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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WPCLCsh3PhtyftgzfNGpCyd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000600775</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2020005005204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190238</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190238</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risco de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial ap&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o de Flutter Dependente de Istmo Cavo-Tricusp&#237;deo: Vale a Pena Fazer a Abla&#231;&#227;o da FA Simultaneamente?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4079-8427</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Odozynski da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forno</surname>
            <given-names>Alexander Romeno Janner Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Helcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lewandowski</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Elayne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Palho&#231;a</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Palho&#231;a, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOS Cardio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Isabella Bianco &#8226; Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina - Avenida Pedra Branca, 25. CEP 88137-270, Palho&#231;a, SC &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>isabellabianco97@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bianco I, Silva GO, Pereira E, d&#8217;Avila A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Bianco I; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Bianco I, Silva GO, d&#8217;Avila A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bianco I, Silva GO; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bianco I, Pereira E, d&#8217;Avila A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bianco I, Silva GO, Dal Forno ARJ, Nascimento HG, Lewandowski A, Pereira E, d&#8217;Avila A.</p>
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>775</fpage>
      <lpage>782</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e do <italic>flutter</italic> atrial dependente de istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo (FLA-ICT) pode ser realizada simultaneamente quando as duas arritmias tenham sido registradas antes do procedimento. Entretanto, a melhor abordagem n&#227;o &#233; clara quando pacientes com FLA-ICT s&#227;o encaminhados para abla&#231;&#227;o sem o registro pr&#233;vio de FA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia e identificar os preditores de ocorr&#234;ncia do primeiro epis&#243;dio de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT em pacientes sem o registro pr&#233;vio de FA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Coorte retrospectiva de pacientes submetidos exclusivamente a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para FLA-ICT, sem registro pr&#233;vio de FA. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas foram comparadas entre os grupos em que houve ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT vs. sem ocorr&#234;ncia de FA. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%. Na an&#225;lise de preditores, o desfecho prim&#225;rio avaliado foi ocorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> De um total de 227 pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT (110 com registro de FA e 33 sem seguimento adequado), 84 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, dos quais 45 (53,6%) apresentaram FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve vari&#225;veis preditoras de ocorr&#234;ncia de FA. Os escores HATCH e CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. As taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de FLA-ICT e complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o foram de 11,5% e 1,2%, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT &#233; eficaz e segura, mas 50% dos pacientes desenvolvem FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, ainda &#233; incerto o papel da abla&#231;&#227;o combinada (FLA-ICT e FA) visando preven&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de FA. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Flutter Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Condu&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Istmo Cavo-Tricusp&#237;deo</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial/preven&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O flutter atrial dependente de istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo (FLA-ICT) &#233; uma arritmia card&#237;aca comum, tratada de maneira eficaz e segura atrav&#233;s de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia com taxas de sucesso e complica&#231;&#245;es respectivamente de 92-97% e 0,5-2,6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Neste grupo de pacientes, aqueles com registro de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) antes da abla&#231;&#227;o do flutter apresentam taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de FA de 30 a 50% nos primeiros 30 meses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e de at&#233; 82% dos pacientes nos 90 meses seguintes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Estima-se que a FA e o FLA-ICT sejam faces da mesma atriopatia, havendo por isso comum associa&#231;&#227;o entre as duas arritmias. Por esta raz&#227;o, advoga-se que pacientes com <italic>flutter</italic> atrial comum, que tenham registro de FA, sejam submetidos simultaneamente a uma abla&#231;&#227;o de FA e <italic>flutter</italic> durante o primeiro procedimento, diminuindo os riscos e custos do tratamento quando um segundo procedimento fosse realizado.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem por objetivos avaliar a preval&#234;ncia e identificar os preditores de ocorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT num subgrupo de pacientes sem o registro de FA antes da abla&#231;&#227;o do <italic>flutter</italic>. Idealmente, caso fosse poss&#237;vel identificar um perfil de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT, uma abordagem combinada, incluindo a abla&#231;&#227;o das duas arritmias, poderia ser sugerida em pacientes com <italic>flutter</italic> atrial que ainda n&#227;o apresentaram registro de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e participantes</title>
        <p>trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva que avaliou pacientes de ambos os sexos &#8805; 18 anos submetidos exclusivamente a abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT entre 2017 e 2018, no Hospital SOS C&#225;rdio na cidade de Florian&#243;polis-SC e Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina na cidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233;-SC, com tempo de seguimento m&#237;nimo de 1 ano, e que n&#227;o tivessem registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de FA antes da abla&#231;&#227;o. Foram, portanto, exclu&#237;dos da amostra pacientes com documenta&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de FA anterior ao procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref> ilustra o fluxograma de inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o dos participantes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o do estudo: pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT categorizados por ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-procedimento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0775-90238-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (Unisul) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 79539517.1.0000.5369. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos neste estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013, e a resolu&#231;&#227;o CNS n&#186; 466, de 12 de dezembro de 2012.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, diagnosticados com FLA-ICT e submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, foram seguidos para ocorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s o procedimento <italic>index</italic>. As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e associadas a comorbidades foram coletadas dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos destes pacientes. A recorr&#234;ncia de FLA-ICT e a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA foram atestadas nos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos, atrav&#233;s de eletrocardiograma e Holter de 24 horas, consultas de rotina, atendimentos de emerg&#234;ncia e procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT</title>
