RCV em fases temporais, pode-se n&#227;o levar em considera&#231;&#227;o que existem pacientes com cardiopatias graves, muito sintom&#225;ticos e debilitados, que permanecem por longo prazo em uma reabilita&#231;&#227;o &#8220;fase 2&#8221;, pois continuam requerendo a supervis&#227;o direta dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, enquanto outros, de baixo risco, desde o in&#237;cio se enquadram em programas de fase 3 ou mesmo de fase 4, sendo potenciais candidatos a uma RCV domiciliar, em que a maioria das sess&#245;es ocorrem sob supervis&#227;o indireta, &#224; dist&#226;ncia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, recomenda-se uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cl&#237;nico que possibilite o uso mais racional dos programas, com direcionamento individualizado &#224;s modalidades de RCV. Nesse contexto, os pacientes de alto risco, com menor capacidade f&#237;sica e mais sintom&#225;ticos, devem participar de sess&#245;es supervisionadas por tempo indeterminado, enquanto os de menor risco, com maior capacidade f&#237;sica e menos sintom&#225;ticos precocemente podem realizar, sem supervis&#227;o direta, exerc&#237;cios mais intensos e diversificados ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes em reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ambulatorial, de acordo com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cl&#237;nico. MET: equivalente metab&#243;lico; VO 2 : consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0943-00407-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cl&#237;nico do paciente em alto, intermedi&#225;rio ou baixo &#233; pautada em recomenda&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> As notas de corte para o enquadramento s&#227;o baseadas na opini&#227;o de especialistas (evid&#234;ncia n&#237;vel C), o que possibilita modifica&#231;&#245;es regionais de acordo com a experi&#234;ncia da equipe da RCV e com o julgamento cl&#237;nico realizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e subsequentes reavalia&#231;&#245;es ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cl&#237;nico dos pacientes em reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ambulatorial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Risco</th>
                <th>Alto</th>
                <th>Intermedi&#225;rio</th>
                <th>Baixo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th> </th>
                <th> </th>
                <th> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Evento cardiovascular, interven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ou descompensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</td>
                <td align="center">Inferior a 8 a 12 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Superior a 12 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Superior a 6 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Capacidade funcional</td>
                <td align="center">TE: &lt; 5 MET TCPE: Weber C/D ou VO <sub>2</sub> pico &lt; 60% do predito</td>
                <td align="center">TE: 5 a 7 MET TCPE: Weber B ou VO <sub>2</sub> pico de 60 a 85% do predito</td>
                <td align="center">TE: &gt; 7 MET TCPE: Weber A ou VO <sub>2</sub> pico &gt; 85% do predito</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sinais e sintomas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (limiar isqu&#234;mico)</td>
                <td align="center">Em baixas cargas TE: abaixo de 6 MET TCPE: abaixo de 15 ml.kg <sup>-1</sup> .min <sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">TE: acima de 6 MET TCPE: acima de 15 ml.kg <sup>-1</sup> .min <sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sintomatologia</td>
                <td align="center">IC: CF III e IV Angina: CF III e IV</td>
                <td align="center">IC: CF I a II Angina: CF I e II</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</td>
                <td align="center">IRC dial&#237;tica; queda da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio em esfor&#231;o; arritmia ventricular complexa</td>
                <td align="center">De acordo com o julgamento cl&#237;nico na avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">De acordo com o julgamento cl&#237;nico na avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>CF: classe funcional; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; MET: equivalente metab&#243;lico; TCPE: teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio; TE: teste ergom&#233;trico; VO <sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Risco Cl&#237;nico Alto</title>
        <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o da RCV pode variar conforme o quadro cl&#237;nico e a evolu&#231;&#227;o do treinamento f&#237;sico. O enquadramento, a manuten&#231;&#227;o ou a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do perfil de risco devem ser determinados pela avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e por reavalia&#231;&#245;es subsequentes, realizadas pelo m&#233;dico e demais integrantes da equipe. O modelo dessa avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica pode variar de acordo com a estrutura log&#237;stica e a experi&#234;ncia do servi&#231;o, devendo conter, no m&#237;nimo, consulta cl&#237;nica, exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso e teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) ou teste ergom&#233;trico (TE).</p>
        <p>Os pacientes de alto risco, com frequ&#234;ncia, podem necessitar de atendimento m&#233;dico imediato ou a curto prazo (reinterna&#231;&#227;o, interven&#231;&#245;es ou ajustes de f&#225;rmacos). Portanto, requerem maior monitoramento do treinamento pela equipe assistencial, a qual deve ser capaz de identificar sinais e sintomas de situa&#231;&#245;es de risco e atuar no atendimento de intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, inclusive com material de suporte b&#225;sico e avan&#231;ado de vida, com cardiodesfibrilador manual ou autom&#225;tico. &#201; preferencial, inclusive, que esse equipamento esteja dentro da sala de atendimento. A equipe m&#233;dica deve estar prontamente dispon&#237;vel na localidade, com r&#225;pido acesso ao paciente em caso de intercorr&#234;ncias graves.</p>
        <p>Ressalte-se que a melhor maneira de prevenir intercorr&#234;ncias durante um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o e, especialmente ap&#243;s eventos e interven&#231;&#245;es, consiste na realiza&#231;&#227;o de qualificadas avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e subsequentes, que devem ser sistem&#225;ticas.</p>
        <p>O programa de exerc&#237;cios deve ser individualizado em termos de intensidade, dura&#231;&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia, modalidade de treinamento e progress&#227;o, de acordo com os testes funcionais realizados inicialmente e no seguimento. Sempre devem ser adotados recursos para a correta determina&#231;&#227;o da FC e verifica&#231;&#227;o da PA, em repouso e em esfor&#231;o, al&#233;m da possibilidade de verifica&#231;&#227;o de satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, determina&#231;&#227;o da glicemia capilar e monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico.</p>
        <p>O atendimento tamb&#233;m deve contemplar um programa educacional direcionado &#224; modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida, com &#234;nfase na reeduca&#231;&#227;o alimentar e em estrat&#233;gias para cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, quando necess&#225;rias. &#201; importante que o paciente obtenha conhecimentos sobre sua doen&#231;a e aprendizado de automonitoramento, tanto na execu&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios quanto na identifica&#231;&#227;o de sinais e sintomas de alerta para situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas inst&#225;veis ou de risco.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes que se enquadrariam inicialmente no risco cl&#237;nico alto (presen&#231;a de, pelo menos, uma delas) s&#227;o:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Interna&#231;&#227;o por descompensa&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular recente (menos de 8 a 12 semanas) devido a quadros de: IAM ou angina inst&#225;vel; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea; arritmias complexas; morte s&#250;bita revertida; descompensa&#231;&#227;o de IC;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes cardiopatas, com presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de evento cardiovascular e/ou interven&#231;&#245;es, mas com importantes altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, ou seja:</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#8211;</bold> Baixa capacidade funcional no TE (menor que 5 equivalentes metab&#243;licos [MET]) ou no TCPE (classifica&#231;&#227;o de Weber C e D ou consumo de oxig&#234;nio [VO <sub>2</sub> ] abaixo de 60% do predito para idade e sexo);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#8211;</bold> Sinais e sintomas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em baixa carga (abaixo de 6 MET ou de VO <sub>2</sub> de 15 ml.kg <sup>-1</sup> .min <sup>-1</sup> );</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#8211;</bold> Sintomatologia exacerbada (IC com classe funcional III e IV ou angina classe funcional III e IV).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com risco aumentado aos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) dial&#237;tica, dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio em esfor&#231;o e arritmia ventricular complexa em repouso ou esfor&#231;o.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Considerando que os pacientes de alto risco frequentemente necessitam de reajustes de f&#225;rmacos e de reavalia&#231;&#245;es, com eventuais interven&#231;&#245;es (revasculariza&#231;&#245;es ou outros procedimentos), torna-se essencial comunica&#231;&#227;o constante da equipe assistencial da RCV com o(s) m&#233;dico(s) assistente(s). &#201; importante destacar que alguns pacientes, devido a intercorr&#234;ncias nas sess&#245;es e/ou resultados nas avalia&#231;&#245;es subsequentes, podem permanecer classificados como de alto risco, mantendo a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos sob supervis&#227;o direta por tempo indeterminado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2. Risco Cl&#237;nico Intermedi&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Os pacientes podem ter cumprido etapas anteriores da RCV, sendo reclassificados, ingressar diretamente nessa categoria sem participa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias ou ser oriundos de outros programas de exerc&#237;cios. A dura&#231;&#227;o da RCV sob essa classifica&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode ser vari&#225;vel, a depender do quadro cl&#237;nico e da evolu&#231;&#227;o do treinamento f&#237;sico, algo a ser definido nas reavalia&#231;&#245;es subsequentes.</p>
        <p>A supervis&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios deve ser feita pelo fisioterapeuta ou professor de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, e o servi&#231;o deve, idealmente, contar com a coordena&#231;&#227;o geral de um m&#233;dico com experi&#234;ncia em RCV. &#201; recomendada a disponibilidade de recursos para a correta determina&#231;&#227;o da FC e verifica&#231;&#227;o de PA em repouso e esfor&#231;o e, sempre que necess&#225;rio, com possibilidade de verifica&#231;&#227;o da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, determina&#231;&#227;o da glicemia e monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico.</p>
        <p>Para o atendimento de pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio, caso n&#227;o haja m&#233;dico presente no local das atividades, deve haver possibilidade do seu r&#225;pido acionamento remoto. A estrutura do servi&#231;o deve apresentar material de suporte b&#225;sico de vida e profissionais de sa&#250;de treinados em reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar, com o uso de desfibrilador autom&#225;tico externo, o qual deve estar presente no local de atendimento.</p>
        <p>&#201; fundamental que a equipe m&#233;dica integrada ao servi&#231;o de RCV realize a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o, com adequada estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco. O seguimento m&#233;dico regular e as reavalia&#231;&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, al&#233;m dos atendimentos eventuais quando necess&#225;rios, s&#227;o fundamentais para garantir a seguran&#231;a dos exerc&#237;cios.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio (presen&#231;a de, pelo menos, uma caracter&#237;stica) s&#227;o:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Evento cardiovascular ou interven&#231;&#245;es com intervalo superior a 12 semanas, com estabilidade do quadro cl&#237;nico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes cardiopatas que ainda apresentam algumas altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais em esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico:</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#8211;</bold> Moderada capacidade funcional no TE (entre 5 e 7 MET) ou no TCPE (classifica&#231;&#227;o de Weber B ou VO <sub>2</sub> entre 60 e 85% do predito para idade e sexo);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#8211;</bold> Sinais e sintomas de isquemia em carga acima de 6 MET ou com VO <sub>2</sub> acima de 15 ml.kg <sup>-1</sup> .min <sup>-1</sup> ;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#8211;</bold> Sintomatologia de menor magnitude (IC com classe funcional I e II ou angina classe funcional I e II).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas que o m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel pela avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o julgue como de risco intermedi&#225;rio aos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>O principal objetivo da RCV neste perfil de risco ainda &#233; o aprimoramento da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, tanto aer&#243;bica quanto n&#227;o aer&#243;bica (for&#231;a/pot&#234;ncia muscular, flexibilidade, equil&#237;brio), com melhor controle da(s) doen&#231;a(s). Deve ser considerada a necessidade de promo&#231;&#227;o de bem-estar, com melhora da qualidade de vida, al&#233;m de outros procedimentos que contribuam para a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como &#233; o caso das estrat&#233;gias para cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, reeduca&#231;&#227;o alimentar e controle de peso corporal. A &#234;nfase na manuten&#231;&#227;o e ades&#227;o do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico tamb&#233;m &#233; fundamental para evitar a progress&#227;o ou instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da DCV. A obten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimentos sobre a pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a, possibilitando melhor automonitoramento, aumentam a acur&#225;cia na identifica&#231;&#227;o de sinais e sintomas relacionados &#224; progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ou a situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas inst&#225;veis, que podem requerer interrup&#231;&#227;o do programa de exerc&#237;cios e reavalia&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes desta categoria, ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo inicial de orienta&#231;&#245;es e de obten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimentos sobre os exerc&#237;cios e o automonitoramento, podem adequar-se a uma RCV domiciliar, na qual a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; realizada com supervis&#227;o indireta, sob a responsabilidade de profissionais do servi&#231;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o das sess&#245;es, com reajustes na prescri&#231;&#227;o e esclarecimentos de d&#250;vidas, deve ser feita de maneira sistem&#225;tica, presencial ou virtualmente, conforme o caso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.3. Risco Cl&#237;nico Baixo</title>
        <p>Assim como os pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio, os de baixo risco podem ter sido reclassificados ap&#243;s cumprirem etapas anteriores da RCV, ingressarem diretamente nesta categoria sem participa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias na RCV, ou serem oriundos de outros programas de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. A dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento destes pacientes &#233; de longo prazo, visando a manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de geral e obten&#231;&#227;o dos maiores ganhos poss&#237;veis nos componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, com o objetivo de alcan&#231;ar ao m&#225;ximo o potencial de sa&#250;de do indiv&#237;duo.</p>
        <p>Dependendo da disponibilidade e das prefer&#234;ncias individuais, os exerc&#237;cios podem ser realizados sob supervis&#227;o presencial ou &#224; dist&#226;ncia. Por&#233;m, em virtude do menor risco cl&#237;nico e da menor necessidade de supervis&#227;o, os pacientes deste est&#225;gio se enquadram perfeitamente em um modelo domiciliar, de modo que a equipe da RCV possa dedicar aten&#231;&#227;o assistencial presencial principalmente aos pacientes de maior risco cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes devem ter reavalia&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas peri&#243;dicas, realizadas pelo seu m&#233;dico assistente e pela equipe da RCV, com TCPE ou TE, cuja periodicidade, a princ&#237;pio, n&#227;o deve exceder 12 meses. O objetivo das reavalia&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas &#233; reajustar a prescri&#231;&#227;o do treinamento e identificar eventual piora da doen&#231;a ou sinais de risco para situa&#231;&#245;es inst&#225;veis ou eventos cardiovasculares, possibilitando eventuais reajustes do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e/ou interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas ou percut&#226;neas.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes em RCVD devem ser periodicamente avaliados e orientados para a pr&#225;tica dos exerc&#237;cios, ocasi&#245;es em que &#233; recomend&#225;vel a participa&#231;&#227;o em algumas sess&#245;es supervisionadas de exerc&#237;cios, especialmente para os menos experientes, possibilitando eventuais reajustes na prescri&#231;&#227;o e esclarecimento de d&#250;vidas. &#201; tamb&#233;m recomend&#225;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o de consultas peri&#243;dicas com a equipe da RCV, por meio de contatos virtuais e/ou telef&#244;nicos, pelo menos uma vez a cada seis meses, para estimular a ades&#227;o ao programa de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes do est&#225;gio 4 (presen&#231;a de todas as caracter&#237;sticas a seguir) s&#227;o:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Evento cardiovascular ou interven&#231;&#245;es com intervalo superior a 6 meses e estabilidade cl&#237;nica;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes cardiopatas que n&#227;o apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais em esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ou que estas sejam muito discretas quando presentes;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os pacientes nessa classifica&#231;&#227;o costumam apresentar as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas:</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#8211;</bold> Boa capacidade funcional no TE (superior a 7 MET) ou no TCPE (classifica&#231;&#227;o de Weber A ou VO <sub>2</sub> acima de 85% do predito para idade e sexo);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#8211;</bold> Aus&#234;ncia de sinais e sintomas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou de outra sintomatologia anormal ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Custo-efetividade da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</title>
      <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, entre 2000 e 2016 o aumento mundial dos gastos com sa&#250;de no mundo foi maior do que o crescimento da economia global, chegando a 7,5 trilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares em 2016. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s DCV, 863 bilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares foram gastos mundialmente em 2010, estimando-se que em 2030 chegue a 1,04 trilh&#227;o de d&#243;lares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Brasil, onde quase 50% dos gastos com sa&#250;de s&#227;o financiados pelo governo, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> observa-se situa&#231;&#227;o semelhante, pois as DCV constituem o grupo que ocasiona o maior gasto com interna&#231;&#245;es no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, sendo a principal causa de aposentadorias por invalidez. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Em 2015, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s DCV, estima-se que o gasto p&#250;blico com interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e consultas tenha sido superior a 5 bilh&#245;es de reais e o gasto por afastamentos tempor&#225;rios ou permanentes superior a 380 milh&#245;es de reais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, o impacto econ&#244;mico provocado pelas DCV, aliado &#224; obrigatoriedade do uso consequente e racional de recursos financeiros, exige a implementa&#231;&#227;o em larga escala de modelos de baixo custo, viabilizando o atendimento de maior n&#250;mero de pacientes. Em coronariopatas est&#225;veis, a RCV &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia que, em termos de custo-efetividade, supera, com larga margem, procedimentos amplamente utilizados no pa&#237;s, tais como a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em maior escala proporcionaria redu&#231;&#227;o nos gastos com sa&#250;de, em decorr&#234;ncia da diminui&#231;&#227;o de novos eventos cardiovasculares, reinterna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e tratamentos intervencionistas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Assim, sua dissemina&#231;&#227;o deveria ser considerada uma estrat&#233;gia de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica priorit&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o da custo-efetividade, que se faz por an&#225;lise combinada das consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas (efetividade) e do gasto financeiro do sistema de sa&#250;de, &#233; fundamental para avaliar a pertin&#234;ncia da implementa&#231;&#227;o em larga escala de determinado tratamento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> De acordo com Georgiou et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> s&#227;o consideradas medidas de excelente custo-efetividade as que exigem investimentos inferiores a 20.000 d&#243;lares para salvar uma vida por ano (VSA), sendo aceit&#225;veis as que exigem investimentos entre 20.000 e 40.000 d&#243;lares e inaceit&#225;veis aquelas que exigem investimentos acima de 40.000 d&#243;lares por VSA.</p>
      <p>De acordo com os dados dispon&#237;veis entre 1985 e 2004, a RCV foi considerada uma interven&#231;&#227;o com excelente rela&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade, na medida em que a sua adi&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento convencional resultou em um aumento de gastos de 2.193 a 28.193 d&#243;lares por VSA. Em 2005, Papadakis et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> publicaram a primeira revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos sobre custo-efetividade da RCV como preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria em pacientes portadores de DAC e IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Em artigo de 2018, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> a avalia&#231;&#227;o de estudos publicados ap&#243;s 2001 mostrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade muito semelhante &#224; descrita anteriormente, sendo o aumento dos gastos com a adi&#231;&#227;o da RCV ao tratamento convencional situado entre 2.555 e 23.598 d&#243;lares por VSA.</p>
      <p>Cabe ainda destacar que, apesar de mais de 75% das mortes por DCV ocorrerem em pa&#237;ses de m&#233;dia e baixa renda <italic>per capita</italic> , <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> h&#225; uma escassez de dados sobre custo-efetividade da RCV nesses pa&#237;ses. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> A maioria das informa&#231;&#245;es &#233; oriunda de na&#231;&#245;es de alta renda <italic>per capita</italic> , como Estados Unidos, Canad&#225; e pa&#237;ses europeus, dificultando a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para a realidade brasileira. Entretanto, vale ressaltar que os poucos estudos dispon&#237;veis nos pa&#237;ses de m&#233;dia e baixa renda mostram a mesma tend&#234;ncia. No Brasil, a incorpora&#231;&#227;o da reabilita&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento convencional de pacientes com IC resultou em um aumento de gasto de 21.169 d&#243;lares por VSA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, apesar dos claros benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos e econ&#244;micos da RCV, o percentual de pacientes eleg&#237;veis que efetivamente participam desse tipo de servi&#231;o est&#225; muito aqu&#233;m do desejado. Segundo dados internacionais, apenas em torno de 30% frequentam um programa de RCV e, no Brasil, estima-se que a situa&#231;&#227;o seja ainda pior, estando certamente muito abaixo de 15%, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> pois na maioria dos estados, inclusive na maior parte das capitais e grandes cidades brasileiras, n&#227;o existe sequer um &#250;nico servi&#231;o de RCV.</p>
      <p>Neste contexto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de modelos de RCVD tem crescido. Inicialmente, a preocupa&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a da pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico fez com que a RCVD fosse destinada somente a pacientes de baixo risco. No entanto, com a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que n&#227;o h&#225; inferioridade quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a e com benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia convencional, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> al&#233;m do avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico de dispositivos que permitem o monitoramento &#224; dist&#226;ncia, tem sido ampliada a utiliza&#231;&#227;o deste tipo de servi&#231;o para o atendimento de pacientes com perfil de risco mais elevado.</p>
      <p>Estudos recentes mostram que a RCVD apresenta efetividade semelhante &#224; tradicional, conforme demonstraram Ades et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> que compararam os efeitos dos dois modelos em pacientes com DAC de risco leve e moderado em interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas por 3 meses, ap&#243;s evento coronariano agudo. Apesar de o grupo de pacientes que atendeu ao programa tradicional ter realizado um volume maior de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto ao ganho em capacidade funcional ou em qualidade de vida entre os dois grupos. Jolly et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> compararam os desfechos relacionados aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares entre os programas tradicional e domiciliar por um per&#237;odo mais longo, com seguimentos de 6, 12 e 24 meses, e n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;as nos resultados.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos com pacientes ap&#243;s IAM, CRVM ou IC, realizada por Anderson et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as significativas entre as duas propostas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos morte, eventos card&#237;acos, capacidade funcional, qualidade de vida e fatores de risco modific&#225;veis, no curto prazo (3 a 12 meses) e no longo prazo (at&#233; 24 meses).</p>
      <p>Assim, programas de RCVD devem ser considerados como estrat&#233;gia para facilitar o acesso, a ades&#227;o e a consequente dissemina&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, existem apenas poucos estudos demonstrando que a RCVD apresenta um custo semelhante ao dos programas tradicionais, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> havendo uma grande lacuna de pesquisas que possibilitem a compara&#231;&#227;o das suas propostas em termos de custo-efetividade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diante dos fatos, &#233; insustent&#225;vel que pa&#237;ses de todos os n&#237;veis de renda e, mais preocupantemente os de m&#233;dia e baixa, continuem fornecendo massivamente e sem crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o mais rigorosos, interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas de alto custo e persistam negligenciando em rela&#231;&#227;o a uma estrat&#233;gia altamente efetiva, economicamente vi&#225;vel e de grande aplicabilidade como a RCV. Portanto, h&#225; necessidade da implementa&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, com o objetivo de aumentar a disponibilidade, a participa&#231;&#227;o e a ades&#227;o dos pacientes eleg&#237;veis aos programas de RCV tradicionais e domiciliares.</p>
      <p>Por fim, considerando a relev&#226;ncia da RCV, fundamentada em seu amplo benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico e custo-efetividade, imp&#245;e-se a ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias que modifiquem a cultura m&#233;dica e favore&#231;am a dissemina&#231;&#227;o de programas estruturados. Nesse contexto, torna-se relevante que servi&#231;os de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia ofere&#231;am a RCV aos seus pacientes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. A disponibilidade de um servi&#231;o de RCV deveria inclusive ser considerada como um pr&#233;-requisito obrigat&#243;rio para que uma institui&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica fosse reconhecida ou acreditada como de excel&#234;ncia em cardiologia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Domiciliar</title>
      <p>O acesso e a ades&#227;o dos pacientes a um programa presencial de RCV apresenta diversas barreiras, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> que, aliadas a um reduzido encaminhamento m&#233;dico e uma baixa disponibilidade de servi&#231;os, conduzem a uma participa&#231;&#227;o efetiva muito reduzida dos pacientes em programas de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos supervisionados. Nesse contexto, programas de supervis&#227;o indireta, realizados no ambiente domiciliar (RCVD), surgem como alternativa ou complementa&#231;&#227;o aos programas tradicionais e presenciais de RCV. Em virtude da sua maior abrang&#234;ncia, a RCVD pode ser considerada o principal modo de interven&#231;&#227;o quando se trata de estrat&#233;gia de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, visando &#224; massifica&#231;&#227;o da RCV na popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da Cochrane <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> incluiu 23 estudos com 2.890 pacientes cardiopatas (p&#243;s-infarto, p&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, com angina ou IC) e foram comparados os efeitos das RCV convencional e domiciliar. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as em mortalidade, capacidade f&#237;sica e qualidade de vida. Portanto, a escolha da participa&#231;&#227;o em programas formais ou domiciliares depende da disponibilidade de servi&#231;os e das prefer&#234;ncias individuais dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Entende-se como RCVD a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos sem supervis&#227;o presencial, mas orientada e acompanhada pelos profissionais do servi&#231;o de RCV. Por essa raz&#227;o, tamb&#233;m &#233; chamada de reabilita&#231;&#227;o semi-supervisionada, com supervis&#227;o indireta ou &#224; dist&#226;ncia. As indica&#231;&#245;es e os objetivos da RCVD s&#227;o os mesmos do modelo convencional, exigindo os mesmos cuidados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios. A maioria das sess&#245;es &#233; realizada sob supervis&#227;o indireta, mas a participa&#231;&#227;o em algumas sess&#245;es presenciais, especialmente no in&#237;cio do programa, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia para consolidar o aprendizado das orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre a prescri&#231;&#227;o e esclarecer d&#250;vidas. Os exerc&#237;cios podem ser realizados no pr&#243;prio domic&#237;lio ou em parques, vias p&#250;blicas, gin&#225;sios, academias, entre outros, com automonitoramento pelos pacientes, seguindo as orienta&#231;&#245;es recebidas.</p>
      <p>Sendo assim, para se obter uma adequada RCVD como estrat&#233;gia populacional, primeiramente &#233; necess&#225;rio ampliar a disponibilidade e capacidade de atendimento de programas presenciais de RCV, a fim de possibilitar avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, orienta&#231;&#245;es, prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e seguimento das sess&#245;es domiciliares, com ajustes peri&#243;dicos por reavalia&#231;&#245;es. A estrat&#233;gia domiciliar deve estar alinhada com a da RCV convencional, pois as duas modalidades s&#227;o paralelas, com pacientes de diferentes perfis de risco, ou sequenciais, com o mesmo paciente em dois momentos cl&#237;nicos diferentes.</p>
      <p>Portanto, assim como a RCV convencional, a primeira etapa da RCVD &#233; o encaminhamento pelo m&#233;dico assistente, seguido da avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;dico da reabilita&#231;&#227;o e demais profissionais, idealmente com realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de esfor&#231;o (TCPE ou TE) e/ou outras avalia&#231;&#245;es de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes definidos como de alto risco podem ser priorizados para a RCV presencial. J&#225; aqueles de menor risco, capazes de automonitoramento e conforme prefer&#234;ncias individuais, podem ser direcionados &#224; RCVD. Ap&#243;s receberem as instru&#231;&#245;es sobre a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios, os pacientes executam as sess&#245;es por conta pr&#243;pria, podendo haver documenta&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios em planilhas impressas ou eletr&#244;nicas, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos como cardiofrequenc&#237;metros, ped&#244;metros ou medidores de velocidade e dist&#226;ncia percorrida por GPS. Aplicativos de <italic>smartphones</italic> podem intermediar a troca de informa&#231;&#245;es entre os pacientes e a equipe assistencial.</p>
      <p>Em alguns casos, um programa de RCV combinado, com sess&#245;es presenciais e domiciliares, pode ser a op&#231;&#227;o para pacientes de risco moderado, em aprendizagem sobre o automonitoramento ou com dificuldade de comparecer &#224;s sess&#245;es presenciais por problemas sociais ou de deslocamento. A propor&#231;&#227;o dessa combina&#231;&#227;o pode variar de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do paciente e a estrutura log&#237;stica do servi&#231;o.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o foco &#233; tornar os pacientes fisicamente mais ativos, sendo imperativa a redu&#231;&#227;o do sedentarismo e suas nefastas consequ&#234;ncias. Para tal, &#233; fundamental a utiliza&#231;&#227;o isolada ou combinada dos recursos dispon&#237;veis, seja a atividade f&#237;sica informal, a reabilita&#231;&#227;o domiciliar ou a convencional.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Integrando o Tratamento Cl&#237;nico Pleno das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</title>
      <p>A RCV deve estar integrada ao tratamento cl&#237;nico pleno das DCV, que consiste na a&#231;&#227;o sin&#233;rgica das mudan&#231;as estruturadas de estilo de vida com o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado, com interven&#231;&#245;es indicadas quando existe instabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e/ou refratariedade ao tratamento cl&#237;nico inicial. Nos pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, at&#233; mesmo com isquemia moderada ou grave, a adi&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos intervencionistas n&#227;o t&#234;m se mostrado superiores na redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos maiores (morte cardiovascular, morte por todas as causas, IAM, IC). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para aumentar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a da RCV, &#233; importante que o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da DCV esteja adequadamente ajustado, visando aumentar a toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o, o que favorece a execu&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, reduzindo o risco de eventos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> Neste contexto, podem ser necess&#225;rios ajustes de doses e/ou adi&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos previamente ao in&#237;cio do programa de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. Por outro lado, ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da RCV e adequada ades&#227;o aos exerc&#237;cios, alguns pacientes podem requerer retirada ou redu&#231;&#245;es de doses de f&#225;rmacos, em virtude da assimila&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento f&#237;sico, como, por exemplo, em casos de hipotens&#227;o sintom&#225;tica, bradicardia acentuada e hipoglicemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es Gerais para Incremento da Atividade F&#237;sica e Pr&#225;tica de Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</title>
        <p>Existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de sedentarismo, com atividades como assistir &#224; televis&#227;o, e maior mortalidade por todas as causas, bem como mortalidade cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup> Por isso, para a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o de DCV, as diretrizes m&#233;dicas t&#234;m recomendado, no m&#237;nimo, a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de intensidade moderada por, pelo menos, 150 minutos semanais ou de alta intensidade por 75 minutos semanais (recomenda&#231;&#227;o 1 B). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></sup> A pr&#225;tica de mais de 300 minutos semanais de exerc&#237;cio de intensidade moderada a alta pode conferir benef&#237;cio adicional, conforme j&#225; foi evidenciado em pacientes com DAC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref></sup></p>
        <p>De acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o individual, a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos pode variar em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas diversas caracter&#237;sticas, como tipo (aer&#243;bico, resist&#234;ncia muscular, flexibilidade), modalidade (caminhada, corrida, bicicleta, dan&#231;a) e dura&#231;&#227;o (tempo de execu&#231;&#227;o), devendo se considerar a frequ&#234;ncia semanal e a intensidade ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#245;es do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Denomina&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th scope="col">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Pela via metab&#243;lica predominante</td>
                  <td align="center">Anaer&#243;bico al&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">Grande intensidade e curt&#237;ssima dura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Anaer&#243;bico l&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">Grande intensidade e curta dura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Aer&#243;bico</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixa ou m&#233;dia intensidade e longa dura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Pelo ritmo</td>
                  <td align="center">Fixo, constante ou cont&#237;nuo</td>
                  <td align="center">Sem altern&#226;ncia de ritmo ao longo do tempo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Vari&#225;vel, intermitente ou intervalado</td>
                  <td align="center">Com altern&#226;ncia de ritmo ao longo do tempo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Pela intensidade relativa*</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixa ou leve</td>
                  <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o tranquila, muito pouco ofegante (Borg &lt; 4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia ou moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o acelerada, ofegante, mas controlada. Consegue falar uma frase (Borg 4 a 7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Alta ou pesada</td>
                  <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o muito acelerada, muito ofegante. Fala dificultada (Borg &gt; 7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Pela mec&#226;nica muscular</td>
                  <td align="center">Est&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o ocorre movimento, apenas tens&#227;o/recrutamento muscular.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Din&#226;mico</td>
                  <td align="center">Ocorre movimento com a contra&#231;&#227;o muscular realizada.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o, considerou-se a vers&#227;o da escala de Borg, que varia entre 0 e 10.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; M&#233;todos de prescri&#231;&#227;o de intensidade moderada para os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos aer&#243;bicos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">M&#233;todo</th>
                  <th>Descri&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sensa&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o (Borg)</td>
                  <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cios com a autopercep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o como moderado, m&#233;dio ou pesado, situando-se entre 2 e 4 na escala de Borg 0-10 ou 10 a 13 na escala 6-20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Teste da fala</td>
                  <td align="center">Execu&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios em intensidade em que a respira&#231;&#227;o seja ofegante, por&#233;m controlada, de modo que se consiga completar uma frase sem pausas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Percentuais da FC pico</td>
                  <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cios na intensidade entre 70 e 85% da FC pico* FC alvo = FC pico x percentual</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC de reserva (Karvonen)</td>
                  <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cios na intensidade entre 50 a 80% da FC de reserva (FC pico &#8211; FC repouso)* FC alvo = FC repouso + (FC pico &#8211; FC de repouso) x percentual</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Limiares no teste cardiopulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">Execu&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios em intensidade entre os limiares ventilat&#243;rios 1 e 2 (limiar anaer&#243;bico e ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. * &#201; preferencial a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da FC pico obtida em um teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, visto que existem varia&#231;&#245;es individuais que causam erros na predi&#231;&#227;o da FC por idade, especialmente em pacientes em uso de medica&#231;&#245;es com efeito cronotr&#243;pico negativo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Pacientes sedent&#225;rios devem iniciar os exerc&#237;cios no limite inferior da prescri&#231;&#227;o, progredindo gradativamente ao longo das semanas seguintes. A progress&#227;o inicial pode ser feita na dura&#231;&#227;o da sess&#227;o e, posteriormente, na intensidade dos exerc&#237;cios. Pacientes j&#225; fisicamente ativos podem realizar, desde o in&#237;cio, exerc&#237;cios em n&#237;veis mais intensos, objetivando um m&#237;nimo de 75 minutos, divididos em duas ou mais sess&#245;es semanais.</p>
        <p>Os exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia muscular localizada, seja de fortalecimento ou de pot&#234;ncia, t&#234;m se mostrado bastante ben&#233;ficos para a sa&#250;de geral e para os sistemas cardiovascular e osteomuscular, sendo de fundamental import&#226;ncia nos pacientes com sarcopenia e/ou osteopenia. Devem ser realizados, pelo menos, duas vezes por semana, privilegiando grandes grupos musculares de MMSS, MMII e tronco. Podem ser feitos utilizando o pr&#243;prio peso corporal do indiv&#237;duo ou usando implementos como pesos livres, caneleiras, faixas el&#225;sticas, aparelhos de muscula&#231;&#227;o, entre outros recursos. A carga ou peso, para cada exerc&#237;cio ou movimento, deve ser individualmente ajustada, al&#233;m de se ter a devida aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; execu&#231;&#227;o dos movimentos para que a t&#233;cnica e a postura sejam corretas.</p>
        <p>Existem diferentes protocolos para exerc&#237;cios resistidos, com varia&#231;&#245;es no n&#250;mero de exerc&#237;cios utilizados por sess&#227;o, como, por exemplo, de 6 a 15; na quantidade de s&#233;ries para cada exerc&#237;cio, em geral de 1 a 3; e no n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es, que pode oscilar entre 6 e 20. A intensidade dos exerc&#237;cios resistidos pode ser ajustada de acordo com a intensidade relativa da for&#231;a m&#225;xima e pode ser expressa em fun&#231;&#227;o da carga m&#225;xima poss&#237;vel para realizar uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (Teste de 1 repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima ou 1RM). Carga de intensidade leve seria at&#233; 30% de 1RM; intensidade m&#233;dia, entre 30 e 60 ou 70% de 1RM; e intensidade alta, acima de 60 ou 70% de 1RM. Outra possibilidade &#233; a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos resistidos de modo subjetivo, pela sensa&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Um modo pr&#225;tico &#233; o m&#233;todo de repeti&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel, que tem como objetivo executar uma faixa de repeti&#231;&#245;es (p. ex., de 10 a 15 repeti&#231;&#245;es). Se o paciente n&#227;o conseguir realizar corretamente o movimento na repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima prescrita, significa que a carga aplicada est&#225; elevada. Por outro lado, se conseguir a repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima prescrita de modo f&#225;cil, &#233; porque a carga est&#225; leve. Assim, a carga ser&#225; ajustada para que o treinamento ocorra dentro da faixa de repeti&#231;&#245;es proposta. Esse m&#233;todo pode ser aplicado aos mais variados exerc&#237;cios localizados e pode ser utilizado na progress&#227;o da prescri&#231;&#227;o, sendo que os limites da repeti&#231;&#227;o podem ser modificados, dependendo dos objetivos almejados (for&#231;a, hipertrofia ou resist&#234;ncia muscular).</p>
        <p>Os exerc&#237;cios de flexibilidade podem oferecer benef&#237;cios osteomioarticulares, na qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de e na preven&#231;&#227;o de queda em idosos. Ao contribu&#237;rem para uma movimenta&#231;&#227;o articular mais f&#225;cil e eficiente, reduzem a demanda por oxig&#234;nio em situa&#231;&#245;es de movimento, favorecendo o desempenho do sistema cardiovascular. Nesses exerc&#237;cios, procura-se alcan&#231;ar a amplitude m&#225;xima do movimento, chegando at&#233; o ponto de leve desconforto, devendo a posi&#231;&#227;o ser mantida estaticamente por 10 a 30 segundos.</p>
        <p>Dependendo da faixa et&#225;ria, das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e dos objetivos do programa de exerc&#237;cio para um dado paciente, outros tipos de exerc&#237;cio podem ser inclu&#237;dos na prescri&#231;&#227;o, como os de coordena&#231;&#227;o motora e de equil&#237;brio. Al&#233;m disso, devem ser considerados os in&#250;meros benef&#237;cios decorrentes de formas mais l&#250;dicas e socializantes de exerc&#237;cios, como a dan&#231;a e outras modalidades. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica e n&#227;o aer&#243;bica possibilita uma prescri&#231;&#227;o mais individualizada dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, com o objetivo de se obterem os melhores resultados e, por meio da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e da busca de eventuais anormalidades, minimizar os riscos da pr&#225;tica. De modo geral, a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial tem como base a anamnese, o exame f&#237;sico e o ECG. Avalia&#231;&#245;es mais detalhadas dever&#227;o ser individualizadas, com realiza&#231;&#227;o de TCPE ou TE, avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica, de for&#231;a/pot&#234;ncia muscular e de flexibilidade. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, pode-se quantificar o d&#233;ficit funcional frente ao desej&#225;vel, bem como estabelecer metas a serem alcan&#231;adas. &#201; importante enfatizar que os pacientes com baixa aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica inicial s&#227;o os que mais se beneficiam da RCV, ap&#243;s adequada ader&#234;ncia ao programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref></sup> &#201; tamb&#233;m poss&#237;vel obter subs&#237;dios cl&#237;nicos e funcionais que possibilitem um adequado aconselhamento da atividade sexual, com base no modelo do KiTOMI, que foi proposto por autores brasileiros em 2016. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, &#233; fundamental para o paciente a reavalia&#231;&#227;o, com o intuito de estimular o comprometimento e mensurar a evolu&#231;&#227;o e os benef&#237;cios obtidos.</p>
        <p>Finalizando, vale ressaltar a fundamental import&#226;ncia do estabelecimento de um sistem&#225;tico esquema de reavalia&#231;&#245;es, que, al&#233;m de estimular o comprometimento dos pacientes, torne poss&#237;vel mensurar a evolu&#231;&#227;o e os benef&#237;cios obtidos, produzindo relat&#243;rios que estimulem os ajustes do tratamento e que, portanto, devem ser sempre encaminhados aos m&#233;dicos assistentes, os quais obviamente devem integrar ativamente o tratamento cl&#237;nico pleno.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.2. Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) permanece como um dos maiores fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de DAC, IC, DRC e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico, representando, social e economicamente, um enorme desafio &#224; sa&#250;de p&#250;blica mundial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup> Houve um aumento global do n&#250;mero de hipertensos de 594 milh&#245;es em 1975 para 1,13 bilh&#227;o em 2015, em grande parte creditado aos pa&#237;ses subdesenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref></sup> Considerando que a maioria dos casos est&#225; relacionada ao estilo de vida, com o sedentarismo ocupando lugar de destaque, fica clara a import&#226;ncia dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos ao lado de outras medidas comportamentais, al&#233;m do uso de medica&#231;&#245;es, sempre que indicadas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2.1. Benef&#237;cios Terap&#234;uticos dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</title>
          <p>A HAS apresenta fisiopatologia complexa e multifatorial, com modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais e fisiol&#243;gicas, em particular, nos sistemas vascular (rarefa&#231;&#227;o capilar, aumento da rigidez arterial e da raz&#227;o parede/di&#226;metro das arter&#237;olas), renal (diminui&#231;&#227;o da filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, aumento da renina plasm&#225;tica e da reabsor&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e &#225;gua) e neural (aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica e de quimiorreceptores, diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade parassimp&#225;tica e da sensibilidade barorreflexa). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup> A pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos exerce efeito terap&#234;utico na reestrutura&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica desses sistemas, com redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo e da inflama&#231;&#227;o, corre&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o barorreflexa, aumento do t&#244;nus vagal, diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica, revers&#227;o do remodelamento hipertr&#243;fico arteriolar em tecidos exercitados e redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, com consequente diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA e controle dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos semelhante, ou mesmo superior, ao proporcionado pela farmacoterapia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup></p>
          <p>No tecido vascular, a HAS caracteriza-se por desorganiza&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, aumento dos dep&#243;sitos de col&#225;geno e diminui&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o elastina/col&#225;geno, al&#233;m da forma&#231;&#227;o de fibra el&#225;stica anormal e l&#226;mina el&#225;stica interna com menor &#225;rea fenestrada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup> Todas essas altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais da parede do vaso, que ocorrem tanto em territ&#243;rio arterial como arteriolar, elevam a rigidez do sistema vascular, com consequente aumento da velocidade da onda de pulso do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, da press&#227;o de pulso (diferen&#231;a entre a PA sist&#243;lica [PAS] e a diast&#243;lica [PAD]) e da press&#227;o hidrost&#225;tica no capilar. Soma-se a todo esse desequil&#237;brio estrutural a disfun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio, com o aumento de subst&#226;ncias vasoconstritoras, de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios e de agentes oxidantes, em detrimento da produ&#231;&#227;o de agentes vasodilatadores e antioxidantes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, por meio do aumento do estresse tangencial derivado da fric&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na superf&#237;cie endotelial da parede do vaso (definido como for&#231;a de cisalhamento e comumente descrito pelo termo &#8220; <italic>shear stress</italic> &#8221;), estimula positivamente o tecido endotelial, com aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de enzimas antioxidantes e agentes vasodilatadores, al&#233;m de diminui&#231;&#227;o da a&#231;&#227;o dos radicais livres, das citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, das mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o e dos agentes vasoconstritores, restaurando, assim, o equil&#237;brio do funcionamento endotelial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup> Estudos experimentais <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup> em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos demonstram a reorganiza&#231;&#227;o de todas as estruturas vasculares da art&#233;ria aorta ap&#243;s a implementa&#231;&#227;o de um per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico. O treinamento aer&#243;bico promove adapta&#231;&#245;es vasculares nas art&#233;rias de condut&#226;ncia (com diminui&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial), nas arter&#237;olas (pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o parede/luz do vaso) e nos capilares, estimulando a angiog&#234;nese. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Dessa maneira, a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos atua de modo multifatorial na HAS, sendo considerada interven&#231;&#227;o-chave para mitigar o &#244;nus da doen&#231;a e suas comorbidades, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup> com efeito anti-hipertensivo semelhante ao das medica&#231;&#245;es, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref></sup> embora essa a&#231;&#227;o possa se superpor &#224;s dos f&#225;rmacos e, eventualmente, exigir ajustes das doses medicamentosas.</p>
          <p>Os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos aer&#243;bicos s&#227;o os mais bem estudados e com maiores evid&#234;ncias de benef&#237;cios na redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica em hipertensos, algo corroborado na meta-an&#225;lise de Cornelissen et al., que mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da PAS de 8,3 mmHg e da diast&#243;lica de 5,2 mmHg, decorrente dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos.</p>
