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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FhdvV9qsmPbL4KFfMqwtNBv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000600839</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2020005007207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200263</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200263</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronav&#237;rus e o Cora&#231;&#227;o | Um Relato de Caso sobre a Evolu&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19 Associado &#224; Evolu&#231;&#227;o Cardiol&#243;gica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4238-4746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rente</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Uezato</surname>
            <given-names>Delcio</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Uezato</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Margareth Kunyoshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Municipal de Emerg&#234;ncias Albert Sabin</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Caetano</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal de Emerg&#234;ncias Albert Sabin &#8211; Emerg&#234;ncia,S&#227;o Caetano, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Caetano do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Caetano</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Caetano do Sul &#8211; Cardiologia,S&#227;o Caetano, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Arthur Rente &#8226; Hospital Municipal de Emerg&#234;ncias Albert Sabin &#8211; Emerg&#234;ncia - Rua Aur&#233;lia, 101. CEP 09551340, S&#227;o Caetano, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>arthurfelipe3@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rente A, Uezato Junior D, Uezato KMK; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Uezato Junior D, Uezato KMK; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rente A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>839</fpage>
      <lpage>842</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID 19</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardite/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com in&#237;cio em 31 de dezembro de 2019, na China, o coronav&#237;rus (Sars-Cov-2)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> tem sido alvo de estudos das mais diversas &#225;reas m&#233;dicas, tendo a cardiologia como um dos grandes pilares de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas como hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes melito e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana aumentam drasticamente o desfecho negativo de pacientes infectados. De acordo com dados da American College of Cardiology (ACC), nesse perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, os n&#237;veis de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es decorrentes de COVID-19 chegam a 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em virtude de altera&#231;&#245;es infecciosas decorrentes de infec&#231;&#227;o, comorbidades cr&#244;nicas que at&#233; ent&#227;o estavam estabilizadas podem tender a descompensa&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o de oferta e demanda de O<sub>2</sub> , dentre outros fatores de respostas fisiol&#243;gicas frente a quadros s&#233;pticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sabe-se previamente que em outras pandemias de etiologia virais, tais como SARS e MERS, cursaram com quadros de miocardite aguda com desfecho tr&#225;gico do ponto de vista cardiol&#243;gico, ficando assim a possiblidade de termos a COVID-19 como fonte de miocardite aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Conforme dados da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), em mar&#231;o de 2020, o acometimento cardiovascular relacionado ao novo coronav&#237;rus apresentou como desfecho arritmias (16%), isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (10%), miocardite (7,2%) e choque (1-2%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivo</title>
      <p>Relato de caso de um paciente portador de diabetes melito que contraiu de forma comunit&#225;ria o novo coronav&#237;rus, evoluiu com altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e foi a &#243;bito.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es contidas nesta descri&#231;&#227;o de caso cl&#237;nico foram obtidas por meio de revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio, entrevista com equipe m&#233;dica, registro de imagens de exames diagn&#243;sticos e revis&#227;o de literatura.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente R.S.C., 33 anos de idade, procurou servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia em hospital municipal de emerg&#234;ncias de S&#227;o Caetano do Sul, estado de S&#227;o Paulo, em 12 de mar&#231;o de 2020, com quadro de febre n&#227;o aferida, dor no corpo e tosse produtiva h&#225; 3 dias. Passou por avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo plantonista do pronto-socorro, em que apresentou exame f&#237;sico sem altera&#231;&#245;es descritas, foi medicado com sintom&#225;ticos e apresentou melhora, sendo liberado ap&#243;s.</p>
