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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Ktb9dd8rJsGcwcP8RmwgBPy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000600783</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200316</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200316</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Minieditorial: Risco de FA ap&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o de Flutter Dependente de Istmo Cavo-Tricusp&#237;deo: Vale a Pena Fazer a Abla&#231;&#227;o da FA Simultaneamente?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8053-4499</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sarabanda</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro Valentim Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (FUC), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Alvaro Valentim Lima Sarabanda &#8226; Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - SQSW 301 BL F AP 508. CEP 70673106, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>saraband@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>783</fpage>
      <lpage>785</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Flutter Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Condu&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Istmo-Cavo Tricusp&#237;deo</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O <italic>flutter</italic> atrial (FLA) dependente do istmo cavotricusp&#237;deo (FLA-ICT) &#233; uma arritmia card&#237;aca frequente que cursa com sintomas limitantes e tem associa&#231;&#227;o ao risco aumentado de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e desenvolvimento ou agravamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O substrato anat&#244;mico/eletrofisiol&#243;gico do FLA-ICT &#233; uma combina&#231;&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o lenta pelo istmo de tecido atrial entre o anel tric&#250;spide e a veia cava inferior, associada ao bloqueio funcional da condu&#231;&#227;o ao longo da crista terminal e da crista (<italic>ridge</italic>) de Eust&#225;quio, permitindo o surgimento e a perpetua&#231;&#227;o de um circuito macrorreentrante no &#225;trio direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pelo fato de o substrato anat&#244;mico/eletrofisiol&#243;gico do FLA-ICT ser bem-definido e os resultados do tratamento com f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos serem insatisfat&#243;rios, a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia do FLA, por meio da cria&#231;&#227;o de uma les&#227;o linear entre o anel tric&#250;spide e a veia cava inferior (istmo cavotricusp&#237;deo), tem sido preconizada como uma terapia segura e eficaz, com baixo risco de complica&#231;&#245;es (1% ou menos) e &#237;ndices de sucesso acima de 90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia do FLA-ICT apresente elevadas taxas de sucesso, um contingente significativo de pacientes submetidos ao procedimento apresentar&#225; um primeiro epis&#243;dio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) no decorrer do per&#237;odo de seguimento cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Diversas evid&#234;ncias t&#234;m sugerido que a ocorr&#234;ncia de novo epis&#243;dio de FA n&#227;o seja devido &#224; pr&#243;-arritmia resultante da abla&#231;&#227;o do ICT, retratando, no entanto, outra face da mesma atriopatia, a qual predisp&#245;e os pacientes aos dois tipos de arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Assim, a abla&#231;&#227;o do ICT n&#227;o &#233; capaz de impedir a ocorr&#234;ncia de novo epis&#243;dio de FA. Esse aspecto foi relatado em diversos outros estudos que avaliaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de novas arritmias atriais, incluindo FA, ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Bianco et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> avaliaram a incid&#234;ncia e os preditores de ocorr&#234;ncia de primeiro epis&#243;dio de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT em s&#233;rie de 84 pacientes sem registro pr&#233;vio de FA, tendo sido os dados analisados retrospectivamente. Durante o procedimento, houve uma &#250;nica complica&#231;&#227;o (1,2%): a emboliza&#231;&#227;o da ponta de uma bainha longa utilizada para estabilizar o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o, a qual foi removida sem necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de 26&#177;18 meses, 10 (11,5%) pacientes apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de FLA e 45 (53,6%) apresentaram novo epis&#243;dio de FA. No entanto, n&#227;o foram identificadas vari&#225;veis preditoras de ocorr&#234;ncia de FA no seguimento cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo de Bianco et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com estudos pr&#233;vios de pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Todavia, a quest&#227;o colocada em evid&#234;ncia pelos autores &#233; se devemos realizar a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA e do FLA-ICT simultaneamente nos pacientes com FLA sem hist&#243;rico de FA. Como ressaltado por Bianco et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> o aparecimento de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT apresenta grande relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica devido ao elevado risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos associados &#224; FA, em especial o AVC. A presen&#231;a de FA est&#225; associada a um aumento de quatro a cinco vezes no risco de AVC isqu&#234;mico. Nesse sentido, em estudo incluindo popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT, a incid&#234;ncia de AVC ao longo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 