          <p>Os exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia, que tamb&#233;m exercem efeito anti-hipertensivo, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref></sup> agem na preserva&#231;&#227;o ou no aumento de massa muscular, for&#231;a e pot&#234;ncia, fatores que diminuem a intensidade relativa para realiza&#231;&#227;o de tarefas do cotidiano, com consequente amortecimento da resposta press&#243;rica, al&#233;m de possivelmente promoverem uma melhora da sensibilidade barorreflexa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Al&#233;m dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e resistidos din&#226;micos, existem alguns estudos sobre exerc&#237;cios isom&#233;tricos (resistidos est&#225;ticos), que t&#234;m demonstrado efeitos expressivos na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis tensionais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref></sup> Em uma meta-an&#225;lise, foi demonstrado que o exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico de <italic>handgrip</italic> , realizado por 12 minutos, 3 a 5 vezes por semana, reduziu a PA em 5,2/3,9 mmHg. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref></sup> No entanto, h&#225; falta de estudos sobre a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia dessas modalidades em longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2.2. Indica&#231;&#245;es de Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos na Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</title>
          <p>Maiores n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica t&#234;m sido associados a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no risco de desenvolvimento de HAS. Com o advento dos rastreadores eletr&#244;nicos de atividade e do monitoramento ambulatorial da PA, tornou-se cada vez mais vi&#225;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos que correlacionem a atividade f&#237;sica e a PA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup> A aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, medida objetivamente por meio de testes de esfor&#231;o graduados, atenua o aumento da press&#227;o com a idade e impede o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o. Em uma coorte de homens de 20 a 90 anos de idade, que foram seguidos por 3 a 28 anos, uma maior aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica diminuiu a taxa de aumento press&#243;rico ao longo do tempo e atrasou o per&#237;odo at&#233; o in&#237;cio da HAS. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup> Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos t&#234;m revelado associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, com a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Os grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e as meta-an&#225;lises t&#234;m confirmado que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular pode reduzir os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a pr&#225;tica constante de atividades f&#237;sicas pode ser ben&#233;fica tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o quanto no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o, reduzindo a morbimortalidade cardiovascular. Indiv&#237;duos ativos apresentam um risco at&#233; 30% menor de desenvolver hipertens&#227;o que os sedent&#225;rios <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup> e o aumento da atividade f&#237;sica di&#225;ria reduz a press&#227;o aterial de maneira significativa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A inatividade f&#237;sica tem sido um dos maiores problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica do mundo moderno, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref></sup> por ser o mais prevalente dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares e um dos principais fatores contribuintes para mortalidade no mundo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref></sup> A sobrevida &#233; menor em pessoas que passam a maior parte do tempo sentadas do que naquelas que passam pouco tempo desse modo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref></sup> H&#225; rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre o per&#237;odo sentado ou o tempo de televis&#227;o com n&#237;veis elevados de PA, morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref></sup> Por esta raz&#227;o, para a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo sentado, recomenda-se levantar-se por, pelo menos, 5 minutos a cada 30 minutos sentado, como medida v&#225;lida de preven&#231;&#227;o. A pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos est&#225; indicada para todos os pacientes com HAS ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 4</xref> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5">
              <label>Tabela 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Indica&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos na hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos aer&#243;bicos na preven&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento de HAS <sup>110-112</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos aer&#243;bicos no tratamento da HAS <sup>93,102,103,112</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos de resist&#234;ncia muscular din&#226;micos no tratamento da HAS <sup>103,112</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos isom&#233;tricos no tratamento da HAS <sup>105-108</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4">
                  <p>
                    <italic>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Al&#233;m dos exerc&#237;cios, o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o requer outras modifica&#231;&#245;es do estilo de vida, como alimenta&#231;&#227;o correta, controle do peso e remo&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco como o tabagismo e o excesso de consumo alco&#243;lico.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m do efeito direto dos exerc&#237;cios na HAS, outro componente importante da RCV se relaciona ao manejo da terapia farmacol&#243;gica, a qual pode ser otimizada no ambiente da reabilita&#231;&#227;o, por meio de educa&#231;&#227;o sobre a doen&#231;a, aconselhamento quanto &#224; necessidade de tratamento e informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os efeitos colaterais e import&#226;ncia da ades&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Obviamente, cabe ao m&#233;dico assistente estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico da HAS, pesquisar outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares e rastrear les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e outras doen&#231;as associadas, de modo a definir a estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica, que pode ser farmacol&#243;gica e/ou composta de uma ou mais modifica&#231;&#245;es comportamentais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos &#233; relevante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um TCPE ou TE, especialmente se houver suspeita de cardiopatia, les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo ou presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> Quando o TCPE ou TE for utilizado para prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, o ideal &#233; que seja executado na vig&#234;ncia das medica&#231;&#245;es habituais, principalmente das que inibam a resposta cronotr&#243;pica, a fim de mimetizar a condi&#231;&#227;o que estar&#225; presente durante as sess&#245;es de treinamento f&#237;sico, possibilitando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da FC pico do TE ou os limiares ventilat&#243;rios do TCPE para a determina&#231;&#227;o da zona-alvo de treinamento com base na FC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2.4. Particularidades na Prescri&#231;&#227;o e no Acompanhamento dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</title>
          <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio para pacientes hipertensos, de maneira semelhante ao proposto para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, &#233; de, pelo menos, 150 minutos por semana (5 sess&#245;es de 30 minutos) de atividade aer&#243;bia de moderada a alta intensidade, sendo aconselh&#225;vel associar duas a tr&#234;s sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios resistidos por semana. Na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es, pode ocorrer aumento gradativo, visando a meta de 300 min/semana de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios de intensidade moderada ou 150 min/semana de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios de alta intensidade, para obten&#231;&#227;o de maiores benef&#237;cios.</p>
          <p>Durante o treinamento, &#233; importante que a PA seja avaliada em repouso e em esfor&#231;o. Para pacientes com valores em repouso superiores a 160/100 mmHg ou com les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo (hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, retinopatia, nefropatia e outras), &#233; recomendado o ajuste dos f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos para melhor controle press&#243;rico antes de iniciar ou retornar &#224;s sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> ou a redu&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de treinamento at&#233; a obten&#231;&#227;o de melhor controle press&#243;rico. Em programas de RCV supervisionados, flexibiliza&#231;&#245;es dessas recomenda&#231;&#245;es podem ser realizadas individualmente, de acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico da reabilita&#231;&#227;o e as respostas observadas no teste de esfor&#231;o e nas sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios. Durante o exerc&#237;cio, &#233; recomendado que a PA se mantenha inferior a 220/105 mmHg. Se estiver superior a esse n&#237;vel, deve-se considerar a interrup&#231;&#227;o da sess&#227;o ou a redu&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de cargas, considerando o ajuste das medica&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, a PA deve ser verificada e &#233; comum a identifica&#231;&#227;o de valor inferior ao observado antes do in&#237;cio das atividades. Em hipertensos, o efeito anti-hipertensivo agudo de uma sess&#227;o tende a ser maior com n&#237;veis mais intensos de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref></sup> Esse efeito agudo do treinamento f&#237;sico pode causar hipotens&#227;o sintom&#225;tica ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino, que geralmente melhora com repouso e hidrata&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes em uso de alfabloqueadores, betabloqueadores, bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio e vasodilatadores podem ter maior risco de hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, necessitando de aten&#231;&#227;o especial no desaquecimento. A recorr&#234;ncia dessa situa&#231;&#227;o, que costuma decorrer do resultado da assimila&#231;&#227;o do treinamento que se soma aos efeitos anti-hipertensivos dos f&#225;rmacos, exige considerar a necessidade de ajustes das doses ou mesmo suspens&#227;o de medicamentos.</p>
          <p>H&#225; poucos dados quanto ao efeito do exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o resistente, que se caracteriza pela PA acima da meta apesar do uso de tr&#234;s ou mais medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a esses pacientes, que requerem maior monitoramento, um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado unic&#234;ntrico mostrou que exerc&#237;cio em &#225;gua aquecida (30 a 32&#186;C) resultou em pronunciada redu&#231;&#227;o da PA (36/12 mmHg) ap&#243;s 3 meses. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref></sup> Embora tais efeitos precisem ser reproduzidos em mais estudos, exerc&#237;cio em &#225;gua aquecida parece ser apropriado para pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6.3. Coronariopatia Est&#225;vel ap&#243;s Evento Agudo ou Revasculariza&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>As DCV, lideradas pela DAC, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela maior parte das mortes da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref></sup> Os mecanismos subjacentes da DAC est&#225;vel incluem obstru&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica dos vasos epic&#225;rdicos, doen&#231;a microvascular e espasmo coron&#225;rio, isolados ou em associa&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Clinicamente a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais comum da DAC est&#225;vel &#233; a angina do peito, que se caracteriza por epis&#243;dios revers&#237;veis de dor tor&#225;cica por isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, decorrentes do desequil&#237;brio entre oferta e consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio, em geral desencadeados pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ou estresse emocional, que cessam com o repouso ou uso de nitrato de a&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A DAC est&#225;vel tem bom progn&#243;stico, com mortalidade anual estimada em 1,5% e incid&#234;ncia de infarto n&#227;o fatal de 1,4%, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref></sup> sendo fundamental o tratamento cl&#237;nico pleno, com otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos regulares, al&#233;m de outras modifica&#231;&#245;es comportamentais relacionadas a tabagismo, dieta e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal. Revasculariza&#231;&#245;es eletivas tamb&#233;m podem ser indicadas nos pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, a depender da sintomatologia e do risco cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, vale ressaltar que, quando o quadro &#233; est&#225;vel, mesmo nos pacientes com angina, o tratamento exclusivamente cl&#237;nico n&#227;o tem se mostrado inferior ao tratamento com adi&#231;&#227;o de abordagem intervencionista. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref></sup> A ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos agudos de instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, com quadros de IAM ou angina inst&#225;vel, est&#225; relacionada com elevado aumento do risco cardiovascular, frequentemente exigindo ajustes da terapia farmacol&#243;gica e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea de urg&#234;ncia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>6.3.1. Benef&#237;cios Terap&#234;uticos dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</title>
        <p>Est&#227;o cientificamente demonstrados os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular realizado em curto e longo prazos nos portadores de DAC est&#225;vel. Em um per&#237;odo inicial de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, de 8 a 12 semanas, destacam-se o aumento do limiar isqu&#234;mico, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref></sup> a melhora da capacidade funcional cardiorrespirat&#243;ria <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref></sup> e a melhora perfusional cintilogr&#225;fica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup> Os benef&#237;cios adquiridos persistem com a manuten&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref></sup> que contribui para a melhora da qualidade de vida <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref></sup> e redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade cardiovascular e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, diferentes mecanismos explicam o aumento do limiar isqu&#234;mico, permitindo gradativamente cargas superiores de atividade f&#237;sica. A redu&#231;&#227;o do duplo produto para cargas subm&#225;ximas de trabalho est&#225; associada, dentre outros mecanismos, &#224; melhora da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref></sup> Destaca-se ainda um aumento da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica decorrente da melhora da resposta vasodilatadora dependente do endot&#233;lio <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref></sup> e do aumento do recrutamento de vasos colaterais durante o exerc&#237;cio, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref></sup> algo que reflete na atenua&#231;&#227;o da depress&#227;o do segmento ST durante o exerc&#237;cio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref></sup> Ressalta-se, ainda, que o treinamento f&#237;sico associado &#224; dieta pobre em gorduras pode influenciar na progress&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A RCV &#233; uma terapia adjuvante eficaz no tratamento de pacientes ap&#243;s evento coronariano agudo, CRVM e ICP. Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> de 63 estudos envolvendo 14.486 pacientes com idade entre 47 e 71 anos revelaram que a RCV reduziu a mortalidade cardiovascular em 26% e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o global em 18%, com melhora adicional na qualidade de vida nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, devendo ser encorajada sempre que poss&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>A melhora da capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria &#233; um dos fatores respons&#225;veis pelos achados na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade total. Em coorte realizada com 5.641 pacientes participantes de RCV no Canad&#225;, verificou-se que cada 1 MET de aumento na capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria durante a RCV reduziu a mortalidade total em 25%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref></sup> Outros estudos similares reportaram redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade card&#237;aca ou total entre 8 e 34% para cada MET de melhora na capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a RCV oferece efeito adicional na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares ap&#243;s ICP, conforme evidenciado pelo estudo ETICA ( <italic>Exercise Training Intervention After Coronary Angioplasty</italic> ), em que houve aumento de 26% no VO <sub>2</sub> pico, melhora de 27% na qualidade de vida e redu&#231;&#227;o de 20% nos eventos card&#237;acos, incluindo diminui&#231;&#227;o de IAM e menor n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es em pacientes que realizaram RCV ap&#243;s angioplastia, quando comparados aos que permaneceram sedent&#225;rios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.3.2. Quando Indicar Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A RCV est&#225; indicada em todos os casos de DAC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 5</xref> ), sendo considerada &#250;til e efetiva, tanto quando &#233; centrada somente no exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico como quando &#233; acompanhada de conte&#250;do educacional, manejo de fatores de risco e aconselhamento psicol&#243;gico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Indica&#231;&#227;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCV para redu&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica <sup>132-140,158</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCV para aumento da capacidade f&#237;sica <sup>132,134,140</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCV para redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade <sup>1,154,155</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCV ap&#243;s evento coronariano ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o <sup>140,157</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCV precoce (uma semana ap&#243;s evento agudo) <sup>159,160</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCV em pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria <sup>161,162</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>RVC: reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Apesar de tratamentos intervencionistas cada vez mais precoces e diminui&#231;&#227;o no tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, n&#227;o &#233; incomum o paciente iniciar a reabilita&#231;&#227;o apenas ap&#243;s seu retorno ambulatorial com m&#233;dico assistente, o que pode significar 15 dias ou mais ap&#243;s o evento. O in&#237;cio precoce &#233; poss&#237;vel e pode interferir direta e positivamente na ader&#234;ncia e nos benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos alcan&#231;ados ap&#243;s o evento agudo.</p>
        <p>Uma das maiores preocupa&#231;&#245;es do treinamento f&#237;sico precoce refere-se ao seu efeito no processo de remodelamento ventricular. Enquanto alguns autores reportam efeitos negativos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref></sup> outros relatam efeitos positivos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158">158</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup> ou mesmo neutros <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup> sobre esse processo. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref></sup> realizada para responder a essa quest&#227;o identificou que as mudan&#231;as observadas na fun&#231;&#227;o e no di&#226;metro ventriculares, bem como a capacidade funcional, foram diretamente relacionadas ao tempo de in&#237;cio do treinamento. As maiores mudan&#231;as no remodelamento ventricular e na capacidade funcional foram obtidas quando os programas eram iniciados na fase aguda ap&#243;s o evento (ap&#243;s 6 horas a 7 dias), com diminui&#231;&#227;o desses efeitos entre 7 e 28 dias e superior a 29 dias, quando progressivamente se perdia o efeito positivo sobre o remodelamento ventricular. &#201; importante ressaltar que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos entre as fases de in&#237;cio do treinamento e que a amostra estudada foi prioritariamente de homens jovens, o que refor&#231;a a necessidade de mais estudos, principalmente em outras popula&#231;&#245;es, como a de idosos e mulheres. Para cada 1 semana de atraso no in&#237;cio dos exerc&#237;cios ap&#243;s o infarto, poder&#225; ser necess&#225;rio 1 m&#234;s adicional de treinamento para obten&#231;&#227;o de benef&#237;cios similares no volume sist&#243;lico final e na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Embora referendada amplamente pela literatura m&#233;dica por seus efeitos ben&#233;ficos e custo-efetividade, somente uma minoria dos pacientes eleg&#237;veis participa de programas de RCV, algo explic&#225;vel por m&#250;ltiplas barreiras, como inexist&#234;ncia de programas, dificuldade de acesso aos servi&#231;os, reduzido n&#250;mero de encaminhamentos, mobilidade urbana de m&#225; qualidade, entre outros, afetando principalmente mulheres, idosos e minorias &#233;tnicas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref></sup> Sendo assim, mudan&#231;as pol&#237;ticas, sociais, estruturais e na cultura m&#233;dica s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para modificar esse cen&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.3.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e Prescri&#231;&#227;o de Exerc&#237;cios</title>
        <p>Tanto nos pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel como naqueles ap&#243;s evento coron&#225;rio e/ou revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, &#233; fundamental a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para a RCV, por meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica focada no conhecimento detalhado da DCV e nos tratamentos realizados, sejam medicamentosos ou intervencionistas. Quest&#245;es relacionadas com exist&#234;ncia de sintomas, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, capacidade funcional, presen&#231;a de arritmias e possibilidade de isquemia residual auxiliam na estratifica&#231;&#227;o e devem fazer parte da avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. O ideal &#233; que essa avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica seja realizada por profissional integrado &#224; equipe da RCV (m&#233;dico da reabilita&#231;&#227;o).</p>
        <p>O perfil de um paciente encaminhado &#224; RCV pode ser bastante variado, desde o que &#233; submetido a tratamento de maneira eletiva at&#233; aquele com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda complicada e interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada. Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais ampla, incluindo quest&#245;es nutricionais, psicol&#243;gicas e osteomusculares, deve fazer parte da anamnese, pois esses fatores podem impactar diretamente no processo da RCV. Sempre devem ser realizadas cuidadosas avalia&#231;&#245;es, seja do local de pun&#231;&#227;o arterial, principalmente no acesso femoral, nos pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP, assim como das feridas cir&#250;rgicas, em especial quanto &#224; estabilidade esternal e eventuais infec&#231;&#245;es, nos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRVM. A presen&#231;a de situa&#231;&#227;o que implique necessidade de cuidados especiais exige as pertinentes orienta&#231;&#245;es &#224; equipe respons&#225;vel pelo treinamento f&#237;sico dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o para a RCV, por meio de provas funcionais, objetiva o melhor conhecimento da capacidade funcional, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia residual e a pesquisa de arritmias induzidas pelo esfor&#231;o. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ao esfor&#231;o &#233; realizada por meio da ocorr&#234;ncia de sintomas como angina de peito e/ou por altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. O limiar isqu&#234;mico identificado no TE pelo in&#237;cio dessas altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e/ou eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, pode eventualmente ser caracterizado segundo a carga de trabalho e FC, a partir dos quais a isquemia se manifesta, algo que poderia ser utilizado na prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>O TE, para fins de prescri&#231;&#227;o, dever&#225; ser&#225; realizado sob o uso das medica&#231;&#245;es habituais, principalmente as que causam interfer&#234;ncia na FC, para que haja reprodu&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o que estar&#225; presente durante as sess&#245;es de treinamento. Por exemplo, em situa&#231;&#245;es de pacientes que alteram a dose de betabloqueador durante a reabilita&#231;&#227;o, o ideal seria realizar um novo teste para ajuste da prescri&#231;&#227;o. Em caso de impossibilidade dessa conduta, o uso da percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o poder&#225; auxiliar na prescri&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novo exame.</p>
        <p>Em alguns casos, os pacientes ingressantes na RCV podem estar com alguma limita&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para realiza&#231;&#227;o de um teste funcional m&#225;ximo. Nestes, pode-se realizar um teste inicial subm&#225;ximo para guiar a prescri&#231;&#227;o, com posterior teste m&#225;ximo ap&#243;s a melhora cl&#237;nica e/ou otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. Considerando a possibilidade de grandes erros, devido &#224; intensa varia&#231;&#227;o individual da resposta cronotr&#243;pica, n&#227;o devem ser usadas f&#243;rmulas que consideram a idade para defini&#231;&#227;o da FC pico, sendo este erro ainda maior nos pacientes em uso de betabloqueadores.</p>
        <p>Quando a reabilita&#231;&#227;o for iniciada sem a execu&#231;&#227;o de um teste funcional, a prescri&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; basear-se na escala de percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o (escala BORG entre 11-15, na escala de 6-20) e com limita&#231;&#227;o da FC de treinamento de modo arbitr&#225;rio, ou seja, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da FC de repouso + 20 bpm para pacientes que tiveram s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, ou FC de repouso + 30 bpm para aqueles ap&#243;s cirurgia ou tratamento intervencionista eletivo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref></sup> A intensidade tamb&#233;m pode ser determinada pela ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, sendo a atividade considerada de moderada intensidade quando o indiv&#237;duo permanece apenas discretamente ofegante, conseguindo falar frases completas sem interrup&#231;&#245;es (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Quando o TE for realizado, a intensidade dos exerc&#237;cios prescritos poder&#225; situar-se entre 40 e 80% da FC de reserva [m&#233;todo de Karvonen: (FC pico &#8211; FC de repouso) x percentual de intensidade + FC de repouso]. Nesses casos, habitualmente se inicia com a FC no limite inferior da prescri&#231;&#227;o, sendo realizadas progress&#245;es, conforme a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e melhora da capacidade funcional. A maioria dos pacientes ter&#225; intensidade prescrita entre 50 e 70% da FC de reserva. Os mais limitados ou com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular importante poder&#227;o trabalhar em intensidades menores, entre 40 e 60%, e aqueles previamente ativos e com melhor capacidade funcional, entre 50 e 80%. Os percentuais da FC pico tamb&#233;m podem ser utilizados, sendo que intensidades moderadas correspondem de 70 a 85% da FC pico (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>O TCPE, por meio da an&#225;lise da resposta do pulso de oxig&#234;nio, contribui para o aumento da sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagn&#243;stico da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> Na presen&#231;a de plat&#244; precoce do pulso de oxig&#234;nio ou, principalmente, queda dessa vari&#225;vel durante o esfor&#231;o, a prescri&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio pode ser limitada &#224;s cargas abaixo dessa ocorr&#234;ncia. Desse modo, o TCPE &#233; considerado o padr&#227;o-ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o para a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios e deve ser utilizado sempre que estiver dispon&#237;vel. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> Nesses casos, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de intensidades moderadas poder&#225; ser realizada entre os limiares ventilat&#243;rios (limiar anaer&#243;bico e ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria), com evolu&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de maneira progressiva.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume dos exerc&#237;cios, recomenda-se, no m&#237;nimo, 150 minutos por semana, que poder&#225; ser distribu&#237;do em 3 a 5 sess&#245;es. De acordo com a toler&#226;ncia, adapta&#231;&#245;es ao treinamento e prefer&#234;ncias individuais, al&#233;m das considera&#231;&#245;es sobre o quadro cl&#237;nico, este volume poder&#225; aumentar para 300 minutos ou mais por semana.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento resistido, o m&#233;todo considerado padr&#227;o-ouro para a prescri&#231;&#227;o da intensidade seria o teste de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima. Entretanto, na pr&#225;tica, muitos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o o utilizam pela limita&#231;&#227;o de tempo para aplic&#225;-lo, ou mesmo por raz&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como em pacientes submetidos a CRVM, que podem ter limita&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o apenas pela esternotomia, mas tamb&#233;m por les&#245;es da safenectomia. Nesses casos, a percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o &#233; um m&#233;todo pr&#225;tico e &#250;til.</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com esternotomia, trabalhos com MMSS devem ter cargas restritas durante 5 a 8 semanas e limitadas a baixas intensidades. Exerc&#237;cios com amplitude de movimentos com os bra&#231;os poder&#227;o ser permitidos ap&#243;s essa fase, se n&#227;o existir instabilidade de esterno, embora novos estudos estejam avaliando a seguran&#231;a de prescri&#231;&#227;o mais precoce do exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s a CRVM. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os pacientes devem sempre ser orientados quanto &#224; maneira correta de execu&#231;&#227;o do movimento e &#224; respira&#231;&#227;o, evitando a manobra de Valsalva. O intervalo entre as s&#233;ries dos exerc&#237;cios resistidos pode ser entre 45 segundos e 1 minuto, a depender das cargas aplicadas e da toler&#226;ncia do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.3.4. Particularidades na Prescri&#231;&#227;o e Acompanhamento dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</title>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>6.3.4.1. Angina Refrat&#225;ria</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>Pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria s&#227;o caracterizados por angina limitante com evolu&#231;&#227;o superior a 3 meses, em tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, com documenta&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e n&#227;o considerados eleg&#237;veis para interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea e/ou cir&#250;rgica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref></sup> Tais pacientes geralmente n&#227;o s&#227;o referenciados aos programas de RCV, devido ao temor de eventos adversos durante o treinamento f&#237;sico, embora a reabilita&#231;&#227;o j&#225; tenha sido considerada como uma possibilidade terap&#234;utica exequ&#237;vel e segura para esses pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O objetivo das interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas nesse cen&#225;rio contribui para a melhora da qualidade de vida, facilitando a realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades da vida di&#225;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176">176</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref></sup> H&#225; um &#250;nico estudo controlado envolvendo RCV em pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria. Ele avaliou 42 indiv&#237;duos, randomizados para o programa de exerc&#237;cios de RCV ou manuten&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cl&#237;nico habitual, durante 8 semanas. Os pacientes do grupo de exerc&#237;cio receberam a prescri&#231;&#227;o de FC de treino entre 60 e 75% da FC de reserva (para aqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada) e entre 40 e 60% da FC de reserva quando a FEVE era inferior a 40%. Os pacientes do grupo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o aumentaram em 50 m a dist&#226;ncia total no teste de caminhada (avaliado pelo <italic>Shuttle Walk test</italic> ), sem mudan&#231;a na intensidade ou frequ&#234;ncia da angina e sem eventos adversos em ambos os grupos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um estudo brasileiro randomizado ainda em andamento <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup> est&#225; avaliando a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia de um programa de exerc&#237;cios realizado durante um per&#237;odo de 12 semanas, supervisionado em ambiente hospitalar e com monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico cont&#237;nuo. A prescri&#231;&#227;o est&#225; sendo individualizada e pautada nos par&#226;metros do TCPE e no limiar de isquemia e/ou angina. At&#233; o momento, 42 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, e n&#227;o houve documenta&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es relacionadas aos exerc&#237;cios. A troponina T ultrassens&#237;vel, preditor conhecido de pior progn&#243;stico, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup> n&#227;o apresentou oscila&#231;&#227;o no seu n&#237;vel s&#233;rico em 32 pacientes submetidos a uma sess&#227;o aguda de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico (no limiar de isquemia) de 40 min de dura&#231;&#227;o, no momento da inclus&#227;o no estudo ( <italic>dados n&#227;o publicados</italic> ).</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria e baixo limiar isqu&#234;mico, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de nitratos de a&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida antes do in&#237;cio da sess&#227;o de treinamento f&#237;sico pode contribuir para um treino mais duradouro e at&#233; maiores intensidades de exerc&#237;cios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>6.3.4.2. Treinamento com Indu&#231;&#227;o de Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>Tradicionalmente, existe a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de que os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos nos pacientes com DAC sejam realizados abaixo do limiar isqu&#234;mico cl&#237;nico e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. Por&#233;m, isso pode ser dif&#237;cil de controlar. Estudos pr&#233;vios j&#225; demonstraram que os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, prescritos conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es da literatura, podem desencadear defeitos de perfus&#227;o cintilogr&#225;ficos, que n&#227;o s&#227;o evidenciados por meio de anormalidades no ECG e angina, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref></sup> pois as altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis e os defeitos perfusionais precedem as altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O significado funcional da indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia cintilogr&#225;fica ainda &#233; incerto, mas estudos com realiza&#231;&#227;o de treinamentos acima do limiar isqu&#234;mico j&#225; foram realizados. Em um estudo com realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de treinamento com dura&#231;&#227;o de 20 min acima do limiar isqu&#234;mico, n&#227;o foram identificados ind&#237;cios de dano mioc&#225;rdico agudo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref></sup> Outros autores demonstraram em pequena s&#233;rie de pacientes que, ap&#243;s seis semanas de treinamento em pacientes com DAC, est&#237;mulos isqu&#234;micos repetitivos tamb&#233;m n&#227;o resultaram em danos, disfun&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas e arritmias significativas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Portanto, existem evid&#234;ncias que sugerem a possibilidade da aplica&#231;&#227;o de treinos intervalados em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, modalidade que tem se revelado segura e efetiva em melhorar o condicionamento f&#237;sico, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, acima dos resultados obtidos no treinamento moderado cont&#237;nuo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, cabe enfatizar as evid&#234;ncias da superioridade da combina&#231;&#227;o de treinos aer&#243;bicos e resistidos em rela&#231;&#227;o a treinos aer&#243;bicos isolados nos pacientes com DAC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>6.3.4.3. Ajustes de F&#225;rmacos Diante da Assimila&#231;&#227;o do Treinamento F&#237;sico</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>Os pacientes portadores de DAC est&#225;vel geralmente utilizam medicamentos para al&#237;vio da sintomatologia, redu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia, melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, controle dos fatores de risco e adequa&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o hemodin&#226;mico. Por exemplo, n&#237;veis elevados de PAS e/ou FC (aumento do duplo produto), aumentando o consumo de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico, obviamente contribuem para piorar a toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o e situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Nos programas de RCV, particular aten&#231;&#227;o deve ser dada &#224; melhora do limiar anginoso antes do in&#237;cio do treinamento, j&#225; que possibilita maior toler&#226;ncia &#224; progress&#227;o da intensidade de exerc&#237;cios e, com isso, a obten&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos ben&#233;ficos almejados. Sendo assim, a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#233; fundamental para uma RCV segura e eficaz.</p>
        <p>O paciente submetido &#224; RCV pode apresentar uma s&#233;rie de adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas relacionadas ao exerc&#237;cio, como, por exemplo, modula&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (maior t&#244;nus vagal), com maior variabilidade de FC, redu&#231;&#227;o da FC basal, redu&#231;&#227;o do duplo produto de repouso e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref></sup> o que pode significar menor necessidade de f&#225;rmacos usados no tratamento das DCV, sendo papel do m&#233;dico de reabilita&#231;&#227;o discutir com o m&#233;dico assistente sobre a eventual necessidade de ajustes farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6.4. Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
      <p>A IC cr&#244;nica &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome complexa que compromete m&#250;ltiplos sistemas, ocasionando como principais sintomas a dispneia e intoler&#226;ncia progressiva ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. Apesar dos recentes avan&#231;os na terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica, com redu&#231;&#227;o da elevada morbimortalidade, os sintomas tendem a persistir, comprometendo a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Existem evid&#234;ncias consistentes de que a redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica na IC desencadeia um c&#237;rculo vicioso, que contribui para aumentar os sintomas e a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, secund&#225;rios &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, produzindo efeitos psicol&#243;gicos negativos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref></sup> deteriora&#231;&#227;o da vasorreatividade perif&#233;rica com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref></sup> e inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico se estabeleceu como estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica segura, que atenua os efeitos do descondicionamento f&#237;sico progressivo decorrente da evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da doen&#231;a. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos randomizados pequenos, revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e meta-an&#225;lises t&#234;m consistentemente demonstrado que o treinamento f&#237;sico regular &#233; seguro, aumenta a toler&#226;ncia aos exerc&#237;cios, melhora a qualidade de vida e reduz hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref></sup> No entanto, um &#250;nico e grande estudo randomizado multic&#234;ntrico, o HF-ACTION, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref></sup> revelou apenas uma modesta, mas n&#227;o significativa, redu&#231;&#227;o nos desfechos prim&#225;rios de morte e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas, embora tenha demonstrado benef&#237;cios importantes na qualidade de vida e redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC. Como cr&#237;tica &#224; pesquisa, h&#225; que se considerar que a baixa ades&#227;o aos exerc&#237;cios provavelmente prejudicou a efic&#225;cia da interven&#231;&#227;o, hip&#243;tese que foi confirmada posteriormente em outro estudo, que demonstrou ser a ades&#227;o aos exerc&#237;cios fator determinante para a obten&#231;&#227;o de benef&#237;cios a m&#233;dio prazo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199">199</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> sobre treinamento f&#237;sico em pacientes com IC, que analisou 33 estudos randomizados com inclus&#227;o de 4.740 pacientes com predom&#237;nio FEVE reduzida, houve tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade total com os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento. Comparado ao controle, o grupo de treinamento f&#237;sico teve menor taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e melhora da qualidade de vida. Quanto aos benef&#237;cios nas mulheres com IC, os estudos dispon&#237;veis sugerem que s&#227;o positivos e equivalentes aos observados nos homens. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para pacientes com sintomas avan&#231;ados (classe IV da NYHA &#8211; <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> ), ainda n&#227;o h&#225; dados suficientes para indicar programas de exerc&#237;cio, pois apenas um estudo randomizado brasileiro testou um programa de exerc&#237;cios di&#225;rios em cicloerg&#244;metro com ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva. Foram avaliados pacientes internados com IC descompensada, sendo observados benef&#237;cios funcionais e redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref></sup> Portanto, para um grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o mais forte, h&#225; necessidade de mais estudos que confirmem os resultados iniciais.</p>
      <p>Na IC com FEVE preservada h&#225; evid&#234;ncias recentes provenientes de estudos randomizados pequenos e revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica que mostraram benef&#237;cios no VO <sub>2</sub> pico medido pelo TCPE, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202">202</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref></sup> na qualidade de vida <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204">204</xref></sup> e na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica avaliada pelo ecocardiograma. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diante dessas evid&#234;ncias, a RCV com exerc&#237;cios &#233; recomendada na IC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 6</xref> ), quer a FEVE esteja preservada ou reduzida. Assim, pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas devem ser adotadas para que maior n&#250;mero de pacientes eleg&#237;veis se beneficie do tratamento em programas estruturados de RCV. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B207">207</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Indica&#231;&#227;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos regulares em pacientes com IC para aumentar a capacidade funcional, reduzir sintomas e melhorar qualidade de vida <sup>2,195-199,205</sup></td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos regulares em pacientes com FEVE reduzida para diminuir hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC <sup>2,198</sup></td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos em pacientes com FEVE preservada para aumentar capacidade funcional e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica <sup>203,205,206</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos de baixa intensidade na fase hospitalar da IC com ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva <sup>201</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IIb</td>
                <td align="center">B/C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3"> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>
                <italic>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, apenas n&#227;o devem ser prescritos para pacientes com IC clinicamente inst&#225;veis, com quadro de miocardite aguda ou na ocorr&#234;ncia de processos infecciosos agudos sist&#234;micos (Classe IIIC).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>6.4.1. Prescri&#231;&#227;o dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos e Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Internacionalmente, os programas de RCV s&#227;o implementados com v&#225;rios formatos, utilizando-se modalidades isoladas ou associadas. Os exerc&#237;cios aplicados podem ser aer&#243;bicos (moderada e/ou alta intensidade), de resist&#234;ncia muscular localizada e treinamento de musculatura respirat&#243;ria ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular no paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0943-00407-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Antes de iniciar o programa de treinamento, &#233; fundamental que o paciente esteja com o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado e clinicamente est&#225;vel; o ideal &#233; que realize uma avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional, preferencialmente com TCPE ou TE. Na indisponibilidade das provas funcionais citadas, o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos pode servir de par&#226;metro de acompanhamento dos ganhos funcionais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B208">208</xref></sup> Os testes funcionais devem ser realizados em uso das medica&#231;&#245;es prescritas para mimetizar a condi&#231;&#227;o que estar&#225; presente durante o treinamento.</p>
        <p>Os treinamentos aer&#243;bicos recomendados podem ser cont&#237;nuos de moderada intensidade (TCMI), que correspondem &#224; zona de FC delimitada pelos limiares ventilat&#243;rios do TCPE, ou, no caso do TE, &#224; zona situada entre 60 e 80% da FC pico ou 50 e 70% da FC de reserva. Pacientes mais graves e com maior limita&#231;&#227;o funcional podem iniciar no limite inferior da prescri&#231;&#227;o. Progress&#245;es de intensidade at&#233; o limite superior podem ser realizadas com a evolu&#231;&#227;o do treinamento.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, tem aumentado a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos de alta intensidade realizados de modo intervalado, denominado de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (TIAI). Ele alterna per&#237;odos mais intensos com momentos de recupera&#231;&#227;o passiva ou ativa, o que possibilita maior dura&#231;&#227;o total de exerc&#237;cios na alta intensidade e, consequentemente, pode produzir maior est&#237;mulo para adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas centrais e perif&#233;ricas.</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com IC e FEVE reduzida, Wisl&#248;ff et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref></sup> demonstraram que o TIAI foi superior ao TCMI em promover a melhora na capacidade funcional e em diferentes par&#226;metros cardiovasculares. Posteriormente, outros ensaios cl&#237;nicos foram realizados e meta-analisados. No que tange ao efeito do TIAI sobre a capacidade funcional, a superioridade do m&#233;todo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TCMI foi confirmada em uma meta-an&#225;lise. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref></sup> Entretanto, o maior estudo multic&#234;ntrico publicado, o Smartex-HF, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref></sup> comparou as modalidades de exerc&#237;cios cont&#237;nuos de moderada intensidade com os intervalados de alta intensidade. A conclus&#227;o foi que os benef&#237;cios s&#227;o semelhantes, n&#227;o havendo superioridade de modalidade em nenhum aspecto. Portanto, a escolha do protocolo vai depender de experi&#234;ncia da equipe, condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, capacidade f&#237;sica e prefer&#234;ncias do paciente.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, o modo de utilizar o TIAI pode variar bastante, com v&#225;rios protocolos descritos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref></sup> Um deles &#233; composto por 4 minutos de exerc&#237;cios de alta intensidade (90 a 95% da FC m&#225;xima), alternados com 3 minutos de leve intensidade (70% da FC m&#225;xima). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref></sup> Protocolos com dura&#231;&#227;o da carga intensa bem menores, com 30 ou 90 s, j&#225; foram descritos, e a toler&#226;ncia a diferentes modelos de TIAI pode variar de acordo com a escolha e a capacidade f&#237;sica do paciente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref></sup> Portanto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o e o modo de execu&#231;&#227;o vai depender das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e escolhas do paciente, bem como da experi&#234;ncia e das prefer&#234;ncias da equipe de RCV.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m do treinamento aer&#243;bico, a adi&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia muscular localizada tem sido sugerida para obten&#231;&#227;o de benef&#237;cios adicionais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> Eles podem ser prescritos como percentuais da contra&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima ou de acordo com a percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva ao esfor&#231;o. As cargas e repeti&#231;&#245;es recomendadas podem variar de acordo com as limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais do paciente e devem ser individualizadas, com progress&#227;o de acordo com evolu&#231;&#227;o na RCV.</p>
        <p>Os exerc&#237;cios respirat&#243;rios t&#234;m sido indicados para programas de treinamento de pacientes com fraqueza da musculatura respirat&#243;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref></sup> A meta-an&#225;lise de Smart et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref></sup> que avaliou 11 estudos com 287 participantes com IC, sendo 148 submetidos ao treinamento da musculatura inspirat&#243;ria (TMI) comparados com 139 controles sedent&#225;rios, mostrou significativos ganhos devidamente documentados: a) no TCPE, pelo aumento de consumo de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico no pico do esfor&#231;o (VO <sub>2</sub> pico) e melhora da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria observada na rela&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar com a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope); b) na espirometria, pelo aumento da press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima; c) no teste de caminhada de 6-minutos, pela maior dist&#226;ncia percorrida; d) melhora da qualidade de vida. Portanto, o TMI proporcionou ganhos da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e na qualidade de vida de similar magnitude aos obtidos com o treinamento convencional, devendo ser considerado alternativa v&#225;lida para os pacientes com IC gravemente descondicionados fisicamente e muito debilitados, em uma transi&#231;&#227;o para os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos convencionais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.4.2. Considera&#231;&#245;es Finais</title>
        <p>&#201; fundamental que pacientes com IC realizem exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, idealmente com prescri&#231;&#227;o individualizada, no contexto de um programa de RCV, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a combina&#231;&#227;o de treinamentos aer&#243;bicos de moderada e/ou alta intensidade, exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia muscular localizada e treinamento da musculatura respirat&#243;ria (treinamento ventilat&#243;rio). Para isso, devem ser levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m do quadro cl&#237;nico e limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais a ele relacionadas, prefer&#234;ncias do paciente e a experi&#234;ncia da equipe. Por fim, &#233; relevante ressaltar a exist&#234;ncia de alternativas v&#225;lidas mesmo para os pacientes muito debilitados e gravemente descondicionados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6.5. Transplante Card&#237;aco</title>
