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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">w6VVHMPcVznxnBY5yrHfQWH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000600843</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200268</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200268</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nova Pneumonia por Coronav&#237;rus e Miocardiopatia: Relato de Caso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8740-1429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Huyut</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Yeni Yuzyil University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Yeni Yuzyil University &#8211; Cardiology,Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Mustafa Ahmet Huyut &#8226; Yeni Yuzyil University - Cardiology. Merkez Mahallesi, &#199;ukur&#231;e&#351;me Caddesi, 51 34245 Gaziosmanpa&#351;a, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>ahuyut@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Huyut MA</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>843</fpage>
      <lpage>845</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Infecciosas</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Respirat&#243;ria Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Um agrupamento de casos de pneumonia foi registrado pela primeira vez em Wuhan, Hubei, China, em dezembro de 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Foi estabelecido que um coronav&#237;rus era o pat&#243;geno respons&#225;vel pela doen&#231;a e, desde ent&#227;o, &#233; chamado de Coronav&#237;rus da S&#237;ndrome Respirat&#243;ria Aguda Grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A doen&#231;a desencadeada pela SARS-CoV-2 &#233; chamada COVID-19, que se espalhou pelo mundo desde ent&#227;o. Os n&#250;meros tendem a subir na Europa e a extens&#227;o da letalidade da COVID-19 n&#227;o pode ser medida corretamente. Em pacientes idosos, a letalidade parece ser particularmente maior quando comparada &#224; influenza sazonal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A TC &#233; muito &#250;til no diagn&#243;stico da COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>Al&#233;m disso, o exame de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) &#233; uma ferramenta muito importante para avaliar a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Estudos anteriores relataram que a rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR) era o atual padr&#227;o ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Mas, em alguns casos, a sensibilidade da TC &#233; maior que a da RT-PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Relatamos um caso confirmado de pneumonia por COVID-19 em uma mulher de 59 anos. Encontramos uma diminui&#231;&#227;o leve da FEVE sem eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis da troponina-I, que pode ser considerada como miocardiopatia devido ao aumento da libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas na COVID-19. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro relato da literatura que demonstra a associa&#231;&#227;o entre imagens de ETT e TC na COVID-19, e descobrimos que a piora nos achados da ETT est&#225; alinhada com a progress&#227;o das imagens na TC.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Uma mulher de 59 anos teve febre por 4 dias, depois de pegar um resfriado. Um dia antes de visitar o hospital, ela estava com febre e tosse, mas sem sensa&#231;&#227;o de aperto no peito, dor no t&#243;rax, calafrios, n&#225;usea e v&#244;mito ou diarreia. Ela n&#227;o se sentiu melhor depois de receber antit&#233;rmicos. Ent&#227;o, ela foi internada em nosso ambulat&#243;rio no BHT Clinic Tema Hospital. Quatro dias antes, a paciente havia tido contato com um parente que havia viajado pela Europa. Em seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico anterior, cirurgia bari&#225;trica havia sido realizada tr&#234;s anos antes e ela ainda apresentava diabetes mellitus tipo II, hiperlipidemia e hipertens&#227;o como condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-existentes. Ela foi internada em nosso hospital em 20 de mar&#231;o de 2020 e ainda apresentava febre ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, com a temperatura mais alta de 39,5 &#176;C, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 119 batimentos por minuto; a eletrocardiografia foi consistente com taquicardia sinusal e o QTc foi calculado em 0,398 segundos, press&#227;o arterial em 94/60 mmHg e taquipneia consp&#237;cua com frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 24 incurs&#245;es respirat&#243;rias/min com oxigena&#231;&#227;o suficiente (95% de satura&#231;&#227;o em ar ambiente). A identifica&#231;&#227;o do novo coronav&#237;rus em 2019 (2019-nCoV) na RT-PCR foi positiva em uma amostra obtida com um <italic>swab</italic> de garganta. O risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea com outros v&#237;rus respirat&#243;rios e outros pat&#243;genos foi negativo para a amostra obtida do <italic>swab</italic> de garganta. As caracter&#237;sticas tomogr&#225;ficas da paciente foram semelhantes &#224;s s&#233;ries de casos relatadas por Pan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1: A-B</xref>). Os resultados laboratoriais mostraram leucopenia, com 4,1 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/L, linfopenia com 0,8 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup> / L, n&#237;vel apenas ligeiramente aumentado de PCR, com 18,4 mg / L e baixo n&#237;vel de procalcitonina, com 0,01 ng / mL. A paciente foi submetida a um exame de ETT com transdutor de 3,5 MHz (Vivid-7 GE Medical System, Horten, Noruega). Os exames e medidas foram realizados de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Echocardiography Unit</italic>. O m&#233;todo de Simpson foi utilizado para calcular a FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Na admiss&#227;o, a FEVE foi calculada em 65%, com achados normais de ETT.