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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">trcCwg8ncqpMwRgn8Hq7Bbw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000600829</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200308</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 e Estado de Hipercoagulabilidade: Uma Nova Perspectiva Terap&#234;utica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5733-8622</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Henrique Paiter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Resende do</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petriz</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rizk</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Itala</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia,Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz &#8211; CardiologiaRio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or &#8211; Cardiologia,Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo,S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o,S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s - Instituto S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de Ensino e Pesquisa,S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado,Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o,S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Intituto de Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Intituto de Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Cardiopneumologia,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 330 Sala 1114. CEP 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nascimento JHP, Gomes BFO, Resende P, Petriz JLF, Rizk SI, Costa IBSS, Lacerda MVG, Bacal F, Hajjar LA, Oliveira GMM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Nascimento JHP, Gomes BFO, Resende P, Petriz JLF, Costa IBSS, Lacerda MVG, Bacal F, Hajjar LA, Oliveira GMM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Nascimento JHP, Gomes BFO, Resende P, Petriz JLF, Rizk SI, Costa IBSS, Hajjar LA, Oliveira GMM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nascimento JHP, Gomes BFO, Resende P, Petriz JLF, Oliveira GMM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lacerda MVG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nascimento JHP, Gomes BFO, Resende P, Petriz JLF, Lacerda MVG, Bacal F, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>829</fpage>
      <lpage>833</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-2019</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Catastr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia Viral</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombofilia</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O novo coronav&#237;rus, designado como v&#237;rus da s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2, sigla em ingl&#234;s), &#233; o respons&#225;vel pelo surto da pneumonia viral que foi identificada pela primeira vez na cidade chinesa de Wuhan ao final de 2019 e que rapidamente se espalhou acometendo 184 pa&#237;ses. A experi&#234;ncia adquirida nos &#250;ltimos meses descreve diferentes apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas com gravidade vari&#225;vel, desde infec&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica at&#233; &#243;bito por disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica m&#250;ltipla. Recentemente, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) definiu o complexo processo de adoecimento por esse v&#237;rus como doen&#231;a causada pelo coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19, sigla em ingl&#234;s).</p>
    <p>A COVID-19, cuja notifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; crescente em diferentes pa&#237;ses, atualmente afeta mais de um milh&#227;o de pessoas, segundo a OMS, que a caracterizou como pandemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, at&#233; o dia 29 de abril de 2020, foram confirmados 73.235 casos da infec&#231;&#227;o e 5.083 &#243;bitos, com taxa de letalidade de 6,9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria em at&#233; 20% dos pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2, e 5% a 10% deles ter&#227;o indica&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o em terapia intensiva por necessidade de suporte hemodin&#226;mico e/ou ventilat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A taxa de mortalidade varia de 0,8% a 12% de acordo com o pa&#237;s, possivelmente como consequ&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos fatores, dos quais se destaca a estrutura do sistema de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Os pacientes que desenvolvem as formas moderada e grave da doen&#231;a apresentam manifesta&#231;&#245;es predominantemente decorrentes de acometimento do sistema respirat&#243;rio, com quadro cl&#237;nico variando de pneumonia leve a s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo (SDRA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es, em geral, ocorrem entre o 7&#186; e o 12&#186; dia da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A SDRA &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais grave e caracteriza-se por hipoxemia, infiltrado pulmonar bilateral e fen&#243;tipos vari&#225;veis de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, como o perfil de complac&#234;ncia pulmonar normal e baixo potencial de recrutamento pulmonar at&#233; o perfil de baixa complac&#234;ncia pulmonar e alto potencial de recrutamento pulmonar. De 20% a 30% dos pacientes ter&#227;o complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, como isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, miocardite, arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e choque. Insufici&#234;ncia renal ocorre em aproximadamente 30-50% dos pacientes cr&#237;ticos infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2 