        <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT foi realizada sob anestesia geral. Foram realizadas duas pun&#231;&#245;es na veia femoral direita, sendo posicionados cateteres decapolar deflect&#237;vel no interior do seio coron&#225;rio e cateter quadripolar de abla&#231;&#227;o com ponta de 8 mm. Em seguida, foi realizada a abla&#231;&#227;o (60W a 60&#176;C por at&#233; 2 minutos) do ICT, iniciada junto &#224; v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; veia cava inferior &#224;s 6h na proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda (OAE), at&#233; a interrup&#231;&#227;o do <italic>flutter</italic> atrial. Ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o da arritmia, foi observado duplo potencial atrial sobre a linha de abla&#231;&#227;o, com separa&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 100 milissegundos durante marcapasseamento cont&#237;nuo do seio coronariano e da parede lateral do &#225;trio direito para confirma&#231;&#227;o do bloqueio bidirecional, quando o procedimento foi, ent&#227;o, finalizado. Os pacientes foram mantidos em observa&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por 24h ap&#243;s o procedimento, sendo orientados a retornar a seus respectivos m&#233;dicos assistentes ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e procedimentos foram comparados entre os grupos de pacientes em que houve ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>flutter</italic> vs. sem ocorr&#234;ncia de FA. Adotou-se uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia (n&#227;o-probabil&#237;stica) durante o tempo de estudo, respeitando-se os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o e tempo de seguimento.</p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas utilizando teste-T de Student n&#227;o-pareado (bicaudal), respeitando-se os crit&#233;rios de normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; amostra total, sendo comparadas utilizando-se o teste de X<sup>2</sup> ou Exato de Fischer. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%. Foi utilizada curva de Kaplan-Meier para evidenciar as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia ao longo do tempo de seguimento (por truncagem em 48 meses). Para avaliar os fatores preditores, foi realizada uma regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>flutter</italic> e n&#227;o-ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>flutter</italic> como desfecho. Inicialmente todas as vari&#225;veis associadas com valor de p &lt;0,20 na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foram inseridas nos modelos multivariados para ajuste final. Nenhum processo seletivo nos modelos multivariados foi realizado. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se <italic>IBM SPSS Statistics Editor software</italic>, vers&#227;o 22.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Foi realizada abla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial em 227 pacientes entre 2017 e 2018 em dois centros de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Destes, 110 pacientes apresentavam registro pr&#233;vio de FA, e em 33 pacientes n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel obter informa&#231;&#227;o adequada durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico. Portanto, 84 pacientes sem o registro de FA antes da abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT foram cadastrados para este estudo. Destes, durante um tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 26&#177;18 meses, 45 (53,6%) apresentaram FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com FA e sem FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais de pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de flutter atrial, categorizados de acordo com ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial durante seguimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Ocorr&#234;ncia de FA (n = 45)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Sem ocorr&#234;ncia de FA (n = 39)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,0 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">66,4 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (masculino)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (73,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (69,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">28,9 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">29,7 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,7 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">54,8 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do AE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,2 &#177; 7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">42,2 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comorbidades</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (24,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (28,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (26,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (30,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (72,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (56,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (17,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (25,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a vascular</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (35,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC/AIT pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (15,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACO pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (51,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (53,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAA pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (51,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (35,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escores</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HATCH</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1-4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Valores com &#177; indicam a m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (idade, IMC, FEVE, di&#226;metro do AE); demais valores s&#227;o apresentados em frequ&#234;ncia simples e relativa. FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; ACO: anticoagulante oral; DAA: droga antiarr&#237;tmica; Teste t de Student e &#967;<sup>2</sup> para amostras independentes. *p-valor indica diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao n&#237;vel de 5%.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 68 &#177; 12 anos no grupo com ocorr&#234;ncia de FA e de 66,4 &#177; 15 anos no grupo sem FA (p = 0,59). Indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino representavam 73,2% dos pacientes no grupo com FA e 69,2% no grupo sem FA (p = 0,43). O IMC m&#233;dio foi de 28,9 &#177; 4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> grupo com FA e de 29,7 &#177; 4,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup> no grupo sem FA (p = 0,72).</p>