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Imagens axiais de TC. <bold>(A-B)</bold>: Na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, a TC mostra a presen&#231;a bilateral de GGO leve no par&#234;nquima. <bold>(C-D)</bold>: No dia 6, uma TC de repeti&#231;&#227;o foi consistente com a crescente expans&#227;o dos GGOs e com as consolida&#231;&#245;es em andamento, chamadas de &#8220;pavimenta&#231;&#227;o em mosaico&#8221;. <bold>(E-F)</bold>: No dia 12, uma TC de repeti&#231;&#227;o mostrou que as consolida&#231;&#245;es anteriores e GGOs em ambos os pulm&#245;es tinham sido absorvidos em sua maioria, deixando les&#245;es fibrosas que podem indicar pneumonia residual em organiza&#231;&#227;o. TC: tomografia computadorizada, GGOs: opacidades em vidro fosco.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0843-00268-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A paciente foi isolada e iniciou terapia de alto fluxo nasal para insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e tratada com medicamento antiviral (oseltamivir, 75mg / c&#225;psula, 1 c&#225;psula por vez, duas vezes ao dia, por 5 dias), antibi&#243;tico (azitromicina, 500mg / comprimido) no primeiro dia e depois 250mg / comprimido, uma vez ao dia por 4 dias), antipir&#233;tico (paracetamol 1gr / 100 mL, duas vezes ao dia), mucol&#237;tico (ampola de N-acetilciste&#237;na, 300mg / 3mL intravenosa (IV), duas vezes por dia), anticoagulante (enoxaparina 4000 anti-Xa UI / 0,4 mL, uma vez ao dia), corticosteroide (metilprednisolona, 40mg intravenosa (IV), uma vez ao dia, por 5 dias), inibidor da bomba de pr&#243;tons (ampola de esomeprazol, 40 mg IV, uma vez ao dia) e medicamento antimal&#225;rico (sulfato de hidroxicloroquina 200 mg / comprimido, 400 mg / comprimido duas vezes ao dia no primeiro dia e depois 200mg / comprimido duas vezes ao dia, por 6 dias).</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s 5 dias de tratamento, a temperatura da paciente voltou ao normal e os sintomas desapareceram. No entanto, no dia 6, uma TC de repeti&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se consistente com o aumento da expans&#227;o dos GGOs e progrediu para as chamadas consolida&#231;&#245;es de &#8220;pavimenta&#231;&#227;o em mosaico&#8221;. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1: C-D</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a FEVE foi calculada em 52%, mas o n&#237;vel de troponina-I ainda era normal. Devido aos resultados da TC e aos achados da ETT, adicionamos favipiravir ao tratamento (200 mg / comprimido no primeiro dia, 1600 mg / comprimido duas vezes ao dia e 600 mg / comprimido duas vezes ao dia por 4 dias) em vez do oseltamivir. No 12&#186; dia, uma TC de repeti&#231;&#227;o mostrou que as consolida&#231;&#245;es anteriores e GGOs em ambos os pulm&#245;es tinham sido absorvidos em sua maioria, deixando algumas les&#245;es fibrosas que podem indicar pneumonia residual em organiza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1: E-F</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a FEVE foi calculada em 65% e a repeti&#231;&#227;o da RT-PCR foi negativa e a paciente recebeu alta. Nenhum outro exame tomogr&#225;fico de acompanhamento foi realizado.</p>
      <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o &#233; transmitida principalmente atrav&#233;s de got&#237;culas respirat&#243;rias. Febre e tosse seca s&#227;o os principais sinais cl&#237;nicos da COVID-19 em pacientes, acompanhados de dores no corpo ou exaust&#227;o, e a maioria dos pacientes tinha entre 40 e 60 anos de idade. Al&#233;m disso, em alguns casos, podem ocorrer dor de cabe&#231;a, hemoptise e diarreia. Al&#233;m do mais, pacientes graves podem evoluir para SDRA e a intuba&#231;&#227;o pode ser necess&#225;ria em alguns pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os sinais cl&#237;nicos da COVID-19 s&#227;o os mesmos de infec&#231;&#245;es normais do trato respirat&#243;rio superior, mas a TC do t&#243;rax mostra alguns detalhes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Entretanto, &#233; dif&#237;cil distinguir o COVID-19 de outras pneumonias virais com base apenas nos achados da TC. Ainda &#233; necess&#225;rio esclarecer e definir a hist&#243;ria epidemiol&#243;gica e ela deve ser diagnosticada por RT-PCR. Miocardite aguda &#233; um risco documentado de infec&#231;&#245;es virais, tais como a influenza. