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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YLLdXBRX7zjhtFVgmhKsjQF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000600834</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200243</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200243</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implica&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares em Pacientes Infectados com Covid-19 e a Import&#226;ncia do Isolamento Social para Reduzir a Dissemina&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2375-3430</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8205-8112</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Sara Cristine Marques dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Vassouras</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Vassouras &#8211; Cardiologia,Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Juliana Alves Alves Costa &#8226; Universidade de Vassouras - Cardiologia. Av. Expedicion&#225;rio Osvaldo de Almeida Ramos, 280. CEP 27700-000, Centro, Vassouras, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>jujuh.ac@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Costa J&#193;; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Costa JA, Silveira JA, Santos SCM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Costa JA, Silveira JA, Costa JA, Silveira JA, Santos SCM, Nogueira PP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nogueira PP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>834</fpage>
      <lpage>838</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Os sintomas respirat&#243;rios, principalmente o desenvolvimento de quadros de s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo grave, dominam a discuss&#227;o e as preocupa&#231;&#245;es iniciais da popula&#231;&#227;o e dos profissionais de sa&#250;de. Entretanto, o sistema cardiovascular &#233; bastante afetado por essas condi&#231;&#245;es e, muitas vezes, &#233; o respons&#225;vel por complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade desses pacientes. Com o objetivo de mostrar as implica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em pacientes infectados pela COVID-19 e a import&#226;ncia do isolamento social como alternativa de frear a dissemina&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, foi realizada uma revis&#227;o da literatura com base em 37 artigos, nos idiomas ingl&#234;s, portugu&#234;s e espanhol, dispon&#237;veis na plataforma Scielo e PubMed. Os resultados mostraram que complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pela COVID-19 s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;s produzidas por: s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave (SARS), s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria do M&#233;dio Oriente (MERS) e influenza. Contudo, a COVID-19 apresenta uma contamina&#231;&#227;o muito maior e mais r&#225;pida e, ao contr&#225;rio da gripe por influenza, ainda n&#227;o existe vacina dispon&#237;vel ou tratamento. Diante disso, o isolamento social passa a ser uma ferramenta que pode reduzir e achatar a curva de casos incidentes e assim preservar as pessoas que se enquadrem no grupo de risco, diminuindo as chances de quadros graves da doen&#231;a, poss&#237;veis &#243;bitos e o colapso no sistema de sa&#250;de do pa&#237;s.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por Coronavirus/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Isolamento Social</kwd>
        <kwd>Dissemina&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O coronav&#237;rus se trata de um v&#237;rus pertencente &#224; fam&#237;lia <italic>Coronaviridae</italic>, causadores de uma gripe simples at&#233; doen&#231;as que podem causar risco maior &#224; sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o. O novo coronav&#237;rus, causador da pandemia em 2020, recebeu a denomina&#231;&#227;o SARS-CoV-2 pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), e a doen&#231;a que ele provoca tem a denomina&#231;&#227;o COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Primeiramente foi detectado em dezembro de 2019 em Wuhan, na China. No entanto, em virtude de seu alto poder de dissemina&#231;&#227;o, diversos pa&#237;ses confirmaram a presen&#231;a de casos al&#243;ctones em meados de janeiro de 2020. No Brasil, confirmou-se o primeiro caso no dia 26 de fevereiro de 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At&#233; o aparecimento do SARS-CoV-2, estavam descritas duas outras epidemias causadas por coronav&#237;rus: o SARS-CoV-1, causador da s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave (SARS), em 2002; e MERS-CoV, causador da s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria do M&#233;dio Oriente (MERS), em 2012.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A fisiopatologia do SARS-CoV-2 demostrou-se semelhante &#224; do SARS-CoV-1, pois apresentam les&#245;es pulmonares agudas devido &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o agressiva iniciada pela replica&#231;&#227;o viral. A infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 pode causar aumento da secre&#231;&#227;o de interleucinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e de interferon-gama (IFN-&#947;) que provocam as les&#245;es pulmonares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O Brasil, assim como outros pa&#237;ses, passa pelo processo de transi&#231;&#227;o demogr&#225;fica que tem como principal efeito o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o. Assim, as doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio aparecem como principal causa de mortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o. Associando essa informa&#231;&#227;o aos estudos recentes das implica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e seu agravamento pelo SARS-CoV-2, fica evidente que medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o e controle que diminuam riscos de contamina&#231;&#227;o e infec&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o importantes ferramentas na diminui&#231;&#227;o de casos graves da doen&#231;a e eventuais &#243;bitos.</p>