        <p>As comorbidades foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. A hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia renal e a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foram mais comuns no grupo com FA (24,4% FA x 7,2% [p = 0,03] e 72,1% FA x 56,4% [p = 0,12]). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos no tocante a outras comorbidades, como dislipidemia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a vascular e AVC/AIT (acidente vascular cerebral/ ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio) pr&#233;vio e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes orais e drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a dos procedimentos</title>
        <p>A taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de FLA-ICT ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o foi de 11,5%. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> resume os resultados dos procedimentos bem como a taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o. Houve rotura e emboliza&#231;&#227;o de ponta de uma bainha transeptal com curva fixa utilizada para estabilizar o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o (taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o de 1,2%), que se alojou em um ramo distal da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda e n&#227;o necessitou de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para ser removida.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultado dos procedimentos: efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a em 84 pacientes submetidos exclusivamente a abla&#231;&#227;o do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo para tratamento do <italic>flutter</italic> atrial comum</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Evento</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (53,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Recorr&#234;ncia de flutter</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (11,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FLA-ICT: flutter atrial dependente de istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A curva de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>) mostra a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA de 53,6% ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT ao longo do tempo. Observa-se que a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA foi mais comum no primeiro ano ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de Kaplan-Meier para ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0775-90238-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preditores de ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada foram encontrados preditores estatisticamente significativos para ocorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT. As vari&#225;veis hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia renal (OR = 3,88 [IC<sub>95%</sub> 0,99-15,1] p = 0,05) e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (OR = 2,15 [IC<sub>95%</sub> 0,86-5,39] p = 0,10) foram inseridas nos modelos multivariados, no entanto n&#227;o apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ap&#243;s ajuste do modelo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">figura 3</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos escores HATCH e CHA2DS2-VASC de acordo com a ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de FA ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores do escore HATCH de acordo com a ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de FA p&#243;s-procedimento foi de 1 (1-3) no grupo com ocorr&#234;ncia de FA e de 1 (0-3) no grupo sem FA. Para o escore CHA2DS2-VASC, a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi de 3 (2-4) entre os pacientes com FA e de 3 (1-4) nos pacientes sem FA.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise univariada e multivariada de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas para a ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de flutter atrial dependente de istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">An&#225;lise Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">OR</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">95% CI</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">OR</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">95% CI</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98-1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32-2,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85-1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do AE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90-1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96-1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                  <td align="center">3,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99-15,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">3,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89-14,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25-1,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">2,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86-5,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">1,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78-5,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20-1,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasculopatia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47-3,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACO pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56-3,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAA pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28-1,63</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; ACO: anticoagulante oral; DAA: droga antiarr&#237;tmica. *p-valor indica diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao n&#237;vel de 5%.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos escores HATCH e CHA2DS2-VASC de acordo com ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0775-90238-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados deste estudo s&#227;o: (1) a abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT &#233; um procedimento eficaz e seguro, com baixas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es (1,2%), (2) a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT &#233; frequente (53,6%) em pacientes sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de FA, e (3) n&#227;o houve crit&#233;rios ou escores preditores para a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia de FLA-ICT</title>
        <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia dos circuitos arritmog&#234;nicos do FLA-ICT &#233; um procedimento com altos &#237;ndices de sucesso, com resultados superiores ao uso exclusivo de medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Dentre os efeitos colaterais conhecidos, em casos de recorr&#234;ncia do FLA-ICT, o uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas como a propafenona pode facilitar a condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e aumentar a resposta ventricular com eventual instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com tratamento por drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, e 63% dos pacientes acabam sendo re-hospitalizados.13 Por esses motivos, a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia &#233; recomendada como tratamento de escolha do FLA-ICT.</p>