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica varia de miocardite assintom&#225;tica a fulminante, o que pode contribuir para instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores baseados nas aut&#243;psias em casos fatais mostraram que, durante a pandemia de influenza asi&#225;tica de 1957 e durante a pandemia de influenza espanhola, foram registradas, respectivamente, 39,4% e 48% de taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es com miocardite focal a difusa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esses incidentes mortais de miocardite mostraram pneumonia grave e envolvimento de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os. Como consequ&#234;ncia, espera-se que a miocardite seja um risco fatal em um surto pand&#234;mico de influenza. Miura et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m encontraram um ant&#237;geno viral no mioc&#225;rdio com colora&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o autopsiado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Bowles et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> avaliaram amostras de bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica de 624 pacientes e identificaram objetivamente miocardite utilizando PCR para diferentes genes virais. Das 239 amostras positivas para genes virais, o adenov&#237;rus foi encontrado em 142 amostras, o enterov&#237;rus em 85 amostras e o influenza tipo A em apenas cinco (0,8%) amostras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Portanto, embora a patog&#234;nese da miocardiopatia ou miocardite associada &#224; COVID-19 permane&#231;a incerta, a literatura sugere que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ter um papel importante na patog&#234;nese da miocardite e da miocardiopatia. Os achados de an&#225;lises por microsc&#243;pico eletr&#244;nico do cora&#231;&#227;o a partir de um modelo murino de miocardite por influenza mostraram muitos linf&#243;citos infiltrantes diretamente ligados aos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos e citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias na patog&#234;nese da miocardite aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A libera&#231;&#227;o excessiva de citocinas na COVID-19 j&#225; &#233; um fato conhecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; de que citocinas como TNF-&#945;, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, e IL-10, que s&#227;o conhecidas por terem efeitos cardio-depressivos, e catecolaminas end&#243;genas e ex&#243;genas, que desempenham papel importante na sepse, possam tamb&#233;m desencadeiam o efeito cardio-depressivo na COVID-19. Al&#233;m disso, consideramos que a miocardiopatia pode ser revers&#237;vel ao remover-se as citocinas da circula&#231;&#227;o durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o. Estudos anteriores tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da replica&#231;&#227;o viral mediada por tripsina e a downregula&#231;&#227;o de citocinas e metaloproteinases da matriz melhoraram significativamente as fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas de camundongos infectados pelo v&#237;rus da influenza A.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>De acordo com esses achados, temos que identificar prontamente pacientes cr&#237;ticos e trat&#225;-los o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel, para evitar complica&#231;&#245;es fatais. Precisamos utilizar todos os tipos de ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas e op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento durante o seguimento. De maneira especial, a ETT pode ser a maneira menos dispendiosa e mais f&#225;cil de acompanhar esses pacientes. Entretanto, ainda n&#227;o existe medicamento espec&#237;fico para o tratamento de pacientes com COVID-19. Com base na experi&#234;ncia do tratamento da SARS (S&#237;ndrome Respirat&#243;ria Aguda Severa) e MERS (S&#237;ndrome Respirat&#243;ria do Oriente M&#233;dio), alguns medicamentos como hidroxicloroquina, azitromicina, oseltamivir, lopinavir-ritonavir, remdesivir e favipiravir podem ter efeitos positivos em pacientes com COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nossa paciente n&#227;o apresentou miocardite, pois n&#227;o houve aumento da troponina-I, mas acreditamos que ela possa sofrer miocardiopatia devido &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o excessiva de citocinas. No nosso caso, a miocardiopatia e a COVID-19 foram tratadas com hidroxicloroquina, metilprednisolona, azitromicina e, finalmente, com favipiravir. No entanto, os efeitos curativos desses medicamentos ainda n&#227;o foram comprovados e precisam de pesquisas adicionais.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia and Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8740-1429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Huyut</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Yeni Yuzyil University &#8211; Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Mustafa Ahmet Huyut &#8226; Yeni Yuzyil University &#8211; Cardiology - Merkez Mahallesi, &#199;ukur&#231;e&#351;me Caddesi, 51 34245 Gaziosmanpa&#351;a, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: ahuyut@yahoo.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Huyut MA</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Infectious Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Respiratory Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A clustering of pneumonia was first recorded in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A coronavirus has been established as the pathogen responsible for the disease, and has since been called Severe Acute Coronavirus Syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease triggered by SARS-CoV-2 is called COVID-19, which has spread worldwide since then. Figures tend to climb in Europe, and the extent of COVID-19 lethality cannot be correctly measured. In older patients, lethality appears to be particularly higher when compared to seasonal influenza.