      <p>O presente artigo tem como objetivo relacionar a atual pandemia de COVID-19 com as implica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, mostrando a import&#226;ncia do isolamento social como medida de preven&#231;&#227;o e controle de dissemina&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e preserva&#231;&#227;o do Sistema de Sa&#250;de do pa&#237;s.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Material e m&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Revis&#227;o da literatura com base em 37 artigos, nos idiomas ingl&#234;s, portugu&#234;s e espanhol, dispon&#237;veis na plataforma Scielo e PubMed, referentes as implica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares nos pacientes infectados pelo covid-19, import&#226;ncia do isolamento social como medida de preven&#231;&#227;o e controle de dissemina&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e preserva&#231;&#227;o do sistema de sa&#250;de do pa&#237;s.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Panorama geral da COVID-19</title>
        <p>A pandemia da COVID-19, assim como as epidemias pr&#233;vias de outros coronav&#237;rus (SARS e MERS) e a pandemia de 2009 (H1N1), traz consequ&#234;ncias graves nos modelos de sa&#250;de, econ&#244;micos e sociais de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o mundial.</p>
        <p>A transi&#231;&#227;o demogr&#225;fica, apesar de ocorrer de forma diferenciada entre os pa&#237;ses, de modo geral, caracteriza-se pelo aumento da popula&#231;&#227;o idosa em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais faixas et&#225;rias, pois cresce cerca de 4% ao ano. Fatores como diminui&#231;&#227;o da fecundidade, redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade infantil e da mortalidade geral, melhorias na aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o, desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico no tocante ao diagn&#243;stico e tratamento das doen&#231;as tamb&#233;m corroboram para o quadro demogr&#225;fico atual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Concomitante ao aumento do n&#250;mero de idosos, ocorre uma transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica, com crescimento da propor&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as no aparelho circulat&#243;rio, diabetes melito, neoplasias, agravos por causas externas e doen&#231;as do aparelho respirat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos indicam que uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de comorbidades est&#225; comumente relacionada &#224; idade mais avan&#231;ada.</p>
        <p>A taxa de mortalidade da COVID-19 pode ser nove vezes maior entre pessoas com alguma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, quando comparada &#224; de pacientes sem patologia preexistente. Dados disponibilizados pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) em fevereiro demonstram que no grupo de infectados sem comorbidade apenas 1,4% morreu. J&#225; entre os pacientes com alguma doen&#231;a cardiovascular, por exemplo, o &#237;ndice chegou a 13,2%. Considerando todos os pacientes infectados, a letalidade foi de 3,8%, mas vale ressaltar que, em fun&#231;&#227;o do andamento da pandemia, novos dados estat&#237;sticos v&#234;m sendo adicionados aos estudos.</p>
        <p>A forma severa da doen&#231;a foi observada nos pacientes mais velhos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> que apresentavam um n&#250;mero mais significativo de condi&#231;&#245;es com&#243;rbidas comparados aos pacientes n&#227;o graves. Esses resultados sugerem que idade e comorbidades associadas podem ser um dos fatores de risco para pacientes cr&#237;ticos. Al&#233;m disso, idosos e pacientes imunossuprimidos podem manifestar sintomas at&#237;picos e outras maneiras de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, incluindo pneumonia leve, moderada e grave, e em casos mais graves, s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave, sepse, choque s&#233;ptico e morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em um relato de caso de 138 pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, 16,7% dos pacientes desenvolveram arritmia e 7,2% sofreram les&#227;o card&#237;aca aguda, al&#233;m de outras complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com a COVID-19. Relat&#243;rios publicados indicam casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de in&#237;cio agudo, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, miocardite e parada card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Al&#233;m disso, foram encontrados casos de dano mioc&#225;rdico, com aumento de troponina I, dano card&#237;aco agudo, choque e arritmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Na fase aguda dos quadros virais graves, n&#227;o somente da COVID-19, mas tamb&#233;m em outras coronoviroses, o paciente pode apresentar taquicardia, hipotens&#227;o, bradicardia, arritmias e morte s&#250;bita. Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e aumento de troponina sinalizam acometimento mioc&#225;rdico na forma de miocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estudos de coortes publicadas at&#233; o momento mostram taxas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, choque e arritmia de 7,2%, 8,7% e 16,7%, respectivamente. O acometimento cardiovascular decorre devido a um descompasso entre o aumento da demanda metab&#243;lica/inflamat&#243;ria desencadeado pelo v&#237;rus e uma reserva card&#237;aca reduzida. O estado inflamat&#243;rio torna o ambiente mais propenso a fen&#244;menos tromb&#243;ticos. Sendo assim, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o tem sido de que as medica&#231;&#245;es de uso cr&#244;nico dos pacientes sejam mantidas, sendo a sua retirada/substitui&#231;&#227;o avaliada em n&#237;vel individual e de acordo com as diretrizes vigentes at&#233; o momento. Vale ressaltar que novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es podem surgir &#224; medida que saem novos trabalhos em andamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, tais como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, doen&#231;as do sistema respirat&#243;rio, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e suas condi&#231;&#245;es de suscetibilidade, compartilham com as doen&#231;as infecciosas alguns estados padronizados, como o estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio e a atenua&#231;&#227;o da resposta imune inata. O diabetes, por exemplo, ocorre, em parte, porque o ac&#250;mulo de c&#233;lulas imunes inatas ativadas nos tecidos metab&#243;licos leva &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios, especialmente IL-1&#946; e TNF&#945;, que promovem resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e danos &#224;s c&#233;lulas &#946;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos podem levar &#224; depress&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica, prejudicando a fun&#231;&#227;o dos macr&#243;fagos e linf&#243;citos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> o que pode tornar os indiv&#237;duos mais suscet&#237;veis a complica&#231;&#245;es e agravos da COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Muitos dos pacientes mais velhos que ficam gravemente doentes t&#234;m evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;as subjacentes, tais como doen&#231;a cardiovascular, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, doen&#231;a renal ou tumores malignos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Esses pacientes geralmente morrem de suas comorbidades originais, portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa de todas as comorbidades originais dos indiv&#237;duos com COVID-19 deve ser rigorosamente analisada e considerada no plano terap&#234;utico individualizado.</p>
        <p>Outros trabalhos acrescentam que a insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria agravada pelo SARS-CoV-2 ocorre em virtude de danos alveolares maci&#231;os. Esse v&#237;rus &#233; capaz de infectar c&#233;lulas epiteliais respirat&#243;rias humanas por meio de uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre a prote&#237;na S viral e o receptor da enzima 2 de convers&#227;o da angiotensina nas c&#233;lulas humanas. Embora, na literatura, haja evid&#234;ncias de que a presen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#245;es pulmonares graves possa afetar o progn&#243;stico a longo prazo dos indiv&#237;duos cardiopatas, n&#227;o existem dados que confirmem que pacientes recuperados da infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 ir&#227;o experimentar efeitos a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Assim, n&#227;o apenas capaz de causar pneumonia, a COVID-19 tamb&#233;m pode provocar danos a outros &#243;rg&#227;os, e os pacientes acabam morrendo por insufici&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, choque, s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmias e insufici&#234;ncia renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> As poss&#237;veis les&#245;es de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os e sua prote&#231;&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o devem ser monitoradas no tratamento da COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>Nesses pacientes cr&#237;ticos, as medidas de prote&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;rias incluem ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, glicocorticoides, antivirais, tratamentos sintom&#225;ticos e terapia antichoque.</p>
        <p>Outro fator importante seria a maneira de estimar a capacidade de transmissibilidade de um v&#237;rus por meio do c&#225;lculo de seu n&#250;mero reprodutivo (R0), o que representa uma medida de sua taxa de ataque, ou seja, traduz o n&#250;mero de infec&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias que ocorrem a partir de um indiv&#237;duo infectado em uma popula&#231;&#227;o suscet&#237;vel. Estudos preliminares apontavam que este novo coronav&#237;rus, respons&#225;vel pela COVID-19, estaria associado a taxas de R0 de 1,5 a 3,5, sendo os dados mais recentes sugerindo um R0 de 4,08 (i. e., para cada caso, em m&#233;dia, haveria quatro novos indiv&#237;duos infectados).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Por apresentar alto potencial de dissemina&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e sabendo que se trata de um v&#237;rus RNA, envelopado e com contamina&#231;&#227;o por got&#237;culas respirat&#243;rias ou contato, as medidas de higiene devem ser refor&#231;adas e colocadas em pr&#225;tica. Estas s&#227;o: lavar as m&#227;os com &#225;gua e sab&#227;o para destruir a estrutura morfol&#243;gica do v&#237;rus, usar &#225;lcool 70%, cobrir a boca ao tossir ou espirrar para evitar que as part&#237;culas virais se disseminem pelo ambiente, evitar aglomera&#231;&#245;es e manter-se em local bem ventilado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>De acordo com a literatura, o per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de incuba&#231;&#227;o por coronav&#237;rus &#233; de 5 dias, com intervalos que chegam a 12 dias. Dados preliminares do SARS-CoV-2 sugerem que a transmiss&#227;o possa ocorrer mesmo sem o aparecimento de sinais e sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Quando n&#227;o h&#225; complica&#231;&#245;es, os sintomas apresentados consistem em febre, tosse seca e sensa&#231;&#227;o de cansa&#231;o, podendo