40 meses foi cerca de 4 vezes maior do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Por esse motivo, tendo em vista a elevada incid&#234;ncia de FA nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a interrup&#231;&#227;o do uso de anticoagulantes orais pode exp&#244;-la ao risco aumentado de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, devendo ser avaliada a manuten&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT, levando-se em conta o escore CHA2DS2-VASC do paciente, de forma semelhante aos pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Adicionalmente, um contingente significativo de pacientes continua sintom&#225;tico em decorr&#234;ncia da FA que se manifesta ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT. Um segundo procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o pode ser, ent&#227;o, necess&#225;rio para o controle da FA. Apesar de o isolamento el&#233;trico de veias pulmonares (Isol-VPs), necess&#225;rio para o tratamento da FA, ser um procedimento de maior complexidade, envolvendo a realiza&#231;&#227;o de pun&#231;&#245;es transeptais, abla&#231;&#227;o atrial mais extensa e necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de equipamento de mapeamento tridimensional, com maiores riscos e custos comparativamente &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT, uma alternativa a ser considerada &#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o combinada de um &#250;nico procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o para eliminar ambas as arritmias, evitando-se uma segunda interven&#231;&#227;o, quest&#227;o colocada em evid&#234;ncia pelo estudo de Bianco et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que a abla&#231;&#227;o combinada do ICT com o Isol-VPs pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia eficaz para a preven&#231;&#227;o de ocorr&#234;ncia de FA em pacientes com FLA-ICT e sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O estudo PREVENT AF I incluiu 50 pacientes com FLA-ICT e sem hist&#243;rico de FA, randomizados 1:1 entre a estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o do ICT isoladamente <italic>versus</italic> abla&#231;&#227;o do ICT associado ao Isol-VPs com crioabla&#231;&#227;o (ICT + Isol-VPs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nova FA foi registrada em 52% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o isolada do ICT versus 12% no grupo ICT + Isol-VPs (p = 0,003), no seguimento de 1 ano. Posteriormente, Romanov et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> reportaram o seguimento estendido (3 anos) do estudo PREVENT AF I, observando uma taxa livre de taquiarritmia atrial/FA significativamente maior no grupo de ICT + Isol-VPs, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o isolada do ICT (48% <italic>vs.</italic> 20%, P = 0,01). &#201; importante ressaltar que n&#227;o houve eventos adversos no grupo ICT + Isol-VPs, mas ocorreram 2 epis&#243;dios de AVC no grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o isolada do ICT. A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou o sexo masculino e a idade &gt; 55 anos como fatores preditores de ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial no seguimento. Por fim, o estudo REDUCE AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> randomizou 216 pacientes com FLA-ICT para abla&#231;&#227;o isolada do ICT <italic>versus</italic> abla&#231;&#227;o combinada do ICT + Isol-VPs, observando uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos epis&#243;dios de FA com a estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o combinada, mas &#224;s custas de aumento do tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento e do uso da fluoroscopia. Na an&#225;lise <italic>post hoc</italic>, o benef&#237;cio da estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o combinada foi limitado aos pacientes com &gt; 55 anos de idade, em concord&#226;ncia com os resultados de Romanov et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Recentemente, Gula et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> realizaram uma an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade, comparando a estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o combinada do ICT + Isol-VPs <italic>versus</italic> a estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o sequencial, ou seja, com a possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o dos 2 procedimentos separadamente caso houvesse o aparecimento de FA. Por meio de proje&#231;&#245;es baseadas em estudos que reportaram as taxas de aparecimento de nova FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT, as taxas de sucesso do Isol-VPs, bem como os riscos e custos dos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT e do Isol-VP, os autores propuseram que a estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o combinada do ICT + Isol-VPs n&#227;o apresenta, via de regra, benef&#237;cios do ponto de vista financeiro e dos riscos envolvidos no procedimento. Deve-se ponderar, no entanto, as limita&#231;&#245;es desse estudo e considerar que a estrat&#233;gia combinada de abla&#231;&#227;o do ICT + Isol-VPs poderia demonstrar um benef&#237;cio favor&#225;vel se fosse aplicada somente aos pacientes identificados com maior risco de apresentarem FA no seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, uma limita&#231;&#227;o significativa do estudo de Bianco et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> foi o tamanho restrito da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, o que pode ter delimitado a identifica&#231;&#227;o de preditores para a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT. Como reconhecido pelos autores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> caso fosse poss&#237;vel identificar um perfil de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o ICT, uma abordagem combinada, incluindo a abla&#231;&#227;o das duas arritmias, poderia ser indicada seletivamente nos pacientes com maior risco de desenvolver FA.