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CT is very helpful in COVID-19 diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Also, TTE examination is a very important tool to asses LVEF. Previous studies reported that the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was the current gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> But in some cases, the CT sensitivity is higher than that of RT-PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> We report a confirmed case of COVID-19 pneumonia in a 59-year-old female. We found a mild decrease in LVEF without troponin-I elevation, which might be considered as cardiomyopathy due to the increased cytokine release in COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature demonstrating the association between TTE and CT images in COVID-19, and we found that the worsening in the TTE findings is in line with the progression of CT images.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>A 59-year-old female had had fever for 4 days, after catching a cold. One day before visiting the hospital, she had fever and cough, but no chest tightness, chest pain, chills, nausea and vomiting or diarrhea. She did not feel better after receiving antifebrile agents. Then, she was admitted to our outpatient clinic in BHT Clinic Tema Hospital. Four days before, the patient had had contact with her relative who had traveled from Europe. In her previous medical history, bariatric surgery had been performed 3 years before and she had still type II diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension as pre-existing conditions. She was hospitalized in our hospital on March/20/2020, and still had fever after admission, with the highest temperature of 39.5 &#176;C, heart rate of 119 beats per minute; the electrocardiography was consistent with sinus tachycardia and QTc was calculated at 0.398 seconds, blood pressure at 94/60 mmHg, and conspicuous tachypnea with a respiratory rate of 24/min with sufficient oxygenation (95% ambient air saturation). The identification of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in RT-PCR was positive from a throat swab. The risk of simultaneous contamination with other respiratory viruses and other pathogens were negative for the throat swab. The CT characteristics of the patient were similar to the case series reported by Pan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1: A-B</xref>). Laboratory results showed leukopenia, with 4.1&#215;10<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>/L, lymphopenia with 0.8&#215;10<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>/L, an only slightly increased CRP level, with 18.4 mg/L and a low procalcitonin level, with 0.01 ng/mL. The patient underwent a TTE examination with a 3.5-MHz transducer (Vivid-7 GE Medical System, Horten, Norway). Examinations and measurements were performed according to the recommendations of the American Echocardiography Unit. Simpson&#8217;s method was used to calculate LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> At the admission, LVEF was calculated at 65%, with normal TTE findings.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Axial CT images. <bold>(A-B)</bold>: At admission, CT shows the bilateral presence of mild GGOs in the parenchyma. <bold>(C-D)</bold>: On day 6, a repeated CT was consistent with increasing expansion of the GGOs and progressed consolidations, which are called crazy paving consolidations. <bold>(E-F)</bold>: On day 12, a repeated CT showed that the previous consolidations and GGOs in both lungs were mostly absorbed, leaving fibrous lesions that may indicate residual organizing pneumonia. CT: computer tomography, GGOs: ground-glass opacities.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0843-00268-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The patient was isolated, and initiated nasal high flow therapy for respiratory insufficiency and treated with the antiviral drug (oseltamivir, 75mg/capsule, 1 capsule each time, twice a day, for 5-days), antibiotic (azithromycin, 500mg/tablet on the first day, and after that, 250mg/tablet, once a day for 4-days), antipyretic (paracetamol 1gr/100 mL, twice a day), mucolytic (N-acetylcysteine ampule, 300mg/3ml intravenous (IV), twice a day), anticoagulant (enoxaparin 4000 anti-Xa IU/0,4 mL, once a day), corticosteroid (methylprednisolone, 40mg intravenous (IV), once a day, for 5 days), proton-pump inhibitor (esomeprazole ampule, 40 mg IV, once a day), and antimalarial drug (hydroxychloroquine sulfate 200mg/tablet, 400 mg/tablet twice a day on the first day, and after that, 200mg/tablet twice a day, for 6-days). After 5 days of the treatment, the patient&#8217;s temperature dropped to normal and the symptoms disappeared. However, on day 6, a repeated CT was consistent with increasing expansion of the GGOs and progressed to which are called &#8220;crazy paving consolidations&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1: C-D</xref>). Moreover, LVEF was calculated at 52%, but the troponin-I level was still normal. Due to the CT scan results and TTE findings, we added favipiravir to the treatment (200mg/tablet on the first day, 1600mg/tablet twice a day, and 600mg/tablet, twice a day for 4 days) instead of oseltamivir. On day 12, a repeated CT showed that the previous consolidations and GGOs in both lungs were mostly absorbed, leaving some fibrous lesions that may indicate residual organizing pneumonia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1: E-F</xref>). Also, LVEF was calculated at 65% and a repeated RT-PCR was negative and the patient was discharged. No other follow-up CT examinations were performed.</p>