haver ocorr&#234;ncia de coriza e congest&#227;o nasal, dor de garganta e diarreia. Al&#233;m disso, grande parte dos infectados &#233; assintom&#225;tica (cerca de 80%) e se recupera sem a necessidade de tratamento especial, enquanto 1/6 dos pacientes pode evoluir de forma grave, cursando com dificuldade para respirar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Diante da situa&#231;&#227;o atual, &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia que a popula&#231;&#227;o se conscientize e fa&#231;a isolamento domiciliar, apresentando-se sintom&#225;tica ou n&#227;o, com o objetivo de diminuir o n&#250;mero de pessoas contaminadas e atrasar a transmiss&#227;o comunit&#225;ria disseminada, para que o sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico consiga atender a todos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Caso contr&#225;rio, o crescimento exponencial da doen&#231;a poder&#225; colapsar este sistema, levando a &#243;bito aqueles mais fragilizados. J&#225; as pessoas que tiverem a necessidade de circular em locais p&#250;blicos, por motivo de trabalho ou for&#231;a maior, devem adotar medidas preventivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Desacelerar a dissemina&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;rus para que o n&#250;mero de casos se espalhe ao longo do tempo em vez de haver picos no in&#237;cio &#233; uma das formas de achatar a curva epid&#234;mica e evitar que o sistema p&#250;bico de sa&#250;de entre em colapso e, como consequ&#234;ncia, muitas pessoas acabem indo a &#243;bito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Uma transmiss&#227;o controlada da doen&#231;a reduz a press&#227;o sobre o sistema de sa&#250;de e aumenta a capacidade de cuidados n&#227;o apenas para os pacientes contaminados por coronav&#237;rus, mas tamb&#233;m para aqueles que necessitam de atendimento m&#233;dico por outras enfermidades.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Curva de dissemina&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;rus.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0834-00243-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O isolamento domiciliar &#233; uma maneira de permanecer em casa tomando alguns cuidados que diminuem o risco de transmitir infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias, como a provocada pelo coronav&#237;rus (COVID-19). Esses cuidados especiais impedem que o contato das secre&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias de uma pessoa que possa estar infectada pelo coronav&#237;rus entrem em contato com outras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Devem ficar nessa circunst&#226;ncia pessoas que positivaram no teste para o referido v&#237;rus ou que est&#227;o sob suspeita. O ideal &#233; que o indiv&#237;duo fique sozinho em um quarto, ou em um c&#244;modo da casa adaptado como quarto, se poss&#237;vel com um banheiro privativo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> As portas do quarto devem ficar fechadas o tempo todo, mas as janelas devem ficar abertas para que o ambiente fique bem ventilado. O paciente s&#243; deve sair desse c&#244;modo isolado em caso de necessidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Diante disso, o isolamento social e as medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para evitar, principalmente, que os idosos se infectem e venham a agravar doen&#231;as preexistentes, complicando o quadro de sa&#250;de e levando a sinais e sintomas que muitas vezes podem ser fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Quando uma doen&#231;a se espalha de maneira r&#225;pida, os servi&#231;os ficam superlotados, n&#227;o h&#225; leitos, m&#225;scaras, m&#233;dicos, respiradores e outros equipamentos suficientes para quem precisa, e isso n&#227;o s&#243; para a COVID-19, mas para qualquer outra enfermidade que requeira que o paciente procure o sistema de sa&#250;de. &#201; preciso evitar que o sistema entre em colapso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais</title>
      <p>H&#225; um consenso entre os autores de que o grupo de maior risco para desenvolver a forma mais grave, podendo evoluir para &#243;bito, inclui idosos e indiv&#237;duos que apresentem as comorbidades mais prevalentes, dentre elas as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O crucial n&#227;o &#233; a gravidade da doen&#231;a em si, mas a capacidade de dar aten&#231;&#227;o a todos os infectados no momento em que eles precisarem. Quanto mais se achata a curva de transmiss&#227;o ao longo do tempo, menor a sobrecarga no sistema de sa&#250;de e maior a probabilidade de que ele d&#234; conta da demanda epid&#234;mica &#8211; o que evidencia a import&#226;ncia do isolamento social como medida de preven&#231;&#227;o e controle de dissemina&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e preserva&#231;&#227;o do sistema de sa&#250;de do pa&#237;s.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">citado 23 mar. 2020</date-in-citation>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.amib.org.br/fileadmin/user_upload/POSICIONAMENTO_ABRAMEDE_-_CORONAVIRUS_-_03-__10032020.pdf">https://www.amib.org.br/fileadmin/user_upload/POSICIONAMENTO_ABRAMEDE_-_CORONAVIRUS_-_03-__10032020.pdf</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
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        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, Liu L, et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020 Mar 11. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China</article-title>
          <source>Clin Res Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>03</month>
          <day>11</day>
          <comment>Epub ahead of print</comment>
        </element-citation>
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        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020:41(2):145-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China</article-title>