e 30% deles necessitar&#227;o de terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O SARS-CoV-2 entra nas c&#233;lulas via receptor da enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ECA2), que est&#225; presente nos alv&#233;olos. A forma grave da infec&#231;&#227;o &#233; caracterizada por uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria imunol&#243;gica intensa, evidenciada pela presen&#231;a de neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos, mon&#243;citos e macr&#243;fagos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Necr&#243;psias minimamente invasivas revelam dano alveolar difuso, forma&#231;&#227;o de membrana hialina e infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio intersticial mononuclear, com trombose em microcircula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Foram relatados nesses pacientes n&#237;veis elevados de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias (interleucinas 1 e 6, fator de necrose tumoral e interferon-g) no sangue, uma condi&#231;&#227;o denominada &#8220;tempestade de citocinas&#8221;.</p>
    <p>Trombose e danos a &#243;rg&#227;os extrapulmonares tamb&#233;m s&#227;o observados sem a presen&#231;a comprovada do v&#237;rus nos locais, postulando-se que a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2 envolva intensa resposta inflamat&#243;ria, com estado de hipercoagulabilidade e isquemia, agravados por hipoxemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No Brasil, achados preliminares de aut&#243;psias minimamente invasivas realizadas por pesquisadores da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Paulo mostraram resultados semelhantes aos encontrados na China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O d&#237;mero-D, um produto da degrada&#231;&#227;o da fibrina, quando elevado, tem sido associado a maior taxa de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A opini&#227;o de especialistas, baseada em experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica e an&#225;lise de poucos estudos descritivos, destaca o papel do estado de hipercoagulabilidade na fisiopatologia da COVID-19, uma vez que o n&#237;vel de d&#237;mero-D aumenta progressivamente com a exacerba&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o. A fase da doen&#231;a em que ocorre o desenvolvimento de SDRA e a piora do padr&#227;o radiol&#243;gico &#233; marcada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o expressiva de d&#237;mero-D, observando-se nos casos mais graves inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica e coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada (CIVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o pode resultar em les&#227;o endotelial com consequente aumento na gera&#231;&#227;o de trombina e redu&#231;&#227;o da fibrin&#243;lise end&#243;gena.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Esse estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico &#233; denominado coagulopatia induzida pela sepse (SIC, sigla em ingl&#234;s) e precede a CIVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Os diversos mecanismos envolvidos na SIC agem simultaneamente, culminando em um estado pr&#243;-hemost&#225;tico. Aparentemente, os fatores mais importantes que medeiam esse dist&#250;rbio do sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o durante a sepse s&#227;o as citocinas inflamat&#243;rias.</p>
    <p>Evid&#234;ncias demonstram uma intera&#231;&#227;o cruzada entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e coagula&#231;&#227;o, com a inflama&#231;&#227;o induzindo a ativa&#231;&#227;o da coagula&#231;&#227;o e a coagula&#231;&#227;o acentuando a atividade inflamat&#243;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> As plaquetas t&#234;m um papel central no desenvolvimento das anormalidades da coagula&#231;&#227;o na sepse e podem ser ativadas diretamente por mediadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios, como o fator ativador de plaquetas, bem como por meio da trombina gerada. A ativa&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas tamb&#233;m pode estimular a forma&#231;&#227;o de fibrina por mecanismo alternativo. A express&#227;o de P-selectina na membrana plaquet&#225;ria n&#227;o apenas medeia a ades&#227;o de plaquetas a leuc&#243;citos e c&#233;lulas endoteliais, mas tamb&#233;m aumenta a express&#227;o do fator tecidual nos mon&#243;citos. Em circunst&#226;ncias normais, a ativa&#231;&#227;o da coagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; controlada por tr&#234;s importantes vias anticoagulantes fisiol&#243;gicas: o sistema antitrombina, o sistema ativado da prote&#237;na C e o inibidor da via do fator tecidual. Na sepse, todas as tr&#234;s vias sofrem disfun&#231;&#227;o. Em meio a todo esse desbalan&#231;o do sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o, a fibrin&#243;lise end&#243;gena &#233; amplamente reduzida.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>O novo coronav&#237;rus, SARS-CoV-2, ativa o processo inflamat&#243;rio e tromb&#243;tico, e a infec&#231;&#227;o por ele causada est&#225; relacionada a aumento de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias (tempestade de citocinas) e dist&#250;rbios da coagula&#231;&#227;o, com predisposi&#231;&#227;o a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos. As c&#233;lulas mononucleares interagem com as plaquetas ativadas e a cascata da coagula&#231;&#227;o, que ativam as c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias por meio da liga&#231;&#227;o da trombina e do fator tecidual com receptores espec&#237;ficos ativados por protease e da liga&#231;&#227;o da fibrina ao receptor Toll-like 4. A ativa&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias resulta na libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, que levam a comprometimento das vias normais da coagula&#231;&#227;o e interrup&#231;&#227;o da fibrin&#243;lise. PAR: receptor ativado por protease; TLR4: receptor Toll-like 4; Ttpa: tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada; TP: tempo de protrombina; IL: interleucina; TNF&#945;; fator de necrose tumoral-&#945;. Figura adaptada de: Levi M, van der Poll T.