      <p>O transplante card&#237;aco (TxC) &#233; o tratamento de escolha para pacientes com IC refrat&#225;ria, que permanecem com sintomas graves mesmo em uso de todo o arsenal farmacol&#243;gico dispon&#237;vel e na realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos indicados.</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos ocorreram avan&#231;os significativos no TxC, com surgimento de novas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e desenvolvimento de subst&#226;ncias imunossupressoras mais eficientes. No Brasil, houve um crescimento substancial na quantidade de procedimentos, o que estava estagnado desde 2015, com taxa de 1,7 TxC por milh&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o (pmp). Em 2019 houve um crescimento de 17,6%, chegando a 2 TxC pmp, muito pr&#243;ximo da meta estabelecida para o ano (2,1 pmp). Em 2018 foram realizados 357 procedimentos, e at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2019, 104 cora&#231;&#245;es j&#225; foram transplantados no Brasil. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O TxC tem como objetivo promover a melhora na qualidade de vida, assim como aumento da sobrevida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B220">220</xref></sup> Os receptores s&#227;o capazes de retornar ao trabalho e ter uma vida normal, com m&#237;nimos sintomas ou mesmo assintom&#225;ticos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B221">221</xref></sup> A taxa de sobrevida no 1&#186; ano &#233; estimada em 90% e em 5 anos em cerca de 70%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora o TxC melhore significativamente a capacidade funcional dos pacientes, o VO <sub>2</sub> pico ainda se encontra reduzido quando comparado ao de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, pareados por idade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref></sup> Dentre outros fatores, isso pode ser explicado por: 1) imediatamente no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-transplante, o aloenxerto apresenta aus&#234;ncia de inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica (denerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica), provocando aumento da FC de repouso, o que atenua a sua eleva&#231;&#227;o natural como resposta ao exerc&#237;cio e prejudica a recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref></sup> ; 2) ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o muscular esquel&#233;tica (&#224;s vezes chegando &#224; caquexia), na qual a terapia imunossupressora, associada &#224; IC pr&#233;via, exerce papel de destaque <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref></sup> ; 3) comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular e diast&#243;lica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref></sup> Em pacientes com TxC, na fase aguda do exerc&#237;cio, o aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco depende fundamentalmente do mecanismo de Frank-Starling, do aumento do retorno venoso, do inotropismo, do cronotropismo e da redu&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B228">228</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, ocorre aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de catecolaminas circulantes, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref></sup> que reduzem lentamente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do exerc&#237;cio, justificando uma lenta recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A imunossupress&#227;o pode predispor a maior risco de outras complica&#231;&#245;es, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref></sup> e os pacientes transplantados podem evoluir com desenvolvimento de HAS, diabetes melito e coronariopatia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B232">232</xref></sup> Por sua vez, o treinamento f&#237;sico &#233; conhecido como terap&#234;utica de excel&#234;ncia para o manejo dessas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref></sup> sendo eficaz na otimiza&#231;&#227;o do controle auton&#244;mico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico ap&#243;s o TxC contribui para o aumento do VO <sub>2</sub> pico e a melhora do controle hemodin&#226;mico, da for&#231;a muscular e da densidade mineral &#243;ssea, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref></sup> contribuindo para melhorar o progn&#243;stico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Embora existam in&#250;meras possibilidades de prescri&#231;&#227;o de treinamento, o principal m&#233;todo preconizado permanece sendo o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico, que pode ser realizado de maneira cont&#237;nua ou intervalada, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup> sempre que poss&#237;vel devem ser realizados tamb&#233;m exerc&#237;cios resistidos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>6.5.1. Benef&#237;cios dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</title>
        <p>No estudo pioneiro de Richard et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B237">237</xref></sup> os pesquisadores observaram que, ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de 46 meses p&#243;s TxC, pacientes que realizaram treinamento aer&#243;bico, apresentaram capacidade funcional e fun&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica semelhantes &#224;s verificadas em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B240">240</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise da Cochrane, que reuniu nove ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, totalizando 284 pacientes, comparou o efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico aos cuidados usuais em pacientes p&#243;s TxC, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref></sup> evidenciando aumento m&#233;dio do VO <sub>2</sub> pico de 2,5 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> nos que realizaram treinamento, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos alocados para cuidados usuais. Rosembaun et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B241">241</xref></sup> estudaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a participa&#231;&#227;o precoce em um programa de RCV de pacientes ap&#243;s TxC e verificaram que o n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es realizadas nos primeiros 90 dias esteve relacionado diretamente com melhor sobrevida em 10 anos.</p>
        <p>Haykowsky et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B242">242</xref></sup> descreveram melhoras significativas no VO <sub>2</sub> pico de pacientes ap&#243;s TxC, com aumento m&#233;dio de 3,1 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ap&#243;s 12 semanas de treinamento combinado (resistido e aer&#243;bico). Kobashigawa et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B243">243</xref></sup> estudaram 27 pacientes ap&#243;s TxC, os quais foram submetidos a uma combina&#231;&#227;o de treinamento aer&#243;bico, resistido e de flexibilidade durante 6 meses <italic>versus</italic> grupo-controle. A dura&#231;&#227;o e a intensidade das sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos tiveram como meta, no m&#237;nimo, 30 min de exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada em bicicleta estacion&#225;ria. O grupo interven&#231;&#227;o apresentou aumento m&#233;dio de 4,4 ml <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min no VO <sub>2</sub> pico, <italic>versus</italic> 1,9 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> no grupo-controle. Esses dados fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas da import&#226;ncia de ambos os tipos de treinamento ap&#243;s TxC.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento de alta intensidade em pacientes ap&#243;s TxC, os resultados s&#227;o motivadores, mas ainda h&#225; um pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos. Em um estudo <italic>crossover</italic> , Dall et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B244">244</xref></sup> verificaram efeito superior do TIAI em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TCMI no VO <sub>2</sub> pico, com ganho adicional de 2,3 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e melhora superior na qualidade de vida. Em meta-an&#225;lise que reuniu tr&#234;s ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados que compararam o TIAI (blocos intensos: 80 a 100% do VO <sub>2</sub> pico ou 85 a 95% da FC pico) aos cuidados usuais, os pacientes que realizaram TIAI apresentaram aumento adicional no VO <sub>2</sub> pico de 4,45 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o, que variou de 8 a 12 semanas, com tr&#234;s a cinco sess&#245;es semanais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nytr&#248;en et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref></sup> avaliaram os efeitos de um programa de TIAI ap&#243;s TxC em 43 pacientes. Foram observados os efeitos na progress&#227;o da vasculopatia do enxerto, avaliada por ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio, constatando menor progress&#227;o de placas de ateroma no grupo TIAI. Por&#233;m, mais estudos ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer melhor os benef&#237;cios dessa modalidade de treinamento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B245">245</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sabe-se que alguns dos efeitos adversos comuns ao uso de glicocorticoides ap&#243;s o TxC s&#227;o atrofia e fraqueza musculares. Em 1998, Braith et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref></sup> estudaram, pela primeira vez, o efeito do treinamento resistido na miopatia induzida por glicocorticoide em receptores de TxC. Um grupo realizou treinamento e foi comparado com um grupo-controle. Ap&#243;s 6 meses, apesar de ambos terem apresentado aumento na for&#231;a muscular do quadr&#237;ceps e dos extensores lombares, houve um aumento at&#233; 6 vezes maior no grupo treinado.</p>
        <p>O treinamento resistido tamb&#233;m parece ter importante efeito terap&#234;utico para melhoria do metabolismo &#243;sseo. Ap&#243;s o TxC, os pacientes n&#227;o raramente apresentam perda &#243;ssea significativa na cabe&#231;a do f&#234;mur e perda &#243;ssea mineral total. Em pacientes arrolados para treinamento resistido, ap&#243;s 2 meses da realiza&#231;&#227;o do TxC, o treinamento de for&#231;a se mostrou capaz de restaurar a densidade mineral &#243;ssea a n&#237;veis pr&#233;-transplante. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.5.2. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e Particularidades</title>
        <p>Os pacientes ap&#243;s TxC devem realizar anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, ECG de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, ecocardiograma com Doppler colorido ou outros exames a crit&#233;rio dos profissionais envolvidos. O ideal &#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um teste funcional em exerc&#237;cio, preferencialmente o TCPE realizado por m&#233;dico experiente com o m&#233;todo. O TCPE considerado o padr&#227;o-ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, permite a determina&#231;&#227;o das respostas cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;licas ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, por meio de diversas vari&#225;veis que s&#227;o de grande utilidade para a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e prescri&#231;&#227;o otimizada dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B246">246</xref></sup> Os fisioterapeutas e profissionais de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica devem atuar na prescri&#231;&#227;o, aplica&#231;&#227;o, supervis&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios, mas seguindo os limites de seguran&#231;a recomendados pelos m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis pela avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B247">247</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A impossibilidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE n&#227;o deve ser um impedimento para pr&#225;tica dos exerc&#237;cios; na aus&#234;ncia dele, sugere-se um TE convencional. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup> Quando nem mesmo este estiver dispon&#237;vel, o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos poder&#225; auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, sendo par&#226;metro v&#225;lido de compara&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional no decorrer do treinamento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B248">248</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B249">249</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.5.3. Prescri&#231;&#227;o do Treinamento F&#237;sico</title>
        <p>O treinamento aer&#243;bico, ressaltando que o TCMI tem sido o m&#233;todo usado na maioria dos estudos, tem sido o mais preconizado, devendo ser complementado pelo treinamento resistido a partir da 6&#170; semana ap&#243;s TxC. Mas, diferentes metodologias de treinamento v&#234;m sendo estudadas de maneira isolada ou combinada e t&#234;m se mostrado eficazes na promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de cardiovascular nos indiv&#237;duos em RCV, abrindo um leque de possibilidades a serem consideradas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup></p>
        <p>De acordo com a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente, a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico pode aumentar gradualmente de moderada a alta ao longo do treinamento, pois a intensidade est&#225; diretamente associada &#224; magnitude das desej&#225;veis adapta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B250">250</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, programas que inclu&#237;ram o treinamento intervalado, at&#233; mesmo de alta intensidade, mostraram bons resultados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, para uma otimizada e segura prescri&#231;&#227;o, deve haver adequada individualiza&#231;&#227;o de cada componente da sess&#227;o de treinamento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o de zonas-alvo de treinamento &#233; recomend&#225;vel, visando otimiza&#231;&#227;o da prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup> Entretanto, tendo em vista a resposta cronotr&#243;pica ainda comprometida, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B251">251</xref></sup> a prescri&#231;&#227;o com base nos percentuais da FC m&#225;xima ou nas FC dos limiares n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel nas primeiras sess&#245;es de treinamento, podendo ser &#250;teis quando ocorre melhora na resposta auton&#244;mica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref></sup> Por esse motivo, a cont&#237;nua avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento da FC durante o exerc&#237;cio e na recupera&#231;&#227;o se torna de suma import&#226;ncia. Quando um TCPE for dispon&#237;vel, a prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico poder&#225; ser pautada nas cargas atingidas nos limiares ventilat&#243;rios ou nos percentuais estabelecidos do VO <sub>2</sub> pico. Outra estrat&#233;gia simples e vi&#225;vel &#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o da percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do esfor&#231;o, por meio da escala BORG, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B252">252</xref></sup> devendo haver empenho da equipe multiprofissional em educar o paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o e &#224;s manifesta&#231;&#245;es de sintomas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o e prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, &#233; fundamental a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios resistidos. Tradicionalmente t&#234;m sido utilizados, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o e prescri&#231;&#227;o destes exerc&#237;cios, os testes de carga de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima, cuja aplica&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, &#233; question&#225;vel, principalmente ap&#243;s o TxC recente, pois sua seguran&#231;a carece de investiga&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas nos transplantados. Uma alternativa seria o teste de sentar e levantar da cadeira em 30 segundos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B253">253</xref></sup> que foi validado em idosos ativos e se mostrou razoavelmente confi&#225;vel em fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a for&#231;a de MMII, sendo bastante utilizado em centros de reabilita&#231;&#227;o e em estudos cient&#237;ficos de diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B254">254</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B256">256</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Uma possibilidade de grande aplicabilidade &#233; a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos resistidos de modo subjetivo, segundo a percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o considerado moderado, associado ao m&#233;todo de repeti&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel, com o objetivo de executar uma faixa de repeti&#231;&#245;es (por exemplo, de 10 a 15 repeti&#231;&#245;es). Se o paciente n&#227;o conseguir executar o m&#237;nimo, a carga aplicada est&#225; elevada; se executar o m&#225;ximo de modo f&#225;cil, a carga est&#225; leve. Desse modo, a carga pode ser ajustada para que o treinamento seja realizado dentro da faixa de repeti&#231;&#245;es proposta.</p>
        <p>Durante o treinamento, especial aten&#231;&#227;o deve ser dada &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es como as infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento do transplante. Em levantamento realizado nos Estados Unidos, foi evidenciado que 36% dos receptores s&#227;o hospitalizados ao longo do primeiro ano, e 61%, dentro de um per&#237;odo de 4 anos ap&#243;s TxC, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B257">257</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B258">258</xref></sup> o que deixa evidente a import&#226;ncia da supervis&#227;o dos pacientes ao longo do treinamento, com eventual necessidade de que as sess&#245;es sejam temporariamente interrompidas. Tendo em vista o exposto, alguns autores sugerem que os pacientes n&#227;o devam realizar exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico durante o per&#237;odo de administra&#231;&#227;o de terapia com pulsos de esteroides e nos dias de bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.5.4. Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Domiciliar</title>
        <p>Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que os programas de RCVD s&#227;o seguros e efetivos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sendo recomend&#225;veis como uma alternativa para a RCV tradicional em pacientes de menor risco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Wu et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B259">259</xref></sup> conduziram um estudo prospectivo e randomizado para avaliar o efeito de um programa de exerc&#237;cios domiciliares durante 2 meses em 37 pacientes ap&#243;s TxC. O grupo controle manteve o estilo de vida habitual durante o per&#237;odo de estudo. Os indiv&#237;duos do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o realizaram um programa de exerc&#237;cios no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s vezes na semana, que englobou 5 min de aquecimento, atividades de fortalecimento de MMSS e MMII, 15 a 20 min de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em intensidade de 60 a 70% do VO <sub>2</sub> pico, al&#233;m de 5 min de desaquecimento. Para garantir a execu&#231;&#227;o domiciliar correta, inicialmente foi realizado um per&#237;odo supervisionado para orienta&#231;&#227;o e prescri&#231;&#227;o. Ao final de 2 meses, os pacientes melhoraram for&#231;a e resist&#234;ncia muscular, &#237;ndice de fadiga e qualidade de vida no dom&#237;nio f&#237;sico. Por meio do TCPE, foi observado aumento da carga de trabalho, mas sem modifica&#231;&#227;o do VO <sub>2</sub> pico, provavelmente pelo curto per&#237;odo de seguimento ou pela metodologia da prescri&#231;&#227;o do treinamento, que foi de menor intensidade. Outro estudo, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B260">260</xref></sup> com protocolo de treinamento aer&#243;bico equivalente, por&#233;m maior dura&#231;&#227;o, cinco vezes por semana durante 6 meses, documentou melhora no VO <sub>2</sub> pico, na carga de trabalho e na PA de indiv&#237;duos ap&#243;s TxC. Al&#233;m disso, ocorreram sinais de reinerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca e restaura&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica nas art&#233;rias, sendo que nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o foi observada no grupo controle.</p>
        <p>Mesmo com per&#237;odo superior a 5 anos ap&#243;s o TxC, a RCVD melhora a capacidade funcional, conforme demonstra um estudo em que 21 pacientes foram instru&#237;dos a realizar um programa de treinamento f&#237;sico domiciliar por 1 ano em bicicleta ergom&#233;trica, enquanto nove pacientes serviram como controle. Para garantir o adequado controle, os pacientes receberam um cart&#227;o inteligente, programado para um aquecimento de 6 min e uma carga de trabalho constante durante 20 min, com ajuste de carga de acordo com a prescri&#231;&#227;o e o monitoramento da FC. Ao final de 12 meses, houve modesta melhora no VO <sub>2</sub> pico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B261">261</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Karapolat et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B262">262</xref></sup> em estudo publicado em 2008, compararam os efeitos de programa domiciliar e presencial sobre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e vari&#225;veis cronotr&#243;picas em 28 pacientes ap&#243;s TxC. Foram observadas melhoras significativas no VO <sub>2</sub> pico e na FC de reserva apenas no grupo da RCV tradicional. Por&#233;m, novos estudos, com inclus&#227;o de um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor elucida&#231;&#227;o desta superioridade da RCV presencial observada neste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.5.5. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Com base nas diversas evid&#234;ncias expostas, o efeito ben&#233;fico do treinamento f&#237;sico em indiv&#237;duos ap&#243;s TxC &#233; inequ&#237;voco e essa terapia se mostra segura e exequ&#237;vel, podendo ser realizada no ambiente hospitalar ou domiciliar ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 7</xref> ). No entanto, embora ambas as estrat&#233;gias sejam eficazes em promover aumento na capacidade funcional, existem ind&#237;cios de que a magnitude do efeito seja maior quando o treinamento &#233; realizado em ambientes supervisionados.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Indica&#231;&#227;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular no transplante card&#237;aco</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCV com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos moderados s&#227;o recomendados para pacientes ap&#243;s TxC <sup>234,239,241,243</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCV com exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico de alta intensidade &#233; recomendada para pacientes ap&#243;s TxC <sup>233,238,244</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCV com exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos resistidos &#233; recomendada para pacientes ap&#243;s TxC <sup>235,236</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>
                  <italic>RCV: reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular; TxC: Transplante card&#237;aco.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A RCV deve ser iniciada entre 6 e 8 semanas ap&#243;s o TxC, sendo o direcionamento realizado na alta hospitalar. Em casos selecionados e ap&#243;s criteriosa avalia&#231;&#227;o da equipe, o in&#237;cio pode ser mais precoce. Assim como em qualquer situa&#231;&#227;o na qual o paciente seja submetido a esternotomia, um cuidado especial em rela&#231;&#227;o a n&#227;o realizar exerc&#237;cios que sobrecarreguem a musculatura tor&#225;cica e levem &#224; tra&#231;&#227;o do esterno deve ser salientado, principalmente nos primeiros 90 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
        <p>A prescri&#231;&#227;o ideal inclui exerc&#237;cios para promo&#231;&#227;o das diferentes val&#234;ncias f&#237;sicas, sempre enfatizando o que &#233; preconizado para cada condi&#231;&#227;o. No cen&#225;rio ap&#243;s Txc, assim como em outras indica&#231;&#245;es de RCV, o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico &#233; a parte principal das sess&#245;es de treinamento, devendo ser complementado pelos resistidos e de flexibilidade, dentro de um programa individualizado e periodizado. As sess&#245;es devem sempre iniciar com um per&#237;odo de aquecimento, assim como encerrar com um desaquecimento controlado. Tal estrat&#233;gia visa, al&#233;m do aquecimento muscular, um per&#237;odo para ajuste da FC e da PA, que est&#227;o alteradas nesses pacientes pela denerva&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, especialmente no in&#237;cio do programa de treinamento ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
        <p>O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico pode ser realizado em forma de caminhada ou ciclismo, tanto <italic>indoor</italic> , utilizando recursos como esteiras e/ou bicicletas ergom&#233;tricas, ou quanto <italic>outdoor</italic> . Recomenda-se frequ&#234;ncia semanal de tr&#234;s a cinco sess&#245;es, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 20 a 40 minutos. A frequ&#234;ncia e dura&#231;&#227;o das sess&#245;es ser&#227;o ajustadas conforme condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias do paciente e devem progredir ao longo do treinamento. O controle da intensidade &#233; fundamental e, devido ao maior n&#250;mero de evid&#234;ncias, preconiza-se o TCMI (Entre o 1&#186; e o 2&#186; limiar ventilat&#243;rio), com uma percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o referida entre 11 e 13 na Escala Borg modificada. O treinamento intervalado pode ser adotado, em casos selecionados, com objetivo de varia&#231;&#227;o na forma do treino e busca de um ganho funcional potencialmente maior.</p>
        <p>Os exerc&#237;cios resistidos t&#234;m papel fundamental, principalmente na fase inicial ap&#243;s TxC. Muitos apresentaram IC de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, estiveram internados por longos per&#237;odos e passaram pelo estresse cir&#250;rgico. No in&#237;cio do treinamento, atividades sem carga externa, ou seja, apenas com peso corporal, podem ser consideradas como est&#237;mulo suficiente para esses pacientes. Em seguida, bandas el&#225;sticas, halteres, caneleiras e aparelhos de muscula&#231;&#227;o podem ser inclu&#237;dos no programa de treinamento. Maior cuidado deve ser dado aos exerc&#237;cios de MMSS, devido &#224; toracotomia, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o que, com o uso de corticosteroides, o per&#237;odo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o pode ser maior.</p>
        <p>Outras informa&#231;&#245;es e exemplos de protocolos de treinamento nesses pacientes podem ser obtidos em outras publica&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B263">263</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B265">265</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6.6. Miocardiopatias</title>
      <p>Nesta se&#231;&#227;o, ser&#227;o abordadas a miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (MCH), a miocardite e outras miocardiopatias, cujas indica&#231;&#245;es de RCV est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 8</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Indica&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos nas miocardiopatias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos moderados, para pacientes selecionados, com MCH <sup>266,267</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico vigoroso ou competitivo para pacientes com MCH <sup>268,269</sup></td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos moderados, para pacientes selecionados, ap&#243;s 3 a 6 meses do quadro agudo de miocardite</td>
                <td align="center">IIb</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos leves a moderados para pacientes selecionados com CAVD <sup>270</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IIb</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos de alta intensidade ou competitivos para pacientes com CAVD <sup>268,269</sup></td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>
                <italic>MCH: miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; CAVD: cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>6.6.1. Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</title>
        <p>A MCH &#233; uma doen&#231;a caracterizada por hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, geralmente com c&#226;maras ventriculares n&#227;o dilatadas, na aus&#234;ncia de outra doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou sist&#234;mica capaz de produzir a magnitude da hipertrofia evidenciada, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B271">271</xref></sup> sendo a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca herdada mais comum na popula&#231;&#227;o e causada por uma gama de muta&#231;&#245;es de genes respons&#225;veis pelas prote&#237;nas do sarc&#244;mero card&#237;aco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B268">268</xref></sup> A principal caracter&#237;stica &#233; uma express&#227;o cl&#237;nica heterog&#234;nea, com altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas peculiares e uma hist&#243;ria natural vari&#225;vel. At&#233; 10% dos casos s&#227;o causados por outras doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas, incluindo metab&#243;licas e neuromusculares heredit&#225;rias, anormalidades cromoss&#244;micas e s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B272">272</xref></sup> Alguns pacientes apresentam outros dist&#250;rbios que podem mimetizar formas da doen&#231;a, como, por exemplo, amiloidose. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B273">273</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia populacional &#233; estimada em torno de 0,2% ou 1:500. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B268">268</xref></sup> No entanto, essa estimativa parece ser distinta na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o que permite inferir que uma parcela dos indiv&#237;duos afetados s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos. Diversos padr&#245;es de hipertrofia assim&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo s&#227;o comuns &#224; MCH, e pode haver fen&#243;tipos diversos em familiares de primeiro grau. Tipicamente, uma ou mais regi&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo t&#234;m espessura parietal aumentada quando comparadas com outras, e podem ocorrer transi&#231;&#245;es e varia&#231;&#245;es de espessura em &#225;reas adjacentes ou &#225;reas n&#227;o cont&#237;guas. Contudo, apesar da hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica ser a mais comumente debatida, n&#227;o existe um padr&#227;o cl&#225;ssico de MCH e, virtualmente, todos os padr&#245;es poss&#237;veis de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda podem ocorrer. Mesmo a aus&#234;ncia de hipertrofia pode ser encontrada em indiv&#237;duos geneticamente acometidos (fen&#243;tipo negativo).</p>
        <p>Diferentes estudos de coorte retrospectivos e observacionais, de popula&#231;&#245;es multic&#234;ntricas, esclareceram a hist&#243;ria natural e o curso cl&#237;nico dessa cardiopatia. Alguns mais recentes t&#234;m mostrado mortalidade anual em torno de 1%, valor muito menor do que em pesquisas mais antigas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref></sup> Notavelmente, apenas em um pequeno subgrupo de pacientes com MCH ocorre morte prematura e complica&#231;&#245;es significativas relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a, as quais podem ocorrer por obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, IC com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e/ou sist&#243;lica e morte s&#250;bita (MS) ou arritmias card&#237;acas (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e taquicardia ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B275">275</xref></sup> A MS na MCH pode acontecer em qualquer faixa et&#225;ria, embora seja mais comum em adolescentes e adultos jovens; por isso, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos sob maior risco &#233; muito importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o esportiva. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B276">276</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em muitos casos, a MS pode ser a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a nesses indiv&#237;duos, ocorrendo mais comumente naqueles sem sintomas de alerta, os quais n&#227;o haviam sido diagnosticados previamente ao evento. Entretanto, a maioria dos pacientes com MCH apresenta uma expectativa de vida normal ou quase normal, com mortalidade relacionada a outras doen&#231;as, algumas, inclusive, de etiologia n&#227;o cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B277">277</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B279">279</xref></sup> Portanto, incentivar um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel para pacientes com MCH &#233; essencial para reduzir o risco global de doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>6.6.1.1. Benef&#237;cios Terap&#234;uticos do Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria est&#225; associado ao risco de mortalidade cardiovascular e por todas as causas na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em paciente com MCH, forma obstrutiva e minimamente sintom&#225;tica, tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade com a aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref></sup> Pacientes com VO <sub>2</sub> pico abaixo de 18 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> no TCPE apresentaram maior mortalidade e sintomatologia mais exuberante em compara&#231;&#227;o aos que obtiveram valores iguais ou superiores. A presen&#231;a de VO <sub>2</sub> pico inferior a 60% do previsto significou pior sobrevida em 4 anos, em torno de 60%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O aumento da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e o desarranjo miofibrilar podem estar por tr&#225;s do risco aumentado de MS na MCH, pois essa altera&#231;&#227;o atua como substrato para arritmias fatais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B271">271</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que o treinamento f&#237;sico intenso poderia acelerar tais altera&#231;&#245;es, mas esse ainda &#233; um tema controverso. Entretanto, sabe-se que o aumento da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica est&#225; associado a menor VO <sub>2</sub> pico nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B282">282</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sendo assim, avaliar a aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica, preferencialmente pelo TCPE, &#233; importante nos pacientes com MCH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref></sup> Quando existe redu&#231;&#227;o do VO <sub>2</sub> pico, a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos pode contribuir para aumentar a capacidade funcional.</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, apenas um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado controlado examinou o efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico em pacientes com MCH (RESET-MCH). Esse estudo, que contemplou 136 pacientes, demonstrou aumento no VO <sub>2</sub> pico ap&#243;s treinamento de moderada intensidade depois de 16 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o (+ 1,35 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ou &lt; 0,5 MET). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B266">266</xref></sup> Outro estudo prospectivo n&#227;o randomizado incluiu 20 pacientes com MCH e mostrou aumento significativo na dura&#231;&#227;o do TE, assim como na capacidade funcional estimada (+ 2,5 MET). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B267">267</xref></sup> Nesse estudo, os pacientes completaram um programa de RCV com sess&#245;es de 60 min de exerc&#237;cio moderado a vigoroso, realizados em esteira ou cicloerg&#244;metro, 2 vezes por semana. A intensidade do exerc&#237;cio progrediu de 50 para 85% da FC de reserva, o que resultou em aumento gradual do condicionamento e pode ter minimizado o risco de eventos adversos, como arritmias induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio. Em nenhum desses estudos com treinamento houve ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos s&#233;rios, como morte, MS card&#237;aca abortada, terapia do cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) ou taquicardia ventricular sustentada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B266">266</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B267">267</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>6.6.1.2. Quando indicar exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>A intensidade de exerc&#237;cio liberado para pacientes com MCH representa um grande desafio. Se por um lado, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso pode ser delet&#233;rio, com aumento do risco de arritmias potencialmente fatais; por outro, a restri&#231;&#227;o excessiva de atividade f&#237;sica conduz ao descondicionamento e pode ter efeitos negativos na sa&#250;de e na qualidade de vida do paciente, podendo at&#233; aumentar o risco cardiovascular, visto que existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A <italic>American Heart Association</italic> , em seu posicionamento oficial para o tratamento da MCH, desencoraja os pacientes com a doen&#231;a a se envolverem em esportes competitivos de intensidade moderada a vigorosa (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 8</xref> ). A limita&#231;&#227;o serviria para minimizar as mudan&#231;as s&#250;bitas na PA e no aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, de modo a, supostamente, proteger dos efeitos negativos do exerc&#237;cio em um cora&#231;&#227;o patologicamente hipertrofiado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O exerc&#237;cio como gatilho para arritmias em curto prazo e remodelamento adverso em longo prazo s&#227;o os efeitos mais temidos na MCH. O receio da MS card&#237;aca durante o esporte estende-se a atividades atl&#233;ticas n&#227;o competitivas, embora exista uma clara falta de evid&#234;ncia sobre a seguran&#231;a do exerc&#237;cio neste perfil de pacientes. No entanto, deve ser ressaltado que esse risco dos exerc&#237;cios &#233; te&#243;rico e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para as limita&#231;&#245;es da atividade f&#237;sica t&#234;m sido advogadas com cautela, pela opini&#227;o de especialistas e n&#227;o por evid&#234;ncias mais robustas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B284">284</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Desse modo, os pacientes com MCH recebem pouca ou nenhuma orienta&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; melhor dose ou quantidade de atividade f&#237;sica para manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de geral e do bem-estar, sendo que maior foco &#233; dado nas restri&#231;&#245;es &#224;s atividades f&#237;sicas. Como resultado, mais de 50% dos pacientes com MCH n&#227;o alcan&#231;am o m&#237;nimo de atividade f&#237;sica recomendada, devido &#224; cren&#231;a de que s&#227;o incapazes de exerc&#234;-la e/ou de que a atividade f&#237;sica pode piorar a doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim, o equil&#237;brio parece ser o mais adequado e os extremos devem ser evitados (nem exerc&#237;cio vigoroso competitivo, nem sedentarismo), pois ambos poderiam aumentar o risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Em virtude das novas evid&#234;ncias, pode-se considerar haver efeito positivo dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos moderados em pacientes selecionados com MCH, com a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco e a prescri&#231;&#227;o realizadas individualmente. Ressalta-se que as evid&#234;ncias sugerem benef&#237;cios para o treinamento moderado cont&#237;nuo, sendo que outras modalidades ainda devem ser mais estudadas.</p>
        <p>Entretanto, a presen&#231;a das seguintes caracter&#237;sticas poderiam ser consideradas contraindica&#231;&#245;es maiores &#224; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio: hist&#243;ria de MS abortada e aus&#234;ncia de CDI; hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope aos esfor&#231;os; ocorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio; aumento do gradiente com o exerc&#237;cio (superior a 50 mmHg) e resposta press&#243;rica anormal ao esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>6.6.1.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o para iniciar os exerc&#237;cios deve ser realizada pela avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o, realizando-se anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Uma grande parcela dos indiv&#237;duos com MCH &#233; assintom&#225;tica ou oligossintom&#225;tica e a suspeita cl&#237;nica &#233; dada por altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG de repouso, o qual &#233; anormal em at&#233; 95% dos pacientes com a doen&#231;a. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B285">285</xref></sup> As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas podem preceder doen&#231;a estruturalmente detectada por alguns anos, o que torna a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ECG de suma import&#226;ncia nesse cen&#225;rio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref></sup> Somente uma minoria dos pacientes com MCH apresentam ECG normal, em geral aqueles sem outra manifesta&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica da doen&#231;a (gen&#243;tipo positivo/fen&#243;tipo negativo).</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma segue como o exame mais empregado para o diagn&#243;stico de MCH, restando a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear (RMN) como alternativa para os casos em que o primeiro n&#227;o for conclusivo, ou para avaliar situa&#231;&#245;es de hipertrofia mais localizada (formas apicais, por exemplo). Em atletas jovens, a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre a hipertrofia fisiol&#243;gica do cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta e a hipertrofia patol&#243;gica da MCH &#233; um desafio. Isso porque, tal como acontece com indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios com MCH, a maioria dos atletas com a doen&#231;a mostra um padr&#227;o assim&#233;trico de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em contraste, aqueles com hipertrofia fisiol&#243;gica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mostram distribui&#231;&#227;o mais homog&#234;nea e sim&#233;trica da espessura da parede, com apenas pequenas diferen&#231;as entre os segmentos cont&#237;guos e um padr&#227;o sim&#233;trico de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B286">286</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O teste de exerc&#237;cio, previamente ao in&#237;cio da RCV, est&#225; sempre recomendado nesses pacientes, seja para avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional ou para detec&#231;&#227;o de respostas anormais da PA e sinais de aumento da obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da via de sa&#237;da com o esfor&#231;o. Para melhor detec&#231;&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da durante o exerc&#237;cio, a associa&#231;&#227;o de exame de imagem (ecocardiograma) com teste de esfor&#231;o &#233; a melhor modalidade dispon&#237;vel e deve ser encorajada sempre que poss&#237;vel. Pacientes com aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o no repouso podem apresentar gradientes significativos no esfor&#231;o, sendo reclassificados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B287">287</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Quando estiver dispon&#237;vel, sugere-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE para uma melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o em esfor&#231;o, com medida direta do VO <sub>2</sub> pico, em virtude do seu documentado valor progn&#243;stico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a obten&#231;&#227;o dos limiares ventilat&#243;rios contribui para uma prescri&#231;&#227;o mais individualizada.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>6.6.1.4. Particularidades na Prescri&#231;&#227;o e no Acompanhamento dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Algumas particularidades dos exerc&#237;cios em pacientes com MCH devem ser destacadas:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Atividades do tipo &#8220;explos&#227;o&#8221; (p. ex., basquete, futebol e t&#234;nis), em que h&#225; potencial para r&#225;pida acelera&#231;&#227;o e desacelera&#231;&#227;o, devem ser evitadas;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Atividades com consumo de energia est&#225;vel e constante (p. ex., corrida leve ou nata&#231;&#227;o) s&#227;o preferidas;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Exerc&#237;cio em condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais adversas, incluindo calor ou frio extremos, deve ser evitado, pois h&#225; um aumento do risco de exacerba&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Programas de treinamento que visem competitividade, ou obten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis mais altos de condicionamento f&#237;sico e excel&#234;ncia, devem ser evitados, pois normalmente motivam os pacientes a se esfor&#231;arem al&#233;m dos limites.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Exerc&#237;cios est&#225;ticos (isom&#233;tricos) intensos, como levantamento de peso, devem ser evitados, pois h&#225; risco aumentado de provocar obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, devido &#224; intensa manobra de Valsalva;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Treinamento resistido com baixa carga e maior n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es foi considerado seguro para pacientes com DCV, embora n&#227;o haja evid&#234;ncia s&#243;lida do seu uso na MCH.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de medica&#231;&#245;es, algumas observa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o importantes. O uso de betabloqueadores e antagonistas do c&#225;lcio pode estar indicado no tratamento da MCH. Como essas medica&#231;&#245;es atenuam a resposta da FC, &#233; poss&#237;vel ocorrer uma resposta cronotr&#243;pica muito reduzida ao esfor&#231;o, o que pode ocasionar aumento da intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e indicar necessidade de ajuste da medica&#231;&#227;o. O uso de diur&#233;ticos em excesso pode ser delet&#233;rio por aumentar o gradiente da via de sa&#237;da. Sendo assim, devem ser utilizados com cautela. Do mesmo modo que os diur&#233;ticos, a desidrata&#231;&#227;o pelo exerc&#237;cio pode elevar o gradiente. Assim, &#233; importante aten&#231;&#227;o a uma adequada hidrata&#231;&#227;o durante o treinamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.6.2. Miocardite</title>
        <p>A patog&#234;nese da miocardite consiste em tr&#234;s fases: les&#227;o aguda, geralmente de etiologia viral; resposta imune do hospedeiro; e recupera&#231;&#227;o, ou transi&#231;&#227;o para fibrose e miocardiopatia dilatada, sendo que, clinicamente, n&#227;o existe uma distin&#231;&#227;o clara entre essas fases. A les&#227;o inicial pode causar dano agudo ao mioc&#225;rdio, com comprometimento contr&#225;til mediado por citocinas produzidas pelo processo inflamat&#243;rio local. Esse quadro inflamat&#243;rio agudo pode evoluir, na fase tardia, para fibrose extensa, o que pode causar dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        <p>A miocardite aguda &#233; suspeitada quando existe a presen&#231;a dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>S&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica com IC aguda, dor tor&#225;cica do tipo angina ou miopericardite com menos de 3 meses de dura&#231;&#227;o;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Eleva&#231;&#227;o inexplicada na dosagem de troponina s&#233;rica;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas sugestivas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Anormalidades contr&#225;teis globais ou segmentares e/ou derrame peric&#225;rdico na ecocardiografia.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>RMN com altera&#231;&#245;es caracter&#237;sticas no sinal tecidual em T2, ou imagens ponderadas em T1, e presen&#231;a de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o em programas de RCV de pacientes com miocardites ap&#243;s a resolu&#231;&#227;o da fase aguda, o assunto &#233; muito pouco estudado e n&#227;o existem estudos cient&#237;ficos sobre a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da interven&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, relatos de casos de RCV nesse perfil de pacientes t&#234;m demonstrado benef&#237;cios na qualidade de vida e na aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, especialmente quando h&#225; comprometimento funcional, mesmo ap&#243;s a melhora do quadro agudo e otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento medicamentoso. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B288">288</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B290">290</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Antes de iniciar a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios, os pacientes com quadro pr&#233;vio de miocardite devem ser submetidos a ecocardiograma, Holter de 24 horas e teste de exerc&#237;cio em um per&#237;odo n&#227;o inferior a 3 a 6 meses ap&#243;s a doen&#231;a aguda. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref></sup> Depois dessa avalia&#231;&#227;o, casos selecionados podem iniciar exerc&#237;cios moderados na RCV, visando os benef&#237;cios gerais obtidos com os pacientes com IC.</p>
        <p>No &#226;mbito esportivo, &#233; razo&#225;vel que atletas retornem a sua rotina normal de treinamento apenas se houver: retorno da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica a valores normais; marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e inflama&#231;&#227;o dentro dos valores normais e aus&#234;ncia de arritmias clinicamente significativas no Holter e no teste de exerc&#237;cio. Ressalta-se que o significado cl&#237;nico da perman&#234;ncia de realce tardio na resson&#226;ncia de pacientes p&#243;s-miocardite, com resolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro, ainda &#233; desconhecido. Sendo assim, parece razo&#225;vel que aqueles com pequenas &#225;reas de realce e sem arritmias significativas no Holter e no exerc&#237;cio possam retornar &#224; atividade esportiva, mantendo acompanhamento cl&#237;nico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em casos cr&#244;nicos, em que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular persiste ao longo do seguimento, o paciente deve seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es gerais para a RCV descritas para a IC cr&#244;nica (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 6</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.6.3. Outras Miocardiopatias</title>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>6.6.3.1. Cardiomiopatia Arritmog&#234;nica do Ventr&#237;culo Direito</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito (CAVD) &#233; uma doen&#231;a heredit&#225;ria que est&#225; associada &#224; MS em jovens e atletas. Patologicamente, ocorre perda de mi&#243;citos, com substitui&#231;&#227;o fibroadiposa, principalmente no mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito, embora o acometimento isolado do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou o biventricular tamb&#233;m possam ocorrer. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref></sup></p>
        <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias, em modelo experimental animal, de que o exerc&#237;cio aumenta a penetr&#226;ncia e o risco de arritmias em portadores de muta&#231;&#245;es tradicionais da CAVD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B292">292</xref></sup> Em indiv&#237;duos com gen&#243;tipos positivos, o aumento do risco de arritmias com o exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi confirmado. Os eventos de taquiarritmias ventriculares e MS geralmente ocorrem durante o esfor&#231;o, incluindo esportes e exerc&#237;cios de <italic>endurance</italic> , com um aumento no risco de taquicardia, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B293">293</xref></sup></p>
        <p>J&#225; foi demonstrado que indiv&#237;duos com CAVD envolvidos em esportes competitivos apresentaram maior ocorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmias ventriculares e MS, al&#233;m de in&#237;cio mais precoce dos sintomas, comparados com aqueles que participaram apenas de atividade f&#237;sica leve e sedent&#225;rios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B270">270</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio foi associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o substancial do risco de taquiarritmias ventriculares ou morte, principalmente nos pacientes sem muta&#231;&#227;o desmossomal detectada e com CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B294">294</xref></sup> Portanto, a evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica sugere que a participa&#231;&#227;o em esportes e exerc&#237;cio intenso est&#225; associada ao in&#237;cio precoce dos sintomas e maior risco de arritmias ventriculares e eventos maiores em pacientes com CAVD. Sendo assim, devem ser desqualificados para a pr&#225;tica esportiva. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B276">276</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o em programas de RCV, n&#227;o h&#225; dados cient&#237;ficos que indiquem ou que sugiram benef&#237;cios dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos para os pacientes com CAVD. Por outro lado, mant&#234;-los sedent&#225;rios, contribuindo para a baixa aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, tamb&#233;m pode n&#227;o ser apropriado, visto que existe associa&#231;&#227;o geral de baixa aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica com mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em um pequeno estudo observacional com pacientes com CAVD, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na taxa de mortalidade entre os indiv&#237;duos inativos e os que realizaram apenas atividades f&#237;sicas recreacionais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B270">270</xref></sup> Desse modo, pode-se supor que a participa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em um programa de RCV supervisionado, com exerc&#237;cios de leve a moderada intensidade, pode n&#227;o ser delet&#233;ria. Dependendo de outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos indiv&#237;duos, como presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos poderiam ser prescritos para o controle dessas condi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Portanto, a inclus&#227;o de um paciente com CAVD em programas de RCV somente deve ser realizada ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e o rigoroso ponderamento entre os riscos e benef&#237;cios dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. Devem ser discutidas as op&#231;&#245;es com o paciente, expondo a aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cios comprovados <italic>versus</italic> riscos potenciais do sedentarismo e baixa aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica. Cabe ao paciente escolher a op&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com suas prefer&#234;ncias pessoais.</p>
        <p>No contexto da RCV, extrapolando os achados em atletas, sugere-se tamb&#233;m restri&#231;&#227;o a maiores intensidades de treinamento. Os pacientes com CAVD poderiam realizar exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos supervisionados de leve a moderada intensidade.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>
            <italic>6.6.3.2. Miocardiopatia N&#227;o Compactada</italic>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <p>A miocardiopatia n&#227;o compactada (MNC) &#233; uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca que ocorre devido &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o embrion&#225;ria da compacta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Caracteriza-se por espessamento segmentar das paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, consistindo em duas camadas: uma epic&#225;rdica compactada e uma endoc&#225;rdica com marcadas trabecula&#231;&#245;es e recessos intratrabeculares profundos, onde os espa&#231;os s&#227;o preenchidos pelo fluxo sangu&#237;neo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B296">296</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sua incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia s&#227;o incertas, segundo alguns registros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, em torno de 0,02 a 0,05%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B297">297</xref></sup> Clinicamente, pode ser assintom&#225;tica ou cursar com sintomas de IC, arritmias ventriculares e/ou atriais, pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o, eventos tromboemb&#243;licos ou MS. N&#227;o existem crit&#233;rios universalmente aceitos para o diagn&#243;stico morfol&#243;gico. Contudo, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado/compactado superior a 2,1:1 no final da s&#237;stole ao ecocardiograma ou 2,3:1 no final da s&#237;stole na RMN tem sido o crit&#233;rio proposto mais aceito atualmente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido como o treinamento f&#237;sico pode influenciar a MNC ou a frequ&#234;ncia de aparecimento da morfologia de n&#227;o compacta&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B299">299</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B300">300</xref></sup> Em estudos recentes, atletas revelaram alta preval&#234;ncia de aumento da trabecula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, quando comparados a um grupo controle (18,3 <italic>versus</italic> 7%). Acredita-se que o aumento da trabecula&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou a exist&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos isolados para miocardiopatias tenham, provavelmente, pequena signific&#226;ncia e possam ser parte do espectro do cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B300">300</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup> Portanto, nem todos os atletas com n&#227;o compacta&#231;&#227;o ventricular isolada t&#234;m o diagn&#243;stico de MNC. Diante disso, existe a necessidade de se considerarem par&#226;metros funcionais, como a FEVE, para decis&#227;o de conduta. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup></p>