          <source>Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi</source>
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          <lpage>151</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Implications in Patients Infected with Covid-19 and the Importance of Social Isolation to Reduce Dissemination of the Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2375-3430</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8205-8112</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Sara Cristine Marques dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Vassouras &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Juliana Alves Alves Costa &#8226; Universidade de Vassouras - Cardiologia. Av. Expedicion&#225;rio Osvaldo de Almeida Ramos, 280. Postal Code 27700-000, Centro, Vassouras, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: jujuh.ac@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Costa JA; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Costa JA, Silveira JA, Santos SCM; Writing of the manuscript: Costa JA, Silveira JA, Costa JA, Silveira JA, Santos SCM, Nogueira PP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nogueira PP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Respiratory symptoms, especially the development of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, dominate the discussion and initial concerns of the population and health professionals. However, the cardiovascular system is greatly affected by these conditions and is often responsible for complications and mortality of these patients. In order to show the cardiovascular implications in patients infected with COVID-19 and the importance of social isolation as an alternative to curb the spread of the disease, a literature review was carried out based on 37 articles, in English, Portuguese and Spanish, available on Scielo and PubMed. The findings showed that cardiac complications associated with COVID-19 infection are similar to those produced by: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and influenza. However, COVID-19 has a much greater and faster contamination and, unlike influenza, there is no vaccine or treatment available yet. In view of this, social isolation becomes a tool that can reduce and flatten the curve of cases and thus protect the people at higher risk, decreasing the chances of serious conditions related to the disease, potential deaths and the collapse of the country&#8217;s health system.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por Coronavirus/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Social Isolation</kwd>
        <kwd>Diseases Dissemination</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronavirus is a virus belonging to the <italic>Coronaviridae</italic> family, causing simple flu to diseases that can cause greater risks to the population&#8217;s health. The novel coronavirus, which caused the 2020 pandemic, received the name SARS-CoV-2 by the World Health Organization (WHO), and the disease it causes has the name: COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. However, due to its high dissemination power, several countries confirmed the presence of allochthonous cases in mid-January 2020. In Brazil, the first case was confirmed on February 26, 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Until the appearance of SARS-CoV-2, two other epidemics caused by coronavirus were described: SARS-CoV-1, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), in 2002; and MERS-CoV, which caused the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), in 2012.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 was similar to that of SARS-CoV-1, as they present acute lung injuries due to the aggressive inflammation initiated by viral replication. SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause increased secretion of pro-inflammatory interleukins and interferon-gamma (IFN-&#947;) that cause lung damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Brazil, like other countries, is going through the process of demographic transition that has the aging of the population as its main effect. Thus, diseases of the circulatory system appear as the main cause of mortality in the population. By associating this information with recent studies of cardiovascular implications and their worsening by SARS-CoV-2, it is evident that prevention and control measures that reduce risks of contamination and infection are important tools in the reduction of severe cases of the disease and potential deaths.</p>
        <p>This article relates the current pandemic of COVID-19 with the cardiovascular implications, showing the importance of social isolation as a measure to prevent and control the spread of the disease and preserve the country&#8217;s Health System.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and methods</title>
        <p>Literature review based on 37 articles, in English, Portuguese and Spanish, available on Scielo and PubMed, referring to the cardiovascular implications in patients infected with Covid-19, the importance of social isolation as a measure of prevention and control of disease spread and preservation of the country&#8217;s health system.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Overview of COVID-19</title>
          <p>The COVID-19 pandemic, as well as previous epidemics of other coronaviruses (SARS and MERS) and the 2009 pandemic (H1N1), have serious consequences for the health, economic and social models of the entire world population.</p>