<sup>25</sup></italic></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0829-00308-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela Sociedade Internacional de Trombose e Hemostasia (ISTH, sigla em ingl&#234;s), &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos nos pacientes com SIC recebendo terapia anticoagulante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>O uso de anticoagulantes, sobretudo nos pacientes em estado cr&#237;tico, n&#227;o &#233; isento de riscos e pode estar relacionado a complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas graves. Portanto, a indica&#231;&#227;o dessa modalidade terap&#234;utica deve ser personalizada, respeitando os perfis de risco tromb&#243;tico e hemorr&#225;gico.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome hemofagoc&#237;tica (SHF) &#233; caracterizada por uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica desencadeada pela ativa&#231;&#227;o e prolifera&#231;&#227;o inapropriada dos linf&#243;citos, que ativam macr&#243;fagos e histi&#243;citos, que fagocitam c&#233;lulas hematol&#243;gicas. Essa s&#237;ndrome &#233; associada a grande produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias. O quadro cl&#237;nico inicial da SHF &#233; marcado pelos achados de s&#237;ndrome de resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica e, na suspei&#231;&#227;o de sua evolu&#231;&#227;o, podem-se observar quadro neurol&#243;gico, altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, CIVD, hepatoesplenomegalia, pancitopenia e ferritina elevada. Esse quadro pode ser desencadeado por infec&#231;&#245;es, inclusive COVID-19, na qual alguns casos apresentam grande libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas, principalmente interleucina 6, associada a resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica e CIVD. Deve-se pensar em tais condi&#231;&#245;es de acordo com os achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, devendo ser definida uma abordagem terap&#234;utica precoce na tentativa de revers&#227;o do quadro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2 em sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais grave marcada por disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica, como insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda, atende aos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de sepse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Estudos observacionais recentes correlacionam estado de hipercoagulabilidade &#224; forma grave de COVID-19, onde SIC e/ou CIVD parecem estar presentes na maioria dos casos fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio encontrada nos pacientes cr&#237;ticos contribui direta e indiretamente para o desenvolvimento da s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> De acordo com o exposto, &#233; razo&#225;vel alinhar a fisiopatologia pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tica j&#225; descrita na sepse com aspectos intr&#237;nsecos do novo coronav&#237;rus e, portanto, analisar individualmente o potencial benef&#237;cio do uso de anticoagulantes em grupos selecionados de pacientes. Um estudo retrospectivo realizado no hospital de Tongji (Wuhan, China) descreveu a ocorr&#234;ncia de menor taxa de mortalidade nos pacientes com COVID-19 grave que fizeram uso de anticoagulante, heparina n&#227;o fracionada ou heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM), e apresentavam escore SIC &#8805; 4 e/ou d&#237;mero-D muito elevado (&gt; 6 vezes o limite superior da normalidade).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A terapia anticoagulante em pacientes com COVID-19 grave e ind&#237;cios de SIC e/ou com d&#237;mero-D muito elevado em associa&#231;&#227;o a outros biomarcadores que denotam gravidade, na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, pode ser considerada uma estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica fundamentada no consenso de especialistas e em poucos estudos retrospectivos. Adicionalmente, essa estrat&#233;gia requer a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protocolos institucionais r&#237;gidos que permitam a vigil&#226;ncia e a r&#225;pida interven&#231;&#227;o frente a complica&#231;&#245;es. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> apresenta o algoritmo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da trombog&#234;nese em pacientes com COVID-19, al&#233;m de uma proposta de tratamento. N&#227;o existem, todavia, dados suficientes para determinar aspectos importantes &#224; elabora&#231;&#227;o do plano terap&#234;utico, como a escolha da melhor droga, sua dosagem e regime de administra&#231;&#227;o e a dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>O diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19 deve ser confirmado conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de.<sup>37</sup> Pacientes com crit&#233;rios de gravidade<sup>8,38</sup> em associa&#231;&#227;o com escore de coagulopatia induzida pela sepse &#8805; 4 ou coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada e/ou valores de d&#237;mero-D &gt; 6 vezes o limite superior da normalidade podem se beneficiar da terapia anticoagulante. RNI: raz&#227;o de normatiza&#231;&#227;o internacional; SIC: coagulopatia induzida pela sepse; ISTH: International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment; CIVD: coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada; LSN: limite superior da normalidade.