        <p>The infection is primarily spread through respiratory droplets. Fever and dry cough are the primary clinical signs of COVID-19 in patients, accompanied by body aches or exhaustion and most patients were aged between 40 and 60 years-old. Also, in some cases headache and hemoptysis and diarrhea may occur. Moreover, severe patients may progress to ARDS and intubation may be required in certain patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The clinical signs of COVID-19 are the same as those of normal upper respiratory tract infections, but the chest CT shows certain details.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, it is difficult to distinguish COVID-19 from other viral pneumonia based on CT findings alone. It is still necessary to clarify and define the epidemiological history, and it should be diagnosed by RT-PCR. Acute myocarditis is a documented risk of viral infections, such as influenza. Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to fulminant myocarditis, which may contribute to severe hemodynamic instability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Previous autopsy-based studies on fatal cases showed that during the 1957 Asian influenza pandemic and during the Spanish influenza pandemic, 39.4% and 48% complication rates of focal to diffuse myocarditis were recorded, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> These deadly incidents of myocarditis showed both severe pneumonia and multiple organ involvement. As a consequence, myocarditis is expected to be a fatal risk in a pandemic influenza outbreak. Miura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> also found a viral antigen in the myocardium with immunohistochemical staining of the autopsied heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>Bowles et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> evaluated endomyocardial biopsy samples from 624 patients and objectively identified myocarditis utilizing PCR for different viral genes. Of the 239 samples tested positive for viral genes, adenovirus was found in 142 samples, enterovirus in 85 samples and influenza A in just five (0.8%) samples.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Thus, although the pathogenesis of COVID-19-associated cardiomyopathy or myocarditis remains unclear, the literature suggests that endothelial dysfunction may have an important role in the pathogenesis of myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Electron microscopic findings of the heart from a murine influenza myocarditis model showed many infiltrating lymphocytes directly attached to the cardiac myocytes, and proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of acute myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The over-release of cytokines in COVID-19 is already known.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We hypothesized that cytokines such as TNF-&#945;, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, which are known to have cardio-depressant effects, and endogenous and exogenous catecholamines, which play important role in sepsis, may also trigger the cardio-depressant effect in COVID-19. Also, we considered that the cardiomyopathy might be reversible by clearing cytokines from the circulation during recovery. Previous studies have also demonstrated that inhibiting trypsin-mediated viral replication and downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and cytokines, significantly improved the cardiac functions of mice infected with influenza A virus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> According to these findings, we have to promptly identify critically-ill patients and treat them as soon as possible, to avoid fatal complications. We need to use all kinds of diagnostic tools and treatment options during the follow-up. Especially, TTE may be the cheapest and the easiest way to follow-up these patients. However, there is still no specific drug for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Based on the experience of the treatment of SARS and MERS, some drugs such as hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, oseltamivir, lopinavir-ritonavir, remdesivir, and favipiravir might have positive effects on COVID-19 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In conclusion, our patient did not experience myocarditis, because there was no troponin-I increase, but we believe she might experience cardiomyopathy due to the over-release of cytokines. In our case, cardiomyopathy and COVID-19 were treated with hydroxychloroquine, methylprednisolone, azithromycin, and finally with favipiravir. However, the curative effects of these medications have not yet been proven, and still need further researches.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