          <p>Although demographic transition occurs differently from country to country, in general, is characterized by an increase in the elderly population compared to other age groups, as it grows about 4% per year. Factors such as reduced fertility, reduced infant mortality and general mortality, improvements in health care for the population, technological development with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases also corroborate the current demographic scenario.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Concomitantly with the increase in the number of elderly people, there is an epidemiological transition, with an increase in the proportion of circulatory diseases, diabetes mellitus, neoplasms, diseases due to external causes and diseases of the respiratory system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Studies show that a higher frequency of comorbidities is commonly related to older age.</p>
          <p>The mortality rate of COVID-19 can be nine times higher among people with some chronic disease compared to that of patients without any pre-existing pathology. Data provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) in February show that in the group of infected people without comorbidities, only 1.4% died. Among patients with some cardiovascular disease, for example, the rate reached 13.2%. Considering all infected patients, lethality was 3.8%, but it is worth mentioning that, due to the progress of the pandemic, new statistical data has been added to the studies.</p>
          <p>The severe form of the disease was observed in older patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> who had a more significant number of comorbid conditions compared to non-severe patients. These findings suggest that age and associated comorbidities may be one of the risk factors for critically ill patients. Besides, the elderly and immunosuppressed patients may manifest atypical symptoms and other forms of presentation, including mild, moderate and severe pneumonia and, in more severe cases, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sepsis, septic shock and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a case report of 138 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, 16.7% of patients developed arrhythmia and 7.2% suffered acute cardiac injury, in addition to other complications related to COVID-19. Published reports indicate cases of acute onset heart failure, myocardial infarction, myocarditis and cardiac arrest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Moreover, cases of myocardial damage, with increased troponin I, acute cardiac damage, shock and arrhythmia, were found.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the acute phase of severe viral conditions, not only in COVID-19, but also in other Coronavirus illnesses, the patient may present tachycardia, hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmias and sudden death. Abnormal findings on electrocardiograms and increased troponin signal myocardial involvement in the form of myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Cohort studies published to date show rates of acute heart failure, shock and arrhythmia of 7.2%, 8.7% and 16.7%, respectively. Cardiovascular involvement is due to a mismatch between the increased metabolic/inflammatory demand triggered by the virus and reduced cardiac reserve. The inflammatory state makes the environment more prone to thrombotic phenomena. Therefore, the recommendation has been that patients&#8217; chronic medications should be maintained, with their withdrawal/replacement being assessed on an individual level and in accordance with the guidelines in force so far. It is worth noting that new recommendations may emerge as new studies in progress come out.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, diseases of the respiratory system, cardiovascular diseases and their conditions of susceptibility, share some standardized states with infectious diseases, such as pro-inflammatory state and the attenuation of innate immune response. Diabetes, for example, occurs partly because the accumulation of innate immune cells activated in metabolic tissues leads to the release of inflammatory mediators, especially IL-1&#946; and TNF&#945;, which promote insulin resistance and damage to &#946; cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Moreover, metabolic disorders can lead to depression of the immune function, impairing the function of macrophages and lymphocytes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> which can make individuals more susceptible to complications and aggravations of COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Many of the older patients who become seriously ill have evidence of underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases or malignant tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> These patients usually die from their original comorbidities. Therefore, the accurate assessment of all original comorbidities of individuals with COVID-19 must be rigorously analyzed and considered from an individualized therapeutic perspective.</p>
          <p>Other studies add that the respiratory failure aggravated by SARS-CoV-2 occurs due to massive alveolar damage. This virus is capable of infecting human respiratory epithelial cells through an interaction between the viral S protein and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in human cells. Although there is evidence in the literature that the presence of severe lung infections can affect the long-term prognosis of individuals with heart diseases, there is no data to confirm that patients recovered from COVID-19 infection will experience long-term effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Thus, not only capable of causing pneumonia, COVID-19 can also cause damage to other organs, and patients end up dying from multiple organ failure, shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart failure, arrhythmias and kidney failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Potential injuries to multiple organs and their protection and prevention should be monitored in the treatment of COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In these critical patients, the necessary protective measures include mechanical ventilation, glucocorticoids, antivirals, symptomatic treatments and shock therapy.</p>