</italic></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0829-00308-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>S&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos, sobretudo prospectivos, para melhor fundamentar a indica&#231;&#227;o da terapia anticoagulante em pacientes cr&#237;ticos infectados pelo novo coronav&#237;rus. O poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio de se reduzir o estado de hipercoagulabilidade deve ser balanceado com o risco de sangramento. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a terap&#234;utica anticoagulante seja mais ben&#233;fica quando iniciada na fase pr&#233;-tromb&#243;tica do que nos quadros avan&#231;ados, quando o risco de sangramento &#233; maior. Em se optando pela anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, parece razo&#225;vel o uso de HBPM como f&#225;rmaco de escolha em pacientes est&#225;veis e com depura&#231;&#227;o normal de creatinina (dose de 1 mg/kg de 12/12h, subcut&#226;nea). Em caso de choque ou depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina abaixo de 50 ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>, &#233; prefer&#237;vel o uso de heparina intravenosa (18 UI/kg/h), tendo como alvo um tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada entre 1,5 e 1,8. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias que fundamentem a ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o de heparina em dose terap&#234;utica na COVID-19.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a fisiopatologia da COVID-19 envolve ativa&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria e indu&#231;&#227;o do sistema tromb&#243;tico. No momento, consenso de especialistas sugere tratamento com anticoagulante para pacientes que tenham fen&#243;tipo pr&#243;-coagulante (d&#237;mero-D elevado, prolongamento de tempo de protrombina e aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de fragmentos da fibrina). Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar o real papel da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es da COVID-19.</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Jorge Henrique Paiter Nascimento Mestrado de pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 and Hypercoagulable State: A New Therapeutic Perspective</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5733-8622</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Henrique Paiter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Resende do</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petriz</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rizk</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Itala</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz &#8211; Cardiologia Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s - Instituto S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de Ensino e Pesquisa, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Intituto de Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Cardiopneumologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 330 Sala 1114. Postal Code 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nascimento JHP, Gomes BFO, Resende P, Petriz JLF, Rizk SI, Costa IBSS, Lacerda MVG, Bacal F, Hajjar LA, Oliveira GMM; Acquisition of data: Nascimento JHP, Gomes BFO, Resende P, Petriz JLF, Costa IBSS, Lacerda MVG, Bacal F, Hajjar LA, Oliveira GMM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Nascimento JHP, Gomes BFO, Resende P, Petriz JLF, Rizk SI, Costa IBSS, Hajjar LA, Oliveira GMM; Statistical analysis: Nascimento JHP, Gomes BFO, Resende P, Petriz JLF, Oliveira GMM; Obtaining financing: Lacerda MVG; Writing of the manuscript: Nascimento JHP, Gomes BFO, Resende P, Petriz JLF, Lacerda MVG, Bacal F, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-2019</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Catastrophic Illness</kwd>
        <kwd>Viral, Pneumonia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus Infections</kwd>
        <kwd>Complications, Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombophilia</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants/therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is responsible for the outbreak of the viral pneumonia identified for the first time in the Chinese city of Wuhan at the end of 2019. The outbreak has expanded rapidly, affecting 184 countries. The experience acquired in past months identified different clinical presentations with varied severity, ranging from asymptomatic infection to death due to multiple organic dysfunction. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently defined the complex process of the SARS-CoV-2 infection as novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).</p>
      <p>COVID-19, whose notification grows fast in different countries, currently affects more than one million people worldwide according to the WHO, which has characterized the infection as a pandemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As of April 29, 2020, Brazil had registered 73,235 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 5,083 deaths, with a case-fatality rate of 6,9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Hospitalization is necessary in up to 20% of the patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, and 5% to 10% of them require admission to the intensive care unit because of the need for hemodynamic and/or ventilatory support.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The mortality rate ranges from 0.8% to 12% depending on the country, and this difference might result from multiple factors, of which the healthcare system structure stands out.