      <p>Em 14 de mar&#231;o de 2020, o paciente retornou ao pronto atendimento referindo tosse seca, sensa&#231;&#227;o de dispneia e febre (39 graus &#8211; aferido em madrugada pr&#233;via). Negou congest&#227;o ou rinorreia. Foi realizada radiografia de t&#243;rax ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ) e a prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica foi amoxicilina + clavulanato 875/125mg, de 12 em 12 horas. O paciente foi liberado posteriormente.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Radiografia de t&#243;rax em primeiro atendimento.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0839-00263-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em 16 de mar&#231;o de 2020, o paciente retornou, com piora de sensa&#231;&#227;o de dispneia, sem melhora de adinamia e aumento de tosse seca; febre havia cessado, mas apresentava sudorese intensa. Ao exame f&#237;sico, evolu&#237;a com diminui&#231;&#227;o de murm&#250;rio vesicular bilateralmente.</p>
      <p>Foi realizada nova radiografia de t&#243;rax ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ), em que foi apresentada intensa piora, com radiopacidade pronunciada em campos pulmonares bilaterais, sendo instalada suplementa&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> por cateter nasal, com discreta melhora.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Radiografia de t&#243;rax referente ao segundo atendimento</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0839-00263-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A equipe do pronto atendimento solicitou vaga em enfermaria para elucida&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e tratamento.</p>
      <p>Em 16 de mar&#231;o de 2020, o paciente foi recebido na enfermaria do hospital de emerg&#234;ncias, sendo realizada anamnese de paciente (descrita a seguir).</p>
      <p>Paciente admitido em enfermaria com quadro de tosse produtiva, febre h&#225; 4 dias, tendo usado amoxicilina + clavulanato por 2 dias sem melhoras; nega viagem para exterior ou contato com pessoa com sintomas de COVID-19.</p>
      <p>Tem diabetes de antecedentes pessoais, por&#233;m n&#227;o faz tratamento regular.</p>
      <p>Em admiss&#227;o em enfermaria, paciente apresentava-se em, Glasgow 15, eupneico em cateter de O<sub>2</sub>, acian&#243;tico. Ritmo card&#237;aco regular em 2 tempos; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: 90 bpm; press&#227;o arterial: 120 x 70mmHg. Murm&#250;rio vesicular presente com roncos difusos esparsos e diminu&#237;do globalmente. Radiografia de t&#243;rax, radiopacidade pronunciada nos campos pulmonares bilateralmente.</p>
      <p>Exames laboratoriais em 16 de mar&#231;o de 2020: Hb: 15,5; leuc&#243;citos: 16.150 mil; bast&#245;es: 323; Vhs: 23; Na: 135; K: 4,3; ureia: 2; creatinina: 0,6; PCR: 23,6; glicemia: 344.</p>
      <p>Aventada hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de pneumonia e diabetes descompensada.</p>
      <p>Solicita&#231;&#227;o de tomografia de t&#243;rax, isolamento respirat&#243;rio, pesquisa COVID-19 ( <italic>swab</italic> e PCR).</p>
      <p>Optou-se por iniciar piperacilina + tazobactan 4,5 mg, 6/6 horas, corre&#231;&#227;o de dextro.</p>
      <p>Em 17 de mar&#231;o de 2020, paciente evoluiu com mal-estar geral, quadro de febre (38,3&#176;C), refrat&#225;ria &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o; dessatura&#231;&#227;o 85% em O<sub>2</sub> 3L/min; taquicard&#237;aco, 104 bpm; taquipneico; 84 ipm; press&#227;o arterial: 120x70mmHg.</p>
      <p>Ritmo card&#237;aco taquicard&#237;aco com abafamento de bulhas, dor tor&#225;cica, turg&#234;ncia jugular com sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
      <p>Murm&#250;rio vesicular presente com estertores crepitantes por todo hemit&#243;rax direito.</p>
      <p>Em 17 de mar&#231;o de 2020, eletrocardiograma n&#227;o apresentou sinais de isquemia.</p>
      <p>Exames laboratoriais em 17 de mar&#231;o de 2020: Hb: 14,2; hT: 41%; leucocitose: 15.030; plaquetas: 143 mil; PCR: 25; ureia: 36; creatinina: 0,60; Na: 135; K: 4,2.</p>
      <p>Formulada hip&#243;tese de sepse de foco pulmonar; etiologia viral, equipe optou por obten&#231;&#227;o de via a&#233;rea definitiva com intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal.</p>
      <p>Press&#227;o arterial: 154x91 mmHg; FC: 48; bpm sat O<sub>2</sub>: 82%; FiO<sub>2</sub>: 100%; Peep: 12; press&#227;o controlada.</p>
      <p>Devido &#224; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, o paciente foi mantido em sala de emerg&#234;ncia &#224; espera de vaga na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Foi realizada tomografia computadorizada (TC) de t&#243;rax ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3 a 6</xref> ), que apresentava intuba&#231;&#227;o seletiva de br&#244;nquio fonte direito; opacidades em vidro fosco extensas em ambos os pulm&#245;es, comprometendo todos os lobos com predom&#237;nio em lobos inferiores, em que se notam consolida&#231;&#245;es com broncogramas a&#233;reos, o que sugere processo inflamat&#243;rio/infeccioso. N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel afastar etiologia viral. H&#225; presen&#231;a de edema mioc&#225;rdico secund&#225;rio a processo inflamat&#243;rio associado a espessamento de parede mioc&#225;rdica com discreto aumento de &#225;rea card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figuras 3 a 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Tomografia de t&#243;rax em janela pulmonar com acometimento padr&#227;o vidro fosco.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0839-00263-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Realizada nova intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal com sucesso, mantidas antibioticoterapia e medidas para insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda.</p>
      <p>Em 18 de mar&#231;o de 2020, o paciente evoluiu para mal-estar geral &#8211; apresentou-se taquicard&#237;aco, taquidispneico sedado (Ramsey 6) em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica.</p>