        <p>N&#227;o existem, at&#233; o momento, evid&#234;ncias de estudos com RCV ou treinamento na MNC. Sendo assim, pacientes que apresentem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda devem seguir as mesmas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio para aqueles com IC cr&#244;nica (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 6</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6.7. Valvopatias</title>
      <p>Pacientes com valvopatias representam um grupo bastante heterog&#234;neo e podem ter grande variabilidade quanto a faixa et&#225;ria, etiologia, valvas acometidas e gravidade das les&#245;es, seja por estenose, insufici&#234;ncia ou les&#245;es mistas. Entretanto, a maioria das valvopatias tem caracter&#237;sticas em comum, que s&#227;o as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas induzidas pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, como dor tor&#225;cica, dispneia e/ou limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais. A gravidade desses sintomas em pacientes com valvopatias graves pode ser utilizada como um dos crit&#233;rios para a indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea. Al&#233;m disso, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de redu&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica, documentada pelo TCPE ou pelo TE, tamb&#233;m se constitui em crit&#233;rio utilizado para defini&#231;&#227;o de indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B302">302</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um dos problemas no seguimento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes com valvopatias &#233; que a doen&#231;a tem longa evolu&#231;&#227;o. Os sintomas e limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais podem ter lenta instala&#231;&#227;o e progress&#227;o, o que pode levar o paciente a, espontaneamente, reduzir a sua pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, em virtude de sintomatologia aos esfor&#231;os. Com isso, o sedentarismo pode contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica e amplificar sintomas.</p>
      <p>Desse modo, d&#250;vidas podem surgir na condu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica sobre a necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es quando o paciente realizar um TE ou TCPE, como: a identifica&#231;&#227;o de eventuais redu&#231;&#245;es da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica poderia ser decorrente da evolu&#231;&#227;o da valvopatia, do sedentarismo ou de ambas as situa&#231;&#245;es? Nesse contexto, a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e a consequente manuten&#231;&#227;o ou at&#233; melhora da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica s&#227;o importantes para dirimir d&#250;vidas no seguimento de pacientes valvopatas.</p>
      <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o de pacientes valvopatas em programas de RCV ainda &#233; objeto de estudo sobre o significado em termos de custo-efetividade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B305">305</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, o aumento da capacidade funcional dos indiv&#237;duos encaminhados &#224; RCV tem sido consistentemente encontrado, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B307">307</xref></sup> justificando o encaminhamento a programas embasados em exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C).</p>
      <p>A atua&#231;&#227;o da reabilita&#231;&#227;o no cen&#225;rio da valvopatia pode ser subdividida em duas fases: pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, seja esta cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>6.7.1. Fase Pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes com valvopatias moderadas a graves, na fase pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o, s&#227;o menos comuns em programas de RCV. O treinamento &#233; realizado principalmente em casos assintom&#225;ticos, nos quais ainda n&#227;o existe indica&#231;&#227;o de corre&#231;&#227;o da valvopatia.</p>
        <p>A RCV pode ser &#250;til por manter o paciente fisicamente ativo durante a espera pela futura interven&#231;&#227;o. Afinal, o sedentarismo pode deteriorar sua capacidade funcional e, com isso, aumentar o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, principalmente quando a interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizada em idosos com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades e fragilidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B310">310</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, o monitoramento realizado durante as sess&#245;es supervisionadas da RCV pode ser &#250;til para observar mudan&#231;as na sintomatologia e aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, as quais podem indicar uma poss&#237;vel progress&#227;o da valvopatia e sugerir a necessidade de reavalia&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.7.2. Fase P&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes na fase p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o mais comuns em programas de RCV, nos quais o exerc&#237;cio estruturado e sob supervis&#227;o &#233; &#250;til para a observa&#231;&#227;o do comportamento hemodin&#226;mico da nova condi&#231;&#227;o valvar. A obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224;s respostas ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode ajudar o m&#233;dico assistente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; necessidade de ajustes farmacol&#243;gicos e/ou revis&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o valvar. Al&#233;m disso, a pr&#225;tica supervisionada dos exerc&#237;cios confere maior seguran&#231;a ao paciente para retornar &#224;s suas atividades di&#225;rias, de lazer e esporte.</p>
        <p>Apesar de n&#227;o existir nenhum prazo de tempo consensualmente definido para o encaminhamento &#224; RCV no cen&#225;rio da valvopatia, quanto mais precocemente o paciente iniciar os exerc&#237;cios, menores ser&#227;o os preju&#237;zos relacionados &#224; inatividade f&#237;sica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B305">305</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B307">307</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B310">310</xref></sup> A troca de informa&#231;&#245;es entre o m&#233;dico assistente e o da reabilita&#231;&#227;o configura-se como a melhor estrat&#233;gia para defini&#231;&#227;o do momento mais prop&#237;cio para o encaminhamento, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o tem um papel fundamental na consolida&#231;&#227;o dessa decis&#227;o compartilhada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.7.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o sempre ter&#225; como pilares b&#225;sicos e fundamentais a anamnese, o exame f&#237;sico e a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos exames complementares. A hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica deve contemplar: tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o; complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento, como derrame pleural, peric&#225;rdico, mediastinite e infec&#231;&#245;es; tipo e tamanho da pr&#243;tese utilizada; t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica; e se houve CRVM associada, al&#233;m de outras informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que possam ser pertinentes, relativas a outras comorbidades.</p>
        <p>No exame f&#237;sico, as auscultas card&#237;aca e pulmonar s&#227;o importantes. Al&#233;m disso, aten&#231;&#227;o deve ser dada &#224; cicatriz cir&#250;rgica, com verifica&#231;&#227;o de sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o e infec&#231;&#227;o, instabilidade do esterno e dor ou desconforto &#224; palpa&#231;&#227;o. Caso tenha sido realizada revasculariza&#231;&#227;o concomitante, deve-se observar a regi&#227;o da safenectomia e/ou da retirada da art&#233;ria radial. Em casos de procedimentos percut&#226;neos, verifica-se a via de acesso em busca de sinais de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares perif&#233;ricas.</p>
        <p>A busca por anemia no exame f&#237;sico e na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos exames complementares &#233; importante nos pacientes p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, pois &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o frequente e pode impactar negativamente na capacidade funcional. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B311">311</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial da coagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; relevante nos pacientes que receberam pr&#243;teses valvares e iniciaram uso de anticoagulantes. A adequa&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante na preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>O ECG de repouso deve ser realizado para avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias e dist&#250;rbios do ritmo e da condu&#231;&#227;o. O exame mais comumente utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o das valvopatias &#233; o ecocardiograma com Doppler, que possibilita a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e de di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios, a mensura&#231;&#227;o de gradientes transvalvares, a estimativa da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar e as medidas dos fluxos, o que d&#225; uma vis&#227;o ampla do funcionamento do aparelho valvar e da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em repouso. Sendo assim, o ecocardiograma deve ser realizado antes do in&#237;cio da RCV para avaliar o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es nos exerc&#237;cios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B312">312</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional pelo TCPE ou TE &#233; de import&#226;ncia &#237;mpar na an&#225;lise complementar. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B316">316</xref></sup> Esses exames, principalmente o TCPE, fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224; aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica e &#224; repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica da les&#227;o valvar, que pode estar subestimada pela avalia&#231;&#227;o em repouso. Al&#233;m disso, identifica par&#226;metros que s&#227;o utilizados para guiar a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos limites de intensidade e restri&#231;&#245;es causadas pela valvopatia. Na indisponibilidade do TCPE ou TE, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outros testes funcionais, como o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e o teste de degraus, deve ser considerada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B317">317</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B320">320</xref></sup></p>
        <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que o TCPE ou TE em pacientes com les&#245;es esten&#243;ticas configuram situa&#231;&#245;es de maior risco. Por esta raz&#227;o, devem ser realizados somente por m&#233;dicos com experi&#234;ncia nesse tipo de avalia&#231;&#227;o e em servi&#231;o com retaguarda de seguran&#231;a. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B321">321</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da indica&#231;&#227;o dos testes funcionais na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o da RCV, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; adequada para esclarecer d&#250;vidas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sintomatologia de pacientes valvopatas na fase pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o. A associa&#231;&#227;o com o ecocardiograma ajuda a avaliar a resposta em esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico do gradiente transvalvar e da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar, principalmente quando h&#225; discrep&#226;ncia entre os achados do ecocardiograma em repouso e os sinais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B322">322</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Outra quest&#227;o relevante &#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes idosos, que frequentemente s&#227;o acometidos pelas doen&#231;as valvares e apresentam uma alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco e comorbidades. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B324">324</xref></sup> Em virtude do elevado risco cir&#250;rgico, tais pacientes t&#234;m sido submetidos a procedimentos percut&#226;neos das valvas a&#243;rtica <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B325">325</xref></sup> e mitral. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B326">326</xref></sup> Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, a RCV pode ser considerada antes da interven&#231;&#227;o, com o objetivo de diminuir as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, a mortalidade e a morbidade relacionadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome da fragilidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B327">327</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o, a RCV permite monitorar e otimizar os resultados do procedimento em todos os seus aspectos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B328">328</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B331">331</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome de fragilidade ainda &#233; objeto de discuss&#227;o na literatura, sem um consenso de qual o melhor protocolo para avaliar os resultados da RCV. A avalia&#231;&#227;o deve incluir testes objetivos e instrumentos de abordagem do risco em v&#225;rios dom&#237;nios: mobilidade, massa e for&#231;a musculares, independ&#234;ncia nas atividades da vida di&#225;ria, fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva, nutri&#231;&#227;o, ansiedade e depress&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B332">332</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.7.4. Particularidades na Prescri&#231;&#227;o e no Acompanhamento dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</title>
        <p>Nesta se&#231;&#227;o, s&#227;o abordadas as orienta&#231;&#245;es e recomenda&#231;&#245;es para exerc&#237;cios em pacientes com les&#245;es valvares de grau moderado ou grave, visto que n&#227;o h&#225; restri&#231;&#227;o para a pr&#225;tica nos casos de les&#245;es leves. A participa&#231;&#227;o em esportes competitivos deve observar as publica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas sobre o assunto. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B276">276</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B333">333</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref></sup> A evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica &#233; escassa quanto ao impacto do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a valvar e de suas complica&#231;&#245;es. Portanto, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o fundamentadas em opini&#245;es de especialistas (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C).</p>
        <p>Agudamente, o exerc&#237;cio provoca um aumento do t&#244;nus adren&#233;rgico e da carga hemodin&#226;mica imposta ao sistema cardiovascular, o que causa preocupa&#231;&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o aos potenciais efeitos delet&#233;rios cardiovasculares nos pacientes com valvopatias, tais como progress&#227;o de aortopatias, deteriora&#231;&#227;o funcional, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, remodelamento card&#237;aco, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e arritmias.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;as valvares que iniciar&#227;o um programa de RCV devem ser submetidos a um teste de esfor&#231;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o e prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 9</xref> resume as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, sem interven&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, com doen&#231;as valvares moderadas ou importantes. Em geral, o treinamento ser&#225; realizado com combina&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e resistidos. Quando n&#227;o houver restri&#231;&#245;es, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio ser&#227;o as mesmas utilizadas para indiv&#237;duos sem cardiopatia.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Tabela 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com valvopatias</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Valvopatia</th>
                  <th>Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico</th>
                  <th>Exerc&#237;cio resistido</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica</td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>Moderada ou importante</bold> (fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal; DSVE &lt; 50 mm em homens ou &lt; 40 mm em mulheres; boa capacidade funcional) <bold>Sem restri&#231;&#245;es</bold></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Moderada ou importante Evitar alta intensidade</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estenose a&#243;rtica</td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>Moderada ou importante</bold> (fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal; boa capacidade funcional; aus&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, arritmia ventricular complexa ou resposta em plat&#244;/queda da PAS) <bold>Evitar alta intensidade</bold></td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>Moderada</bold> Evitar alta intesidade <bold>Importante</bold> Limitada a baixa intensidade para manuten&#231;&#227;o das atividades cotidianas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia mitral</td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>Moderada ou importante</bold> (boa fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular; DDVE &lt; 60 mm; PSAP &lt; 30 mmHg) <bold>Sem restri&#231;&#245;es</bold></td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>Moderada ou importante</bold> Evitar alta intensidade</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estenose mitral</td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>Moderada ou importante</bold> (boa capacidade funcional) <bold>Evitar alta intensidade</bold></td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>Moderada ou importante</bold> (boa capacidade funcional) <bold>Evitar alta intensidade</bold></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>
                  <italic>DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Para pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, sem indica&#231;&#227;o de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou que n&#227;o apresentam as caracter&#237;sticas descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 9</xref> , a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio deve ser limitada, conforme a ocorr&#234;ncia de anormalidades observadas no teste de esfor&#231;o, pois se assume que insultos repetidos nessa intensidade poderiam aumentar o risco dos exerc&#237;cios e induzir, a longo prazo, potenciais efeitos delet&#233;rios na valvopatia. A prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio deve ser limitada &#224; intensidade de esfor&#231;o equivalente a 10 bpm abaixo da FC em que ocorreu a anormalidade no teste de esfor&#231;o. As cargas e a percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o podem ser utilizadas em situa&#231;&#245;es em que a FC n&#227;o &#233; um bom par&#226;metro de controle, como na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou em ritmos controlados pelo marcapasso artificial. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Tabela 10</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t15">
            <label>Tabela 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#245;es no teste de exerc&#237;cio que indicam limites para prescri&#231;&#227;o de intensidade do treinamento em valvopatas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Altera&#231;&#245;es induzidas pelo esfor&#231;o</th>
                  <th>Detalhamento</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sinais e sintomas</td>
                  <td align="center">In&#237;cio de angina, equivalente anginoso ou outros sinais/sintomas indicativos de intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">In&#237;cio do comportamento em plat&#244; ou queda da PAS; ou PAS &gt; 220 mmHg; ou PAD &gt; 115 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segmento ST</td>
                  <td align="center">In&#237;cio do infradesnivelamento (horizontal ou descendente) do segmento ST superior a 1 mm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">Evid&#234;ncia de queda da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular no esfor&#231;o ou in&#237;cio de anormalidade moderada a importante da mobilidade parietal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulso O <sub>2</sub> no TCPE</td>
                  <td align="center">Sinais de plat&#244; precoce ou queda no esfor&#231;o, apesar do aumento da carga</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arritmias</td>
                  <td align="center">Bloqueio AV de graus 2 e 3, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, taquicardia supraventricular ou arritmia ventricular complexa</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>
                  <italic>TCPE: teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, AV: atrioventricular.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valvopatia, os limites de intensidade da prescri&#231;&#227;o depender&#227;o da doen&#231;a de base, do resultado do procedimento, da presen&#231;a de les&#245;es residuais, da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e da resposta ao teste de exerc&#237;cio. Sendo assim, cada caso deve ser analisado individualmente e os limites definidos pela avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e pelos resultados dos exames complementares realizados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6.8. Portadores de Marcapasso card&#237;aco ou Cardioversor Desfibrilador Implant&#225;vel</title>
      <p>Esta se&#231;&#227;o se destina &#224;s particularidades sobre os dispositivos implant&#225;veis: marcapasso card&#237;aco (MP) e cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI). O MP &#233; indicado em fun&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades el&#233;tricas, que podem ser isolada (doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal, bloqueio atrioventricular (AV) de grau avan&#231;ado) ou associada a cardiopatias estruturais. O CDI &#233; indicado para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria de MS, em pacientes com doen&#231;as el&#233;tricas e/ou cardiopatias graves. Dependendo da cardiopatia presente, devem ser consideradas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre a RCV abordadas anteriormente.</p>
      <p>Uma das preocupa&#231;&#245;es nos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos em portadores de MP ou CDI &#233; relativa ao risco de complica&#231;&#245;es com o dispositivo, especialmente em atividades com chances de colis&#227;o corporal. Nos portadores de CDI, h&#225; o receio de choques, o que pode levar a modifica&#231;&#245;es comportamentais nos pacientes, com redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica di&#225;ria e participa&#231;&#227;o em exerc&#237;cios de moderada intensidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B336">336</xref></sup> Os profissionais de sa&#250;de tamb&#233;m compartilham desses receios, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B337">337</xref></sup> o que pode reduzir as orienta&#231;&#245;es para a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios. Por&#233;m, tem sido demonstrado que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; seguro e n&#227;o est&#225; associado ao aumento do risco de choques ou de outros eventos adversos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B338">338</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B342">342</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o t&#234;m sido observadas complica&#231;&#245;es relativas ao CDI, mesmo em atletas competitivos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B343">343</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B344">344</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia, para a adequada libera&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios, que se conhe&#231;am o motivo do implante e os par&#226;metros de programa&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, que dever&#227;o ser investigados na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>6.8.1. Benef&#237;cios Terap&#234;uticos dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</title>
        <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B342">342</xref></sup> que englobou 14 estudos com um total de 2.681 pacientes portadores de CDI comprovou efeito ben&#233;fico do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na capacidade funcional desses indiv&#237;duos, com um aumento m&#233;dio de VO <sub>2</sub> de 2,4 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> . Em outra meta-an&#225;lise, com cinco estudos randomizados e um n&#227;o randomizado em pacientes com IC e CDI, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B341">341</xref></sup> o resultado na capacidade f&#237;sica foi semelhante, com aumento no VO <sub>2</sub> pico de 1,98 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s terapias por CDI e treinamento f&#237;sico, uma das meta-an&#225;lises n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as significativas. O percentual de choques associados aos exerc&#237;cio variou de 0 a 20% entre os estudos, com uma m&#233;dia de 2,2%, similar ao percentual de choques em um per&#237;odo de seguimento n&#227;o relacionado ao exerc&#237;cio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B342">342</xref></sup> Sendo assim, apesar dos receios previamente descritos, o treinamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o se associou a aumento dos choques pelo CDI e se mostrou seguro.</p>
        <p>Outra meta-an&#225;lise relatou menor probabilidade de choques ao longo do seguimento nos pacientes participantes da RCV em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles, corroborando o resultado anterior de um estudo observacional, que relatou maior incid&#234;ncia de choques pelo CDI em pacientes que n&#227;o participavam de programas de RCV. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B341">341</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B345">345</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Uma das poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para a menor incid&#234;ncia de arritmias e choques nos pacientes em RCV seria a melhora da capacidade f&#237;sica, pois j&#225; foi previamente documentado que maior aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica est&#225; associada a menor incid&#234;ncia de arritmias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B346">346</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os exerc&#237;cios poderiam reduzir a arritmogenicidade mioc&#225;rdica, em fun&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento e da menor excitabilidade simp&#225;tica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em um estudo nacional com 10 anos de acompanhamento, que contou com 150 pacientes com CDI em programa de RCV, submetidos a TCPE ou TE para prescri&#231;&#227;o do treinamento, ocorreram apenas tr&#234;s eventos de choques apropriados, o que refor&#231;a a seguran&#231;a das avalia&#231;&#245;es e da RCV nesses indiv&#237;duos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B348">348</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.8.2. Quando Indicar Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</title>
        <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode e deve ser indicado desde que a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente seja est&#225;vel e o tratamento cl&#237;nico, otimizado. Al&#233;m dos benef&#237;cios potenciais na cardiopatia de base, a RCV contribui para o aumento da capacidade f&#237;sica e pode atuar na redu&#231;&#227;o das arritmias e nos choques pelo CDI ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Tabela 11</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t16">
            <label>Tabela 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Indica&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e outros tratamentos em pacientes com cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos para aumento de capacidade f&#237;sica em pacientes est&#225;veis e portadores de CDI <sup>341,342</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos para poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o da probabilidade de choques em pacientes portadores de CDI <sup>341</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de eletroestimula&#231;&#227;o neuromuscular em portadores de dispositivos com sensores bipolares, quando realizada em musculaturas distantes do implante <sup>349</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>
                  <italic>CDI: cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel. Considerar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cardiopatia estrutural, se presente.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.8.3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nos portadores de dispositivos implant&#225;veis h&#225; necessidade de conhecer o motivo do implante, a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, a presen&#231;a de arritmias e, principalmente, os par&#226;metros de ajuste do dispositivo. Dentre os ajustes do MP, &#233; importante saber o modo de programa&#231;&#227;o, os limites programados de FC, o tipo e a adapta&#231;&#227;o do sensor de frequ&#234;ncia. Nos pacientes com CDI, &#233; fundamental obter informa&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224;s FC programadas para terapias de choque ou <italic>burst</italic> .</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica habitual, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ao esfor&#231;o &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia, sendo ideal a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE ou TE para determina&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e an&#225;lise do comportamento do dispositivo em esfor&#231;o. Entretanto, a impossibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o desses exames n&#227;o dever&#225; ser um fator limitante para a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios. Nesses casos, o monitoramento das sess&#245;es poder&#225; dar ind&#237;cios da necessidade de adequa&#231;&#245;es na programa&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, geralmente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ajustes da FC m&#225;xima programada e da resposta do sensor.</p>
        <p>Durante as sess&#245;es da RCV, poder&#225; ser utilizado o monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, que pode ser feito com o uso de sistemas de telemetria. Dispositivos para controle da FC, como os cardiofrequenc&#237;metros, tamb&#233;m podem ser usados para monitoramento durante as sess&#245;es de RCV desses pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref></sup> Em virtude das altera&#231;&#245;es do tra&#231;ado, causadas pelo comando artificial, pode haver erro na determina&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica da FC, tanto pela an&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica quanto pelos frequenc&#237;metros. Sendo assim, &#233; importante aten&#231;&#227;o a esses poss&#237;veis erros, com verifica&#231;&#227;o manual, se necess&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.8.4. Particularidades na Prescri&#231;&#227;o e no Acompanhamento dos Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos</title>
        <p>Na prescri&#231;&#227;o e defini&#231;&#227;o de limites de intensidade para o treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico, deve-se ter conhecimento da programa&#231;&#227;o do CDI e limitar a intensidade a 10 a 20 bpm abaixo da FC programada para a terap&#234;utica (choque ou <italic>burst</italic> ). Esse cuidado &#233; especialmente importante em indiv&#237;duos jovens, que podem ter FC elevada no treinamento. Em pacientes mais idosos, com IC e uso de altas doses de betabloqueadores, a FC pico observada no TE ou TCPE costuma estar abaixo da FC de terapia do CDI.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes portadores de MP podem ter diferentes respostas cronotr&#243;picas, observadas no TCPE ou TE, o que ir&#225; impactar na prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos. Adicionalmente, o ritmo pr&#243;prio do indiv&#237;duo, o tipo de MP e a presen&#231;a de sensor influenciar&#227;o a resposta da FC ao esfor&#231;o e, consequentemente, a prescri&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B351">351</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A seguir est&#227;o listados quatro tipos de poss&#237;veis respostas do MP ao esfor&#231;o:</p>
        <p><bold>1) Resposta cronotr&#243;pica sinusal normal ou deprimida. MP sem atua&#231;&#227;o (inibido).</bold> A resposta cronotr&#243;pica em esfor&#231;o &#233; mediada pelo ritmo sinusal e pode estar normal ou deprimida (por doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal e/ou efeito medicamentoso). A condu&#231;&#227;o ventricular ocorre pela via pr&#243;pria, e o MP n&#227;o atua no esfor&#231;o. Em alguns casos, ele pode atuar em repouso e em cargas iniciais, com comando atrial e/ou ventricular. Por&#233;m, no esfor&#231;o, o MP se inibe, predominando as respostas sinusais e a condu&#231;&#227;o ventricular pela via pr&#243;pria. Nesse tipo de resposta ao esfor&#231;o, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de intensidade segue as rotinas habituais e n&#227;o &#233; influenciada pela presen&#231;a do MP.</p>
        <p><bold>2) Resposta cronotr&#243;pica sinusal normal ou deprimida. MP com comando ventricular no esfor&#231;o.</bold> A resposta cronotr&#243;pica em esfor&#231;o &#233; mediada pelo ritmo sinusal, que &#233; percebida pelo MP com subsequente comando ventricular, de modo sincronizado e de acordo com os intervalos AV programados. Nesse caso, se a programa&#231;&#227;o do limite m&#225;ximo de resposta de FC do MP for adequada &#224; resposta sinusal do paciente, n&#227;o haver&#225; problema para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de intensidade por FC, pois o ventr&#237;culo estar&#225; pareado com a atividade sinusal. Por&#233;m, se a FC m&#225;xima programada do MP for inferior &#224; resposta sinusal do paciente, em moderada a alta carga haver&#225; uma perda do pareamento da atividade ventricular com a sinusal. Ent&#227;o, o MP bloquear&#225; alguns est&#237;mulos sinusais por meio de um <italic>Wenckebach</italic> mediado pelo dispositivo ou eletr&#244;nico, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B352">352</xref></sup> de modo a manter a FC ventricular dentro do limite programado, havendo um plat&#244; na resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao esfor&#231;o. Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, a perda do pareamento do ritmo sinusal com a frequ&#234;ncia ventricular limitar&#225; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da FC para controle de intensidade. A prescri&#231;&#227;o dever&#225; ser feita por cargas relativas e/ou sensa&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <p>No caso do <italic>Wenckebach</italic> eletr&#244;nico, &#233; necess&#225;ria a extrema aten&#231;&#227;o no TCPE ou TE, ap&#243;s iniciar a sua ocorr&#234;ncia. &#201; fundamental ter a informa&#231;&#227;o precisa de qual &#233; a FC atrial em que o MP inicia o bloqueio 2:1, pois nela o comando ventricular ser&#225; na propor&#231;&#227;o 2:1, podendo ocorrer queda s&#250;bita da FC em esfor&#231;o, a qual pode ser sintom&#225;tica, por redu&#231;&#227;o abrupta do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Sendo assim, a menos que as FC programadas de <italic>Wenckebach</italic> eletr&#244;nico e de bloqueio 2:1 sejam muito distantes, a FC do <italic>Wenckebach</italic> eletr&#244;nico poder&#225; tornar-se um limite para o TCPE ou TE e para a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios.</p>
        <p>Nesses casos, deve-se considerar e discutir com o m&#233;dico assistente a reprograma&#231;&#227;o do MP, para melhor pareamento com a resposta sinusal do paciente. Outra op&#231;&#227;o, a depender do quadro cl&#237;nico, &#233; a otimiza&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es cronotr&#243;picas negativas, como os betabloqueadores. Com isso, a menor resposta sinusal poder&#225; evitar a ocorr&#234;ncia descrita.</p>
        <p><bold>3) Resposta cronotr&#243;pica mediada pelo MP e fixa, com aus&#234;ncia de sensor.</bold> Alguns pacientes podem n&#227;o ter atividade sinusal, como na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Nesses casos, em indiv&#237;duos com bloqueio AV completo, haver&#225; total depend&#234;ncia de comando ventricular pelo MP. Se n&#227;o houver sensor, ou se este estiver desativado, haver&#225; aus&#234;ncia de resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao esfor&#231;o e o MP ter&#225; FC fixa. Esse tipo de MP ou programa&#231;&#227;o &#233; muito raro atualmente e tal resposta limita completamente a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da FC na prescri&#231;&#227;o, que deve se basear na determina&#231;&#227;o da intensidade por cargas e/ou pela sensa&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <p><bold>4) Resposta cronotr&#243;pica mediada pelo MP com presen&#231;a de sensor.</bold> Nos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e bloqueio AV, conforme descrito anteriormente, mas com o sensor do MP presente e ativado, haver&#225; depend&#234;ncia do comando ventricular, mas a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sensor no esfor&#231;o conduzir&#225; a uma resposta cronotr&#243;pica mediada pelo MP. Em pacientes com ritmo sinusal, mas com grande d&#233;ficit cronotr&#243;pico, por doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal e/ou efeito medicamentoso, poder&#225; ocorrer resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao esfor&#231;o tamb&#233;m mediada pelo sensor do MP, com comando atrial seguido ou n&#227;o de comando ventricular.</p>
        <p>A velocidade e magnitude da resposta do sensor ao esfor&#231;o s&#227;o program&#225;veis, com possibilidades de ajustes do limiar da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sensor, da velocidade de incremento da FC ao esfor&#231;o e sua redu&#231;&#227;o na recupera&#231;&#227;o, bem como do limite m&#225;ximo da FC do sensor. Na realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE ou TE, poder&#225; ser verificada a adequa&#231;&#227;o da resposta, com identifica&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis necessidades de reprograma&#231;&#245;es do MP, que devem ser discutidas com o m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
        <p>Nesses casos, como a resposta cronotr&#243;pica ser&#225; mediada artificialmente pelo dispositivo, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de intensidade de exerc&#237;cios por FC poder&#225; ser imprecisa. Sendo assim, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o das cargas relativas e/ou a percep&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o ser&#227;o preferenciais.</p>
        <p>Dispositivos com sensores do tipo aceler&#244;metro e detec&#231;&#227;o do movimento axial, que s&#227;o os mais usuais, t&#234;m boa resposta ao esfor&#231;o na esteira, caminhada ou corrida. Por&#233;m, na bicicleta estacion&#225;ria n&#227;o h&#225; movimento vertical e o sensor n&#227;o ativa ou &#233; pouco ativado. Com isso, h&#225; menor resposta cronotr&#243;pica no erg&#244;metro, que pode variar de acordo com a resposta individual do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.8.5. Treinamento Resistido</title>
        <p>A pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios resistidos &#233; importante na RCV em diversas cardiopatias. Entretanto, ap&#243;s o implante do dispositivo, alguns cuidados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios at&#233; a completa cicatriza&#231;&#227;o, a fim de evitar les&#227;o vascular, deslocamento do gerador e fratura de eletrodos. Recomenda-se, por exemplo, cautela ao executar exerc&#237;cios com pesos e eleva&#231;&#227;o excessiva dos MMSS durante as primeiras seis semanas ap&#243;s o implante. Al&#233;m disso, movimentos repetitivos e intensos com o membro relacionado ao implante do marcapasso devem ser evitados.</p>
        <p>Entretanto, tais orienta&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o mais ligadas a pacientes envolvidos com esportes, sendo improv&#225;veis no caso de exerc&#237;cios realizados em centros de RCV. Em um estudo com mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce e supervisionada da cintura escapular ap&#243;s o implante imediato de MP, n&#227;o foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es ao dispositivo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.8.6. Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica Neuromuscular</title>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da eletroestimula&#231;&#227;o neuromuscular (ENM) em pacientes com IC tem sido difundida, principalmente naqueles impossibilitados de praticar exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos pela gravidade cl&#237;nica. A ENM pode melhorar a capacidade aer&#243;bica, a for&#231;a muscular e a &#225;rea transversa da musculatura do quadr&#237;ceps, demonstrando ser uma efetiva op&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio passivo nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B354">354</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B356">356</xref></sup> Entretanto, tamb&#233;m &#233; crescente o uso de dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos nesses pacientes (CDI, MP e ressincronizadores), o que causa preocupa&#231;&#227;o quanto ao uso da ENM, pela possibilidade de interfer&#234;ncia eletromagn&#233;tica.</p>
        <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B349">349</xref></sup> demonstrou que a ENM na musculatura de quadr&#237;ceps parece ser segura e vi&#225;vel em pacientes com IC e CDI com sensores bipolares. Entretanto, a pr&#243;pria revis&#227;o ressalta que o n&#250;mero de estudos e pacientes avaliados &#233; muito pequeno para conclus&#245;es mais abrangentes e conclui que o uso pode ser feito se forem satisfeitas as seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Se os riscos individuais (depend&#234;ncia do MP, IC aguda, angina inst&#225;vel, arritmia ventricular nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses) tiverem sido exclu&#237;dos antes de iniciar a ENM.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Se o uso da ENM for realizado apenas nos m&#250;sculos de quadr&#237;ceps e gl&#250;teos.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Se o tratamento for regularmente supervisionado por um m&#233;dico e o dispositivo for avaliado ap&#243;s o uso da ENM.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Portanto, no momento, apesar de parecer ser segura a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ENM em portadores de dispositivos com sensores bipolares, quando realizada em musculaturas distantes do implante, ainda h&#225; necessidade de estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes, para que haja possibilidade de uso amplo sem avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada do dispositivo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6.9. Doen&#231;a Arterial Obstrutiva Perif&#233;rica</title>
      <p>O AVC tem sido justamente tratado como doen&#231;a grave e de grande repercuss&#227;o em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Por&#233;m, outras doen&#231;as arteriais perif&#233;ricas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o muito prevalentes e apresentam grande morbimortalidade, embora n&#227;o tenham sido devidamente abordadas, prejudicando a preven&#231;&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico e o efetivo tratamento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B357">357</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B358">358</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, destaca-se a doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica (DAOP) de MMII, que, em seu est&#225;gio mais grave, a isquemia cr&#237;tica, apresenta elevado risco de eventos cardiovasculares, amputa&#231;&#227;o de MMII e morte. A isquemia cr&#237;tica dos MMII, com o crescimento de fatores de risco, tais como idade, diabetes e tabagismo, tem aumentado a sua preval&#234;ncia e acomete, atualmente, cerca de 2 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos somente nos EUA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B359">359</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de DAOP &#233; suspeitada quando h&#225; dor em MMII ao esfor&#231;o, sem aparente etiologia ortop&#233;dica, e o &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) &#233; menor que 0,90 em repouso. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B360">360</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B361">361</xref></sup> O ITB tem sido recomendado como recurso diagn&#243;stico a ser usado anteriormente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos de imagem. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref></sup> Testes funcionais em esfor&#231;o podem ser necess&#225;rios para auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico, especialmente quando o ITB for maior que 0,91, e tamb&#233;m para classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional e prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios na RCV.</p>
      <p>A caminhada pode ser avaliada por meio de testes de campo, que possibilitam o diagn&#243;stico de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, com determina&#231;&#227;o das dist&#226;ncias percorridas para o in&#237;cio da sintomatologia (claudica&#231;&#227;o inicial) e para o surgimento da total limita&#231;&#227;o funcional (claudica&#231;&#227;o absoluta).</p>
      <p>Em esteira, tem sido proposta a utiliza&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de teste funcional em esfor&#231;o, com medida do ITB em repouso e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio. A presen&#231;a de DAOP &#233; sugerida quando ocorre redu&#231;&#227;o do ITB p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio superior a 20% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso, ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio maior que 30 mmHg em rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B363">363</xref></sup> Outro estudo relatou notas de corte menores, sendo sugerida DAOP quando h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o do ITB p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio acima de 18,5% e diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio maior que 15 mmHg. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando o risco cardiovascular global desses pacientes, o tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado deve sempre ser institu&#237;do. Al&#233;m disso, a interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo e a terapia farmacol&#243;gica com estatinas e antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios devem ser consideradas, bem como o adequado controle glic&#234;mico e press&#243;rico. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso do Cilostazol, n&#227;o h&#225; um consenso nas diretrizes de sociedades m&#233;dicas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B363">363</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, os exerc&#237;cios t&#234;m potencial para influenciar na morbimortalidade, com redu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, melhora da qualidade de vida e aumento da dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima caminhada ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t17">Tabela 12</xref> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref></sup> As atividades f&#237;sicas realizadas sob supervis&#227;o direta t&#234;m se mostrado mais efetivas do que sem supervis&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B366">366</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t17">
          <label>Tabela 12</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica de membros inferiores</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionado para melhora funcional, da qualidade de vida e redu&#231;&#227;o da claudica&#231;&#227;o <sup>365,369,375,376</sup></td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico domiciliar ou outras modalidades de treinamento para melhora funcional <sup>366,370,371</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, um programa de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos supervisionados deve ser discutido como op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento antes da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o <sup>375,376</sup></td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em 14 ensaios cl&#237;nicos (1.002 participantes), com interven&#231;&#227;o entre 6 semanas e 12 meses, a caminhada livre de dor aumentou cerca de 180 metros a mais no treinamento sob supervis&#227;o direta, quando comparado ao treinamento sob supervis&#227;o indireta. O treinamento f&#237;sico tem se mostrado seguro. Na maioria dos estudos s&#227;o realizados exerc&#237;cios de caminhadas, com indu&#231;&#227;o do sintoma de claudica&#231;&#227;o, em programas com dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 3 meses e, pelo menos, tr&#234;s sess&#245;es semanais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos paciente com DAOP, o treinamento sob supervis&#227;o direta tem sido superior em termos de custo-efetividade, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref></sup> embora aquele sob supervis&#227;o indireta (RCV domiciliar) tenha se mostrado uma boa alternativa, com efeitos positivos sobre a qualidade de vida e a toler&#226;ncia &#224; caminhada, sendo significativamente superior &#224; mera recomenda&#231;&#227;o para caminhar. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B370">370</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quando a caminhada n&#227;o puder ser realizada, outros tipos de atividades, como ciclismo, exerc&#237;cios resistidos e erg&#244;metro de MMSS, t&#234;m se mostrado efetivos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup> Cabe ainda ressaltar que exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos n&#227;o podem ser realizados por pacientes com isquemia cr&#237;tica, mas devem ser considerados o mais breve poss&#237;vel ap&#243;s tratamento intervencionista com sucesso. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B373">373</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 12 ensaios cl&#237;nicos, com um total de 1.548 pacientes, comparando os claudicantes em tratamento farmacol&#243;gico (em treinamento f&#237;sico), os com interven&#231;&#227;o endovascular e os com cirurgia aberta, mostrou que todas as alternativas proporcionaram aumento da dist&#226;ncia caminhada, redu&#231;&#227;o de sintomas e melhora da qualidade de vida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup> A interven&#231;&#227;o endovascular e a cirurgia aberta t&#234;m comprovadamente se mostrado eficazes para o al&#237;vio de sintomas, aumento da dist&#226;ncia caminhada e melhora da qualidade de vida. Al&#233;m disso, est&#227;o indicadas quando, ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cl&#237;nico pleno ou otimizado (exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado), persistirem sintomas graves que influenciem negativamente na vida di&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>Em um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado com 111 pacientes com DAOP aortoil&#237;aca e seguimento de 6 meses, foi evidenciado que o aumento do tempo de exerc&#237;cio no TE incremental foi maior no grupo que realizou exerc&#237;cios supervisionados do que no que realizou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com <italic>stent</italic> . <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B375">375</xref></sup> Entretanto, ap&#243;s 18 meses de seguimento, os benef&#237;cios funcionais e na qualidade de vida foram equivalentes nos grupos com treinamento ou com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e, em ambos os casos, foram superiores aos do grupo que realizou somente tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B376">376</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos compararam a efic&#225;cia e efetividade do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionado, a angioplastia e o tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, utilizando uma infinidade de desenhos diferentes. A maioria dos ensaios consistia em dois bra&#231;os de tratamento. Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas j&#225; citadas sugeriram que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionado pode ser superior ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado ou &#224; angioplastia. Essas meta-an&#225;lises, no entanto, inclu&#237;ram estudos com compara&#231;&#245;es diretas entre dois bra&#231;os de tratamento espec&#237;ficos (p. ex., angioplastia <italic>vers</italic> us treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado) ou utilizaram uma abordagem que n&#227;o permitia a inclus&#227;o e a compara&#231;&#227;o direta de todos os tratamentos dispon&#237;veis da claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B377">377</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por esses motivos, uma recente meta-an&#225;lise buscou estabelecer todas as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os tratamentos dispon&#237;veis, no intuito de verificar a melhor conduta no manejo do paciente com DAOP sintom&#225;tica. Foram inclu&#237;dos 2.983 pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente (m&#233;dia de idade de 68 anos e 54,5% de homens). As compara&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas entre tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado (n = 688), treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado (n = 1.189), angioplastia (n = 511) e angioplastia mais treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado (n = 395). O seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 12 meses. Comparados ao tratamento medicamentoso otimizado isoladamente, a angioplastia e o treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado superaram todas as outras estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas, havendo ganho de dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima de caminhada de 290 m (IC 95%: 180 a 390 m; p &lt; 0,001) ou ganho proporcional de 141% (IC 95%: 86,85 a 188,3%; p &lt; 0,001), com per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 12 meses. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado isoladamente e a angioplastia associada ao treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado novamente superaram as demais modalidades de tratamento, com ganho de dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima de caminhada de 110 m (IC 95%: 16 a 200 m; p &lt; 0,001) ou incremento proporcional de 66% (IC 95%: 9,66 a 121%; p &lt; 0,001). O treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado, com aumento de dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima de caminhada de 180 m (IC 95%: 130 a 230 m) e ganho proporcional de 87% (IC 95%: 63 a 111%) foi superior &#224; angioplastia isolada, mas inferior ao treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado associado &#224; angioplastia, no quesito dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima de caminhada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses estudos de revis&#227;o t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es importantes para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Isso porque todos os pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente devem receber tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, tendo em vista as evid&#234;ncias que demonstram redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares futuros e melhora de desfechos relacionados aos membros. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B379">379</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B380">380</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado e a angioplastia s&#227;o fundamentais para melhorar a dist&#226;ncia de caminhada e a qualidade de vida. Essa recente meta-an&#225;lise citada sugere fortemente que o treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado, associado &#224; angioplastia, deve fazer parte do tratamento de primeira linha, sempre no contexto da terapia medicamentosa otimizada. A oferta de angioplastia sem treinamento f&#237;sico otimizado deve ser evitada sempre que poss&#237;vel. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, frequentemente, os centros de tratamento da DAOP oferecem primeiramente a angioplastia, devido &#224; car&#234;ncia de centros voltados ao treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado. N&#227;o se pode negligenciar que o treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado enfrenta resist&#234;ncia por parte do pr&#243;prio paciente, provocando pouca ades&#227;o ao tratamento, o que justifica, em parte, a conduta majorit&#225;ria pelo tratamento percut&#226;neo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B381">381</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, esses estudos recentes, que investigaram as modalidades de tratamento da DAOP sintom&#225;tica com treinamento f&#237;sico isolado ou associado &#224; angioplastia, t&#234;m demonstrando os benef&#237;cios da combina&#231;&#227;o dos tratamentos, o que pode aumentar a probabilidade de que a RCV se torne cada vez mais difundida e acess&#237;vel. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B382">382</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sendo assim, al&#233;m do tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, a angioplastia combinada ao treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado parece ser a estrat&#233;gia ideal para tratamento inicial dos pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, tanto para melhorar a m&#225;xima dist&#226;ncia de caminhada, como para a qualidade de vida. No entanto, os dados dessas &#250;ltimas revis&#245;es s&#227;o incapazes de afirmar se primeiramente deve ser proposto o treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado e, posteriormente, a angioplastia, ou vice-versa.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p><bold>Nota:</bold> estas Diretrizes se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Esta diretriz dever&#225; ser citada como:</bold> Carvalho T, Milani M, Ferraz AS, Silveira AD, Herdy AH, Hossri CAC, et al. Diretriz Brasileira de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular &#8211; 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(5):943-987.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="abbr">