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Patients with the moderate and severe forms of the disease had manifestations mainly of the respiratory system involvement, with clinical findings ranging from mild pneumonia to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Complications usually occur between the 7th and 12th day of disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The most severe clinical manifestation, ARDS, is characterized by hypoxemia, bilateral pulmonary infiltrate, and variable phenotypic presentations, such as &#8216;normal lung compliance and low potential for lung recruitment&#8217; and &#8216;low lung compliance and high potential for lung recruitment&#8217;. From 20% to 30% of the patients have cardiovascular complications, such as myocardial ischemia, acute coronary syndrome, myocarditis, arrhythmias, heart failure and shock. Kidney failure occurs in 30-50% of critically ill patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, 30% of whom require renal replacement therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The SARS-CoV-2 enters the cell via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor present in the alveoli. The severe form of the infection is characterized by an intense immune-inflammatory response, evidenced by the presence of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages.18 Minimally invasive autopsies have revealed diffuse alveolar damage, hyaline membrane formation and interstitial mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate, with microcirculatory thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> High serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins 1 and 6, tumor necrosis factor and interferon-g), known as &#8220;cytokine storm&#8221;, have been reported in those patients.</p>
      <p>Thrombosis and damage to extrapulmonary organs have been observed without the confirmed presence of the virus in those sites, which led to the assumption that SARS-CoV-2 infection involves intense inflammatory response with a hypercoagulable state and ischemia, aggravated by hypoxemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In Brazil, preliminary findings of minimally invasive autopsies performed at the S&#227;o Paulo Medical School have shown similar results to those from China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>When elevated, D-dimer, a product of fibrin degradation, has been associated with a higher mortality rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Expert opinion, based on clinical experience and analysis of a few descriptive studies, highlights the role of the hypercoagulable state on the pathophysiology of COVID-19, supported by the progressive increase in D-dimer levels as the disease worsens. The phase in which ARDS develops and the radiographic pattern worsens is marked by the significant elevation of D-dimer. The most severe cases develop myocardial injury and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Systemic inflammatory response in patients with infection can result in endothelial damage, with a consequent increase in thrombin generation and a reduction in endogenous fibrinolysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> This prothrombotic state is called sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) and precedes DIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The several mechanisms involved in SIC act simultaneously towards a pro-hemostatic state. Apparently, inflammatory cytokines are the most important factors mediating that coagulation system disorder during sepsis.</p>
      <p>Evidence has shown a bidirectional relationship between inflammation and coagulation, in which inflammation activates coagulation, and coagulation heightens inflammatory activity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Platelets play a central role in the development of coagulation abnormalities in sepsis and they can be activated directly by pro-inflammatory mediators, such as platelet activating factors, as well as by the thrombin generated. Platelet activation can also stimulate the formation of fibrin via an alternative mechanism. The expression of P-selectin in platelet membrane not only mediates the adhesion of platelets to leukocytes and endothelial cells, but also increases the tissue factor expression in monocytes. Under normal circumstances, the activation of coagulation is controlled by three important physiological anticoagulant pathways: the antithrombin system, the activated C-protein system, and the tissue-factor pathway inhibitor. In sepsis, all three pathways are dysfunctional. Amidst all this coagulation system imbalance, endogenous fibrinolysis is largely reduced.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, activates the inflammatory and thrombotic process. The disease it causes is associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm) and coagulation disorders, with predisposition to thrombus formation. Mononuclear cells interact with activated platelets and the coagulation cascade, which activate inflammatory cells by binding thrombin and tissue factor with specific protease activated receptors and by binding fibrin to Toll-like receptor 4. The activation of inflammatory cells results in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to impairment of the natural coagulation pathways and shut down of fibrinolysis. PAR: protease-activated receptor; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; PT: prothrombin time; IL: interleukin; TNF&#945;: tumor necrosis factor-&#945;. Figure adapted from Levi M, van der Poll T.<sup>25</sup></italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0829-00308-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
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      <p>According to the criteria established by the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH), better clinical outcomes can be identified in patients with SIC on anticoagulant therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The use of anticoagulants, mainly in critically ill patients, is not free from risk and might be related to severe hemorrhagic complications. Thus, the indication of anticoagulants should be personalized, respecting thrombotic and hemorrhagic risk profiles.</p>