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, o estudo de Bianco et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> fornece evid&#234;ncias adicionais de que a abla&#231;&#227;o do ICT &#233; um procedimento seguro e eficaz, mas soluciona apenas parcialmente os problemas cl&#237;nicos dos portadores de FLA-ICT isoladamente, uma vez que a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o do ICT &#233; frequentemente observada. Todavia, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; quest&#227;o colocada em evid&#234;ncia pelos autores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> ainda n&#227;o h&#225; dados suficientes para a indica&#231;&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o combinada no tratamento do FLA-ICT visando &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de FA. Estudos prospectivos, com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e seguimento mais longo, ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar os benef&#237;cios de uma abla&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Mineditorial referente ao artigo: Risco de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial ap&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o de Flutter Dependente de Istmo Cavo-Tricusp&#237;deo: Vale a Pena Fazer a Abla&#231;&#227;o da FA Simultaneamente?</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Short Editorial: Risk of Atrial Fibrillation after Ablation of Cavotricuspid Isthmus-Dependent Atrial Flutter: Is Combined Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Worthwhile?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8053-4499</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sarabanda</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro Valentim Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (FUC), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Alvaro Valentim Lima Sarabanda &#8226; Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - SQSW 301 BL F AP 508. Postal Code 70673106, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil E-mail: saraband@uol.com.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Flutter</kwd>
        <kwd>Conduction</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiofrequency Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Isthmus Cavo-Tricuspid</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation/prevention and control</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)-dependent atrial flutter (AFL) is a common cardiac arrhythmia that can cause significant symptoms and is associated with an increased risk of stroke and the development or worsening of heart failure. The anatomic/electrophysiological substrate underlying AFL is a combination of slow conduction in the isthmus of atrial tissue between the tricuspid annulus and the inferior vena cava and conduction block along the crista terminalis and Eustachian ridge, enabling the emergence and perpetuation of a macro-reentrant circuit in the right atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Because of the well-defined anatomic/electrophysiological substrate and the unsatisfactory results of antiarrhythmic drug therapy in treating AFL, radiofrequency catheter ablation, by means of creating a linear lesion from the tricuspid annulus to the inferior vena cava (cavotricuspid isthmus) under fluoroscopic and electrocardiographic guidance, is an established interventional procedure, with a low risk of complications (1% or less) and success rates over 90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although acutely highly successful, a significant number of patients with successful (CTI)-dependent AFL ablation will develop atrial fibrillation (AF) during the follow-up period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Rather than proarrhythmia, it has been suggested that the occurrence of new AF reflects manifestation of the same atrial disease that predisposes patients to both arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Thus, elimination of the CTI-dependent AFL circuit does not prevent new AF. This effect has been reported in multiple studies examining the emergence of atrial arrhythmias, including AF, following CTI ablation for AFL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Bianco et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> explore the incidence and predictors of AF following ablation of AFL. They present a series of 84 patients without any prior history of AF undergoing catheter ablation of CTI-dependent AFL, with data analyzed retrospectively. There was only one periprocedural complication (1.2%), an embolization of the tip of the long sheath used for stabilization of the 8mm tip ablation catheter, which was successfully removed without surgical intervention. During a mean follow-up of 26&#177;18 months, 10 (11.5%) patients had recurrence of AFL and 45 (53.6%) had a first episode of AF. However, no predictive variables for the occurrence of AF were identified in the clinical follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study of Bianco et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> is in agreement with previous studies of patients undergoing CTI-dependent AFL ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, the question raised by the authors is whether we should perform a concomitant AF ablation in patients undergoing CTI-dependent AFL ablation without history of AF. As highlighted