        <label>Lista de Abreviaturas de Acr&#244;nimos</label>
        <p>1RM &#8211; Teste de 1 repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima</p>
        <p>AV &#8211; Atrioventricular</p>
        <p>AVC &#8211; Acidente vascular cerebral</p>
        <p>CAVD &#8211; Cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito</p>
        <p>CDI &#8211; Cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel</p>
        <p>CRVM &#8211; Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
        <p>DAC &#8211; Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</p>
        <p>DAOP &#8211; Doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica</p>
        <p>DCV &#8211; Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</p>
        <p>DRC &#8211; Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</p>
        <p>DDVE &#8211; Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</p>
        <p>DSVE &#8211; Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</p>
        <p>ECG &#8211; Eletrocardiograma</p>
        <p>ENM &#8211; Eletroestimula&#231;&#227;o neuromuscular</p>
        <p>FC &#8211; Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
        <p>FEVE &#8211; Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</p>
        <p>IAM &#8211; Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
        <p>IC &#8211; Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
        <p>IC 95% &#8211; Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</p>
        <p>ICP &#8211; Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea</p>
        <p>ITB &#8211; &#205;ndice tornozelo-braquial</p>
        <p>HAS &#8211; Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</p>
        <p>MCH &#8211; Miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</p>
        <p>MET &#8211; Equivalente metab&#243;lico</p>
        <p>MMII &#8211; Membros inferiores</p>
        <p>MMSS &#8211; Membros superiores</p>
        <p>MNC &#8211; Miocardiopatia n&#227;o compactada</p>
        <p>MP &#8211; Marcapasso card&#237;aco</p>
        <p>MS &#8211; Morte s&#250;bita</p>
        <p>NYHA &#8211; New York Heart Association</p>
        <p>PA &#8211; Press&#227;o arterial</p>
        <p>PAD &#8211; Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</p>
        <p>PAS &#8211; Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</p>
        <p>pmp &#8211; Por milh&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o</p>
        <p>PSAP &#8211; Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar</p>
        <p>RCV &#8211; Reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</p>
        <p>RCVD &#8211; Reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular domiciliar</p>
        <p>RMN &#8211; Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear</p>
        <p>TCMI &#8211; Treinamento cont&#237;nuo de moderada intensidade</p>
        <p>TCPE &#8211; Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</p>
        <p>TE &#8211; Teste ergom&#233;trico</p>
        <p>TIAI &#8211; Treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade</p>
        <p>TMI &#8211; Treinamento da musculatura inspirat&#243;ria</p>
        <p>TxC &#8211; Transplante card&#237;aco</p>
        <p>VO <sub>2</sub> &#8211; Consumo de oxig&#234;nio</p>
        <p>VSA &#8211; Vida salva por ano</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Maio de 2020, vol. 114 (5), p&#225;gs. 943-987</p>
        <p>Na vers&#227;o em ingl&#234;s da &#8220;Diretriz Brasileira de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular &#8211; 2020&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200407, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 114(5):943-987, corrigir o valor &#8220;50&#8211;85%&#8221; na linha 4, coluna 2, para &#8220;50&#8211;80%&#8221;, conforme vers&#227;o portugu&#234;s do documento.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Guidelines</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Brazilian Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Guideline &#8211; 2020</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8817-1255</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Tales de</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
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            <sup>3</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Almir Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hossri</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christina Gr&#252;ne Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocco</surname>
            <given-names>Eneas Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Emed</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Gustavo Marin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16001">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17001">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18001">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Marconi Gomes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19001">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Augusto dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Morita Fernandes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22001">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Odilon Gariglio Alvarenga de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23001">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Marino Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador Manoel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24001">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Cl&#237;nica de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiosport, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (Udesc), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Fitcordis Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (HCPA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Unisul: Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Hcor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Clinimex, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14001">
        <label>14</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15001">
        <label>15</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16001">
        <label>16</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17001">
        <label>17</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18001">
        <label>18</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19001">
        <label>19</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> SPORTIF &#8211; Cl&#237;nica do Exerc&#237;cio do Esporte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20001">
        <label>20</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> ACE Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21001">
        <label>21</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22001">
        <label>22</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23001">
        <label>23</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Minascor Centro M&#233;dico, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24001">
        <label>24</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (IECAC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Correspondence: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Postal Code: 20020-907. E-mail: diretrizes@cardiol.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Development:</bold>
        <italic>Department of Exercise Testing, Sports Exercise, Nuclear Cardiology, and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC)</italic>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Norms and Guidelines Council:</bold>
        <italic>Brivaldo Markman Filho, Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Correa Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</italic>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Norms and Guidelines Coordinator:</bold>
        <italic>Brivaldo Markman Filho</italic>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Guideline Coordinators:</bold>
        <italic>Tales de Carvalho e Mauricio Milani</italic>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="13%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="8">Declaration of potential conflict of interests of authors/collaborators of the Brazilian Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Guideline &#8211; 2020 If, within the last 3 years, the author/collaborator of the guideline:</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="8">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Names of guideline collaborators</th>
                <th>Participated in clinical and/or experimental studies sponsored by pharmaceutical or equipment companies related to this guideline</th>
                <th>Spoke at events or activities sponsored by industry related to this guideline</th>
                <th>Was (is) a member of a board of advisors or a board of directors of a pharmaceutical or equipment industry</th>
                <th>Participated in normative committees of scientific research sponsored by industry</th>
                <th>Received personal or institutional funding from industry</th>
                <th>Wrote scientific papers in journals sponsored by industry</th>
                <th>Owns stocks in industry</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Almir Sergio Ferraz</td>
                <td align="center">Novartis, Amgen, Sanofi</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">Boehringer</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anderson Donelli da Silveira</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Artur Haddad Herdy</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carlos Alberto Cordeiro Hossri</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Christina Gr&#252;ne Souza e Silva</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">Inbramed</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eneas Antonio Rocco</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jos&#233; Antonio Caldas Teixeira</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de Matos</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes Dourado</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luiz Gustavo Marin Emed</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marconi Gomes da Silva</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mauricio Milani</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mauro Augusto dos Santos</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Miguel Morita Fernandes da Silva</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">Novartis</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Odilon Gariglio Alvarenga de Freitas</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pablo Marino Corr&#234;a Nascimento</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ricardo Stein</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Romeu Sergio Meneghelo</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Salvador Manoel Serra</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tales de Carvalho</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Content</p>
      <p>1. Introduction 946</p>
      <p>1.1. Strengths (Grades) of Recommendation 947</p>
      <p>1.2. Levels of Evidence 947</p>
      <p>2. Structure of a Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program 947</p>
      <p>2.1. Staffing and Individual Responsibilities 947</p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.1. Primary Physician 947</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.2. Lead Physician of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program 947</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.3. Other Health Care Workers 947</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.4. Physical Therapists and Physical Educators 947</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.1.5. Nurses 947</bold>
      </p>
      <p>2.2. Physical Infrastructure of a Rehabilitation Service 948</p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.2.1. General Aspects 948</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.2.2. Fitness and Exercise Equipment 948</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><italic>2.2.2.1. Aerobic Exercise</italic> 948</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><italic>2.2.2.2. Strength Training</italic> 948</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><italic>2.2.2.3. Other Exercise Modalities</italic> 948</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.2.3. Monitoring 948</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>2.2.4. Safety 948</bold>
      </p>
      <p>3. Phases of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Risk Stratification 949</p>
      <p>3.1. High Clinical Risk 949</p>
      <p>3.2. Intermediate Clinical Risk 950</p>
      <p>3.3. Low Clinical Risk 951</p>
      <p>4. Cost-Effectiveness of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation 951</p>
      <p>5. Home-Based Cardiovascular Rehabilitation 952</p>
      <p>6. Integration of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation into Optimized Clinical Care of Cardiovascular Diseases 953</p>
      <p>6.1. General Guidance for Increasing Physical Activity and Engagement in Physical Exercise 953</p>
      <p>6.2. Hypertension 955</p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.2.1. Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Exercise 955</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.2.2. Indications for Physical Exercise in Hypertension 955</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.2.3. Pre-Exercise Evaluation 956</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.2.4. Special Considerations for the Prescription and Follow-Up of Physical Exercise Programs 956</bold>
      </p>
      <p>6.3. Stable Coronary Artery Disease after an Acute Event or Revascularization 957</p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.3.1. Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Exercise 957</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.3.2. When Is Rehabilitation Indicated? 957</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.3.3. Pre-Exercise Evaluation and Exercise Prescription 958</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.3.4. Special Considerations for the Prescription and Follow-Up of Physical Exercise Programs 959</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><italic>6.3.4.1. Refractory Angina</italic> 959</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><italic>6.3.4.2. Exercise Training with Myocardial Ischemia</italic> 959</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><italic>6.3.4.3. Drug Adjustments in Response to Physical Exercise</italic> 959</bold>
      </p>
      <p>6.4. Heart Failure 960</p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.4.1. Pre-Exercise Evaluation and Exercise Prescription 960</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.4.2. Final Considerations on Heart Failure 962</bold>
      </p>
      <p>6.5. Heart Transplantation 962</p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.5.1. Benefits of Physical Exercise 962</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.5.2. Pre-Exercise Evaluation and Unique Features 963</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.5.3. Exercise Prescription 963</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.5.4. Home-Based Cardiovascular Rehabilitation 963</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.5.5. Recommendations 964</bold>
      </p>
      <p>6.6. Cardiomyopathies 964</p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.6.1. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 964</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><italic>6.6.1.1. Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Exercise</italic> 965</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><italic>6.6.1.2. When Is Physical Exercise Indicated?</italic> 966</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><italic>6.6.1.3. Pre-Exercise Evaluation</italic> 966</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><italic>6.6.1.4. Unique Features in the Prescription and Follow-Up of Physical Exercise Programs</italic> 966</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.6.2. Myocarditis 967</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.6.3. Other Cardiomyopathies 967</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><italic>6.6.3.1. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy</italic> 967</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><italic>6.6.3.2. Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy</italic> 968</bold>
      </p>
      <p>6.7. Valvular Heart Disease 968</p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.7.1. Pre-Intervention Phase 968</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.7.2. Post-Intervention Phase 968</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.7.3. Pre-Exercise Evaluation 969</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.7.4. Special Considerations for the Prescription and Follow-Up of Physical Exercise Programs 969</bold>
      </p>
      <p>6.8. Patients with Artificial Pacemakers or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators 970</p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.8.1. Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Exercise 970</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.8.2. When Is Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Indicated? 971</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.8.3. Pre-Exercise Evaluation 971</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.8.4. Special Considerations for the Prescription and Follow-Up of Physical Exercise Programs 971</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.8.5. Resistance Training 973</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.8.6. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation 973</bold>
      </p>
      <p>6.9. Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease 973</p>
      <p>References 975</p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>1. Introduction</title>
        <p>It is common sense&#8212;and has been scientifically proven &#8211; that physical activity helps to preserve and restore the health of both body and mind. The favorable effects of cardiovascular rehabilitation (CVR), with an emphasis on physical exercise, include significant reductions in cardiovascular and overall morbidity and mortality, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> reductions in hospitalization rate, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and significant gains in quality of life, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> as consistently documented in the literature, including in meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. These effects justify the consensual, emphatic recommendation of CVR by major medical societies worldwide. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sedentary behavior, which is highly prevalent in Brazil and elsewhere, is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and early mortality. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Conversely, higher levels of physical activity are positively associated with better quality of life and longer life expectancy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In addition, there is a strong, inverse association of the various components of physical fitness with all-cause mortality and with occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events: the lower the level of physical fitness, the higher the mortality rate. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, the main objective of CVR, with an emphasis on physical exercise, is to improve the various components of physical fitness, both aerobic and non-aerobic (muscle strength/endurance, flexibility, balance). This requires a combination of different exercise modalities and types of training. In this view, beyond rehabilitation, CVR aims to provide the highest achievable level of physical fitness &#8211; in order to reduce the risk of further cardiovascular events &#8211; and to promote all of the other benefits derived from regular physical exercise. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, despite its documented benefits and excellent cost-effectiveness, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> CVR is underutilized worldwide. In Brazil, considering the size of the country and the diversity of its population, several barriers limit access to RCV, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> such as a scarcity of structured services, limited urban mobility, and high rates of violence in cities. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Within this context, so-called home-based cardiovascular rehabilitation (HBCR) programs, in which most sessions take place in the patient&#8217;s home under indirect supervision, can supplement or serve as an alternative to traditional programs in which training sessions are always carried out under direct supervision.</p>
        <p>As in previous documents on this topic published by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> this guideline will exclusively address interventions based on physical exercise. The strength (or grade) of recommendation will always be proportional to the level of evidence available, as explained below.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>1.1. Strengths (Grades) of Recommendation</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Grade I</bold>: there is conclusive evidence, or, failing that, a consensus that the procedure is safe and useful/effective;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Grade II</bold>: there is conflicting evidence and/or divergent opinions on the safety and utility/effectiveness of the procedure:</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>&#8211; Grade IIA</bold>: weight of the evidence/opinion is in favor of the procedure. Most experts approve;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>&#8211; Grade IIB</bold>: safety and utility/effectiveness are less well established, with no predominance of opinions in favor.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Grade III</bold>: there is evidence and/or expert consensus that the procedure is not useful/effective and, in some cases, can even be harmful.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>1.2. Levels of Evidence</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Level A</bold>: data obtained from multiple, large, concordant randomized studies and/or robust meta-analyses of randomized clinical studies;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Level B</bold>: data obtained from a less robust meta-analysis, based on a single randomized trial or on non-randomized (observational) studies;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Level C</bold>: data obtained from consensus expert opinions.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Structure of a Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program</title>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. Staffing and Individual Responsibilities</title>
          <p>The makeup of CVR teams must be adjusted to its objectives, target audience, and availability of human and material resources, taking into account regional characteristics, the modality of rehabilitation (direct or indirect supervision), and the site or setting (hospital, outpatient clinic, etc.). A multidisciplinary CVR team is usually composed of physicians, physical educators, physical therapists, and nurses, but may also include other professionals, such as dietitians, psychologists, and social workers. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>2.1.1. Primary Physician</title>
            <p>CVR is an integral part of the optimized clinical treatment of patients with stable CVD. Thus, it is essential that the CVR team and the patient&#8217;s primary physician work in an integrated manner. When referring a patient for rehabilitation, primary clinicians must be aware of its indications and potential benefits and should carry out the necessary pre-exercise evaluation. As this integration will involve frequent progress reports, potential needs for adjustment of drug therapy, awareness of complications and intercurrent events, etc., it is very important that mechanisms be established to facilitate communication between the patient&#8217;s primary physician and the CVR team. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.1.2. Lead Physician of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program</title>
            <p>The lead physician coordinates all medical activities. In Brazil, this role usually falls to the general coordinator of the CVR program. He or she must have in-depth subject knowledge of CVR and be trained to act in cardiovascular emergencies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Some of the main activities of this position include:</p>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>Perform pre-exercise evaluation, including cardiopulmonary exercise testing as needed, to provide inputs for the initial prescription of CVR training sessions. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Train the CVR team to identify high-risk situations and provide appropriate care in emergencies.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Establish restrictions and set limits for the exercise prescription.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Lead and interact with other team members, to optimize the quality and safety of exercise prescription.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Schedule follow-up evaluations, always in coordination with the patient&#8217;s primary physician.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.1.3. Other Health Care Workers</title>
            <p>Like physicians, the other members of the team, when carrying out their respective duties, must follow the program&#8217;s rules and guidelines as well as the formal recommendations of their respective professional associations. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.1.4. Physical Therapists and Physical Educators</title>
            <p>Physical therapists and physical educators are directly involved in the prescription and supervision of physical exercise, within the targets and limits defined by the physician as a result of the pre-exercise evaluation and follow-ups. They must have specific knowledge of CVD and exercise physiology and training in basic life support, including the use of an automated external defibrillator. Such training must be periodically refreshed to ensure continued competence. In addition to their direct role during CVR sessions, these professionals can provide patient guidance and contribute to other lifestyle measures aimed at adopting healthy habits.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.1.5. Nurses</title>
            <p>In a CVR program, nurses and other nursing professionals can assist in clinical evaluation and obtain and provide information on the patient&#8217;s medical status, including through contact with family members. Nurses can also be in charge of blood glucose measurements and blood pressure (BP) checks before and/or during exercise sessions. In case of complications or intercurrent events, nurses can provide direct care, assist the physician and administer medications. Nurses must, of course, also be trained in basic life support, including the use of an automated external defibrillator.</p>
            <p>2.2. Physical Infrastructure of a Rehabilitation Service</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.2.1. General Aspects</title>
            <p>A CVR program can be run out of various types of facilities, depending on its objectives and on the available resources. Most often, CVR programs are carried out indoors, in air-conditioned environments, although exercise sessions can be held in outdoor venues such as running tracks, courts, gymnasiums, parks, or public recreation spaces. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Indoor venues should be adequately sized and appointed, with dimensions and characteristics varying according to local resources and service capacity. The space should be large enough for patients to exercise in, ideally with a ceiling height not less than 2.5 meters. It should also be properly lit, well ventilated, and climate-controlled so as to maintain a temperature of 22&#8211;25&#176;C and a relative humidity of 40&#8211;65% during sessions. The exercise area per se, not considering changing rooms, restrooms, and the reception area or waiting room, varies greatly &#8211; from 20 m <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> to a several hundred square meters. Proper changing rooms and restrooms are essential. To minimize the risk of accidental falls, slip-resistant flooring is mandatory. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.2.2. Fitness and Exercise Equipment</title>
            <p>
              <bold>
                <italic>2.2.2.1. Aerobic Exercise</italic>
              </bold>
            </p>
            <p>The most commonly used aerobic exercise equipment are treadmills and stationary bicycles (cycle ergometers), but upper-body ergometers, rowing machines, cross-country ski machines, and elliptical trainers can be used, among countless others. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Treadmills must be electric, with a nominal capacity of at least 100 kg body weight, front and side supports for the hands, and a safety key. They must also allow individualized adjustments of speed and slope over a wide range. Cycle ergometers can be mechanical or electromagnetically braked. There are specific models for the upper body, and even some models which allow all four limbs to be exercised simultaneously. Conventional (lower body) models may be upright or recumbent. Ideally, the cycle ergometer should provide a readout of cadence or speed and, most importantly, power (in watts). Some cycle ergometers allow the user to program the intensity directly in watts, so that the resistance of the pedals increases when the cadence decreases and vice versa.</p>
            <p>Rowing machines, ski machines, and elliptical trainers can be particularly useful for patients with a lower degree of functional limitation or who have had previous experience with such equipment. These devices provide the advantage of allowing simultaneous exercise of the upper and lower limbs.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>
                <italic>2.2.2.2. Strength Training</italic>
              </bold>
            </p>
            <p>Several types of equipment can be used for strength training. Bodyweight exercises, which require no equipment at all, are often sufficient in the most debilitated patients. One representative and functional example is rising from a seated position, which requires only a chair or bench.</p>
            <p>Ropes or straps, firmly attached to the ceiling or high on a wall, can also be used to facilitate a wide range and variety of bodyweight exercises. Free weights, dumbbells, or ankle weights are often adopted in CVR programs, as they allow patients to execute a wide range of movements and provide appropriate stimulation of different muscle groups. Specific devices consisting of weights connected to cables and pulleys, known as cable machines or stack machines, can also be used. Other useful equipment includes workout bars, weighted exercise balls (also known as medicine balls), stability balls (also known as Swiss balls), and elastic bands or tubes (also known as exercise bands or resistance bands) with varying degrees of resistance. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
            <p>During all exercises, attention must be paid to proper posture and execution of the prescribed movements, so as to prevent musculoskeletal injuries. Attention when handling exercise equipment is also important to prevent accidents and potential injury.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>
                <italic>2.2.2.3. Other Exercise Modalities</italic>
              </bold>
            </p>
            <p>With a view to overall health, considering heart disease and associated conditions, patients may benefit from or even require other types of exercise, such as isometric handgrip training, inspiratory muscle training, and exercises designed to improve balance and flexibility.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.2.3. Monitoring</title>
            <p>Several modalities are available for patient monitoring, including heart monitors, mobile applications for monitoring heart rate (HR), glucometers, pulse oximeters, and conventional devices such as sphygmomanometers and stethoscopes. Depending on the clinical complexity and the risk of unfavorable cardiovascular events, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring (at rest or during exercise) may be convenient. This can be achieved by conventional ECG (connected directly to the patient) or by telemetry systems. Rapid access to monitoring equipment is of fundamental importance for proper detection and subsequent management of potential cardiovascular events.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.2.4. Safety</title>
            <p>Although serious cardiovascular events &#8211; such as cardiac arrest, which, in most adults, results from ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia &#8211; are extremely uncommon during CVR, it is essential that all programs have a plan in place to respond appropriately to these events if they do occur. Therefore, a defibrillator (whether manual or automated) is mandatory safety equipment. Other basic and advanced life support supplies must also be available, such as laryngoscopes, orotracheal tubes of various sizes, masks, a bag-valve-mask manual resuscitator, and supplemental oxygen.</p>
            <p>For more detailed guidance on techniques, equipment, and recommended drugs, readers are advised to check subject-specific guidelines. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Phases of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Risk Stratification</title>
        <p>Traditionally, CVR is divided into time-bound phases, with phase 1 occurring in hospital and phases 2 to 4 in the outpatient setting. In the early days of CVR, phase 1 was intended for recovery after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Subsequently, in the context of what is now known as cardiopulmonary and metabolic rehabilitation, phase 1 was expanded to include hospitalized patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), valve replacement or repair surgery, procedures for congenital heart disease, and heart transplantation (HTx), in addition to those with heart failure (HF), coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes, hypertension, and chronic lung and kidney disease (once clinically stable). Therefore, CVR should begin immediately once the patient is considered clinically stable as a result of clinical and/or interventional treatment. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In phase 1 of CVR, the aim is for the patient to be discharged from the hospital in the best possible physical and psychological condition and with guidance to pursue a healthy lifestyle, especially with regard to physical exercise. A combination of low-intensity physical exercise, techniques for stress control, and education on risk factors and heart disease is recommended. The team must be composed of at least one physician, one physical therapist, and one nurse. All should be trained specifically in CVR, but full-time dedication to the rehabilitation program is not required; team members are free to perform other duties in the hospital. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Upon discharge from hospital, patients must be referred to the outpatient phases of CVR. Phase 2 begins immediately after hospital discharge and lasts, on average, 3 months. Phase 3 usually lasts 3 to 6 months, and phase 4 is quite prolonged. In all phases, the goal is to obtain progressive benefits from RCV or at least maintain any gains obtained.</p>
        <p>A strict division of CVR into time-bound phases may fail to take into account that some very symptomatic, debilitated patients with severe heart disease will remain in long-term &#8220;phase 2&#8221; rehabilitation, as they continue to require direct supervision of physical exercise, while other low-risk patients may be fit for phase 3 or even phase 4 programs straight away, and are thus candidates for home-based CVR (in which most sessions take place under indirect, remote supervision). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, stratification of clinical risk is recommended to enable a more rational use of CVR programs, with individualized targeting of phases and modalities. In this context, high-risk patients, those with less physical capacity, and those most symptomatic should participate in supervised sessions indefinitely, while those at lower risk, with greater physical capacity and fewer or less severe symptoms can engage in a wider range of more intense exercises without direct supervision ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; General characteristics of patients undergoing outpatient cardiovascular rehabilitation stratified by clinical risk. MET: metabolic equivalent; VO 2 : oxygen consumption</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0943-00407-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Stratification of clinical risk as high, intermediate, or low is based on existing recommendations, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> while the cut-off points for this classification are based on expert opinion (level C evidence), and can thus be modified according to the experience of the CVR team and the discretion and judgment of the clinician in response to the pre-exercise evaluation and subsequent evaluations ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical risk stratification of patients undergoing outpatient cardiovascular rehabilitation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Risk</th>
                  <th>High</th>
                  <th>Intermediate</th>
                  <th>Low</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Features</th>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular event, cardiovascular intervention, or clinical decompensation</td>
                  <td align="center">Less than 8 to 12 weeks</td>
                  <td align="center">12 weeks or longer</td>
                  <td align="center">6 months or longer</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical functioning</td>
                  <td align="center">TMET: &lt; 5 MET CPET: Weber C/D or VO <sub>2</sub> peak &lt; 60% of predicted</td>
                  <td align="center">TMET: 5&#8211;7 MET CPET: Weber B or VO <sub>2</sub> peak 60&#8211;85% of predicted</td>
                  <td align="center">TMET: &gt; 7 MET CPET: Weber A or VO <sub>2</sub> peak &gt; 85% of predicted</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia (ischemic threshold)</td>
                  <td align="center">At low loads TMET: at &lt; 6 MET CPET: at &lt; 15 ml.kg <sup>-1</sup> .min <sup>-1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">TMET: at &gt; 6 MET CPET: at &gt; 15 ml.kg <sup>-1</sup> .min <sup>-1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Absent</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Symptoms</td>
                  <td align="center">HF: NYHA III and IV Angina: CCS III and IV</td>
                  <td align="center">HF: NYHA I and II Angina: CCS I and II</td>
                  <td align="center">Absent</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other clinical features:</td>
                  <td align="center">Dialytic CKD; oxygen desaturation on exertion; complex ventricular arrhythmia.</td>
                  <td align="center">At clinician&#8217;s discretion and judgment during pre-exercise evaluation</td>
                  <td align="center">At clinician&#8217;s discretion and judgment during pre-exercise evaluation</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; HF: heart failure; MET: metabolic equivalent; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; TMET: treadmill exercise test; VO <sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. High Clinical Risk</title>
          <p>The duration of CVR can vary according to the patient&#8217;s clinical picture and progress of physical training. The initial classification, maintenance, and reclassification of risk profile must be based on the pre-exercise evaluation and on subsequent revaluations, carried out by the physician and other CVR team members. This evalution may vary according to the logistics, infrastructure and experience of each CVR service, but must at least consist of a clinical history, physical examination, resting electrocardiogram (ECG), and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) or treadmill exercise test (TMET).</p>
          <p>High-risk patients will often need immediate or short-term medical attention during CVR (hospital readmission, intervention, or adjustment of drug therapy). Therefore, they require closer monitoring by the team, which must be able to identify signs and symptoms of high-risk events and act immediately if such an event arises, providing basic and advanced life support, including with use of a manual or automated external defibrillator as necessary. It is preferable that this equipment be present in the room at all times. The medical team must be readily available on site to attend to the patient in the event of any serious complications.</p>
          <p>It should be noted that the best way to prevent cardiovascular events during a rehabilitation program, and especially after events and interventions, is to conduct systematic pre-exercise evaluation and revaluations.</p>
          <p>The exercise program must be individualized in terms of intensity, duration, frequency, training modality, and progression, according to the functional testing performed at the start of the program and subsequently. Proper measurement of HR and BP at rest and during exercise are mandatory; measurement of oxygen saturation, capillary blood glucose, and electrocardiographic monitoring should also be available.</p>
          <p>The rehabilitation program should also include an educational program aimed at lifestyle modification, with an emphasis on dietary re-education and strategies for smoking cessation, if necessary. It is essential that patients acquire knowledge about their illness and learn to self-monitor, both while exercising and in terms of red-flag signs and symptoms which may signal unstable or high-risk clinical situations.</p>
          <p>The clinical characteristics of patients who would initially be classified as high clinical risk (presence of at least one such feature) are:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Hospitalization due to recent (&lt; 8&#8211;12 weeks) cardiovascular events: AMI or unstable angina; surgical or percutaneous revascularization; complex arrhythmias; cardiac arrest; acute decompensated HF.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Chronic heart disease with or without recent cardiovascular events and/or interventions but with significant functional changes on physical exertion, i.e.:</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8211; Low functional capacity on TMET (&lt; 5 MET) or CPET (Weber C/D classification or VO <sub>2</sub> peak &lt; 60% of predicted for age and sex).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8211; Signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia at low loads (&lt; 6 MET or at a VO <sub>2</sub> of &lt; 15 ml.kg <sup>-1</sup> .min <sup>-1</sup> ).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8211; Exacerbated symptoms (HF with NYHA functional class III or IV, or angina with CCS functional class III and IV).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Other clinical characteristics of patients at increased risk during physical exercise include dialytic chronic kidney disease (CKD), oxygen desaturation on exertion, and complex ventricular arrhythmias at rest or exertion.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Considering that high-risk patients often need frequent readjustment of drug therapy and reassessment and occasionally need advanced intervention (revascularization or other procedures), constant communication between the CVR team and the patient&#8217;s primary physician(s) is essential. It is also important to note that some patients who experience intercurrent events during exercise or unfavorable findings on follow-up evaluations may remain in the high-risk classification (i.e., requiring direct supervision of physical exercise) indefinitely.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2. Intermediate Clinical Risk</title>
          <p>Patients may have completed previous stages of CVR and been reclassified; may be classified directly into this category despite no previous engagement in exercise; or may have been referred from other exercise programs. The duration of CVR under this classification can also be variable, depending on the clinical status and progress achieved with physical training as demonstrated in follow-up evaluations.</p>
          <p>Exercises should be supervised by a physical therapist or physical educator, and the service should (ideally) rely on the coordination of a physician with experience in CVR. Devices for measurement of HR and BP at rest and during exercise are recommended; measurement of oxygen saturation, capillary blood glucose, and electrocardiographic monitoring should also be available as necessary.</p>
          <p>If there is no on-site physician, one must be readily on call. Basic life support material must be available on site and all team members must be trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, including use of an automated external defibrillator, which must also be present on site.</p>
          <p>It is essential that pre-exercise evaluation be carried out by the CVR team, with appropriate risk stratification. Regular medical follow-up and revaluations as necessary must be carried out to ensure the safety of the exercise regimen.</p>
          <p>The clinical characteristics of patients who would initially be classified as intermediate risk (presence of at least one such feature) are:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Longer than 12 weeks since the latest cardiovascular event or intervention and currently stable clinical condition.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Chronic heart disease with some loss of function on exertion:</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8211; Moderate functional capacity on TMET (5&#8211;7 MET) or CPET (Weber B classification or VO <sub>2</sub> peak 60&#8211;85% of predicted for age and sex).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8211; Signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia at loads &gt; 6 MET or at a VO <sub>2</sub> &gt; 15 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8211; Mild to moderate symptoms (HF with NYHA functional class I or II, or angina with CCS functional class I and II).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Any other clinical features judged by the physician responsible for pre-exercise evalution to pose intermediate cardiovascular risk on exertion.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The main objective of CVR in patients with this risk profile remains the improvement of physical fitness, both aerobic and non-aerobic (muscle strength, flexibility, balance, body composition), as well as superior disease control. The need to promote wellness and improved quality of life, in addition to other procedures that contribute to reducing the risk of clinical complications, such as strategies for smoking cessation, dietary reeducation, and weight control, should all be considered. An emphasis on maintaining and adhering to prescribed drug therapy is also essential to preventing the progression or instability of CVD. Acquisition of knowledge about the disease itself, allowing for better self-management, increases the accuracy in identifying signs and symptoms of disease progression or red flags of unstable clinical situations, which may require interruption of the exercise program and medical revaluation.</p>
          <p>Patients in this category, after an initial period of guidance and knowledge acquisition about physical exercise and self-monitoring, may be able to adapt to home-based CVR, in which physical exercise is performed under the indirect supervision of team members. Such supervision, as well as adjustments to the exercise prescription or patient education to clarify any questions, should take place during periodic face-to-face or remote follow-up sessions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3. Low Clinical Risk</title>
          <p>Patients may have completed previous stages of CVR and been reclassified; may be classified directly into this category despite no previous engagement in CVR; or may have been referred from other physical exercise programs. Training for these patients is a long-term endeavor, aimed at maintaining overall health and achieving the greatest possible gains in physical fitness, with the objective of reaching the highest attainable standard of health.</p>
          <p>Depending on availability and individual preferences, exercises can be carried out under direct (face-to-face) or remote supervision. However, given their lower clinical risk and reduced need for supervision, patients at this stage are a perfect fit for home-based rehabilitation models, so that the CVR team can devote on-site resources to patients at higher clinical risk.</p>
          <p>Patients must nevertheless undergo periodic reevaluation by their primary physician and by the CVR team, including CPET or TMET. In principle, the time between follow-up revaluations should not exceed 12 months. The purpose of follow-up is to readjust the exercise prescription and identify any deterioration of the underlying disease or red flags for clinical decompensation or cardiovascular events, thus allowing preemptive adjustment of drug therapy and/or surgical or percutaneous intervention as needed.</p>
          <p>Patients receiving home-based programs should be periodically reevaluated and receive guidance on exercise. These occasions are advised to serve as opportunities for participation in supervised exercise sessions, especially for less-experienced patients, as well as for readjustment of the exercise prescription as needed and to answer any questions. Periodic remote assessment by the CVR team (through virtual and/or telephone contact), at least once every 6 months, is recommended to encourage continued adherence to the physical exercise program.</p>
          <p>The clinical characteristics of stage 4 patients are (all of the following must be present):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Longer than 6 months since the latest cardiovascular event or intervention and currently stable clinical condition.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Chronic heart disease with little or no loss of function on exertion.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients in this classification usually exhibit the following:</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8211; Good functional capacity on TMET (&gt; 7 MET) or CPET (Weber A classification or VO <sub>2</sub> peak &gt; 85% of predicted for age and sex).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8211; No signs or symptoms of myocardial ischemia and no unusual symptoms on physical exertion.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Cost-Effectiveness of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation</title>
        <p>According to the World Health Organization, between 2000 and 2016, the rise in global health expenditures outpaced the global economy, reaching USD 7.5 trillion in 2016. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In 2010 alone, USD 863 billion were spent worldwide on CVD, a figure estimated to reach USD 1.04 trillion by 2030. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazil, where nearly 50% of health expenditures are borne by the government, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> the situation is no different. CVD accounts for the largest share of expenditure on inpatient care within the Brazilian Unified Health System, and is the leading reason for disability benefits. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> It is estimated that, in 2015, public expenses on inpatient and outpatient care of CVD exceeded R$ 5 billion, while the cost of temporary sick leave or disability exceeded R$ 380 million. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, the economic impact of CVD, coupled with the need for rational use of financial resources, requires the large-scale implementation of low-cost models to ensure the feasibility of caring for a greater number of patients. CVR is a strategy that, in patients with stable CAD, is more cost-effective than procedures used much more widely, such as percutaneous coronary intervention. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> In addition, its use on a larger scale would reduce health care expenditures due to a decrease in new cardiovascular events, hospital readmissions, and interventional treatment. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Therefore, wider dissemination of CVR should be considered a priority public health strategy.</p>
        <p>Assessment of cost-effectiveness, which is done through a combined analysis of clinical consequences (effectiveness) and health-system expenditures, is essential in evaluating the relevance of large-scale implementation of a given treatment. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> According to Georgiou et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> measures that require investments of less than USD 20,000 per life-year saved (LYS) are considered to have excellent cost-effectiveness, whereas those that require investments of USD 20,000&#8211;40,000/LYS are acceptable and those requiring investments of USD &gt; 40,000/LYS are unacceptable.</p>
        <p>According to 1985&#8211;2004 data, CVR can be considered an intervention with an excellent cost-effectiveness ratio, as its addition to conventional treatment resulted in an increase in expenditures from USD 2,193 to USD 28,193 per LYS. In 2005, Papadakis et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> published the first systematic review of studies on the cost-effectiveness of CVR as a secondary prevention strategy in patients with CAD and HF. In a 2018 evaluation of studies published after 2001, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> the cost-effectiveness ratio was very similar to that described by Papadakis; the addition of CVR to conventional treatment resulted in an increase in expenditure of USD 2,555 to USD 23,598 per LYS.</p>