      <p>Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response triggered by the inappropriate activation and proliferation of lymphocytes, which activate macrophages and histiocytes, resulting in phagocytosis of hematological cells. The disease is associated with a large production of inflammatory cytokines. The initial clinical findings of HPS are marked by those of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. As HPS develops, the following might be observed: neurological findings, liver function changes, DIC, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and high ferritin levels. Those findings can be triggered by infections, such as COVID-19, which shows, in some cases, a large release of cytokines, mainly interleukin 6, in association with systemic inflammatory response and DIC. Such conditions should be considered based on clinical and laboratory findings, and an early therapeutic approach should be defined to reverse them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>SARS-CoV-2 infection, in its most severe presentation, marked by organic dysfunction, such as acute respiratory failure, meets the diagnostic criteria for sepsis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Recent observational studies have correlated the hypercoagulable state with the severe form of COVID-19, in which SIC and/or DIC seem to be present in most fatal cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> The reduction in oxygen arterial pressure found in critical patients contributes directly and indirectly to the development of ischemic syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In line of this, results suggest that the prothrombotic pathophysiology already described in sepsis might be related to intrinsic aspects of the novel coronavirus, and, thus, the beneficial potential of the use of anticoagulants in selected groups of patients should be analyzed individually. A retrospective study conducted in the hospital of Tongji (Wuhan, China) has reported lower mortality in patients with severe COVID-19 who had used anticoagulants, unfractionated heparin or low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH), with a SIC score of &#8805; 4 and/or very high D-dimer (&gt; 6 times the upper limit of reference range).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Anticoagulant therapy in patients with severe COVID-19 and signs of SIC and/or very high D-dimer in association with other biomarkers of severity, in the absence of contraindication to anticoagulation, can be considered a therapeutic strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection, based on expert consensus and a few retrospective studies. Moreover, that strategy requires the use of strict institutional protocols that enable surveillance and rapid intervention if complications occur. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> shows the algorithm to assess thrombogenesis in patients with COVID-19, as well as a suggestion of treatment. However, data are still insufficient to determine important aspects for the elaboration of a therapeutic plan, such as the best drug choice, its dosage and administration time schedule, as well as the duration of treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02001">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>The diagnosis of COVID-19 should be confirmed according to the World Health Organization recommendations.37 Patients with the severe form of that disease8,38 in addition to a sepsis-induced coagulopathy score &#8805; 4 or disseminated intravascular coagulation and/or D-dimer levels &gt; 6 times the upper limit of reference range might benefit from anticoagulant therapy. INR, international normalized ratio; SIC, sepsis-induced coagulopathy; ISTH, International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; DIVC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; ULRR, upper limit of reference range.</italic></title>
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          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0829-00308-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
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      <p>Further studies, mainly prospective, are required to better support the indication of anticoagulation for critical patients infected by the novel coronavirus. The possible benefit from attenuating the hypercoagulable state should be balanced against the risk of bleeding. Anticoagulant therapy might be more beneficial when initiated in the pre-thrombotic stage and not in advanced phases, when the risk of bleeding is higher. If deciding to use anticoagulation, LMWH should be chosen for stable patients with normal creatinine clearance (dose of 1 mg/kg, 12/12h, subcutaneous). In case of shock or creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>, intravenous heparin (18 IU/kg/h) should be used, aiming at an activated partial thromboplastin time between 1.5 and 1.8. However, there is no evidence to support the wide use of the therapeutic dose of heparin in COVID-19.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the pathophysiology of COVID-19 involves activation of the inflammatory response and induction of the thrombotic system. Currently, the expert consensus suggests anticoagulant treatment for patients with the pro-coagulant phenotype (high D-dimer, prolongation of prothrombin time and increased plasma levels of fibrin fragments). Further studies are required to confirm the real role of anticoagulation to prevent COVID-19 complications.</p>
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          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Jorge Henrique Paiter Nascimento, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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