        <p>Em meta-an&#225;lise recente, P&#233;rez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> descrevem taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de FLA-ICT de 10,6%, semelhante &#224; descrita neste estudo, e taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es variam at&#233; 2,6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>Pacientes com FLA-ICT submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com sucesso apresentam menor mortalidade e menor risco de AVC e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em geral, comparativamente aos pacientes tratados com terapia medicamentosa exclusiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No presente estudo, foram encontradas taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de FLA-ICT de 11,5% e complica&#231;&#245;es de 1,2%. N&#227;o houve nenhum evento emb&#243;lico, derrame peric&#225;rdico ou &#243;bito na amostra estudada apesar do longo tempo de seguimento dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT</title>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, foi encontrada taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT de 53,6%. O aparecimento de FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT possui relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica devido ao elevado risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos associados a essa arritmia, em especial o AVC. A presen&#231;a de FA est&#225; associada a um aumento de quatro a cinco vezes no risco de AVC isqu&#234;mico. Os AVCs causados pela FA possuem maior mortalidade e provocam d&#233;ficits funcionais mais severos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>Dessa maneira, n&#227;o apenas os pacientes com FA t&#234;m maior risco de apresentar AVC, como tamb&#233;m os AVCs que ocorrem nesses pacientes s&#227;o mais graves e debilitantes. Em estudo envolvendo uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT, a incid&#234;ncia de AVC ao longo de um seguimento m&#233;dio de 40 meses p&#243;s-procedimento foi 4 vezes maior do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, e o &#250;nico fator de risco identificado foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Por esse motivo, tendo em vista a alta incid&#234;ncia de FA nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, a interrup&#231;&#227;o do uso de anticoagulantes orais pode exp&#244;-los ao risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, devendo ser avaliada individualmente levando-se em conta o CHA2DS2-VASC do paciente com flutter atrial tal como se utiliza em pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Assim sendo, uma parcela significativa dos pacientes continua sintom&#225;tica em fun&#231;&#227;o da FA que passa a se manifestar clinicamente ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT. Um segundo procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o, pode ser, ent&#227;o, necess&#225;rio para o controle da FA. Apesar de o isolamento das veias pulmonares por abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia, necess&#225;rio para o tratamento da FA, ser um procedimento de maior complexidade, com maiores riscos e custos comparativamente &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT, uma alternativa a ser considerada &#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o combinada de um &#250;nico procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o para eliminar ambas as arritmias, evitando-se uma segunda interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Vale a pena realizar o isolamento das veias pulmonares simultaneamente &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT em pacientes sem o registro pr&#233;vio de FA?</p>
        <p>Na abla&#231;&#227;o do FLA-ICT o eletrofisiologista busca a constru&#231;&#227;o de uma linha de abla&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo, no intuito de impedir e bloquear a condu&#231;&#227;o do circuito macro-reentrante no &#225;trio direito. Neste caso, o acesso dos cateteres de abla&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio direito d&#225;-se exclusivamente pela pun&#231;&#227;o das veias femorais. A abla&#231;&#227;o de FA &#8211; por outro lado &#8211; &#233; um procedimento de maior complexidade e dura&#231;&#227;o que necessita de acesso ao &#225;trio esquerdo por meio de uma pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal (passagem dos cateteres do &#225;trio direito ao esquerdo por pun&#231;&#227;o pelo septo interatrial) para isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares, geralmente respons&#225;veis pelo gatilho da FA. O estudo REDUCE AF, envolvendo 216 pacientes, demonstrou que a abla&#231;&#227;o combinada de FLA-ICT + FA resultou em maior tempo livre de arritmia comparado ao grupo submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT apenas, especialmente nos pacientes com &gt; 55 anos. Nesse subgrupo de pacientes, o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar (NNT) da estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o combinada foi de 7, levando a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 14% no risco absoluto de ocorr&#234;ncia de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em uma an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade, um estudo canadense prop&#245;e que a abla&#231;&#227;o combinada de FLA-ICT + FA n&#227;o apresenta benef&#237;cios do ponto de vista financeiro e de riscos envolvidos. Com uma taxa de incid&#234;ncia de FA de 33% ou menos, o custo m&#233;dio da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos separadamente (abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT apenas, e se necess&#225;rio, abla&#231;&#227;o de FA no futuro) foi menor quando comparado &#224; estrat&#233;gia combinada. Para a abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT isolada, o risco m&#233;dio tamb&#233;m &#233; menor, considerando-se que o risco da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA excede o risco da abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT em 25% ou mais. Deve-se considerar, no entanto, que os riscos, custos e complica&#231;&#245;es variam regionalmente assim como a incid&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT, sendo em nossa amostragem quase 2 vezes maior que o previsto em an&#225;lises de custo-efetividade. Outra ressalva d&#225;-se ao fato de as an&#225;lises de custo-efetividade n&#227;o ponderarem negativamente os eventos emb&#243;licos a longo prazo nos pacientes em que a FA passa a se manifestar. Em Santa Catarina, o custo m&#233;dio da interna&#231;&#227;o por AVC cardioemb&#243;lico por FA chega a R$ 40.539,00 por paciente.18 Assim, os riscos e custos envolvidos na abla&#231;&#227;o combinada de FLA-ICT + FA n&#227;o se justificariam em curto prazo; estudos a longo prazo investigando os benef&#237;cios relacionados &#224; estrat&#233;gia combinada ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para sugerir o benef&#237;cio da abordagem simult&#226;nea em pacientes sem o registro pr&#233;vio de FA.19 Vale a pena destacar que o tratamento combinado &#233; sempre realizado quando existe registro de FA em pacientes com FLA-ICT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores preditores da ocorr&#234;ncia de FA</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, nenhuma das vari&#225;veis ou escores analisados mostrou-se capaz de predizer a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A literatura &#233; divergente quanto aos achados de preditores para ocorr&#234;ncia de FA. Diferentes estudos encontraram vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas como comorbidades, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via, dura&#231;&#227;o do flutter atrial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas como preditoras de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Apesar disso, Chinitz et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> em estudo com 254 pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT e seguimento de 30 &#177; 22 meses, n&#227;o encontraram quaisquer vari&#225;veis preditoras para ocorr&#234;ncia de FA, mesmo dentre as mais comumente associadas &#224; arritmia, corroborando nossos achados.</p>