          <p>Another important factor would be the approach to estimating the transmissibility of a virus by calculating its reproductive number (R0), which represents a measure of its attack rate, that is, it translates the number of secondary infections that occur from an infected individual in a susceptible population. Preliminary studies pointed out that this new coronavirus, responsible for COVID-19, would be associated with R0 rates of 1.5 to 3.5, with the most recent data suggesting an R0 of 4.08 (i.e., for each case, on average , there would be four new infected individuals).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>As it has a high potential for dissemination1 and, knowing that it is an RNA virus, enveloped and contaminated by respiratory droplets or contact, hygiene measures must be improved and put into practice. These are: washing our hands with soap and water to destroy the morphological structure of the virus, using 70% alcohol-based hand sanitizer, covering our mouth when coughing or sneezing to prevent viral particles from spreading through the environment, avoiding crowds and staying in a well-ventilated area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>According to the literature, the average incubation period for coronavirus is 5 days, with intervals that can be as long as 12 days. Preliminary data for SARS-CoV-2 suggest that transmission may occur even without the appearance of signs and symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
          <p>When there are no complications, the symptoms consist of fever, dry cough and tiredness. Runny nose and nasal congestion, sore throat and diarrhea may also occur. Furthermore, most of those infected are asymptomatic (about 80%) and recover without requiring any special treatment, while 1/6 of the patients can progress severely, with breathing issues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In view of the current situation, it is extremely important for the population to act conscientiously and stay at home, whether symptomatic or not, with the aim of reducing the number of infected people and delaying the disseminated community transmission, so that the public health system may be able to serve everyone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Otherwise, the exponential growth of the disease may break the health system, leading to the death of the most fragile ones. Those who need to hang around in public places, due to work or force majeure, should take preventive measures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Slowing down the spread of the virus so that the number of cases spreads over time instead of having peaks in the beginning is one of the ways to flatten the epidemic curve and prevent the public health system from collapsing and, as a consequence, many people end up dying (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). Controlled disease transmission reduces pressure on the health system and increases the capacity of taking care not only of patients infected with coronavirus, but also those requiring medical care due to other illnesses.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Virus spread curve.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0834-00243-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Staying at home is intended to provide a means of precaution to reduce the risk of transmitting respiratory infections, such as that caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19). These special precautions prevent the contact of respiratory secretions of a person who may be infected with the coronavirus from coming into contact with others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> People who have tested positive for the said virus or are under suspicion should remain at home. Ideally, the individual should be alone in a bedroom or in a room that may temporarily serve as a bedroom, with a private bathroom if possible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The bedroom doors should be closed all the time, but the windows should be open so that the area may stay well ventilated. The patient should only leave this isolated room if necessary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Therefore, social isolation and preventive measures are necessary to prevent, mainly, that the elderly get infected and worsen preexisting diseases, complicating their health situation and leading to signs and symptoms that can often be fatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> When a disease spreads quickly, services are overcrowded, there are not enough beds, masks, doctors, ventilators and other equipment for those in need, and this is not only for COVID-19, but for any other illness that requires the patients to seek health care. The system must be prevented from collapsing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Final considerations</title>
        <p>There is consensus among the authors that the group at higher risk for developing the most severe form, which may lead to death, includes the elderly and individuals who have the most prevalent comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The crucial thing is not the severity of the disease itself, but the ability to care for all those infected when they need it. The more the transmission curve is flattened over time, the less the burden on the health system and the greater the likelihood that it will meet the epidemic demand &#8212; which highlights the importance of social isolation as a measure for preventing and controlling the spread of the disease and preserving the country&#8217;s health system.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