      <p>Ritmo card&#237;aco taquicard&#237;aco, com hipofonese de b1 e b3 em esbo&#231;o, presen&#231;a de turg&#234;ncia jugular, edema MMII 1/4+.</p>
      <p>Murm&#250;rio vesicular com roncos difusos.</p>
      <p>Iniciada observa&#231;&#227;o para miocardite aguda + sepse de foco pulmonar.</p>
      <p>Mantida antibioticoterapia associada a monitoramento hemodin&#226;mico; in&#237;cio de f&#225;rmaco vasoativo caso necess&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Vaga de UTI para paciente disponibilizada em hospital das cl&#237;nicas (HC) de S&#227;o Paulo, por&#233;m paciente evoluiu para &#243;bito no momento de admiss&#227;o devido a quadro de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda &#8211; COVID-19. Resultados relevantes:</p>
      <p>Em 17 de mar&#231;o de 2020, foram realizados testes complementares que apresentaram os seguintes resultados:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Troponina quantitativa: 0,49 ng/dL</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>D&#237;mero D: 0,1 mg/L</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Lactato venoso: 2,0 mmol/L</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Teste r&#225;pido HIV: negativo</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Foi realizado <italic>swab</italic> orofar&#237;ngeo (teste r&#225;pido para COVID-19) em 17 de mar&#231;o de 2020, com resultado negativo; no entanto, &#233; not&#243;rio que a especificidade de <italic>swab</italic> nasal gira em torno de 63%, sendo utilizado em primeira triagem.</p>
      <p>O exame padr&#227;o-ouro para detec&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19 consiste em coleta de amostra <italic>in vivo</italic> ou <italic>post mortem</italic> de PCR (PCR 2019-nCoV), em que foi obtido o resultado positivado da amostra (coleta em 19 de mar&#231;o de 2020 &#8211; <italic>post mortem</italic> ). Os exames realizados no estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; obtidos por meio do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) &#8211; foram analisados pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz Central, concluindo o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo novo coronav&#237;rus.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Tendo em vista a atual pandemia e uma doen&#231;a ainda em investiga&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o podemos descartar o acometimento em jovens e crian&#231;as, principalmente naqueles portadores de agravos cr&#244;nicos. H&#225; relatos de viv&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica que demonstram que muitos pacientes entre 20 a 40 anos de idade est&#227;o sendo infectados pelo novo coronav&#237;rus, desenvolvendo m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades associadas &#224; preval&#234;ncia infecciosa.</p>
      <p>O acometimento card&#237;aco, que leva a quadros de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, vem sendo apontando como uma das maiores fontes de complica&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias, com desfecho reservado, sem uma terapia especifica para tratamento, somente o seguimento cl&#225;ssico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda j&#225; preconizado em nossas diretrizes, al&#233;m de controle do foco infeccioso.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O desfecho cardiovascular &#233; uma possibilidade real na viv&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica da pandemia do novo coronav&#237;rus, sendo necess&#225;rios o monitoramento e o acompanhamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os sinais cl&#237;nicos devem sempre nos guiar a aventar tais possibilidades, al&#233;m de mantermos o alerta para miocardites.</p>
      <p>Exames complementares como TC e radiografia de t&#243;rax s&#227;o &#250;teis para investiga&#231;&#227;o, e o ecocardiograma pode facilitar o manejo e a conduta. Vale lembrar que, muitas vezes, n&#227;o h&#225; disponibilidade em unidades de pronto atendimento, e tamb&#233;m apresentar resultados vari&#225;veis por ser um exame com resultado operador dependente.</p>
      <p>Em virtude da gravidade dos pacientes (a maioria sob ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica), a resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o apresenta grande valia devido &#224; impossibilidade de ser realizada.</p>
      <p>Corroboramos a necessidade de anamnese e de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica/cardiol&#243;gica minuciosa de tal perfil de paciente, a fim de minimizar as evolu&#231;&#245;es desfavor&#225;veis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronavirus and the Heart | A Case Report on the Evolution of COVID-19 Associated with Cardiological Evolution</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4238-4746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rente</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Uezato</surname>
            <given-names>Delcio</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Uezato</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Margareth Kunyoshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal de Emerg&#234;ncias Albert Sabin &#8211; Emerg&#234;ncia, S&#227;o Caetano, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Caetano do Sul &#8211; Cardiologia, S&#227;o Caetano, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Arthur Rente &#8226; Hospital Municipal de Emerg&#234;ncias Albert Sabin &#8211; Emerg&#234;ncia - Rua Aur&#233;lia, 101. Postal Code 09551340, S&#227;o Caetano, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: arthurfelipe3@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rente A, Uezato Junior D, Uezato KMK; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Uezato Junior D, Uezato KMK; Writing of the manuscript: Rente A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID 19</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocarditis/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Respiratory Insufficiency</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Beginning on December 31, 2019, in China, the coronavirus (Sars-Cov-2)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> has been the target of studies in the most diverse medical fields, with cardiology as one of the major pillars of evolution.</p>