        <p>It is worth mentioning that, although more than 75% of CVD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> there is a lack of data on the cost-effectiveness of CVR in these settings. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> Most of the information available comes from high-income nations, such as the United States, Canada, and European countries, which hinders extrapolation of results to the Brazilian reality. However, those few studies which are available from lower-income nations show a similar trend. In Brazil, the addition of rehabilitation to conventional treatment of patients with HF resulted in an increase in expenditures of USD 21,169 per LYS. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the clear clinical and economic benefits of CVR, the percentage of eligible patients who effectively receive this type of care is far short of desired levels. According to international data, only around 30% of patients attend a CVR program; in Brazil, this number is estimated to be well below 15%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup> In fact, most Brazilian states &#8211; including most capitals and large cities &#8211; lack even a single cardiac rehabilitation service.</p>
        <p>As a result, the use of home-based models has grown. Initially, concerns about the safety of physical exercise meant that HBCR was intended only for low-risk patients. However, with growing evidence of noninferiority in terms of safety and similar clinical benefits in relation to the conventional strategy, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> in addition to advances in technology that now allow remote monitoring, the use of HBCR has been expanded to patients with a higher risk profile.</p>
        <p>Recent studies show that HBCR has effectiveness similar to traditional CVR, as demonstrated by Ades et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> who compared the effects of a 3-month program of either model in low- and moderate-risk CAD patients after an acute coronary event. Although the group of patients who attended the traditional program performed a higher volume of exercise, there was no difference in increase in functional capacity or quality of life between the two groups. Jolly et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> compared cardiovascular risk outcomes between patients undergoing traditional and home-based rehabilitation for longer periods, with 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up, and also observed no differences.</p>
        <p>A recent systematic review by Anderson et al. of studies enrolling patients with a history of AMI, CABG, or HF <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> also found no significant differences between conventional and home-based rehabilitation across a series of outcomes (death, cardiac events, functional capacity, quality of life, and modifiable risk factors) in the short term (3 to 12 months) or long term (up to 24 months).</p>
        <p>Thus, HBCR programs should be considered as a strategy to facilitate access, adherence, and wider use of rehabilitation. Despite the aforementioned evidence of noninferiority in outcomes, comparatively few studies have demonstrated that the cost of HBCR is comparable to that of traditional CVR programs. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> This major research gap precludes comparison of the two models in terms of cost-effectiveness. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given the facts, it is unsustainable that countries of all income levels &#8211; and, most worryingly, lower-incomes &#8211; continue to provide high-cost therapeutic interventions massively, without stricter indications and criteria, while they continue to neglect the highly effective, economically viable, and readily applicable intervention that is CVR. There is an urgent need for public health policies to expand the availability of, participation in, and adherence of eligible patients to both traditional and home-based CVR programs.</p>
        <p>Finally, considering the relevance of CVR given its broad clinical benefit and excellent cost-effectiveness, strategies must be implemented to change medical culture and stances toward it and facilitate the dissemination of structured rehabilitation programs. In this context, it is particularly relevant that specialty cardiology services offer CVR to their patients both during hospitalization and after discharge. The availability of a CVR service should be considered as a mandatory prerequisite for a medical institution to be recognized or accredited as having excellence in cardiology.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Home-Based Cardiovascular Rehabilitation</title>
        <p>There are several barriers to patient access and adherence to conventional CVR, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> which, compounded by the scarcity of referral to CVR programs and the limited availability of services, lead to very low levels of actual participation in supervised exercise programs. In this context, programs of indirectly supervised exercise carried out in the home, known as home-based cardiovascular rehabilitation (HBCR), are an attractive alternative or supplement to conventional, on-site CVR. Given its inherently greater availability, HBCR should be considered the main modality of CVR intervention when it comes to public health strategies, aiming at mass engagement of the CVD population in rehabilitation programs.</p>
        <p>A Cochrane review <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> of 23 studies including 2,890 patients with heart disease (post-AMI, post-CABG, angina or HF) compared the effects of conventional CVR and HBCR. No differences were found in mortality, physical capacity, or quality of life. Therefore, the decision to participate in conventional (on-site) or home-based programs depends on the availability of services and patients&#8217; individual preference.</p>
        <p>HBCR is understood as the practice of physical exercise without face-to-face supervision, but with guidance and follow-up from the CVR team. It is thus also known as semi-supervised rehabilitation, or rehabilitation under indirect or remote supervision. The indications and objectives of HBCR are the same as those of conventional CVR; the same care is required regarding pre-exercise evaluation and exercise prescription. Most sessions are held under indirect supervision, but participation in some on-site classes, especially at the start of the program, is of fundamental importance to ensure that patients understand the exercise prescription, consolidate guidance and clarity doubts. Exercise can be done at home, in parks, on public roads, gyms, sports centers, and health clubs, among others, with patients self-monitoring and following the guidance received.</p>
        <p>Therefore, in order to achieve HBCR as a viable population strategy, it is first necessary to expand the availability and capacity of conventional CVR programs, in order to enable initial evaluation, guidance, exercise prescription, and follow-up of home sessions (with periodic reassessment for any adjustments). Thus, the home strategy must be aligned with that of conventional CVR. The two modalities may be used in parallel, including patients with different risk profiles, or in sequence, with the same patient engaging in conventional or home-based CVR depending on clinical status.</p>
        <p>Just as in conventional CVR, the first step of HBCR is referral by the primary physician, followed by evaluation by the rehabilitation physician and other team members, ideally including a stress test (CPET or TMET) or other physical fitness tests. After the pre-exercise evaluation, patients defined as high risk can be prioritized for conventional, face-to-face CVR. Those at lower risk, who are capable of self-monitoring and according to individual preference, can be routed to the HBCR component of the program. After receiving instruction on the prescribed exercises, patients perform the sessions on their own. The exercises may be documented in printouts or spreadsheets, with the aid of resources such as cardiac monitors, pedometers, or fitness trackers. Smartphone apps can mediate this exchange of information between patients and the health care team.</p>
        <p>In some cases, a combined CVR program &#8211; with both on-site and home-based sessions &#8211; may be an option for moderate-risk patients who are still learning to self-monitor or find it difficult to attend face-to-face sessions due to social issues or reduced mobility. The proportion of on-site versus home-based sessions will vary according to the patient's clinical characteristics and the logistics and infrastructure of the CVR service.</p>
        <p>The overall focus is always to make patients more physically active; a reduction in sedentary behavior and its harmful consequences is the imperative. It is essential that all available resources &#8211; whether alone or in combination, whether informal physical activity, home rehabilitation, or conventional CVR &#8211; be deployed toward this goal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Integration of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation into Optimized Clinical Care of Cardiovascular Diseases</title>
        <p>CVR must be integrated with full clinical treatment of CVD, which consists of a synergistic combination of structured lifestyle changes and optimized drug therapy. For instance, in patients with stable coronary disease &#8211; even those with moderate and severe ischemia &#8211; interventional treatments have not been shown to be superior in reducing major outcomes (cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, AMI, HF). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To increase the efficacy and safety of CVR, it is important that drug therapy of CVD be properly optimized. The aim is to increase exercise tolerance and thus facilitate engagement in physical exercise while reducing the risk of further events. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> In this context, it may be necessary to adjust current drugs or prescribe additional agents prior to the start of the physical exercise program. Once CVR has been initiated and adequate adherence has been achieved, some patients may require dose reduction or even discontinuation of some drugs due to adaptations to physical training, e.g., patients who develop hypotension, marked bradycardia, or symptomatic hypoglycemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1. General Guidance for Increasing Physical Activity and Engagement in Physical Exercise</title>
          <p>There is an association between sedentary lifestyle (e.g., screen time), and higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup> Therefore, for health promotion and CVD prevention, medical guidelines have recommended the practice of moderate-intensity physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week or high-intensity for at least 75 minutes per week (grade 1B recommendation). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></sup> Engagement in more than 300 minutes/week of moderate- to high-intensity exercise can confer additional benefit, as has already been demonstrated in patients with CAD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref></sup></p>
          <p>According to the results of individual evaluation, the exercise prescription may vary in terms of type (aerobic, endurance, flexibility), modality (walking, running, cycling, dancing, etc.) and duration; weekly frequency and intensity should also be considered (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Classifications of physical exercise</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Classification</th>
                    <th scope="col">Features</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="3">By predominant metabolic pathway</td>
                    <td align="center">Alactic anaerobic</td>
                    <td align="center">High intensity, very short duration</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Lactic anaerobic</td>
                    <td align="center">High intensity, short duration</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Aerobic</td>
                    <td align="center">Low or medium intensity, prolonged duration</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">By pace</td>
                    <td align="center">Fixed, constant, or continuous</td>
                    <td align="center">No change of pace over time</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Variable, intermittent, or interval</td>
                    <td align="center">Pace changes over time</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">By relative intensity*</td>
                    <td align="center">Low or light</td>
                    <td align="center">Easy to breathe, barely short of breath (Borg &lt; 4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Medium or moderate</td>
                    <td align="center">Breathing faster and labored, but still controlled. Can speak a sentence (Borg 4&#8211;7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">High or heavy</td>
                    <td align="center">Breathing very rapid and labored; short or out of breath. Barely able to speak (Borg &gt; 7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">By muscle mechanics</td>
                    <td align="center">Static</td>
                    <td align="center">There is no movement; mechanical work is zero</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Dynamic</td>
                    <td align="center">Involves movement; mechanical work is positive or negative</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*A Borg scale of 0 to 10 was considered.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Methods for prescription of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Method</th>
                    <th>Description</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rating of perceived exertion (Borg)</td>
                    <td align="center">Exercises yielding a rating of perceived exertion of 2&#8211;4 on the 0&#8211;10 Borg scale or 10&#8211;13 on the 6&#8211;20 Borg scale</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Speech test</td>
                    <td align="center">Exercise intensity maintained so that breathing is labored but still controlled, and the patient is still able to speak a complete sentence without pause</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Percent peak HR</td>
                    <td align="center">Exercise intensity titrated to an HR target of 70&#8211;85% of peak HR* Target HR = peak HR x desired percentage</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR reserve (Karvonen)</td>
                    <td align="center">Exercise intensity titrated to an HR target of 50&#8211;85% of reserve HR (peak HR &#8211; resting HR). Target HR = resting HR + (peak HR &#8211; resting HR) x desired percentage</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiopulmonary exercise test thresholds</td>
                    <td align="center">Exercise intensity titrated to remain between ventilatory threshold 1 (anaerobic threshold) and ventilatory threshold 2 (respiratory compensation point)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*Peak HR preferably measured during a maximal exercise stress test, as interindividual variability can cause errors in the prediction of HR by age, especially in patients who are on medications with negative chronotropic effect. HR: heart rate.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Sedentary patients should start exercising at the lower limit of the exercise prescription and progress gradually over the following weeks. Progression should initially be based on the duration of each session and, later, on exercise intensity. Physically active patients can perform exercises at a more intense level from the outset, aiming at a minimum duration of 75 minutes divided into two or more weekly sessions.</p>
          <p>Resistance training of localized muscle groups (whether strength or endurance training) has proven quite beneficial for overall health and for the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems, and is particularly important &#8211; in fact, essential &#8211; in patients with sarcopenia and/or osteopenia. Resistance training should be performed at least twice a week, favoring the large muscle groups of the upper limbs, lower limbs, and core. Exercise can be done against the individual&#8217;s own body weight or using implements such as free weights, ankle weights, bands, or weight machines. The load (or weight) for each exercise or movement must be individually adjusted, and particular attention should be paid to proper posture and technique.</p>
          <p>Several protocols for resistance training are available, with variations in parameters such as the number of exercises per session (e.g., 6 to 15), the number of sets per exercise (usually 1 to 3), and the number of repetitions per set (6 to 20). The intensity of resistance training can be adjusted according to the relative intensity of the maximum force, and can be expressed as a function of the maximum load that can be borne during a single repetition (one repetition maximum test or 1RM). Light intensity would be up to 30% of 1RM; medium intensity, between 30 and 60&#8211;70% of 1RM; and high intensity, above 60&#8211;70% of 1RM. Resistance exercises may also be prescribed subjectively, on the basis of perceived exertion alone (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>A practical approach is the variable repetition method, which aims to perform a range of repetitions (e.g., 10 to 15 repetitions). If the patient is unable to perform the movement correctly for the minimum number of repetitions prescribed, the applied load is too high. On the other hand, if the patient reaches the maximum prescribed number of repetitions easily, the load is insufficient. Thus, the load will be adjusted so that training takes place within the proposed range of repetitions. This method can be applied to a wide range of localized exercises and can be altered as the patient progresses; the repetition ranges can also be modified depending on the desired objective (strength, hypertrophy, or endurance).</p>
          <p>Flexibility exercises can also provide musculoskeletal benefits, improve health-related quality of life, and prevent falls in the elderly. By facilitating and increasing the efficiency of joint movement, they reduce oxygen demand during motion, thus enhancing cardiovascular performance. The aim of these exercises is to reach the maximum range of motion (point of mild discomfort) and remain static for 10 to 30 seconds.</p>
          <p>Depending on the age group, clinical condition, and objectives of the exercise program for a given patient, other types of exercise can be included in the prescription, such as motor coordination and balance exercises. The countless benefits of more playful, social-based forms of exercise, such as dance and other modalities, should also be considered. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Assessment of aerobic and non-aerobic physical fitness enables a more individualized exercise prescription, with the objective of achieving the best outcomes while minimizing hazard to the patient through proper risk stratification and a thorough search for possible abnormalities. In general, the initial evaluation is based on a thorough history, physical examination, and ECG. More detailed assessments should be individualized to include CPET or TMET, anthropometric measurements, and evaluation of muscle strength/endurance and flexibility. The initial evaluation allows quantification of the patient&#8217;s functional deficit in relation to the desired level of function, as well as goal setting. Even those patients with poor baseline physical fitness can benefit from adequate adherence to a supervised exercise program. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref></sup> Such adherence can also provide clinical and functional inputs that enable adequate counseling as to whether and how patients can resume sexual activity, based on the KiTOMI model, which was proposed by Brazilian authors in 2016. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup> In addition, periodic reevaluation is essential to encourage commitment and measure the progress and benefits obtained.</p>
          <p>Finally, it is important to establish a systematic follow-up revaluation scheme which, in addition to encouraging patient commitment, will allow measurement of the progress and benefits obtained and yield reports to support treatment adjustments. Therefore, these reports should always be sent to the patient&#8217;s primary physician, who is obviously an integral part of full clinical treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2. Hypertension</title>
          <p>Hypertension (HTN) remains one of the leading risk factors for the development of CAD, HF, CKD, and ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, representing a huge social and economic challenge to global public health. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup> Worldwide, the number of patients with HTN rose from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with growth largely credited to underdeveloped and developing countries. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref></sup> Considering that most cases of HTN are lifestyle-related, with sedentary behaviors as a prominent cause, the importance of physical exercise is clear, alongside other behavioral measures and drug therapy as indicated. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.1. Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Exercise</title>
            <p>HTN has a complex, multifactorial pathophysiology involving structural and physiological modifications, particularly to the vasculature (increased arterial stiffness, increased arteriole wall-to-lumen ratio, capillary rarefaction), kidneys (increased plasma renin and water and sodium resorption, decreased glomerular filtration), and nervous system (increased sympathetic and chemoreceptor activity, decreased parasympathetic activity and baroreflex sensitivity). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup> The regular practice of physical exercise has a therapeutic effect on the physiological restructuring of these systems, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, correcting baroreflex dysfunction, increasing vagal tone, decreasing sympathetic activity, reversing hypertrophic arteriolar remodeling in exercised tissues, and reducing peripheral vascular resistance, with a consequent decrease in BP levels similar, or even superior, to that provided by drug therapy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In vascular tissue, HTN is characterized by disorganization of smooth muscle cells, increased collagen deposition, and a decreased elastin/collagen ratio, in addition to the formation of abnormal elastic fiber and internal elastic lamina with a smaller fenestrated area. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup> All of these structural changes in the vessel wall, which occur in both arteries and arterioles, increase the overall stiffness of the vasculature, with a consequent increase in pulse wave velocity, pulse pressure &#8211; the difference between systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) &#8211; and hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries. These structural imbalances are compounded by endothelial dysfunction, with an increase in vasoconstrictive compounds, inflammatory mediators, and oxidizing agents, to the detriment of synthesis of vasodilating and antioxidant compounds. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Physical exercise, by increasing the tangential stress derived from the friction of blood flow on the endothelial surface of the vessel wall (commonly described by the term shear stress) positively stimulates the endothelial tissue, increasing production of antioxidant enzymes and vasodilating agents, in addition to decreasing the action of free radicals, pro-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and vasoconstricting agents, thus restoring the balance of endothelial function. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup> Experimental studies <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup> in spontaneously hypertensive rats have demonstrated reorganization of all vascular structures of the aorta after implementation of a period of aerobic exercise. Aerobic training promotes vascular adaptations in the conductance arteries (with decreased arterial stiffness and improved endothelial function), arterioles (by decreasing the vessel wall-to-lumen ratio), and capillaries, stimulating angiogenesis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Thus, physical exercise has multifactorial effects on HTN, and is considered a key intervention to mitigate the burden of the disease and its comorbidities. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup> The antihypertensive effect of exercise is comparable to that of medication, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref></sup> and both can be additive, occasionally requiring adjustments of drug dosage.</p>
            <p>The greatest evidence of benefit in BP reductions among hypertensive patients is for aerobic physical exercise, as corroborated in a meta-analysis by Cornelissen et al. which showed an average SBP reduction of 8.3 mmHg and DBP reduction of 5.2 mmHg as a result of aerobic exercise.</p>
            <p>The goal of resistance training (which also has an antihypertensive effect <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref></sup> ) is to preserve or increase muscle mass, strength, and endurance, factors that decrease the relative intensity needed to perform the activities of daily living, with consequent damping of the blood pressure response to exertion. Furthermore, resistance training may also promote improvement in baroreflex sensitivity. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In addition to aerobic and dynamic resistance exercises, some studies have focused on isometric (static resistance) exercises and shown significant effects in reducing BP levels. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref></sup> A meta-analysis found that isometric handgrip training, performed for 12 minutes three to five times a week, reduced SBP and DBP by 5.2 and 3.9 mmHg respectively. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref></sup> However, studies on the safety and effectiveness of isometric modalities in the long term are still lacking.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.2. Indications for Physical Exercise in Hypertension</title>
            <p>Higher levels of physical activity have been associated with a decrease in the risk of developing HTN. With the advent of electronic activity trackers and ambulatory BP monitoring, it has become increasingly feasible to conduct studies that correlate physical activity with BP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup> Physical fitness, measured objectively through graded stress tests, attenuates the increase in BP with age and prevents the development of HTN. In a cohort of 20-to-90-year-old men who were followed for 3 to 28 years, greater physical fitness decreased the rate of BP increase over time and delayed the onset of HTN. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup> Epidemiological studies have revealed that both level of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are inversely associated with hypertension. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Large randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have confirmed that regular exercise can reduce BP levels. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref></sup> In addition, the continuous practice of physical activities can be beneficial for both the prevention and the treatment of hypertension, further reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Demonstrating this, active individuals have up to a 30% lower risk of developing hypertension than sedentary ones, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup> and increasing daily physical activity significantly reduces BP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Physical inactivity is one of the greatest public health issues of modern society, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref></sup> as it is the most prevalent of the cardiovascular risk factors and one of the leading factors contributing to mortality worldwide. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref></sup> Survival is lower among people who spend most of their time sitting than in those who spend little time in this position. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref></sup> Television viewing time is directly associated with high BP levels and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref></sup> therefore, to reduce time spent in the seated position, standing for at least 5 minutes for every 30 minutes spent sitting is recommended as a valid preventive measure. Physical exercise is indicated for all patients with HTN ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 4</xref> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref></sup></p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t5001">
                <label>Table 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Indications for physical exercise in hypertension</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="33%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Indication</th>
                      <th>Recommendation</th>
                      <th>Level of evidence</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Aerobic exercise to prevent development of hypertension <sup>110-112</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">I</td>
                      <td align="center">A</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Aerobic exercise in the treatment of hypertension <sup>93,102,103,112</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">I</td>
                      <td align="center">A</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Dynamic muscle endurance training in the treatment of hypertension <sup>103,112</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">I</td>
                      <td align="center">B</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Isometric training in the treatment of hypertension <sup>105-108</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">IIa</td>
                      <td align="center">B</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
            <p>In addition to exercise, the treatment of HTN requires other lifestyle changes, such as proper diet, weight control, and cessation of risk factors such as smoking and excessive alcohol intake.</p>
            <p>In addition to the direct effect of exercise on HTN, another important component of CVR concerns the management of drug therapy, which can be optimized in the rehabilitation environment through disease education, advice on the need for treatment, and information on adverse effects and on the importance of adherence. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.3. Pre-Exercise Evaluation</title>
            <p>Obviously, it is up to the patient&#8217;s primary physician to establish the diagnosis of HTN, search for other cardiovascular risk factors, and screen for target organ damage and other comorbidities in order to define the treatment strategy, which can be pharmacological and/or composed of one or more behavioral changes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
            <p>A CPET or TMET should be performed during pre-exercise evaluation, especially if there is suspicion of heart disease, target organ damage, or presence of three or more risk factors. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> When CPET or TMET is used to support exercise prescription, it should ideally be performed with the patient on all of their usual medications, especially those with negative chronotropic effect, in order to mimic the actual conditions encountered during physical training. This will allow use of peak HR (TMET) or ventilatory thresholds (CPET) to determine the target training zone.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.4. Special Considerations for the Prescription and Follow-Up of Physical Exercise Programs</title>
            <p>The exercise recommendation for hypertensive patients, is similar to that proposed for the general population: at least 150 minutes per week (five 30-minute sessions) of moderate-to-intense aerobic activity. In addition, two to three resistance training sessions per week are advisable. For greater benefit, absent any contraindications, patients may gradually increase their engagement towards a goal of 300 min/week of moderate aerobic exercise or 150 min/week of intense aerobic exercise.</p>
            <p>During training, it is important that BP be assessed at rest and in exertion. Patients with a resting BP higher than 160/100 mmHg or with target organ damage (left ventricular hypertrophy, retinopathy, nephropathy, etc.) are advised to optimize antihypertensive therapy for better BP control before starting or resuming exercise, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> or to reduce training intensity until better BP control is achieved. In supervised CVR programs, these recommendations are flexible and can be adjusted individually at the discretion of the rehabilitation physician and according to the BP response observed during the stress test and exercise sessions. During exercise, it is recommended that BP remain below 220/105 mmHg. If BP exceeds this level, the session should be halted or the load reduced, and adjustment of drug therapy should be considered. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
            <p>BP must be measured after each exercise session, and is commonly found to be lower than before the start of activities. In hypertensive patients, the acute antihypertensive effect of a single session tends to be greater with more intense levels of aerobic exercise. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref></sup> This acute effect of physical training can cause symptomatic hypotension once the session ends, which usually improves with rest and hydration. Patients on alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators may be at increased risk of post-exercise hypotension, and thus require special attention during the cooldown period. If post-exercise hypotension becomes recurrent, which usually results from an add-on antihypertensive effect of training, the need for dose adjustments or even discontinuation of medications must be considered.</p>
            <p>There is little data regarding the effect of exercise in patients with resistant hypertension, which is characterized by BP above target despite the use of three or more antihypertensive medications. In these patients, who require closer monitoring, a randomized, single-center clinical trial showed that exercising in warm water (30 to 32&#186;C) resulted in a pronounced reduction in BP (36/12 mmHg) after 3 months. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref></sup> Although such effects need to be reproduced in further studies, exercise in warm water appears to be appropriate for patients with resistant hypertension.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.3. Stable Coronary Artery Disease after an Acute Event or Revascularization</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD), led by coronary artery disease (CAD), is responsible for the majority of deaths in the adult population worldwide. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref></sup> The underlying mechanisms of stable CAD include atherosclerotic obstruction of the epicardial vessels, microvascular disease, and coronary spasm, either alone or in combination. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Clinically, the most common manifestation of stable CAD is angina pectoris, which is characterized by reversible episodes of chest pain due to myocardial ischemia, resulting from the imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and consumption, usually triggered by physical exertion or emotional stress, which resolve with rest or the administration of fast-acting nitrates. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Stable CAD has a good prognosis, with annual mortality estimated at 1.5% and a nonfatal infarction incidence of 1.4%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref></sup> Nonetheless, full clinical treatment is essential, including optimization of drug therapy and regular physical exercise, in addition to other behavioral changes to address smoking, diet, and body composition. Elective revascularization (whether surgical or interventional) may also be indicated in patients with stable CAD, depending on their symptoms and cardiovascular risk. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, it is worth noting that, in stable patients, even those with angina, exclusively clinical treatment has not been shown to be inferior to treatment with the addition of an interventional approach. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Development of an acute coronary syndrome, with AMI or unstable angina, is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and may require adjustment of drug therapy plus urgent surgical or percutaneous revascularization. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.1. Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Exercise</title>
          <p>The short- and long-term beneficial effects of regular physical exercise in patients with stable CAD have been demonstrated in the scientific literature. During the first 8 to 12 weeks of CVR, there is a marked increase in ischemic threshold, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref></sup> improvement of cardiorespiratory functional capacity, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref></sup> and improvement in myocardial perfusion imaging. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup> These benefits persist as long as regular physical exercise is maintained, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> ,</sup> which contributes to improvement in quality of life <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref></sup> and reduction of hospitalization and mortality from cardiovascular causes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In patients with stable CAD, different mechanisms explain the increase in ischemic threshold, which gradually allows physical activity at higher loads. Reduction of the double product at submaximal loads is associated, among other mechanisms, with an improvement in cardiac autonomic modulation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref></sup> Myocardial perfusion increases due to an improved endothelium-dependent vasodilator response <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref></sup> and increased recruitment of collateral vessels during exercise, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref></sup> which is reflected in the reduction of ST segment depression during exercise. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref></sup> It is also notable that the combination of physical training and a low-fat diet can influence the progression of atherosclerotic plaque. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref></sup></p>
          <p>CVR is an adjunctive therapy that is also effective after acute coronary events and surgical or percutaneous revascularization. A systematic review and meta-analysis <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> of 63 studies involving 14,486 patients aged 47&#8211;71 years revealed that CVR reduced cardiovascular mortality by 26% and overall hospitalization rates by 18%, with additional improvement in quality of life. In this population, CVR should be encouraged whenever possible.</p>
          <p>The improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness is one of the factors responsible for reduction of all-cause mortality after CVR. In a cohort of 5,641 CVR patients in Canada, every 1 MET increase in cardiorespiratory capacity was found to decrease all-cause mortality by 25%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref></sup> Other similar studies reported reductions in cardiac or all-cause mortality on the order of 8&#8211;34% for each MET of improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In addition, CVR provides an add-on effect to reduce cardiovascular events after coronary angioplasty, as demonstrated in the ETICA trial (Exercise Training Intervention After Coronary Angioplasty). A 26% increase in VO <sub>2</sub> peak, 27% improvement in quality of life, and 20% reduction in cardiac events, including fewer AMIs and fewer hospitalizations, were observed in patients who underwent CVR after angioplasty when compared to those who remained sedentary. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.2. When Is Rehabilitation Indicated?</title>
          <p>CVR is indicated in all cases of CAD ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 5</xref> ). It is considered useful and effective both when it consists exclusively of physical exercise and when educational content, management of risk factors, and psychological counseling are added. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Indications for cardiovascular rehabilitation in coronary artery disease</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Indication</th>
                    <th>Recommendation</th>
                    <th>Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CVR to reduce myocardial ischemia <sup>132-140,158</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CVR to increase physical capacity <sup>132,134,140</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CVR to reduce mortality <sup>1,154,155</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CVR after coronary events or revascularization <sup>140,157</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Early CVR (1 week after an acute event) <sup>159,160</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CVR in patients with refractory angina <sup>161,162</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CVR: cardiovascular rehabilitation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Despite increasingly early interventional treatments and decreased length of hospital stay after acute coronary syndromes, it is not uncommon for patients to begin rehabilitation only after outpatient follow-up with their primary physician, which may mean 15 days or longer after the event. Early initiation of CVR is possible, and can have a direct, positive influence on adherence and on the degree of clinical benefit achieved after the acute event.</p>
          <p>One of the greatest concerns of early CVR refers to the effect of physical training on the ventricular remodeling process. While some authors report negative effects, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref></sup> others report neutral <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup> or even positive effects <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158">158</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup> on this process. A systematic review and meta-analysis <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref></sup> carried out to answer this question found that the changes observed in ventricular function, ventricular diameter, and functional capacity were directly related to the timing of CVR initiation. The greatest benefits in ventricular remodeling and functional capacity were obtained when programs were started in the acute phase (6 hours to 7 days) after the event, declining when initiated 7&#8211;28 days after the event and even further after 29 days, at which time the positive effect on ventricular remodeling was progressively lost. It is important to note that there was no difference in events between the initial training phases and that the sample studied was primarily composed of young men, which highlights the need for further studies, especially in other populations (such as older adults and women). For every 1-week delay in initiation of CVR after an AMI, an additional 1 month of training may be necessary to achieve similar benefits in end-systolic volume and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Although widely endorsed by the medical literature for their beneficial effects and cost-effectiveness, CVR programs are only attended by a minority of eligible patients. Multiple barriers can explain this, such as a lack of programs, difficulty in accessing existing services, few referrals, and poor urban mobility; women, the elderly, and ethnic minorities are most affected. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref></sup> Therefore, political, social, and structural changes &#8211; as well as a shift in medical culture &#8211; are needed to change this scenario.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.3. Pre-Exercise Evaluation and Exercise Prescription</title>
          <p>Both in patients with stable CAD and after a coronary event and/or revascularization, risk stratification for CVR is essential and should be based on a targeted clinical evaluation focused on detailed knowledge of the patient&#8217;s CVD and treatment history, whether clinical or interventional. Presence of symptoms, ventricular function, functional capacity, arrhythmias, and the possibility of residual ischemia all aid in stratification and should queried during the initial assessment. Ideally, this evaluation should be carried out by a CVR team member (rehabilitation physician).</p>
          <p>The profile of a patient referred to CVR can vary widely, from individuals receiving elective treatment to patients with a complicated acute coronary syndrome and history of prolonged hospitalization. A broader assessment, including nutritional, psychological and musculoskeletal issues, should be part of the clinical history and examination, as these factors can directly impact the CVR process. In patients who have undergone percutaneous or surgical revascularization, examination of the arterial puncture site (especially of femoral access sites) or surgical wound (especially regarding sternal stability and wound infection) should always be performed. Any abnormalities or complex medical needs identified during the pre-exercise evaluation must be relayed to the CVR team members who will be involved in the patient&#8217;s exercise sessions.</p>
          <p>During pre-exercise evaluation for CVR, the purpose of functional tests is to gain better insight into functional capacity, identification of residual ischemia and stress-induced arrhythmias. Myocardial ischemia on exertion is identified by detection of symptoms such as angina pectoris and/or by ECG changes. The ischemic threshold can be identified during TMET by the onset of these clinical and/or ECG changes and expressed as the load and/or HR at which ischemia initiate. This information is essential to guide the exercise prescription.</p>
          <p>When used for exercise prescription purposes, TMET should be performed on all of the patient&#8217;s usual medications, especially those that may affect HR. This is important to reproduce the conditions that will be present during training sessions. If patients on beta blockers have their dose adjusted during rehabilitation, ideally a new TMET would be performed for adjustment of the exercise prescription. If this is impossible, a subjective (perceived exertion) test may assist in adjusting the prescription until a new test can be performed.</p>
          <p>In some cases, patients entering CVR may have clinical limitations precluding a maximal exercise test. In these patients, the initial exercise prescription can be guided by a submaximal test, and a maximal test performed once there has been sufficient clinical improvement and/or optimization of drug therapy. Considering the possibility of serious error due to marked individual variation in chronotropic response, formulas that consider age as a parameter to define peak HR should never be used. The error is even greater in patients who are on beta blockers.</p>
          <p>When rehabilitation is initiated without functional testing, the prescription may be based on the Borg scale of perceived exertion (a score of 11&#8211;15 on the 6&#8211;20 scale) and on arbitrary limitation of HR during training, i.e., the use of a resting HR + 20 bpm for patients who have had an acute coronary syndrome or resting HR + 30 bpm for those who have undergone elective surgical or interventional revascularization. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref></sup> The target exercise intensity can also be determined by subjective assessment of breathing; moderate-intensity activity leaves the patient only slightly short of breath, but still able to speak complete sentences without interruption (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>When a TMET is performed, the intensity of the prescribed exercise should lie between 40 and 80% of HR reserve (Karvonen formula: [Peak HR &#8211; resting HR] x percent intensity + resting HR). In such cases, the initial exercise prescription usually targets the lower limit of HR, progressing from there according to the patient&#8217;s clinical course and improvement in functional capacity. Most patients will be prescribed an exercise intensity between 50 and 70% of their HR reserve. Those that are more functionally limited or have significant ventricular dysfunction may be prescribed at lower intensities (40&#8211;60%), while those who were previously active and still retain better functional capacity may be prescribed at a higher and wider range (50&#8211;80%). Percentages of peak HR can also be used, with moderate-intensity exercise corresponding to 70&#8211;85% of HR peak (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>CPET, by allowing analysis of the oxygen pulse response, provides increased sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> When there is an occurrence of an early plateau of oxygen pulse or, particularly, a drop during exertion, the exercise prescription should be limited to loads below that alterations. Thus, CPET is considered the gold-standard assessment method to support exercise prescription and should be used whenever it is available. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> In patients who complete a CPET, the prescribed exercise intensity should lie between the ventilatory thresholds and increase progressively from there.</p>
          <p>Regarding the volume of exercise, at least 150 minutes/week are recommended, distributed across 3 to 5 sessions. Depending on tolerance, adaptations to training, and individual preferences, as well as consideration of clinical status, this volume may be increased to 300 minutes or more per week.</p>
          <p>For resistance training, the gold-standard method to determine the optimal intensity is 1RM testing. However, in practice, many rehabilitation programs do not perform this test due to time constraints or clinical limitations, such as in patients who have undergone CABG and may thus be limited not only by sternotomy but also by saphenectomy. In such cases, subjective perceived exertion is a practical and useful alternative.</p>
          <p>In patients who have undergone sternotomy, upper body exercise should be limited to low intensity and performed with restricted loads for 5 to 8 weeks. Exercises involving the full range of motion of the arms may be allowed after this period if there is no sternal instability, although recent and ongoing studies are evaluating the safety of earlier exercise after CABG. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Patients should always be instructed on how to correctly perform movement and breathing, avoiding the Valsalva maneuver. The interval between series can range between 45 s and 1 min, depending on the load applied and the patient&#8217;s tolerance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.4. Special Considerations for the Prescription and Follow-Up of Physical Exercise Programs</title>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>6.3.4.1. Refractory Angina</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>Refractory angina is defined as disabling angina of over 3 months&#8217; duration, despite optimized clinical treatment, with documentation of myocardial ischemia in a patient who is not considered eligible for percutaneous and/or surgical coronary intervention. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref></sup> Such patients are generally not referred to CVR programs due to fear of adverse events during physical training, although rehabilitation has already been considered a feasible and safe possibility for these patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The objective of therapeutic interventions in this setting is to improve quality of life and facilitate performance of the activities of daily living. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176">176</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref></sup> A single controlled study has evaluated CVR in patients with refractory angina. The study randomized 42 subjects to a CVR exercise program or usual care for 8 weeks. Patients in the CVR group were prescribed training to a target HR between 60 and 75% of HR reserve (for those with preserved ventricular function) or between 40 and 60% of HR reserve (when LVEF was &lt;40%). Patients in the rehabilitation group increased their total distance on the shuttle walk test by 50 m, with no change in severity or frequency of angina. There were no adverse events in either group. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref></sup></p>
          <p>An ongoing Brazilian randomized trial <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup> will evaluate the safety and efficacy of a 12-week supervised exercise program in patients with refractory angina, carried out in a hospital environment with continuous ECG monitoring. Exercise prescription is individualized, on the basis of CPET findings and the ischemia and/or angina threshold. To date, 42 patients have been included, and no exercise-emergent cardiovascular events or hospitalizations related have been documented. Serum levels of high-sensitivity troponin T, a known predictor of worse prognosis, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup> did not change in 32 patients who completed a 40-minute acute aerobic exercise session (at the ischemia threshold) at the time of study enrollment ( <italic>unpublished data</italic> ).</p>
          <p>In patients with refractory angina and a low ischemic threshold, administration of rapid-acting nitrates before the start of each physical training session can help prolong the duration of training and even allow exercise at higher intensities. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>6.3.4.2. Exercise Training with Myocardial Ischemia</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>Traditionally, there is a recommendation that physical exercises in patients with CAD be performed below the clinical and electrocardiographic ischemic threshold; however, this can be difficult to control. Previous studies have shown that physical exercise, even when prescribed according to literature recommendations, can trigger scintigraphic perfusion defects which are not demonstrable on ECG and do not trigger angina, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref></sup> because changes in contractility and perfusion defects precede clinical and electrocardiographic ischemic changes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The functional significance of ischemic defects visible only on myocardial perfusion imaging is still unclear, but some studies of training above the ischemic threshold have been carried out. In one study of a single 20-minute training session conducted above the ischemic threshold, no evidence of acute myocardial damage was identified. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref></sup> Other authors demonstrated in a small series of patients with CAD that, after 6 weeks of training, repetitive ischemic stimuli did not result in significant damage, myocardial dysfunction, or arrhythmias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Therefore, there is evidence to suggest that interval training, a modality that has proven to be safe and effective in improving physical fitness, endothelial function, and left ventricular function with results superior to those obtained with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), may be feasible in patients with stable CAD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref></sup> Additionally, there is evidence of the superiority of combined aerobic and resistance training as opposed to aerobic training alone in patients with CAD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>6.3.4.3. Drug Adjustments in Response to Physical Exercise</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>Patients with stable CAD usually rely on medications for symptom relief, reduction of ischemia, improvement of endothelial function, stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque, control of risk factors, and maintenance of adequate hemodynamics. For example, high SBP and/or HR levels (increased double product) lead to clinical deterioration. On the other hand, systolic hypotension and bradycardia produce reduced cardiac output, which can cause abnormalities due to a drop in coronary flow.</p>