        <p>O escore HATCH foi proposto no intuito de predizer a progress&#227;o da atriopatia associada &#224; FA, principalmente pela evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da FA parox&#237;stica &#224; FA persistente. Em suban&#225;lises, o escore HATCH mostrou-se &#250;til ao predizer ocorr&#234;ncia de FA em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos. Em nossa an&#225;lise, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT relacionada ao escore HATCH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de predizer o risco de AVC na popula&#231;&#227;o portadora de FA, o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC &#233; sabidamente utilizado como preditor de morbimortalidade em diferentes contextos cl&#237;nicos. No entanto, em nossa an&#225;lise n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na predi&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT com base no CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A primeira limita&#231;&#227;o associa-se ao car&#225;ter retrospectivo do estudo. Em segundo lugar, o tamanho limitado da amostra pode n&#227;o ter sido suficiente para evidenciar diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos (FA x n&#227;o-FA) e identificar vari&#225;veis preditoras de FA p&#243;s-tratamento invasivo do FLA-ICT. Por fim, n&#227;o foi realizado monitoramento para arritmias assintom&#225;ticas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT, de modo que a real incid&#234;ncia de FA pode ter sido subestimada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, a abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT foi um procedimento eficaz e seguro. A FA apresentou alta incid&#234;ncia ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA-ICT mesmo em pacientes sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de FA, independentemente das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes. N&#227;o h&#225; dados suficientes para indica&#231;&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o combinada para tratamento do flutter atrial visando preven&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de FA. Estudos de maior seguimento ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para documentar os reais benef&#237;cios de uma abordagem simult&#226;nea.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk of Atrial Fibrillation after Ablation of Cavotricuspid Isthmus-Dependent Atrial Flutter: Is Combined Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Worthwhile?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4079-8427</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Odozynski da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forno</surname>
            <given-names>Alexander Romeno Janner Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Helcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lewandowski</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Elayne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Palho&#231;a, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Isabella Bianco &#8226; Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina - Avenida Pedra Branca, 25.Postal Code 88137-270, Palho&#231;a, SC &#8211; Brazil E-mail: isabellabianco97@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Bianco I, Silva GO, Pereira E, d&#8217;Avila A; Acquisition of data and obtaining financing: Bianco I; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Bianco I, Silva GO, d&#8217;Avila A; Statistical analysis: Bianco I, Silva GO; Writing of the manuscript: Bianco I, Pereira E, d&#8217;Avila A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bianco I, Silva GO, Dal Forno ARJ, Nascimento HG, Lewandowski A, Pereira E, d&#8217;Avila A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Simultaneous ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) and cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)-dependent atrial flutter can be performed when both arrythmias had been recorded before the procedure. However, the best approach has not been defined in case of patients referred for ablation with CTI-dependent atrial flutter, without history of AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To assess the prevalence and to identify predictors of the first episode of AF after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter in patients without history of AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Retrospective cohort of patients with CTI-dependent atrial flutter without history of AF undergoing catheter ablation. Clinical characteristics were compared between patients who developed AF and those who did not have AF after the procedure. Significance level was set at 5%. In the analysis of predicting factors, the primary outcome was occurrence of AF after CTI-dependent atrial flutter ablation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Of a total of 227 patients undergoing ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter (110 with history of AF and 33 without adequate follow-up), 84 were included, and 45 (53.6%) developed post-ablation AF. The HATCH and CHA2DS2-VASC scores were not different between the groups. Recurrence rate of CTI-dependent atrial flutter and complication rate were 11.5% and 1.2%, respectively, after ablation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Although ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter is a safe and effective procedure, 50% of the patients developed AF after the procedure. However, the role of combined ablation (CTI-dependent atrial flutter plus AF) aiming at preventing AF is still uncertain. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Flutter</kwd>
        <kwd>Conduction</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiofrequency Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Isthmus Cavo-Tricuspid</kwd>
        <kwd>Arial Fibrillation/prevention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)-dependent atrial flutter is a common cardiac arrhythmia, safely and effectively treated by radiofrequency ablation with success and complication rates of 92-97% and 0.5-2.6%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> respectively. In this group of patients, those presenting atrial fibrillation (AF) before flutter ablation have an AF recurrence rate of 30-50% in the first 30 months<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and of up to 82% in the following 90 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>It has been suggested that AF and CTI-dependent atrial flutter are manifestations of the same atrial disease, and thus are associated with each other. For this reason, it has been advocated that patients with common atrial flutter, and history of AF, should benefit from simultaneous ablation of AF and atrial flutter during the first procedure, reducing the risk and costs of treatment when a second procedure is needed.</p>
        <p>The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence and to identify predictors of AF after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter in a group of patients with no history of AF before flutter ablation. Ideally, if a risk profile for FA following CTI-dependent atrial flutter could be determined, a combined approach, including ablation of both arrhythmias, could be suggested in patients with atrial flutter and no history of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and participants</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional study that evaluated patients of both sexes aged 18 years or older, undergoing ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter between 2017 and 2018 at SOS Cardio Hospital in the city of Florianopolis, Brazil, and at Institute of Cardiology of Santa Catarina in the city of S&#227;o Jose, Brazil, with a follow-up of one year or longer, without history of AF on electrocardiogram before ablation. Therefore, patients with electrocardiographic documentation of AF before ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter were excluded. The flowchart of patients&#8217; inclusion and exclusion is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of inclusion and exclusion of patients undergoing ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter categorized by occurrence of atrial fibrillation after the procedure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0775-90238-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (Unisul) (approval number 79539517.1.0000.5369). All procedures involved in this study was conducted according the Helsinki Declaration, 1975, updated in 2013, and the 466 resolution of the Brazilian National Health Council (December 2012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>The patients included in the study, with diagnosis of CTI-dependent atrial flutter, undergoing catheter ablation, were followed for the occurrence of AF after the index procedure. Recurrence of CTI-dependent atrial flutter and occurrence of AF were confirmed by data collected from medical records &#8211; electrocardiogram, 24-hour Holter monitoring, routine consultations, emergency services and ablation procedures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocol of CTI-dependent atrial flutter ablation</title>