        <p>Chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease dramatically increase the negative outcome of infected patients. According to data from the American College of Cardiology (ACC), in this profile of the general population, hospitalization levels resulting from COVID-19 hit 50%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to infectious abnormalities resulting from infection, chronic comorbidities that until then were stabilized may tend to decompensate due to changes in O<sub>2</sub>supply and demand, among other factors of physiological responses to septic conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is known that, previously, other pandemics of viral etiology, such as SARS and MERS, involved acute myocarditis with a tragic outcome from the cardiological point of view, and COVID-19 may be a source of acute myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to data from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), in March 2020, cardiovascular impairment related to the novel coronavirus has the following outcomes: arrhythmias (16%), myocardial ischemia (10%), myocarditis (7.2%) and shock (1&#8211;2%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objective</title>
        <p>Case report of a patient with diabetes mellitus who contracted the novel coronavirus in community, evolved with cardiac disorders and died.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The information included in this clinical case description derived from reviews of medical records, interviews with the medical team, diagnostic imaging tests and literature reviews.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>R.S.C., 33 years old, sought the emergency service at a municipal emergency hospital in S&#227;o Caetano do Sul, state of S&#227;o Paulo, on March 12, 2020, with unverified fever, body pain and wet cough for 3 days. The patient was evaluated by the emergency duty manager, where he was physically examined but presented no abnormalities, was medicated, presented symptoms, showed improvement and was discharged.</p>
        <p>On March 14, 2020, the patient returned to the emergency room reporting dry cough, dyspnea and fever (39 degrees &#8212; measured in the early morning). Denied congestion or rhinorrhea. Chest radiography ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ) was performed and the medical prescription was amoxicillin + clavulanate 875/125 mg every 12 hours. The patient was later discharged.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Chest radiography at first visit.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0839-00263-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>On March 16, 2020, the patient returned with worsened sensation of dyspnea, no improvement of adynamia and increased dry cough; the fever had ceased, but the patient presented severe sweating. On physical examination, the patient progressed with decreased bilateral breath sounds.</p>
        <p>A new chest X-ray was performed ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ), which presented intense worsening, radiopacity bilaterally pronounced in lung fields, with supplementation of O<sub>2</sub>by a nasal catheter, with slight improvement.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Chest radiography referring to the second appointment.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0839-00263-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The emergency room team requested a place in the ward to clarify diagnosis and treatment.</p>
        <p>On March 16, 2020, the patient was received at the emergency hospital ward and history-taking was performed (as described below).</p>
        <p>Patient admitted to the ward with wet cough, fever for 4 days, taking amoxicillin + clavulanate for 2 days without improvement; no travel abroad or contact with anyone with symptoms of COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Diabetes with personal history, but not regular treatment.</p>
        <p>Admission to the ward. Glasgow 15, eupneic in O<sub>2</sub>catheter, acyanotic. Two-stroke regular heart rhythm; heart rate: 90 bpm; blood pressure: 120 x 70 mmHg. Globally decreased vesicular murmur with sparse diffuse snores. Chest radiography, radiopacity bilaterally pronounced in the lung fields.</p>
        <p>Laboratory tests on March 16, 2020: Hb: 15,5; leukocytes: 16,150 mil; band cells: 323; Vhs: 23; Na: 135; K: 4.3; urea: 2; creatinine: 0,6; CRP: 23,6; blood glucose: 344.</p>
        <p>Diagnostic hypothesis of pneumonia and decompensated diabetes was suggested.</p>
        <p>Request for chest tomography, respiratory isolation, COVID-19 investigation (swab and CRP).</p>
        <p>Piperacillin + tazobactan 4.5 mg every 6 hours was initiated, dextro-transposition.</p>
        <p>On March 17, 2020, the patient evolved with general malaise, fever (38.3 &#176;C), refractory to medication; 85% desaturation in O<sub>2</sub>3L/min; tachycardia, 104 bpm; tachypneic; 84 ipm; blood pressure: 120x70 mmHg.</p>