          <p>In CVR programs, particular attention should be paid to improving the angina threshold before training begins, which allows greater tolerance to the progression of exercise intensity and, thus, facilitates achievement of the desired beneficial effects. Therefore, the optimization of drug therapy is essential for a safe and effective CVR.</p>
          <p>Patients engaging in RCV can present a number of physiological adaptations to exercise, including modulation of the autonomic nervous system and reduced HR at baseline and on exertion. Together, these adaptations improve endothelial function and BP reduction, reduce afterload, and improve the diastolic function of the heart. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref></sup> These adaptations can reduce the need for antianginal and antihypertensive agents. It is the role of the rehabilitation physician to discuss adjustments of drug therapy with the patient&#8217;s primary physician as necessary.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.4. Heart Failure</title>
        <p>Chronic HF is a complex, multisystem syndrome that features dyspnea and progressive exercise intolerance are its core symptoms. Despite recent advances in drug therapy, which have reduced once very high morbidity and mortality rates, symptoms tend to persist, compromising patient quality of life. There is consistent evidence that reduced levels of physical activity in HF trigger a vicious circle that contributes to increasing symptoms and exercise intolerance, secondary to a reduction in functional capacity, producing negative psychological effects, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref></sup> impairment of vasoreactivity, peripheral endothelial dysfunction, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref></sup> and chronic inflammation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref></sup> In this context, physical exercise has been established as a safe therapeutic strategy that mitigates the effects of progressive physical deconditioning due to the natural course of the disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Small randomized studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyzes have consistently demonstrated that regular physical training is safe, increases exercise tolerance, improves quality of life, and reduces hospitalizations in HF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref></sup> A single large, multicenter randomized trial, HF-ACTION, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref></sup> revealed a modest but nonsignificant reduction in primary outcomes (all-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalization), as well as major benefits in quality of life and a reduction in the rate of HF hospitalization. As a weakness of the study, poor adherence to exercise probably impaired the effectiveness of the intervention, a hypothesis that was confirmed later in another study, which demonstrated that adherence is a determining factor for obtaining medium-term benefits. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199">199</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a systematic review <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> on physical training in patients with HF, which analyzed 33 randomized studies including 4,740 patients (with a predominance of reduced ejection fraction), there was a trend toward reductions in all-cause mortality in the physical exercise group at 1 year of follow-up. Compared to controls, the physical training group had a lower rate of HF hospitalization and improved quality of life. Regarding benefits in women with HF, the available studies suggest that a positive impact equivalent to that seen in men. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref></sup></p>
        <p>For patients with advanced symptoms (NYHA class IV), data are still insufficient to indicate specific exercise programs. A single Brazilian randomized trial tested a daily exercise program on a cycle ergometer combined with noninvasive ventilation. The study evaluated patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF, and found functional benefits and reduced length of stay. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref></sup> Nevertheless, additional studies are needed to confirm these initial results before a stronger recommendation can be issued.</p>
        <p>In HF with preserved LVEF, there is recent evidence from small randomized studies and a systematic review showing benefits in VO <sub>2</sub> peak (measured by CPET), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202">202</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref></sup> quality of life, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204">204</xref></sup> and diastolic function (as assessed by echocardiography). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In light of this evidence, exercise-based CVR is recommended in HF ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 6</xref> ) regardless of whether LVEF is preserved or reduced. Public policies must be adopted to ensure that a greater number of eligible patients benefit from treatment in structured CVR programs. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B207">207</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7001">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Indications for cardiovascular rehabilitation in heart failure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Indication</th>
                  <th>Recommendation</th>
                  <th>Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regular aerobic exercise in patients with HF to increase functional capacity, reduce symptoms, and improve quality of life <sup>2,195-199,205</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regular aerobic exercise in patients with reduced LVEF to decrease HF hospitalization <sup>2,198</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aerobic exercise in patients with preserved LVEF to increase functional capacity and improve diastolic function <sup>203,205,206</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low-intensity aerobic exercises with noninvasive ventilation during the hospital phase of HF <sup>201</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">B/C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Physical exercise alone should not be prescribed for patients with clinically unstable HF, with a clinical picture suggestive of acute myocarditis, or in the presence of acute systemic infection (Class IIIC).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4.1. Pre-Exercise Evaluation and Exercise Prescription</title>
          <p>Internationally, CVR programs are implemented in a wide range of formats, using different exercise modalities alone or in combination. The exercises can include aerobic training (moderate- and/or high-intensity), localized resistance training, and respiratory muscle training ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flow diagram of cardiovascular rehabilitation in patients with heart failure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0943-00407-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Before starting the training program, it is essential that the patient be clinically stable and on optimized drug therapy; ideally, a functional assessment should be performed, preferably with CPET or a TMET. If the aforementioned functional tests are unavailable, the 6-minute walk test can serve as a parameter for monitoring functional gains. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B208">208</xref></sup> Functional tests should be performed while the patient is on his or her prescribed medications, to mimic the conditions of actual training.</p>
          <p>The recommended aerobic training can be MICT, which corresponds to the HR zone delimited by the ventilatory thresholds of CPET, or, in the case of a TMET, to the zone located between 60 and 80% of peak HR or 50 and 70% of reserve HR. Patients with more severe disease and greater functional limitations may start at the lower end of the prescription. Intensity can progress up to the upper limit as training advances.</p>
          <p>Recently, the use of high-intensity aerobic exercises performed in an interval mode &#8211; known as high-intensity interval training, or HIIT &#8211; has become popular. In this modality, more intense periods of exercise alternate with periods of passive or active recovery, which allows a greater total duration of high-intensity exercise and, consequently, can increase stimuli for central and peripheral physiological adaptations.</p>
          <p>In HF patients with reduced LVEF, Wisl&#248;ff et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref></sup> demonstrated that HIIT was superior to MICT in promoting improvement in functional capacity and in different cardiovascular parameters. Subsequently, other clinical trials were carried out and meta-analyzed. The superiority of HIIT over MICT in terms of effects on functional capacity was confirmed in a meta-analysis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref></sup> The largest multicenter study published to date, Smartex-HF, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref></sup> compared MICT versus HIIT. The authors found similar benefit, with no superiority of one modality over the other in any respect. Therefore, the choice of protocol will depend on team experience, clinical conditions, physical capacity, and patient preferences.</p>
          <p>In addition, HIIT protocols can vary widely; several have been described. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref></sup> One consists of 4 min of high-intensity exercise (90 to 95% of maximum HR) alternating with 3 min of low-intensity exercise (70% of maximum HR). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref></sup> Protocols with much shorter durations of high-intensity load (30 or 90s) have already been described, and the tolerance to different HIIT protocols may vary according to patient preference and physical capacity. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref></sup> Therefore, the use of this modality will depend on the patient&#8217;s clinical picture and choices, as well as on the experience and preferences of the CVR team.</p>
          <p>The addition of localized muscle resistance exercises to aerobic training has been suggested as a means of obtaining additional benefit. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup> These exercised can be prescribed as percentages of maximum voluntary contraction or according to subjective perceived exertion. The recommended loads and repetitions may vary according to the patient&#8217;s functional limitations and must be individualized, progressing as rehabilitation itself progresses.</p>
          <p>The addition of breathing exercises has been recommended for patients with respiratory muscle weakness. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref></sup> In a meta-analysis by Smart et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref></sup> which evaluated 11 studies including 287 participants with HF, 148 of whom underwent inspiratory muscle training (IMT) compared with 139 sedentary controls, significant gains in VO <sub>2</sub> peak, distance walked in the 6-minute test, quality of life, PImax, and VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope were observed. Thus, IMT provided gains in cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life of a similar magnitude to those obtained with conventional training, and should be considered a valid alternative for severely deconditioned and debilitated HF patients, perhaps as a bridge to conventional physical exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4.2. Final Considerations on Heart Failure</title>
          <p>Given the variety of benefits observed, it is essential that patients with HF perform physical exercises regularly. Ideally, this should be done in the context of a CVR program, with an individualized prescription combining moderate- and/or high-intensity aerobic training, localized muscle resistance exercises, and respiratory muscle training, depending on the patient&#8217;s clinical condition and functional limitations, and according to patient preferences and staff experience. In addition, there are valid alternatives even for very debilitated and severely deconditioned patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.5. Heart Transplantation</title>
        <p>Heart transplantation (HTx) is the treatment of choice for patients with refractory HF, whose symptoms remain severe despite use of the entire pharmacotherapeutic arsenal and surgical procedures as indicated.</p>
        <p>In recent years, there have been significant advances in HTx, with the emergence of new surgical techniques and the development of more efficient immunosuppressants. In Brazil, there has been substantial growth in the number of procedures, which had been stagnant since 2015, with a rate of 1.7 transplants per million population (pmp). In 2019, the rate grew 17.6%, reaching 2 transplants pmp, very close to the target set for the year (2.1 pmp). In 2018, 357 procedures were performed, and by March 2019, 104 hearts had been transplanted in Brazil. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref></sup></p>
        <p>HTx aims to improve quality of life, as well as survival, in this population. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B220">220</xref></sup> Recipients are able to return to work and lead normal lives with minimal or no symptoms. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B221">221</xref></sup> The survival rate is estimated at 90% at 1 year and around 70% at 5 years. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although HTx significantly improves patients&#8217; functional capacity, VO <sub>2</sub> peak is still reduced when compared to that of healthy, age-matched individuals. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref></sup> Among other factors, this can be explained by: 1) in the immediate post-transplant period, the allograft is devoid of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation (autonomic denervation), causing an increase in resting HR, attenuating its natural elevation in response to exercise, and impairing recovery after exertion <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref></sup> ; 2 ) patients often exhibit skeletal muscle dysfunction (sometimes to the point of cachexia), in which immunosuppressive therapy and pre-transplant HF play prominent roles <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref></sup> ; and 3) impairment of vascular and diastolic function. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref></sup> During the acute phase of exercise, the increase in cardiac output of HTx recipients depends fundamentally on the Frank&#8211;Starling mechanism, i.e., on increase in venous return, inotropy, chronotropy, and reduction in afterload. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B228">228</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref></sup> In addition, there is an increase in the concentrations of circulating catecholamines, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref></sup> which decrease slowly after the end of exercise, explaining the slow recovery of HR in these patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Immunosuppression may predispose HTx recipients to a higher risk of other complications, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref></sup> and these patients may develop HTN, diabetes mellitus, and CAD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B232">232</xref></sup> Conversely, physical exercise is known to be an excellent therapy for management of these chronic diseases <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref></sup> and is effective in optimizing autonomic control. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Physical training after HTx contributes to an increase in VO <sub>2</sub> peak and improvements in hemodynamic control, muscle strength, and bone mineral density, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref></sup> thus improving prognosis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Although there are countless possibilities for training prescription, the recommended method remains aerobic exercise, which can be performed continuously or, in specific cases, at intervals and at different intensities, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup> combined with resistance training whenever possible. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.5.1. Benefits of Physical Exercise</title>
          <p>In a pioneering study by Richard et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B237">237</xref></sup> the investigators found that, 46 months after HTx, patients who underwent aerobic training had a functional capacity and chronotropic function similar to those of healthy individuals. Previous studies had already demonstrated the safety of physical training in this population. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B240">240</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A Cochrane meta-analysis of nine randomized clinical trials, including 284 patients, compared the effect of physical training to usual care in the post-HTx setting. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref></sup> An average increase in VO <sub>2</sub> peak of 2.5 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> was observed in those who received training versus those allocated to usual care. Rosenbaum et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B241">241</xref></sup> assessed the relationship between early participation in a CVR program after HTx and found that the number of sessions performed in the first 90 days was directly associated with better 10-year survival.</p>
          <p>Haykowsky et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B242">242</xref></sup> described significant improvements in VO <sub>2</sub> peak of HTx recipients, with an average increase of 3.1 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> after 12 weeks of combined training (resistance and aerobic). Kobashigawa et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B243">243</xref></sup> studied 27 patients after HTx who received a combination of aerobic, resistance, and flexibility training for 6 months versus a control group. The duration and intensity of the aerobic exercise sessions had a goal of at least 30 minutes of continuous, moderate exercise on a cycle ergometer. The intervention group showed an average increase of 4.4 ml <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min in VO <sub>2</sub> peak, versus 1.9 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> in the control group. These data provide valuable information on the importance of both types of training for this population.</p>
          <p>Regarding high-intensity training in patients after HTx, the number of studies is still small, but the results obtained have been encouraging. In a crossover study, Dall et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B244">244</xref></sup> found a greater effect of HIIT compared to MICT on VO <sub>2</sub> peak, with an additional gain of 2.3 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and superior improvement in quality of life. One meta-analysis <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref></sup> included three randomized controlled trials that compared HIIT (intense blocks: 80 to 100% of VO <sub>2</sub> peak or 85 to 95% of peak HR) to usual care. Post-HTx patients randomized to HIIT showed an increase in VO <sub>2</sub> peak of 4.45 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> after the intervention period, which ranged from 8 to 12 weeks of three to five weekly sessions.</p>
          <p>Nytr&#248;en et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref></sup> evaluated the effects of a HIIT program compared to a control group in 43 HTx recipients. The authors evaluated the progression of allograft vasculopathy, assessed by intravascular ultrasound, and found less progression of atheromatous plaque in the HIIT group. However, additional studies are still needed to elucidate these benefits. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B245">245</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Some well-known common adverse effects of the use of glucocorticoids after HTx are muscle atrophy and weakness. In 1998, Braith et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref></sup> were the first to study the effect of resistance training on glucocorticoid-induced myopathy in HTx recipients. One group received training and was compared with a control group. After 6 months, although both groups had increased muscle strength in the quadriceps and lumbar extensors, the increase was up to six times greater in the training group.</p>
          <p>Resistance training also appears to have a major therapeutic effect on bone metabolism. After HTx, patients commonly experience significant bone loss at femur head and mineral total bone loss. In one study, patients were enrolled for resistance training 2 months after HTx, and training was shown to be able to restore bone mineral density to pre-transplant levels. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.5.2. Pre-Exercise Evaluation and Unique Features</title>
          <p>HTx recipients must undergo a thorough history, physical examination, 12-lead resting ECG, color Doppler echocardiogram, and other tests at the discretion of the CVR team. Ideally, a functional stress test should be performed, preferably CPET, which is the gold-standard method for assessing functional capacity in this patient population. The stress test must be performed by a trained physician; it evaluate the cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to increasing exercise and yields several variables that have an impact on the clinical examination and the exercise prescription. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B246">246</xref></sup> The physical therapist and/or physical educator will prescribe, administer, supervise, and guide exercise, following the safety limits recommended by the physician on the basis of the pre-exercise evaluation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B247">247</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The impossibility of performing CPET should not be considered an impediment to exercises; if CPET is not available, a TMET is suggested. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup> When even this is unavailable or otherwise impossible, the 6-minute walk test can assist in clinical assessment, in addition to providing a parameter for comparing functional capacity during training. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B248">248</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B249">249</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.5.3. Exercise Prescription</title>
          <p>Aerobic exercise is most recommended, with supplemental resistance training, starting on the 6th week after HTx. Different training methodologies have been studied in isolation and have proven effective in promoting cardiovascular health in individuals undergoing CVR. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup> In patients who have undergone HTx, most studies evaluated the effect of MICT.</p>
          <p>Depending on the patient&#8217;s clinical condition, the intensity of aerobic exercise may be gradually increased from moderate to high over the course of training, in order to optimize adaptation and obtain greater benefit, as exercise intensity is directly associated with the magnitude of cardiovascular adaptations. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B250">250</xref></sup> In this sense, programs that include interval training (even HIIT) have demonstrated good outcomes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref></sup> However, an optimized and safe exercise prescription requires proper individualization of each component of the training session. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The determination of target training zones is advised as a means of optimizing the exercise prescription. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup> However, as recent HTx recipients will exhibit a compromised chronotropic response, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B251">251</xref></sup> prescriptions based on percent of peak HR or threshold HR will not be useful during the first training sessions, although they may be used once there has been improvement in autonomic response. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref></sup> Continuous assessment of the HR response to exercise and during recovery is thus extremely important. When CPET is available, the prescription of aerobic exercise can be based on the ventilatory thresholds or on established percentages of VO <sub>2</sub> peak. Another simple and feasible strategy is assessment of subjective perceived exertion using the Borg scale. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B252">252</xref></sup> The multidisciplinary team must be firmly committed to educating the patient regarding the various levels of perceived exertion and the symptoms of which they should be aware. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In addition to the evaluation and prescription of aerobic exercises, resistance exercises are essential. The methods traditionally used for pre-exercise assessment and exercise prescription are 1RM load tests. However, the use of these protocols after HTx &#8211; especially after a recent procedure &#8211; may be inappropriate, and clinical investigations on the safety of these tests in this specific patient population are still lacking. An alternative evaluation method is the 30-second sit-to-stand test. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B253">253</xref></sup> This test has been validated in active older adults and proved to be reasonably reliable in providing information about lower limb strength, and is now widely used in rehabilitation centers and scientific research on a wide range of clinical conditions. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B254">254</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B256">256</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Resistance exercises may also be prescribed subjectively, on the basis of perceived exertion alone. The variable repetition method may be used, whereby the aim of the user is not a set number but a range of repetitions (e.g., 10 to 15 repetitions). If the patient is unable to perform at the lower end of the range, the applied load is too high; if the patient can execute the maximum number of repetitions with ease, the load is too light. Thus, the load can be adjusted so that training takes place within the proposed range of repetitions.</p>
          <p>During training, particular attention should be paid to any complications or intercurrent events, such as infections related to the transplant procedure. A. survey found that 36% of HTx recipients are hospitalized within the first year after transplantation, and 61% at 4 years. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B257">257</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B258">258</xref></sup> This clearly demonstrates the importance of patient supervision throughout training, should any intercurrent event arise that warrants discontinuation of the exercise session. In view of the foregoing, some authors suggest that patients should not perform physical exercise when receiving pulse steroid therapy and on the days of myocardial biopsies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.5.4. Home-Based Cardiovascular Rehabilitation</title>
          <p>Previous studies have shown that HBCR programs are safe and effective, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and are recommended as an alternative to traditional CVR in low-risk patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Wu et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B259">259</xref></sup> conducted a prospective, randomized study to evaluate the effect of a home exercise program for 2 months in 37 patients after HTx. The control group maintained their usual lifestyle throughout the study period. Individuals in the intervention group performed an exercise program at least three times a week which included a 5-min warm-up, upper limb and lower limb strength training, 15 to 20 min of aerobic exercise at an intensity of 60 to 70% of VO <sub>2</sub> peak, and a 5-min cooldown period. To ensure proper exercise performance at home, an initial period of direct supervision was enforced. At the end of the 2-month period, patients had improved muscle strength and endurance, fatigue index, and quality of life (physical domain). CPET revealed an increase in workload, but with no change in VO <sub>2</sub> peak, probably due to the short follow-up period or the less-intense methodology used to guide the training prescription.</p>
          <p>Another study, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B260">260</xref></sup> with an equivalent aerobic training protocol but a longer duration (five times a week for 6 months), documented improvements in VO <sub>2</sub> peak, workload, and BP in individuals after HTx. In addition, there were signs of cardiac sympathetic reinnervation and restoration of arterial sensitivity to autonomic modulation, with no changes in the control group.</p>
          <p>Even beyond 5 years after HTx, HBCR can still improve functional capacity, as demonstrated by a study in which 21 patients were instructed to follow a home-based physical training program consisting of cycle ergometer exercises for 1 year. Nine patients served as controls. To ensure adequate control, patients received a smart card programmed for a 6-min warm-up and 20 min at a constant workload, with load adjustment according to the exercise prescription and HR monitoring. At the end of 12 months, there was a modest improvement in VO <sub>2</sub> peak. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B261">261</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Karapolat et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B262">262</xref></sup> compared the effects of home-based and hospital-based exercise programs on exercise capacity and chronotropic variables in 28 patients after HTx and observed significant improvements in VO <sub>2</sub> peak and HR reserve only in the traditional CVR group. However, new studies, with the inclusion of a larger number of patients, are necessary to better elucidate this superiority of the hospital-based program observed in this study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.5.5. Recommendations</title>
          <p>Based on the evidence reviewed above, physical training has an unequivocal beneficial effect after HTx, is safe and feasible, and can be performed in the hospital or home environment ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8001">Table 7</xref> ). However, although both strategies are effective in promoting an increase in functional capacity, the magnitude of the effect is greater when training is performed in supervised environments.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t8001">
              <label>Table 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Indications for cardiovascular rehabilitation in heart transplant recipients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Indication</th>
                    <th>Recommendation</th>
                    <th>Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CVR consisting of moderate aerobic exercise is recommended for patients after HTx <sup>234,239,241,243</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CVR consisting of high-intensity aerobic exercise is recommended for patients after HTx <sup>233,238,244</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CVR consisting of resistance training is recommended for patients after HTx <sup>235,236</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CVR: cardiovascular rehabilitation, Htx: heart transplant (HTx).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>CVR should be started 6 to 8 weeks after the HTx, with referral at hospital discharge. In selected cases and after careful evaluation by the CVR team, rehabilitation may begin earlier. As in any post-sternotomy situation, special care must be taken not to prescribe exercises that might overload the chest muscles and lead to sternal traction, especially in the first 90 days after transplant.</p>
          <p>The ideal prescription will include exercises that promote different components of physical fitness, always maintaining an emphasis on specific recommendations for each condition. After HTx, just as in other indications for CVR, aerobic exercise should be the main component of training sessions, supplemented by resistance and flexibility training within an individualized, periodically reassessed program. Sessions should always start with a warm-up period and end with a controlled cooldown period. This strategy aims not only to warm up the skeletal muscles but also to provide an adequate time for adjustments of HR and BP to exercise, as the exertion response in these patients is affected by denervation of the heart, especially in the early stages of the training program after transplant.</p>
          <p>Aerobic exercise may consist of walking or cycling, whether indoors (using treadmills and/or cycle ergometers) or outdoors. A weekly frequency of three to five sessions, each lasting 20 to 40 minutes, is recommended. The frequency and duration of these sessions will be adjusted according to the patient&#8217;s preexisting condition and should progress over time with training. Control of exercise intensity is essential; given the larger evidence base, MICT (between the first and second ventilatory thresholds) is recommended, with a perceived exertion no greater than 11 to 13 on the modified Borg Scale. In selected cases, interval training can be adopted to add variety and, potentially, to enhance functional gain.</p>
          <p>Resistance training is essential, especially in the early phase after transplantation. Many HTx recipients had longstanding HF, endured prolonged hospitalizations, and have been exposed to massive surgical stress. In this regard, a resistance exercise program can be particularly useful. At the start of training, activities performed against body weight alone are considered sufficient for these patients. Over time, elastic bands, dumbbells, ankle weights, and weight machines can be added to the training program. Greater than usual care is needed during upper body exercises, considering that corticosteroid therapy may make for slower healing of the thoracotomy scar.</p>
          <p>Further information and examples of training protocols for these patients are available elsewhere. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B263">263</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B265">265</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.6. Cardiomyopathies</title>
        <p>This section will address hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), myocarditis, and other cardiomyopathies. The indications for CVR in this setting are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9001">Table 8</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t9001">
            <label>Table 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Indications for physical exercise in cardiomyopathy</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Indication</th>
                  <th>Recommendation</th>
                  <th>Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate aerobic exercise is recommended for selected patients with HCM <sup>266,267</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vigorous or competitive physical exercise in patients with HCM <sup>268,269</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate aerobic exercise for selected patients 3 to 6 months after acute myocarditis</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Light to moderate aerobic exercise for selected patients with ARVC <sup>270</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vigorous or competitive physical exercise in patients with ARVC <sup>268,269</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7001">
                <p>
                  <italic>HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; ARVC: arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.6.1. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</title>
          <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy, usually without dilatation of the ventricular chambers, in the absence of another cardiac or systemic disease capable of explaining the magnitude of hypertrophy observed. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B271">271</xref></sup> It is the most common hereditary heart disease in the general population, caused by a range of mutations in genes which encode the cardiac sarcomere proteins. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B268">268</xref></sup> HCM has a characteristically heterogeneous clinical expression, with unique pathophysiological changes and a variable natural history. Up to 10% of cases are caused by other genetic disorders, including hereditary metabolic and neuromuscular disorders, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic syndromes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B272">272</xref></sup> Some patients have other disorders that can mimic HCM, such as amyloidosis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B273">273</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The population-wide prevalence is estimated at around 0.2% or 1 in 500. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B268">268</xref></sup> However, this estimate appears to differ in clinical practice, which allows us to infer that a portion of the affected individuals are asymptomatic. Various patterns of asymmetric hypertrophy of the left ventricle are commonly seen in HCM, and there may be different phenotypes in first-degree relatives. Typically, one or more regions of the left ventricle exhibit increased wall thickness when compared to others; transitions and variations in thickness may occur in adjacent or noncontiguous areas. However, although asymmetric septal hypertrophy is the most common finding, there is no &#8220;classic&#8221; HCM pattern, and virtually all possible patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy can occur. Hypertrophy may even be absent in genetically affected individuals, in what is known as a negative phenotype.</p>
          <p>Several multicenter retrospective and observational cohort studies, conducted in different populations, have elucidated the natural history and clinical course of HCM. Recent studies have reported an annual mortality of around 1%, much lower than in older surveys. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref></sup> Notably, only a small subgroup of patients with HCM experience significant complications and premature death; these complications can occur due to obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract, HF with diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction and sudden cardiac death (SCD), or cardiac arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B275">275</xref></sup> In HCM, SCD can occur at any age, although it is most common in adolescents and young adults; therefore, identification of individuals at the highest risk is an essential component of the pre-exercise evaluation, especially in patients who may want to engage in competitive sports. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B276">276</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In many cases, SCD can be the first manifestation of the disease; indeed, it occurs most commonly in those without warning symptoms and who had not been diagnosed prior to the event. Nevertheless, most patients with HCM have a normal or near-normal life expectancy, with mortality usually attributable to other causes, some even of non-cardiovascular etiology. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B277">277</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B279">279</xref></sup> Therefore, encouraging a healthy lifestyle for HCM patients is essential to reducing the overall risk of morbidity.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>6.6.1.1. Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Exercise</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>In the general population, cardiorespiratory fitness is a determinant of the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In patients with obstructive and minimally symptomatic HCM, an association of mortality with aerobic fitness has also been observed. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref></sup> Patients with a VO <sub>2</sub> peak below 18 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> on CPET had higher mortality and were more symptomatic compared to those who achieved values equal to or greater than this threshold. A VO <sub>2</sub> peak below 60% of predicted was associated with worse 4-year survival (as low as 60%). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Myocardial fibrosis and myofibrillar derangement may underlie the increased risk of SCD in HCM, as these structural changes act as a substrate for fatal arrhythmias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B271">271</xref></sup> Evidence does suggest that high-intensity physical training could accelerate these changes, but this is still a controversial topic. However, it is well established that the increase in myocardial fibrosis is associated with a lower VO <sub>2</sub> peak in this population. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B282">282</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Therefore, assessing aerobic fitness &#8211; preferably through CPET &#8211; is essential in patients with HCM. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref></sup> When there is a reduction in VO <sub>2</sub> peak, physical exercise can help increase functional capacity.</p>
          <p>To date, only one randomized controlled trial has examined the effect of physical training on patients with HCM (RESET-HCM). This study, which included 136 patients, demonstrated an increase in VO <sub>2</sub> peak after 16 weeks of a moderate-training intervention (+1.35 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> or &lt; 0.5 MET). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B266">266</xref></sup> Another prospective, non-randomized study included 20 patients with HCM and found a significant increase in treadmill test duration, as well as in estimated functional capacity (+2.5 MET). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B267">267</xref></sup> In this study, patients completed a CVR program which consisted of 60-minute sessions of moderate to vigorous exercise, performed on a treadmill or cycle ergometer, twice a week. The intensity of exercise progressed from 50 to 85% of HR reserve, which resulted in a gradual increase in conditioning and may have minimized the risk of adverse events, such as exercise-induced arrhythmias. Serious adverse events, such as death, aborted SCD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) activation, or sustained ventricular tachycardia, did not occur in any of these studies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B266">266</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B267">267</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>6.6.1.2. When Is Physical Exercise Indicated?</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>The intensity of exercise which patients with HCM can be cleared to do still represents a major challenge. If, on the one hand, intense physical exercise can be harmful, with an increased risk of potentially fatal arrhythmias, on the other hand, excessive restrictions on physical activity lead to deconditioning and can have negative effects on health and quality of life; they may even increase cardiovascular risk, given the well-established association between physical fitness and mortality. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In its official position statement on management of HCM, the American Heart Association discourages patients with the disease from engaging in competitive sports of moderate to vigorous intensity (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9001">Table 8</xref> ). This limitation is meant to minimize sudden changes in BP and increases in cardiac output in order to protect patients from the negative effects of exercise on a pathologically hypertrophic heart. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Exercise-triggered arrhythmias (in the short term) and adverse myocardial remodeling (in the long term) are the most fearsome side effects of exercise in HCM. The fear of SCD during sport extends to non-competitive athletic activities, although there is a clear lack of evidence about the safety of exercise in this patient profile. However, it should be emphasized that this risk of exercise is theoretical, and that recommendations to limit physical activity have been advocated with caution, based solely on the opinion of experts, and are not supported by more robust evidence. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B284">284</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Thus, patients with HCM receive little guidance regarding the best dose or amount of physical activity to maintain general health and well-being; instead, greater focus is placed on restrictions on physical activities. As a result, more than 50% of patients with HCM do not achieve the minimum recommended physical activity target due to the belief that they are unable to exercise and/or that physical activity can worsen their disease.</p>
          <p>Therefore, a balanced approach seems to be most appropriate, and extremes should be avoided (neither vigorous competitive exercise nor physical inactivity), as both could increase cardiovascular risk.</p>
          <p>New evidence suggests a positive effect of moderate physical exercise in selected patients with HCM, with individualized risk assessment and exercise prescription. It is noteworthy that the evidence suggests benefits of MICT, while other modalities need further studies.</p>
          <p>However, the presence of any of the following could be considered major contraindications to the practice of exercise: history of aborted SCD in the absence of an ICD; history of syncope on exertion; exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia; increased exercise pressure gradient (greater than 50 mmHg); and abnormal BP response to exertion.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>6.6.1.3. Pre-Exercise Evaluation</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>Clearance to begin exercising must be based on the pre-exercise evaluation, including a thorough history, physical examination, and 12-lead ECG.</p>
          <p>A large proportion of individuals with HCM are asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic; clinical suspicion is raised only by changes on resting ECG, which is abnormal in up to 95% of patients with the disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B285">285</xref></sup> Electrocardiographic changes may precede structurally detectable disease for some years, which makes ECG extremely important in this scenario. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref></sup> Only a minority of patients with HCM present with a normal ECG &#8211; usually those without any other phenotypic manifestations (positive genotype/negative phenotype).</p>
          <p>Echocardiography remains the most widely used modality for diagnosis of HCM. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is usually reserved for cases in which echocardiography is in conclusive, or to assess more localized hypertrophy (e.g., apical forms). In young athletes, distinguishing physiological hypertrophy (&#8220;athlete&#8217;s heart&#8221;) from the pathological hypertrophy of HCM is a challenge. This is because, most athletes with HCM exhibit an asymmetric pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy, as do sedentary individuals with the condition. In contrast, those with physiological left ventricular hypertrophy show a more homogeneous, symmetrical distribution of wall thickness, with only minor differences between contiguous segments and a symmetrical pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B286">286</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Exercise testing is always recommended in these patients prior to the start of CVR, whether to assess functional capacity or to detect abnormal BP responses and signs of increased dynamic obstruction of the outflow tract with exertion. For better detection of outlet tract obstruction during exercise, a combination of imaging (echocardiography) with stress testing is the gold standard and should be encouraged whenever possible. Patients with no obstruction at rest can present significant gradients on exertion, and thus be reclassified in relation to prognosis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B287">287</xref></sup></p>
          <p>When available, CPET is advised instead of TMET, as it allows direct measurement of VO <sub>2</sub> peak, a parameter with documented prognostic value. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref></sup> In addition, determining ventilatory thresholds contributes to a more individualized exercise prescription.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>6.6.1.4. Special Considerations for the Prescription and Follow-Up of Physical Exercise Programs</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>Some particularities of exercise in patients with HCM should be noted:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>So-called &#8220;explosive&#8221; activities (e.g., basketball, football, tennis), with the potential for rapid acceleration and deceleration, should be avoided.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Activities with steady, constant energy consumption (e.g., light jogging or swimming) are preferred.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Exercise in adverse environmental conditions, including extreme heat or cold, should be avoided, as there is an increased risk of exacerbating exercise-induced physiological changes.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Training programs that aim competitivity, or achievement of higher levels of fitness and excellence, should be avoided, as they usually motivate patients to strive beyond safe limits.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Intense static (isometric) exercises, such as weight lifting, should be avoided, as there is an increased risk of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to the intense Valsalva maneuver involved.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Resistance training with low loads and a greater number of repetitions is considered safe for patients with CVD, although there is no solid evidence for patients with HCM.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Some notes on drug therapy are warranted. Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers may be indicated in the treatment of HCM. As these medications attenuate the HR response to exercise, patients may experience a very reduced chronotropic response to exertion, which can cause increased exercise intolerance, suggesting a need for dosage adjustment. Excess diuretic use can be harmful because it increases the gradient of the outflow tract. Therefore, these agents should be used with caution. Like diuretics, exercise-induced dehydration can raise the outflow tract gradient; therefore, adequate hydration during training is of paramount importance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.6.2. Myocarditis</title>
          <p>The pathogenesis of myocarditis consists of three phases: acute myocardial injury, usually of viral etiology; host immune response; and recovery, or transition to fibrosis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Clinically, there is no clear distinction between these phases. The initial insult can cause acute myocardial damage, with impairment of contractility mediated by cytokines produced by the local inflammatory process. This acute inflammation may progress, in the late phase, to extensive fibrosis, which can cause ventricular dilatation and dysfunction.</p>
          <p>Acute myocarditis should be suspected when the following criteria are present: <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>A clinical syndrome of acute HF, angina-type chest pain, or myopericarditis of less than 3 months&#8217; duration</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Unexplained rise in serum troponin</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ECG changes suggestive of myocardial ischemia</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Global or regional wall motion abnormalities and/or pericardial effusion on echocardiography</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Characteristic changes in tissue signal on T2- or T1-weighted MRI, as well as late gadolinium enhancement.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The participation of myocarditis patients in CVR programs after resolution of the acute phase has been the subject of very little study. There is no published research on the safety and effectiveness of this intervention. However, reports of CVR in this patient population have demonstrated benefits in quality of life and physical fitness, especially when there is functional impairment, even after improvement of the acute condition and optimization of drug therapy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B288">288</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B290">290</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Before starting any exercise practice, patients with a history of myocarditis should undergo echocardiography, 24-hour Holter monitoring, and an exercise test no less than 3 to 6 months after the acute phase has resolved. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref></sup> After this evaluation, selected cases may initiate moderate CVR, aiming at the general benefits obtained by patients with HF.</p>
          <p>In sports, it is reasonable for athletes to return to their normal training routine only if they achieve: return of systolic function to normal values; markers of myocardial necrosis and inflammation within normal range; and absence of clinically significant arrhythmias on both Holter monitoring and an exercise test. It is noteworthy that the clinical significance of persistent late gadolinium enhancement on MRI in post-myocarditis patients whose clinical symptoms have resolved remains unknown. Thus, it seems reasonable that those with small areas of enhancement and without significant arrhythmias on Holter monitoring and exercise testing can return to sports, provided that clinical monitoring is continued. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In chronic cases, in which ventricular dysfunction persists throughout the follow-up period, the patient should follow the general recommendations for CVR as described for chronic HF (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 6</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.6.3. Other Cardiomyopathies</title>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>6.6.3.1. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited disease that is associated with SCD in young adults and athletes. Pathologically, myocytes are lost and replaced with fibroadipose tissue, especially in the myocardium of the right ventricle, although isolated left ventricular or biventricular involvement may also occur. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref></sup></p>