          <p>Ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter was performed under general anesthesia. Two punctures were made in the right femoral vein, with placement of a decapolar deflectable 8mm ablation catheter. Ablation was then performed (60W at 60oC for up to 2 minutes), started near the tricuspid valve towards the inferior vena cava at six o&#8217;clock in a left-anterior oblique position, until interruption of the atrial flutter. When arrythmia was interrupted, double atrial potentials were observed on the ablation line, with periods of at least 100 milliseconds during continuous pacemaking of coronary sinus and lateral atrial wall for confirmation of bidirectional block and conclusion of the procedure. Patients were kept in observation for 24 hours after the procedure and instructed to consult their assistant physicians after hospital discharge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Clinical data and procedures were compared between the groups of patients with and without atrial flutter after the ablation procedure. A convenience (non-probabilistic) sample was used, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and time of follow-up.</p>
          <p>Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation and compared using the unpaired, two-tailed Student&#8217;s t-test, according to normality of data distribution, assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were described as absolute numbers and percentages and compared using the chi-square test of the Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Significance level was set at 5%. The Kaplan-Meier curve was used for analysis of recurrence rate during the follow-up period (truncation at 24 months). Predictive factors were assessed by logistic regression, with occurrence and non-occurrence of AF following atrial flutter ablation as outcomes. All variables associated with a p&lt;0.20 in the univariate logistic regression analysis were included in the multivariate model for final adjustment.</p>
          <p>No selection was applied in the multivariate models. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 22.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>Atrial flutter ablation was performed in 227 patients between 2017 and 2018 at two centers in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Of these, 110 patients had a history of AF and 33 patients did not have enough clinical data. Therefore, 84 patients without history of AF before CTI-dependent atrial flutter ablation were enrolled in the study. During a mean follow-up of 26&#177;18 months, 45 (53.6%) had AF after ablation. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> summarizes clinical characteristics of patients with and without AF after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter ablation.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of patients undergoing ablation of atrial flutter, categorized according to occurrence of atrial fibrillation during the follow-up period</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Occurrence of atrial fibrillation (n = 45)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Non-occurrence of atrial fibrillation (n = 39)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.0 &#177; 12</td>
                    <td align="center">66.4 &#177; 15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex (male)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (73.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (69.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body mass index</td>
                    <td align="center">28.9 &#177; 4</td>
                    <td align="center">29.7 &#177; 4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">51.7 &#177; 14</td>
                    <td align="center">54.8 &#177; 18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrial diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">41.2 &#177; 7.8</td>
                    <td align="center">42.2 &#177; 7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Comorbidities</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>History of renal failure</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (24.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (7.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (28.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (23.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (26.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (30.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (72.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (56.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (17.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (25.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vascular disease</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (35.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (23.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke/TIA</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (15.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (10.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Medications</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>OAC</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (51.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (53.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AAD</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (51.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (35.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Scores</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HATCH</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1-3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0-3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2-4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1-4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (age, body mass index, LVEF, left atrial diameter); or absolute and relative frequency; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; TIA: transient ischemic attack; OAC: oral anticoagulants; AAD: antiarrhythmic drugs; Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples; *p-value indicates statistically significant differences at a level of 5%</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Mean age was 68&#177;12 years in the group with AF and 66.4&#177;15 years in the group without AF (p=0.59). In both groups, most patients were male (73.2% in the group with AF and 69.2% in the group without AF, p=0.43). Mean BMI was 28.9 &#177; 4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> in the group with AF and 29.7 &#177; 4.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>in the group without AF (p = 0.72).</p>