by Bianco et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> the emergence of AF after ablation of CTI-dependent AFL has great clinical relevance due to the high risk of thromboembolic events associated with AF, particularly stroke. The presence of AF is associated with 4-5 times greater risk of developing ischemic stroke. In a study including patients undergoing ablation of CTI-dependent AFL, the incidence of stroke over a mean follow-up of 40 months was four times greater than the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> For this reason, considering the high incidence of AF in this population, discontinuation of oral anticoagulation may expose them to the risk of thromboembolic events and hence should be considered individually, considering the CHA2DS2-VASC score of the patient with FLA, just as with patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In addition, a significant number of patients remains symptomatic due to the emergence of AF following CTI-dependent AFL ablation. A second ablation procedure may then be necessary to control AF. Therefore, the question arises whether we should perform concomitant PVI in patients undergoing CTI-dependent AFL ablation, even before AF has ever occurred (10-12). Although AF ablation, by means of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), is a more complex procedure, involving transseptal punctures, more extensive atrial ablation and use of three-dimensional mapping equipment, with higher costs and risks compared with CTI-dependent AFL ablation, an alternative strategy may be to treat both arrhythmias in a single ablation procedure, thus avoiding a second intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, recent data suggest that prophylactic PVI can be an effective strategy for preventing new AF in patients undergoing CTI-dependent AFL ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The PREVENT AF I Study included 50 patients with CTI-dependent AFL without any prior history of AF, and randomized them in 1:1 fashion between CTI ablation alone versus CTI ablation plus cryoballoon PVI (CTI+PVI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> New-onset AF occurred in 52% of CTI ablation alone versus 12% with CTI+PVI group over 1-year follow-up (p=0.003). Subsequently, Romanov et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> presented the extended (3-year) outcomes of the PREVENT AF I Study. There was a highly significant improvement in freedom from any atrial tachyarrhythmia in the CTI+PVI group compared with the CTI ablation only group (48% vs. 20%, P=0.01). Of note, there were no adverse events in the CTI+PVI group, but 2 strokes occurred in the CTI-only group during follow-up. In this study, a multivariate analysis identified male gender and age over 55 as factors that predicted atrial arrhythmias during follow-up. Additionally, the REDUCE AF study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> randomized 216 patients with lone AFL to CTI+PVI versus CTI ablation alone, and found a reduction in subsequent AF with prophylactic PVI, but at the cost of significantly longer procedure and fluoroscopy times. In <italic>post hoc</italic> analysis, all of the benefit was confined to those patients over 55 years of age, in agreement with the findings of Romanov et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>More recently, Gula et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing the strategy of combined prophylactic PVI plus CTI versus sequential approach with separate procedures, i.e., waiting for AF to occur before undergoing PVI. Making plausible projections on AF occurrence and PVI success rates, as well as risks and costs of the procedures, the authors found that the combined approach with prophylactic PVI conferred higher risk and higher cost than the sequential approach during follow-up. However, one should consider the limitations of this study, and perhaps a strategy of combined prophylactic PVI plus CTI would have more favorable risk/benefit ratio if applied more selectively to patients at highest risk for developing AF during follow-up.</p>
      <p>In this context, as have been acknowledged by Bianco et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> a significant limitation of their study was the limited size of the study population which may have prevented the identification of predictors for development of AF after CTI ablation. As recognized by the authors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> if a risk profile for the occurrence of AF following CTI-dependent AFL ablation could be determined, a combined approach, including ablation of both arrhythmias, could be prophylactically indicated in patients at higher risk for developing AF.</p>
      <p>In summary, the study of Bianco et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> provides further evidence that CTI-dependent AFL ablation is a safe and effective procedure, but solves just part of the clinical problem of the patient presenting with isolated AFL, since the occurrence of AF after CTI ablation is frequently observed. However, with regard to the issue highlighted by the authors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> there is still insufficient evidence to recommend combined ablation for treatment of AFL aiming at preventing the occurrence of AF. Prospective studies with a larger number of patients and longer follow-up will are needed to assess the benefits of the simultaneous ablation.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Risk of Atrial Fibrillation after Ablation of Cavotricuspid Isthmus-Dependent Atrial Flutter: Is Combined Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Worthwhile?</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