          <p>There is evidence, in an experimental animal model, that exercise increases penetrance and risk of arrhythmias in patients with traditional ARVC mutations. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B292">292</xref></sup> In individuals with positive genotypes, an increased risk of arrhythmias with exercise has also been confirmed. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias and SCD events in this condition usually occur during exertion, including sports and endurance exercise, with an increased risk of tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and HF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B293">293</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It has been shown that individuals with ARVC who are involved in competitive sports experience a higher incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and SCD, in addition to earlier symptom onset, compared with those who participated only in light physical activity and those who were sedentary. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B270">270</xref></sup> The reduction in exercise intensity was associated with a substantial decrease in the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias or death, especially in patients without a detected desmosomal mutation and with an ICD for primary prevention. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B294">294</xref></sup> Therefore, the scientific evidence suggests that participation in sports and intense exercise are associated with early onset of symptoms and an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and major events in patients with ARVC. Therefore, these patients must be disqualified from participation in sport. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B276">276</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding participation in CVR programs, there is no scientific data to indicate or suggest any benefits of physical exercise for patients with ARVC. On the other hand, keeping them sedentary, which contributes to low physical fitness, may also be inappropriate, as there is a general association of low physical fitness with mortality. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a small observational study of patients with ARVC, there was no difference in mortality rate between inactive individuals and those who performed only recreational physical activities. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B270">270</xref></sup> Thus, it can be assumed that participation in a supervised CVR program, restricted to exercise of light to moderate intensity, could not be harmful. Depending on other individual clinical characteristics, such as the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, physical exercises could be prescribed to control these conditions.</p>
          <p>Therefore, the inclusion of a patient with ARVC in CVR programs should only be carried out after a thorough pre-exercise evaluation and rigorous evaluation of the risk-benefit balance of physical exercises. Options should be discussed with the patient, exposing the absence of proven benefits versus the potential risks of physical inactivity and low physical fitness. It is then up to the patient to choose according to their own personal preferences.</p>
          <p>In the context of CVR, extrapolating findings from athletes, a restriction on higher training intensities is also suggested. Patients with ARVC could thus perform supervised physical exercises of light to moderate intensity.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>6.6.3.2. Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>Noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCM) is a heart disease that occurs due to embryonic interruption of myocardial compaction. It is characterized by segmental thickening of the left ventricular walls, consisting of two layers: a compacted epicardial one and an endocardial one with marked trabeculation and deep intratrabecular recesses, where spaces are filled by blood flow. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B296">296</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Its incidence and prevalence are uncertain, ranging from 0.02 to 0.05% according to some echocardiographic records. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B297">297</xref></sup> Clinically, it can be asymptomatic or present with symptoms of HF, ventricular and/or atrial arrhythmias, pre-excitation, thromboembolic events, or SCD. There are no universally accepted criteria for morphological diagnosis; however, a ratio between noncompacted/compacted myocardium greater than 2.1:1 at the end of systole on echocardiography or 2.3:1 at the end of systole on MRI has become the most widely accepted proposed criterion. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is not yet established how physical training can influence NCM, nor is the frequency of development of noncompaction morphology in the population known. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B299">299</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B300">300</xref></sup> In recent studies, athletes have shown a high prevalence of increased ventricular trabeculation when compared to a control group (18.3 <italic>versus</italic> 7%). It is believed that the increase in ventricular trabeculation or the presence of isolated echocardiographic criteria for cardiomyopathy is probably of little significance, and may be part of the spectrum of athlete&#8217;s heart. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B300">300</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup> Therefore, not all athletes with isolated ventricular compaction are diagnosed with NCM. Therefore, functional parameters (such as ejection fraction) must also be considered to guide management. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup></p>
          <p>To date, there is no evidence from studies of CVR or training in NCM. Therefore, patients with left ventricular dysfunction should follow the same exercise recommendations as those with chronic HF (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 6</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.7. Valvular Heart Disease</title>
        <p>Patients with valvular heart disease represent a very heterogeneous group with major variability in terms of age, etiology, affected valves, and severity of involvement, whether due to stenosis, regurgitation/insufficiency, or mixed lesions. However, most valvular heart diseases share a common feature in their clinical manifestations induced by exertion, which include chest pain, dyspnea, and/or functional limitations. The severity of these symptoms in patients with severe valvular heart disease can be used as one of several criteria to indicate surgical or percutaneous intervention. In addition, the identification of reduced aerobic fitness, as documented by CPET or TMET, is also a criteria used to define whether interventions are indicated. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B302">302</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One major issue in the clinical follow-up of patients with valvular heart disease is the prolonged natural history of these conditions. The onset and progression of symptoms and functional limitations is often slow, which may lead patients to spontaneously reduce their engagement in physical activity due to symptoms on exertion. This sedentary lifestyle can contribute to further reductions in aerobic physical fitness and worsen symptoms.</p>
        <p>Thus, doubts may arise regarding the clinical management and need for interventions when the patient undergoes a CPET or TMET, namely: are limitations in physical fitness identified on exercise testing a result of progressive valvular heart disease, a sedentary lifestyle, or both? In this context, the regular practice of physical exercise and the consequent maintenance or even improvement of physical fitness are important to elucidate these questions in the follow-up of patients with valvular heart disease.</p>
        <p>Participation of these patients in CVR programs has been the subject of a single cost-effectiveness study. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B305">305</xref></sup> However, increases in the functional capacity of individuals referred for CVR have been demonstrated consistently, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B307">307</xref></sup> which justifies referral to exercise-programs (level of evidence C).</p>
        <p>Rehabilitation in the setting of valvular heart disease can be subdivided into two phases: pre- and post-intervention (surgical or percutaneous).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.7.1. Pre-Intervention Phase</title>
          <p>Patients with moderate to severe valvular heart disease in the pre-intervention phase are rarely enrolled in CVR programs. Training is carried out mainly in asymptomatic cases, in whom there is still no indication for valve repair or correction.</p>
          <p>CVR can be useful to keep the patient physically active while waiting for future intervention; after all, a sedentary lifestyle can deteriorate functional capacity and, thus, increase the risk of postoperative complications, especially when the intervention is performed in older adults with multiple comorbidities and established frailty. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B310">310</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In addition, monitoring during supervised CVR sessions can be useful to observe changes in symptoms and physical fitness, which can indicate progression of valvular heart disease and suggest the need for medical reevaluation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.7.2. Post-Intervention Phase</title>
          <p>Post-intervention patients are more common in CVR programs, as structured and supervised exercise is a useful means of observing the hemodynamic behavior of a patient&#8217;s new (or newly repaired) valve. Information on a patient&#8217;s response to physical exercise can help their primary physician adjust drug therapy and/or review valve function. In addition, supervised exercise provides a greater measure of safety for the patient to return to his or her activities of daily living, leisure, and sports.</p>
          <p>Although there is no consensually defined time limit for referral to CVR in the setting of valvular heart disease, the earlier the patient starts exercise, the less function he or she will lose from inactivity. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B305">305</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B307">307</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B310">310</xref></sup> The exchange of information between the patient&#8217;s primary physician and the rehabilitation physician is the best strategy for defining the optimal timing of referral, and the pre-exercise evaluation has a fundamental role in consolidating this shared decision.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.7.3. Pre-Exercise Evaluation</title>
          <p>The pre-exercise evaluation should always consist of a thorough history, physical examination, and evaluation of laboratory tests and imaging. The clinical history must include: length of hospital stay; complications related to the procedure, such as pleural or pericardial effusion, mediastinitis, and infections; type and size of prosthetic valve; surgical technique; and whether CABG was performed concomitantly, in addition to other clinical information that may be relevant regarding other comorbidities.</p>
          <p>On physical examination, cardiac and pulmonary auscultation are particularly important. In addition, attention should be paid to the surgical scar, which should be examined for signs of inflammation and infection, sternal instability, and pain or discomfort on palpation. If concomitant revascularization was performed, the saphenectomy and/or radial artery donor site must be examined. If valve repair or replacement was performed percutaneously, the access site should be checked for signs of peripheral vascular complications.</p>
          <p>It is important that the clinician look for signs of anemia on physical examination and laboratory tests, because this is a common complication and can have a negative impact on functional capacity. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B311">311</xref></sup> Laboratory evaluation of coagulation is relevant in patients who received a mechanical valve and were started on anticoagulants. Achieving the correct level of anticoagulation is important in preventing complications.</p>
          <p>A resting ECG should be obtained to check for any arrhythmias and disturbances in rhythm or conduction. The most commonly used imaging modality in the evaluation of valvular heart disease is Doppler echocardiography, which allows assessment of ventricular function and cavity dimensions, measurement of transvalvular pressure gradients, estimation of pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and measurement of blood flow, which provides a good overview of valve function and cardiac function at rest. Echocardiography should always be performed before the start of a CVR program, to assess the risk of exercise-related complications. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B312">312</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is important to evaluate functional capacity by CPET or TMET. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B316">316</xref></sup> These tests, especially CPET, provide extremely useful information regarding aerobic fitness and the hemodynamic repercussions of valvular heart disease, which may be underestimated by assessments performed at rest. In addition, treadmill tests identify parameters that are used to guide exercise prescription and restrictions. When TMET and CPET are unavailable, the use of functional tests, such as the 6-minute walk test and the step test, should be considered. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B317">317</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B320">320</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is important to emphasize that CPET and TMET pose greater risk in patients with stenotic lesions; therefore, they should only be carried out by experienced physicians and in a safe setting with the necessary infrastructure to respond in case of emergency. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B321">321</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Functional tests are indicated not only in pre-exercise evaluation, but also to elucidate any doubts regarding the symptoms of patients in the pre-intervention phase of valvular heart disease. The combination of functional tests with echocardiography helps assess the response of the transvalvular pressure gradient and pulmonary artery systolic pressure to exertion, especially when there is a discrepancy between echocardiogram findings at rest and clinical signs and symptoms. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B322">322</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Another relevant issue is the evaluation of elderly patients, who are frequently affected by valvular heart disease and have a high prevalence of risk factors and comorbidities. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B324">324</xref></sup> Due to their high surgical risk, such patients are now considered candidates for percutaneous repair or replacement of the aortic <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B325">325</xref></sup> and mitral valves. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B326">326</xref></sup> In this scenario, CVR can be considered before the intervention, with the aim of decreasing complication rates, length of hospital stay, and mortality and morbidity associated with the frailty syndrome. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B327">327</xref></sup> After the intervention, CVR then provides an opportunity for monitoring and optimization of the outcomes of the procedure in all its aspects. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B328">328</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B331">331</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The use of frailty syndrome assessment instruments is still a controversial subject in the literature; there is no consensus regarding the best protocol to assess CVR outcomes. The assessment should include objective tests and instruments to address risk in several domains: mobility, muscle mass and strength, independence in activities of daily living, cognitive function, nutrition, anxiety, and depression. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B332">332</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.7.4. Special Considerations for the Prescription and Follow-Up of Physical Exercise Programs</title>
          <p>This section will only address guidelines and recommendations for exercise in patients with moderate or severe valvular heart disease, as there are no restrictions to exercise in patients with mild involvement. Participation in competitive sports should follow the recommendations of the specific literature on the subject. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B276">276</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B333">333</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref></sup> Scientific evidence is scarce as to the impact of regular exercise on the progression of valvular heart disease and its complications; therefore, recommendations are based on expert opinion alone (level of evidence C).</p>
          <p>Acutely, exercise causes an increase in adrenergic tone and in the hemodynamic load imposed on the cardiovascular system, which raises concerns regarding the potential for deleterious cardiovascular effects in patients with valvular heart disease, including progression of aortic disease, functional deterioration, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac remodeling, myocardial ischemia, and arrhythmias.</p>
          <p>Patients with valvular heart disease who will start a CVR program must undergo a stress test to guide exercise prescription. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14001">Table 9</xref> summarizes recommendations for asymptomatic patients, who have not undergone any intervention, with moderate or severe valvular heart disease. In general, training will consist of a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise. When there are no restrictions, the recommendations for exercise prescription will be the same as those for individuals without heart disease.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t14001">
              <label>Table 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Physical exercise in asymptomatic individuals with valvular heart disease</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Valvular heart disease</th>
                    <th>Aerobic exercise</th>
                    <th>Resistance exercise</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic insufficiency</td>
                    <td align="center"><bold>Moderate or severe</bold> (normal ventricular function; LVESD &lt; 50 mm in men or &lt; 40 mm in women; good functional capacity) <bold>No restrictions</bold></td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Moderate or severe Avoid high intensity</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center"><bold>Moderate or severe</bold> (normal ventricular function; good functional capacity; absence of myocardial ischemia, complex ventricular arrhythmias, or plateau response/fall in SBP) <bold>Avoid high intensity</bold></td>
                    <td align="center"><bold>Moderate</bold> Avoid high intensity <bold>Severe</bold> Limited to low intensity (enough to maintain activities of daily living)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mitral insufficiency</td>
                    <td align="center"><bold>Moderate or severe</bold> (normal ventricular function; LVEDD &lt; 60 mm; PASP &lt; 30 mmHg) <bold>No restrictions</bold></td>
                    <td align="center"><bold>Moderate or severe</bold> Avoid high intensity</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mitral stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center"><bold>Moderate or severe</bold> (good functional capacity) <bold>Avoid high intensity</bold></td>
                    <td align="center"><bold>Moderate or severe</bold> (good functional capacity) <bold>Avoid high intensity</bold></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN8001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; SBP: systolic blood pressure; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>For symptomatic patients in whom surgical correction is not indicated or who do not have the characteristics described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14001">Table 9</xref> , the intensity of exercise should be limited by the occurrence of abnormalities observed during the CPET or TMET, as it is assumed that repeated insults at this intensity could increase the risk of exercise and induce potential deleterious effects in the long term. The exercise prescription should be limited to an intensity of exertion corresponding to 10 bpm below the HR at which the abnormality occurred during the CPET or TMET. Relative loads and subjective perceived exertion can be used to guide exercise prescription when HR is not a good indicator, such as in patients with atrial fibrillation or an artificial pacemaker ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t15001">Table 10</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t15001">
              <label>Table 10</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Abnormalities observed on cardiopulmonary exercise test or treadmill exercise test that should limit exercise intensity in patients with valvular heart disease</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Exercise-induced changes</th>
                    <th>Description</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Signs and symptoms</td>
                    <td align="center">Onset of angina, angina equivalent, or other signs and symptoms indicative of exercise intolerance</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Blood pressure</td>
                    <td align="center">Plateau response or decline in SBP; or, SBP &gt;220 mmHg; or, DBP &gt;115 mmHg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ST segment</td>
                    <td align="center">Onset of ST segment depression (horizontal or descending) &gt;1 mm</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ventricular function</td>
                    <td align="center">Evidence of decreased ventricular function on exertion or onset of moderate to major left ventricular wall motion abnormalities</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulse O <sub>2</sub> (CPET only)</td>
                    <td align="center">Evidence of early plateau or decline on effort despite increased load</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arrhythmia</td>
                    <td align="center">Grade 2 or 3 AV block, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, complex ventricular arrhythmias</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN9001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure, AV: atrioventricular.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In patients who have undergone surgical correction of valvular heart disease, the exercise prescription will depend on the underlying disease, the outcome of the procedure, the presence of residual lesions, ventricular function, and the response to the exercise test (TMET or CPET). Therefore, each case must be assessed individually, and the limits of exercise prescription defined by the pre-exercise assessment and the results of physical examination and any other tests performed.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.8. Patients with Artificial Pacemakers or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators</title>
        <p>This section describes particulars involving implantable devices: artificial pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD). Artificial pacemakers are indicated in the management of electrical abnormalities, which may be isolated &#8211; sick sinus syndrome, advanced atrioventricular (AV) block &#8211; or associated with structural heart diseases. ICDs are indicated for the primary or secondary prevention of SCD in patients with severe electrical and/or structural heart disease. Depending on the underlying heart condition, the recommendations on CVR described elsewhere in this guideline apply.</p>
        <p>One of the main concerns of physical exercise in patients with an artificial pacemaker or ICD is the risk of device-related complications, especially in high-impact activities. In patients with ICDs, there is the added fear of inadvertent activation, which can cause behavioral changes, such as reduced physical activity and participation in moderate-intensity exercise. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B336">336</xref></sup> Health care providers also share these fears, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B337">337</xref></sup> which may limit their exercise prescribing practices. However, studies have shown that physical exercise is safe and is not associated with an increased risk of shocks or other adverse events. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B338">338</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B342">342</xref></sup> In addition, ICD-related complications have not been observed even in competitive athletes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B343">343</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B344">344</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nevertheless, before clearing a patient for exercise, the clinician must be aware of the reasons for device placement and become familiar the device&#8217;s programming parameters and settings, ideally during the pre-exercise evaluation.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.8.1. Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Exercise</title>
          <p>A meta-analysis <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B342">342</xref></sup> of 14 studies enrolling 2,681 patients with ICDs showed a beneficial effect of physical exercise on functional capacity in this population, with an average increase in VO <sub>2</sub> of 2.4 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> . In another meta-analysis, which included five randomized trials and one nonrandomized study in patients with HF and ICDs, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B341">341</xref></sup> a similar improvement in physical capacity was observed, with an increase in VO <sub>2</sub> peak of 1.98 ml.kg <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .min <sup>- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> in relation to the control group.</p>
          <p>As for the concern of inadvertent ICD activation during physical training, one meta-analysis found no significant differences. The rate of exercise-associated shocks ranged from 0 to 20% across studies, with an average of 2.2%, similar to the rate of shocks during an exercise-free follow-up period. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B342">342</xref></sup> Thus, despite widespread fear of this phenomenon, physical training was not associated with increased ICD activation and proved safe.</p>
          <p>Another meta-analysis actually reported a lower likelihood of shocks during follow-up in patients participating in CVR compared to controls, corroborating the previous result of an observational study, which reported a higher incidence of ICD activation in patients who did not participate in CVR programs. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B341">341</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B345">345</xref></sup></p>
          <p>One possible explanation or the lower incidence of arrhythmias and shocks in patients undergoing CVR would be the improvement of physical capacity, as it has been previously documented that greater physical fitness is associated with a lower incidence of arrhythmia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B346">346</xref></sup> In addition, exercise could reduce myocardial arrhythmogenicity due to remodeling and reduction of sympathetic excitability. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a nationwide study with 10 years of follow-up which included 150 patients with ICDs in a CVR program, all of which completed a CPET or TMET to support exercise prescription, there were only three shock events and all were appropriate. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B348">348</xref></sup> This provides additional evidence of the safety of stress testing and CVR in this population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.8.2. When Is Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Indicated?</title>
          <p>Physical exercise can and should be indicated as long as the patient&#8217;s clinical condition is stable and clinical treatment is optimized. In addition to the potential beneficial effects on underlying heart disease, CVR increases physical fitness and can help reduce the incidence of arrhythmias and, consequently, of ICD activation ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16001">Table 11</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t16001">
              <label>Table 11</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Indications for physical exercise and other treatments in patients with implantable cardioverter&#8211;defibrillators</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Indication</th>
                    <th>Recommendation</th>
                    <th>Level of evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Physical exercise to increase physical capacity in stable patients with an ICD <sup>341,342</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Physical exercise for potential reduction of the incidence of ICD activation (shocks) <sup>341</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in patients with implantable devices with bipolar sensors, when performed on muscles far from the implant site <sup>349</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN10001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ICD: implantable cardioverter&#8211;defibrillator. If any structural heart disease is present, the corresponding recommendations should be taken into account.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.8.3. Pre-Exercise Evaluation</title>
          <p>In patients with implantable devices, the clinician must become familiar with the reason for implant placement, the patient&#8217;s ventricular function, whether any arrhythmias are present and, particularly, the device settings and parameters. For patients with an artificial pacemaker, this means understanding the programming mode, the set HR limits, and the type and response of the activity sensor. In patients with an ICD, essential information includes the HR threshold which has been set to trigger shock or burst therapies.</p>
          <p>In addition to the standard clinical examination, pre-exercise evaluation is of paramount importance in these patients. Ideally, a CPET or TMET should be performed to determine functional capacity and analyze the behavior of the device during exertion. However, the impossibility of performing CPET or TMET should not prevent the practice of physical exercise. In these cases, monitoring during sessions may reveal a need for device reprogramming, usually of maximum HR and sensor response settings.</p>
          <p>During CVR sessions, continuous ECG monitoring can be achieved with the use of telemetry systems. HR control devices, such as regular cardiac monitors, can also be used for monitoring CVR sessions. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref></sup> However, due to changes in the ECG tracing caused by artificial pacing, automated HR measurement both by ECG telemetry systems and by cardiac monitors may be erroneous. The team should be aware of this potential for error and measure HR manually as needed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.8.4. Special Considerations for the Prescription and Follow-Up of Physical Exercise Programs</title>
          <p>When prescribing and defining intensity limits for aerobic physical training, one should be aware of ICD programming and limit the intensity accordingly to 10&#8211;20 bpm below the HR set to trigger therapy (shock or burst). This is especially important in young individuals who experience elevated HR during training. In older patients with HF who are on high-dose beta blockers, the peak HR observed during CPET or TMET is usually below the threshold that triggers ICD therapy.</p>
          <p>Patients with an artificial pacemaker may have different chronotropic responses observed on CPET or TMET, which will impact the prescription of aerobic exercise. In addition, the individual&#8217;s own pace, type of pacemaker, and presence of a rate sensor will influence the HR response to exertion and, consequently, the exercise prescription. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B351">351</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The four possible types of artificial pacemaker response to exertion are as follows:</p>
          <p><bold>1) Normal or depressed sinus-node chronotropic response. Pacemaker inhibited (not triggered).</bold> The chronotropic response to stress is mediated by sinus rhythm and may be normal or depressed (due to sinus node dysfunction and/or drug effect). Ventricular conduction occurs via the own pathway, and the pacemaker is not triggered on exertion. In some cases, it can be triggered at rest and during initial loads, with atrial and/or ventricular pacing. However, during exertion, the pacemaker is inhibited, with a predominance of sinus responses and ventricular conduction via the own pathway. In this type of response to exertion, the intensity of exercise prescription should be based on the usual concerns and is entirely unaffected by the presence of an artificial pacemaker.</p>
          <p><bold>2) Normal or depressed sinus-node chronotropic response. Pacemaker triggered (activity-initiated ventricular pacing).</bold> The chronotropic response to exertion is mediated by the sinus rhythm. Sinus activity is sensed by the pacemaker and triggers synchronized ventricular pacing according to preset paced atrioventricular intervals. In this case, if the maximum pacemaker response limit has been set appropriately for the patient&#8217;s sinus response, the exercise prescription may be HR-based, as the ventricle will be paired with sinus activity. However, if the maximum pacemaker response limit is set lower than the patient&#8217;s sinus response, dyssynchrony of ventricular pacing and sinus activity will occur at moderate to high exercise intensity. The pacemaker will then block some sinus stimuli by mimicking AV-node Wenckebach activity, a phenomenon known as &#8220;electronic Wenckebach&#8221;, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B352">352</xref></sup> in order to keep the ventricular HR within the programmed limit; a plateau in the chronotropic response to exertion will ensue. In this scenario, the loss of synchrony between sinus rhythm and ventricular rate will interfere with the utility of HR to guide exercise intensity. The exercise prescription should instead be based on relative loads and/or subjective perceived exertion.</p>
          <p>When the electronic Wenckebach phenomenon occurs, extreme care is required to detect it during CPET or TMET. It is essential to obtain precise information on the atrial rate at which the pacemaker will initiate 2:1 block, because as this rate is reached, ventricular pacing will occur at a 2:1 ratio, with the potential for a sudden fall in HR on exertion and an abrupt, symptomatic reduction in cardiac output. Therefore, unless the programmed Wenckebach interval and the 2:1 block rate are quite far apart, the HR which triggers electronic Wenckebach may be used as the upper limit for CPET or TMET, as well as for the exercise prescription.</p>
          <p>In such cases, pacemaker reprogramming to better match the patient&#8217;s sinus response should be considered and discussed with the primary physician. Another option, depending on the clinical picture, is the optimization of drug therapy with negative chronotropic agents (such as beta blockers). A reduced sinus response may prevent the aforementioned event.</p>
          <p><bold>3) Fixed, pacemaker-mediated chronotropic response (no rate responsive pacing).</bold> Some patients may have no sinus activity at all, as in atrial fibrillation. In these cases, individuals with complete AV block will be completely dependent on ventricular pacing. If the pacemaker has no rate responsive pacing, or if the sensor is disabled, there will be no chronotropic response to exertion; the pacemaker will be set to a fixed HR. This type of pacemaker and programming is now exceedingly rare. Nevertheless, in such patients, the HR is useless to guide exercise prescription, which should instead be based on relative loads and/or subjective perceived exertion.</p>
          <p><bold>4) Pacemaker-mediated chronotropic response (rate responsive pacing).</bold> In patients with atrial fibrillation and AV block, as previously described, but whose artificial pacemaker has an active sensor with rate responsive pacing, there will be dependence on ventricular pacing, but activation of the sensor by exertion will lead to a pacemaker-mediated chronotropic response. In patients with sinus rhythm, but with a large chronotropic deficit due to sinus node dysfunction and/or drug effects, a chronotropic response to exertion may also occur, mediated by the pacemaker sensor, with atrial pacing followed or not by ventricular pacing.</p>
          <p>The speed and magnitude of the rate sensor&#8217;s response to exertion are programmable, with the possibility of adjusting the sensor activation threshold, the rate of increase in HR to exertion and the rate of reduction during recovery, and the maximal HR limit for the sensor. TCPE or TMET can be used to verify the adequacy of the response and identifying potential needs for pacemaker reprogramming, which should be discussed with the patient&#8217;s primary physician.</p>
          <p>In such cases, as the chronotropic response will be artificially mediated by the device, HR-based prescription of exercise intensity may be inaccurate. Therefore, the use of relative loads and/or perceived exertion is preferred.</p>
          <p>Pacemakers with accelerometer sensors and axial motion detection, which are the most common, have a sensitive response to walking or running on a treadmill. However, as there is no vertical movement on a cycle ergometer, the sensor is activated very little or not at all. As a result, there is inferior chronotropic response during ciclo ergometer exercise, which may vary according to the individual response of the patient.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.8.5. Resistance Training</title>
          <p>Resistance training is an important component of CVR for several heart diseases. However, after implantation of a pacemaker of ICD, some care is required until healing is complete, to prevent vascular injury, displacement of the device, and electrode fracture. For instance, caution is recommended when performing weight training and any exercise which involves raising the arms during the first 6 weeks after the implant procedure. In addition, repetitive and intense movements of the limb ipsilateral to the device should be avoided.</p>
          <p>However, such guidelines are geared more at patients involved in sports, and are unlikely to be relevant to the exercises carried out in CVR programs. A study of early, supervised shoulder mobilization immediately after artificial pacemaker implantation did not observe any device complications. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.8.6. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation</title>
          <p>The use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in patients with HF has become widespread, especially for those unable to exercise due to disease severity. NMES can improve aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and cross-sectional area of the quadriceps muscles, and is an effective passive exercise modality in this population. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B354">354</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B356">356</xref></sup> However, the use of electronic devices in these patients (ICDs, artificial pacemakers, resynchronization devices) is also increasing, which raises concerns of the possibility of electromagnetic interference.</p>
          <p>A systematic review <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B349">349</xref></sup> demonstrated that NMES of the quadriceps muscles appears to be safe and feasible in patients with HF and a bipolar sensing ICD. However, the review itself notes that the number of studies and patients included is too small to allow more comprehensive conclusions, and concludes that NMES can be used provided the following conditions are met:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>If individual hazards (pacemaker dependence, acute HF, unstable angina, ventricular arrhythmia in the last 3 months) have been excluded before starting NMES.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>If NMES is performed only on the quadriceps and gluteal muscles.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>If treatment is regularly supervised by a doctor, and the device is analysed after every NMES session.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Therefore, at the present time, although NMES seems safe to use in patients with bipolar-sensing implantable devices when performed on muscles far from the implant, there is still a need for studies with a larger number of patients to confirm that use is safe and feasible without the need for repeated, detailed device evaluation after sessions.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.9. Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease</title>
        <p>Stroke has been correctly viewed and addressed as a serious disease with massive impact on public health. However, peripheral artery disease, which is also highly prevalent worldwide and carries high morbidity and mortality rates, affecting more than 40 million individuals in Europe alone, have not been properly addressed, hindering prevention, diagnosis, and effective treatment. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B357">357</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B358">358</xref></sup> In this context, peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) of the lower limbs is particularly concerning, as, at its most severe stage (critical ischemia), it is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events, lower limb amputation, and death. With the growth of risk factors such as age, diabetes, and smoking, critical ischemia of the lower limbs has become more prevalent, and currently affects about 2 million individuals in the United States alone. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B359">359</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The presence of PAOD is suspected when there is pain in the lower limbs on exertion, with no apparent musculoskeletal etiology, and the ankle-brachial index (ABI) is &lt;0.90 at rest. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B360">360</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B361">361</xref></sup> The ABI has been recommended as a diagnostic resource prior to use of imaging. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref></sup> Functional tests during exertion effort may be necessary to establish the diagnosis, especially when the ABI is greater than 0.91, as well as for functional classification and exercise prescription in CVR.</p>
        <p>Gait can be assessed by means of field tests, which allow the diagnosis of intermittent claudication and determination of the distance walked until onset of symptoms (initial claudication) and until development of total loss of function (absolute claudication).</p>
        <p>A TMET with measurement of the ABI at rest and after exercise has also been proposed as a diagnostic test. The presence of PAOD is suggested by a greater than 20% reduction in post-exercise ABI as compared to resting values, or a decrease in post-exercise BP greater than 30 mmHg as compared to the resting state. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B363">363</xref></sup> Another study reported lower cut-off scores, with PAOD being suggested when there is a greater than 18.5% reduction in ABI and a greater than 15 mmHg decrease in BP after exercise. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering the overall cardiovascular risk of these patients, optimized clinical treatment should always be instituted. In addition, smoking cessation and drug therapy with statins and antiplatelet agents must be considered, as well as adequate blood glucose and BP control. Regarding the use of cilostazol, there is no consensus among the guidelines of different medical societies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B363">363</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In symptomatic patients, exercise has the potential to influence morbidity and mortality, reducing symptoms, improving quality of life, and increasing the maximum walking distance ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t17001">Table 12</xref> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref></sup> Physical activities performed under direct supervision have been shown to be more effective than unsupervised exercise. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B366">366</xref></sup> In 14 clinical trials (1,002 participants), with an intervention duration from 6 weeks to 12 months, pain-free walking increased about 180 meters more in training under direct supervision when compared to training under indirect supervision. Physical training is safe; in most studies, the sole exercise was walking to claudication, at least three times a week, for at least 3 months. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B367">367</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t17001">
            <label>Table 12</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease of the lower limbs</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Indication</th>
                  <th>Recommendation</th>
                  <th>Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Supervised physical exercise to improve function and quality of life and reduce symptoms of claudication <sup>365,369,375,376</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Home-based physical exercise or other training modalities to improve functional status <sup>366,370,371</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In symptomatic patients, a supervised physical exercise program should be discussed as a treatment option before revascularization <sup>375,376</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In patients with PAOD, training under direct supervision is also superior in terms of cost-effectiveness, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref></sup> although indirect supervision (HBCR) is a good alternative, with positive effects on quality of life and significantly greater improvement in walking tolerance as compared to a simple recommendation to walk. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B370">370</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When walking is not feasible, other activities, such as cycling, resistance training, and use of an upper body ergometers, have also proven effective. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup> It is also worth noting that physical exercise is contraindicated in patients with critical ischemia, but should be considered as soon as possible after successful interventional treatment. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B373">373</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A systematic review of 12 clinical trials including a total of 1,548 patients compared patients who received drug therapy with physical training, endovascular intervention, and open surgery for treatment of claudication. All modalities increased walking distance, reduced symptoms, and improved quality of life. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup> Endovascular intervention and open surgery have proven effective in relieving symptoms, increasing walking distance, and improving quality of life, and are indicated when severe symptoms that negatively influence daily life persist despite full clinical treatment (physical exercise and optimized drug therapy).</p>
        <p>In a randomized clinical trial of 111 patients with aortoiliac disease, the increase in exercise time on a graded treadmill test was greater in the supervised exercise group than in the stent revascularization group. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B375">375</xref></sup> However, after 18 months of follow-up, the functional and quality of life benefits were equivalent in the exercise and revascularization groups, and, in both cases, were superior to those in the group that received medication alone. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B376">376</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several clinical trials have compared the efficacy and effectiveness of supervised physical exercise, angioplasty, and optimized medical care, using a multitude of different designs. Most trials consisted of two treatment arms. The aforementioned systematic reviews suggested that supervised physical exercise may be superior to optimized medical care or angioplasty. However, these meta-analyses included head-to-head comparisons between two specific treatment arms (e.g., angioplasty versus supervised physical training) or used an approach that did not allow inclusion and direct comparison of all available treatments for intermittent claudication. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B377">377</xref></sup></p>
        <p>For these reasons, a recent meta-analysis sought to establish comparisons between all available treatments in order to elucidate the best management of patients with symptomatic PAOD. The sample included 2,983 participants with intermittent claudication (mean age, 68 years), 54.5% of whom were male. The comparisons were optimized medical care (n = 688), supervised physical training (n = 1,189), angioplasty (n = 511), and angioplasty plus supervised physical training (n = 395). The mean follow-up period was 12 months. Compared with optimized medical care alone, angioplasty and supervised physical training outperformed all other therapeutic strategies, with a 290 m gain in maximum walking distance (95% CI: 180 to 390 m; p &lt; 0.001), corresponding to a proportional gain of 141% (95% CI: 86.85 to 188.3%; p &lt; 0.001), with an average follow-up period of 12 months. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Supervised physical training alone and angioplasty plus supervised physical training again surpassed the other treatment modalities, with an additional gain of 110 m in maximum walking distance (95% CI: 16 to 200 m; p &lt; 0.001), or a proportional gain of 66% (95% CI: 9.66 to 121%; p &lt; 0.001). Supervised physical training alone yielded a 180-m gain in maximum walking distance (95% CI: 130 to 230 m), corresponding to a proportional gain of 87% (95% CI: 63 to 111%); this was higher than with angioplasty alone, but lower than with supervised physical training plus angioplasty, in terms of maximum walking distance. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These review studies have important implications for clinical practice. This is because all patients with intermittent claudication should receive optimized clinical treatment, in view of the evidence that shows a reduction in future cardiovascular events and an improvement in limb-related outcomes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B379">379</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B380">380</xref></sup> In this context, supervised physical training and angioplasty are essential to improve walking distance and quality of life. This recent meta-analysis cited above strongly suggests that supervised physical training associated with angioplasty should be part of first-line treatment, always in the context of optimized drug therapy. The offer of angioplasty without optimized physical training should be avoided whenever possible. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref></sup> However, DAOP treatment centers often offer angioplasty primarily due to the lack of centers focused on supervised physical training. Furthermore, it cannot be neglected that supervised physical training faces resistance on the part of patients themselves, who are often little adherent to treatment, which partly justifies the majority preference in favor of percutaneous treatment. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B381">381</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, recent studies have demonstrated the benefits of combining treatment modalities for symptomatic PAOD, which may increase the likelihood that CVR will become increasingly widespread and accessible. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B382">382</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, in addition to optimized medical care, angioplasty combined with supervised physical training seems to be the ideal strategy for initial treatment of patients with intermittent claudication, both to improve maximum walking distance and to improve quality of life. However, the data from these latest reviews cannot confirm whether supervised physical training should be followed by angioplasty or vice versa.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>How to cite this Guideline:</p>
          <p>Carvalho T, Milani M, Ferraz AS, Silveira AD, Herdy AH, Hossri CAC, et al. Brazilian Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Guideline &#8211; 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(5):943-987.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Nota:</bold> These guidelines are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="abbr">
          <label>Lista de Abreviaturas de Acr&#244;nimos</label>
          <p>1RM &#8211; One repetition maximum test</p>
          <p>ABI &#8211; Ankle-brachial index</p>
          <p>AMI &#8211; Acute myocardial infarction</p>
          <p>ARVC &#8211; Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy</p>
          <p>AV &#8211; Atrioventricular</p>
          <p>BP &#8211; Blood pressure</p>
          <p>CABG &#8211; Coronary artery bypass graft</p>
          <p>CAD &#8211; Coronary artery disease</p>
          <p>CI &#8211; Confidence interval</p>
          <p>CKD &#8211; Chronic kidney disease</p>
          <p>CPET &#8211; Cardiopulmonary exercise test</p>
          <p>CVD &#8211; Cardiovascular disease</p>
          <p>CVR &#8211; Cardiovascular rehabilitation</p>
          <p>DBP &#8211; Diastolic blood pressure</p>
          <p>ECG &#8211; Electrocardiogram</p>
          <p>HBCR &#8211; Home-based cardiovascular rehabilitation</p>
          <p>HCM &#8211; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</p>
          <p>HF &#8211; Heart failure</p>
          <p>HIIT &#8211; High-intensity interval training</p>
          <p>HR &#8211; Heart rate</p>
          <p>HTN &#8211; Hypertension</p>
          <p>HTx &#8211; Heart transplantation</p>
          <p>ICD &#8211; Implantable cardioverter&#8211;defibrillator</p>
          <p>IMT &#8211; Inspiratory muscle training</p>
          <p>LVEDD &#8211; Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter</p>
          <p>LVEF &#8211; Left ventricular ejection fraction</p>
          <p>LVESD &#8211; Left ventricular end-systolic diameter</p>
          <p>LYS &#8211; Life-year saved</p>
          <p>MET &#8211; Metabolic equivalent</p>
          <p>MICT &#8211; Moderate-intensity continuous training</p>
          <p>MRI &#8211; Magnetic resonance imaging</p>
          <p>NCM &#8211; Noncompaction cardiomyopathy</p>
          <p>NMES Neuromuscular electrical stimulation</p>
          <p>NYHA &#8211; New York Heart Association</p>
          <p>PAOD &#8211; Peripheral arterial occlusive disease</p>
          <p>PASP &#8211; Pulmonary artery systolic pressure</p>
          <p>PCI &#8211; Percutaneous coronary intervention</p>
          <p>pmp &#8211; Per million population</p>
          <p>SBP &#8211; Systolic blood pressure</p>
          <p>SCD &#8211; Sudden cardiac death</p>
          <p>TMET &#8211; Treadmill exercise test</p>
          <p>VO <sub>2</sub> &#8211; Oxygen consumption</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>May 2020 Issue, vol. 114 (5), pages 943-987</p>
          <p>In the English version of the &#8220;Updated Geriatric Cardiology Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology &#8211; 2019&#8221;, with DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200407, published in the journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 114(5):943-987, correct the value &#8220;50&#8211;85%&#8221; in line 4, column 2, to &#8220;50&#8211;80%&#8221;, according to the Portuguese version of the document.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