          <p>Comorbidities were similar in both groups. History of renal failure and systemic arterial hypertension was more common in the group with AF (24.4% vs. 7.2% [p = 0.03] and 72.1% vs. x 56.4% [p = 0.12]). There was no difference between the groups regarding other comorbidities such as dyslipidemia, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, vascular disease, stroke/transient ischemic attack, use of anticoagulants or antiarrhythmic drugs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efficacy and safety of procedures</title>
          <p>Recurrence rate of CTI-dependent atrial flutter was 11.5%. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> summarizes the results of the procedure and the complication rate. There was rupture and embolization of the curved tip of the transseptal sheath used for stabilization of the ablation catheter (complication rate of 1.2%), that was lodged in the distal branch of the left pulmonary artery and was successfully removed without surgical intervention.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Efficacy and safety of ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter for treatment of common atrial flutter in 84 patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Event</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">n (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Occurrence of post-ablation AF</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (53.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Recurrence of atrial flutter</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (11.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Complications</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>AF: atrial fibrillation.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The Kaplan-Meier curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>) illustrates the occurrence rate of AF of 53.6% after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter. The occurrence was more common in the first year after the procedure.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier analysis of occurrence of atrial fibrillation after ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0775-90238-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictors of AF after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter</title>
          <p>The univariate analysis revealed statistically significant predictors for the occurrence of AF after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter. The variables history of renal failure (OR = 3.88 [95%CI 0.99-15.1] p = 0.05) and systemic arterial hypertension (OR = 2.15 [95%CI 0.86-5.39] p = 0.10) were included in the multivariate models, but did not show statistical significance after adjustment of the model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> shows the distribution of the HATCH and CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC scores according to the occurrence or not of AF after CTI-dependent atrial flutter ablation. No difference was found between the two groups. Distribution of the HATCH score values by occurrence or not of AF after ablation was 1 (1-3) in the group with AF and 1 (0-3) in the group without AF. Distribution of the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC score values was 3 (2-4) and 3 (1-4) in patients with and without AF, respectively.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate analysis of clinical variables for occurrence of atrial fibrillation after ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Univariate analysis</th>
                    <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Multivariate analysis</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">OR</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">95% CI</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">OR</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">95% CI</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98-1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.38</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32-2.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body mass index</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85-1.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrial diameter</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90-1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96-1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>History of renal failure</td>
                    <td align="center">3.88</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99-15.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">3.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89-14.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25-1.73</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SAH</td>
                    <td align="center">2.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86-5.39</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">1.98</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78-5.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20-1.73</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vascular disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47-3.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>OAC</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56-3.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AAD</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68</td>
                    <td align="center">0.28-1.63</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CHF: congestive heart failure; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; OAC: oral anticoagulants; AAD: antiarrhythmic drugs. *p-value indicates statistically significant differences at a level of 5%</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of HATCH and CHA2DS2-VASC scores according to the occurrence (yes/no) of atrial fibrillation after ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-05-0775-90238-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of the present study were (1) ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter is an effective and safe procedure, with low complication rates (1.2%); (2) AF is a frequently occurring complication (53.6%) in patients without history of AF; and (3) no criterion or predictive score for AF after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter was identified.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter by radiofrequency</title>
          <p>Ablation of arrhythmogenic circuits of CTI-dependent atrial flutter using radiofrequency is associated with high success rates, superior to the exclusive use of antiarrhythmic drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>Among the known side effects, in case of recurrence of CTI-dependent atrial flutter, the use of antiarrhythmic drugs like propafenone may facilitate the atrioventricular conduction and increase ventricular response, with possible hemodynamic instability. Besides, the quality of life of patients treated with antiarrhythmic drugs is not improved, and 63% of patients require readmission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Therefore, radiofrequency ablation is recommended as the treatment of choice for CTI-dependent atrial flutter.</p>
          <p>In a recent meta-analysis, P&#233;rez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> reported a recurrence rate of CTI-dependent atrial flutter of 10.6%, similar to that found in the present study, and complication rates of up to 2.6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Patients with CTI-dependent atrial flutter undergoing successful ablation showed lower mortality and lower risk of stroke and thromboembolic events, compared with patients treated only with drug therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the present study, we found recurrence rate of CTI-dependent atrial flutter of 11.5% and complication rate of 1.2%. No patient had embolic event or pericardial effusion, and no patient died despite the long period of follow-up of the study sample.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Occurrence of AF after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter</title>