        <p>Tachycardiac heart rhythm with muffled heart sounds, chest pain, jugular venous distension with signs of diastolic dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Vesicular murmur with crackles all across the right hemithorax.</p>
        <p>On March 17, 2020, electrocardiography presented no signs of ischemia.</p>
        <p>Laboratory tests on March 17, 2020: Hb: 14,2; hT: 41%; leukocytosis: 15.030; platelets: 143 mil; CRP: 25; urea: 36; creatinine: 0.60; Na: 135; K: 4.2.</p>
        <p>Hypothesis of pulmonary focus sepsis; viral etiology. The patient opted for a definitive airway with orotracheal intubation.</p>
        <p>Blood pressure: 154x91 mmHg; HR: 48; bpm sat O<sub>2</sub>: 82%; FiO<sub>2</sub>: 100%; Peep: 12 bpm; controlled blood pressure:</p>
        <p>Due to hemodynamic instability, the patient was kept in the emergency room waiting for a place in the intensive care unit (ICU). Computed tomography (CT) of the chest ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 3 to 6</xref> ) revealed selective intubation of the right mainstem bronchus; extensive ground-glass opacity in both lungs, affecting all lobes predominantly in the lower lobes, which present consolidations with air bronchograms, suggesting inflammation/infection. Viral etiology cannot be ruled out. Presence of myocardial edema secondary to an inflammatory process associated with myocardial wall thickening with a slight increase in the cardiac area.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figures 3 to 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Chest tomography in pulmonary window with standard ground-glass involvement.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0839-00263-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>New successful orotracheal intubation, antibiotic therapy and measures for acute respiratory failure maintained.</p>
        <p>On March 18, 2020, the patient developed general malaise &#8212; tachycardia, sedated, tachydyspneic (Ramsey 6), on mechanical ventilation.</p>
        <p>Tachycardiac cardiac rhythm, with hypophonesis of b1 and b3 in outline, presence of jugular venous distension, edema on lower limbs 1/4+.</p>
        <p>Vesicular murmur with diffuse snores.</p>
        <p>Observation for acute myocarditis + pulmonary focus sepsis was initiated.</p>
        <p>Antibiotic therapy associated with hemodynamic monitoring was maintained if necessary; initiation of vasoactive drug.</p>
        <p>ICU spot was provided at Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (HC) de S&#227;o Paulo, but the patient died on admission due to respiratory failure &#8212; COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Relevant findings:</p>
        <p>On March 17, 2020, additional tests presented the following findings:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Quantitative troponin: 0.49 ng/dl</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>D-dimer: 0.1 mg/L</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Venous lactate: 2.0 mmol/L</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Rapid HIV test: negative</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Oropharyngeal swab (rapid test for COVID-19) was performed on March 17, 2020 and tested negative; however, it is clear that the specificity of nasal swab is around 63%, so it is used in the first screening.</p>
        <p>The gold standard test for detecting COVID-19 consists of collecting in vivo or post-mortem CRP samples (2019-nCoV CRP), which tested positive (collected on March 19, 2020 &#8212; post-mortem). The tests performed in the state of S&#227;o Paulo &#8212; sourced from the Brazilian public health system (SUS) &#8212; were analyzed by Instituto Adolfo Lutz Central, completing diagnosis of infection with the novel coronavirus.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In view of the current pandemic and a disease still under investigation, we cannot rule out infection among young people and children, especially those with chronic conditions. Reports of clinical experience demonstrate that many patients aged 20 to 40 are being infected by the novel coronavirus, developing multiple comorbidities associated with the infection.</p>
        <p>Cardiac involvement, which leads to acute heart failure, has been identified as one of the major sources of secondary complications, with reserved outcome, without specific therapy, except for the classic follow-up of acute heart failure as recommended in our guidelines, in addition to control of the focus of infection.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The cardiovascular outcome is a real possibility in the clinical experience of the novel coronavirus pandemic, requiring monitoring and follow-up of acute heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Clinical signs should always guide us to consider these possibilities, in addition to keeping an eye for myocarditis.</p>
        <p>Complementary tests such as CT and chest radiography are useful for investigation, and echocardiography can facilitate management. It is worth noting that it is not often available in emergency care units in order to have its operator-dependent results.</p>
        <p>Due to the severity of the patients&#8217; conditions (mostly under mechanical ventilation), cardiac resonance imaging is not of great value as it cannot be performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We corroborate the need for history-taking and thorough clinical/cardiological evaluation of such patient profile in order to minimize unfavorable outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