          <p>In our study, recurrence rate of AF after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter was 53.6%. This is of clinical significance, due to the high risk of thromboembolic events associated with this arrhythmia, particularly stroke. The presence of AF is associated with 4-5 times greater risk of developing ischemic stroke. Stroke caused by AF has been associated with higher mortality and more severe functional deficits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Thus, patients with AF are not only at greater risk of developing stroke, but also of having more severe disease, with more debilitating complications. In a study on patients undergoing ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter, the incidence of stroke during a mean follow-up of 40 months after the procedure was four times greater than the general population, and the only risk factor identified was occurrence of AF after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> For this reason, considering the high incidence of AF in this population, discontinuation of oral anticoagulation may expose them to the risk of thromboembolic events and hence should be considered individually, considering the CHA2DS2-VASC score of the patient with atrial flutter, just as with patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Therefore, a significant number of patients remains symptomatic due to the development of AF after CTI-dependent atrial flutter ablation. A second ablation procedure may be then necessary for the control of AF. Although isolation of pulmonary veins by radiofrequency ablation (required in the treatment of AF) is a more complex procedure, with higher costs and risks compared with CTI-dependent atrial flutter ablation, an alternative may be to treat both arrhythmias using a combined procedure, thus avoiding a second intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Is it worth to perform isolation of the pulmonary veins simultaneously with ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter in patients with history of AF?</p>
          <p>In the ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter procedure, the electrophysiologist makes an ablation line in the cavo-tricuspid isthmus area, to prevent or block the macroreentrant circuit in the right atrium. In this case, the access of the ablation catheters to the right atrium occurs exclusively by puncture of the femoral veins. Ablation of AF ablation, in turn, is a more complex and time-taking procedure that requires the access to the left atrium by transseptal puncture (passage of the catheters from the right to the left atrium by puncture of the interatrial septum) for electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins, generally responsible for the triggering of AF. The REDUCE AF study, involving 216 patients, showed that combined ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter plus AF resulted in a longer arrhythmia- free interval compared with the CTI-dependent atrial flutter ablation alone, especially in &gt;55 age patients. In this subgroup of patients, the number needed to treat (NNT) was seven, with an absolute risk reduction in AF occurrence of 14%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Using a cost-effectiveness analysis, a Canadian study proposed that the combined ablation (CTI-dependent atrial flutter plus AF) does not provide financial and risk benefit. With an incidence rate of AF of up to 33%, the mean cost of performing the procedures separately was lower than the combined strategy. In addition, when performed alone, the mean risk of ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter is lower, since the risk of AF ablation exceeds the risk of CTI-dependent atrial flutter ablation by 25% or more. One should consider, however, that risk, cost and complication rates vary regionally, like the incidence of AF after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter, which was twice greater than that predicted in cost-effectiveness studies. Also, cost-effectiveness analysis usually does not consider the negative long-term impact of embolic events in patients with new onset AF. In the state of Santa Catarina, the mean cost of hospitalization due to cardioembolic stroke with AF reaches BRL 40,539 per patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Thus, the risks and costs involved in the combined ablation procedure (CTI-dependent atrial flutter and AF) would not be justifiable in short term; instead, long-term studies investigating the benefits of combined procedures in patients without history of AF are needed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> It is worth highlighting that the choice for the combined therapy is always made for patients with CTI-dependent atrial flutter and history of AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predicting factor for AF</title>
          <p>In the present study, none of the variables or scores analyzed was able to predict the occurrence of AF after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter in the study population. The literature about predictors for the occurrence of AF is inconclusive. Different studies have described clinical variables such as comorbidities, previous history of AF, duration of atrial flutter,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> echocardiographic and electrocardiographic variables as predictors of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> On the other hand, Chinitz et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>in a study with 254 patients undergoing ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter, followed-up for a mean of 30 &#177; 22 months, did not find any predictors for AF, even among those more commonly associated with arrhythmia, corroborating our findings.</p>
          <p>The HATCH score has been proposed to predict the progression of AF from paroxysmal to persistent AF. In sub-analyses, the HATCH was useful in predicting the occurrence of AF in asymptomatic patients. In our analysis, no difference was observed between the groups in the occurrence of AF after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter according to the HATCH score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In addiction to predicting the risk of stroke in patients with AF, the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC score is known to be used for prediction of morbidity and mortality in different clinical settings. However, in the present study, the score did not show statistically significance in predicting AF after ablation CTI-dependent atrial flutter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The first limitation of the study is its retrospective nature. Second, the limited sample size may have prevented the detection of significant differences between the two groups (AF vs. non-AF) and identify predicting variables of AF after invasive treatment for CTI-dependent atrial flutter. Finally, we did not monitor asymptomatic arrythmias after ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter, and hence the real incidence of AF may have been underestimated.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In our study, ablation of CTI-dependent atrial flutter was an effective and safe procedure. There was a high incidence of AF after the ablation procedure, even in patients without history of AF, and regardless of clinical characteristics of the patients. There is not enough evidence to recommend combined ablation for treatment of atrial flutter aiming at preventing the occurrence of AF. Studies with longer follow up are needed to determine the real benefits of simultaneous ablation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Unisul under the protocol number 2.412.219. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Programa Unisul de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
