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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ttVyHGtHKnnnxLZxXkcvFNS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400732</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190220</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190220</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A&#231;&#245;es Transmurais Inotr&#243;picas e Antiarr&#237;tmicas da Ranolazina em um Modelo Celular da S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo Tipo 3</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0371-9833</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beserra</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2690-912X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roman-Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Biof&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Departamento de Biof&#237;sica, Edif&#237;cio de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Danilo Roman Campos &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Biof&#237;sica - Rua Botucatu, 862. CEP 04023-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>drcbio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Campos DR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Miranda VM, Beserra SS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Miranda VM, Campos DR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>732</fpage>
      <lpage>735</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A Ranolazina (RANO), conhecida na cl&#237;nica como Ranexa, &#233; um f&#225;rmaco que previne a arritmia card&#237;aca atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o da corrente de s&#243;dio tardia (I<sub>NaT</sub>). Um gradiente de voltagem transmural do canal Nav1.5 encontra-se na parede ventricular esquerda do cora&#231;&#227;o. Assim, investigamos os efeitos da RANO em cardiomi&#243;citos saud&#225;veis e em modelo celular da S&#237;ndrome do QT longo tipo 3 (SQTL tipo 3). Usamos c&#233;lulas isoladas do endoc&#225;rdio (ENDO) e do epic&#225;rdio (EPI) e um <italic>software</italic> de medi&#231;&#227;o com detec&#231;&#227;o de bordas por v&#237;deo e microscopia de fluoresc&#234;ncia para monitorar os transientes de c&#225;lcio. A RANO (0,1, 1, 10 e 30 uM, a 25<sup>O</sup>C) em uma s&#233;rie de frequ&#234;ncias de estimula&#231;&#227;o teve impacto pouco significativo sobre ambos os tipos de c&#233;lulas, mas a RANO (30uM) a 35<sup>O</sup>C minimizou o encurtamento dos sarc&#244;meros em ~21% para c&#233;lulas do endoc&#225;rdio. Em seguida, para simular a SQTL tipo 3, as c&#233;lulas do ENDO e EPI foram expostas &#224; toxina ATX-II da an&#234;mona do mar, que aumenta a I<sub>NaT</sub>. As arritmias celulares induzidas por ATX-II foram suprimidas com o uso da RANO (30 &#181;M) a 35<sup>O</sup>C. Com base nesses resultados, podemos concluir que a RANO tem um impacto pouco significativo sobre o encurtamento dos sarc&#244;meros de c&#233;lulas saud&#225;veis do ENDO e EPI. Al&#233;m disso, ela suprime as arritmias induzidas por I<sub>NaT</sub> para n&#237;veis semelhantes nas c&#233;lulas do ENDO e EPI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo do Tipo 3</kwd>
        <kwd>ATX-II</kwd>
        <kwd>Ranolazina</kwd>
        <kwd>Corrente Tardia de S&#243;dio</kwd>
        <kwd>Contra&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2014/09861-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A arritmia nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#233; uma das principais causas de morte no mundo todo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A a&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica da ranolazina &#233; atribu&#237;da &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do componente de inativa&#231;&#227;o lenta da corrente card&#237;aca interna atrav&#233;s do Nav1.5, conhecida como corrente de s&#243;dio tardia (I<sub>NaT</sub>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar dos avan&#231;os importantes na compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos celulares subjacentes &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da RANO, a sua a&#231;&#227;o transmural nas c&#233;lulas musculares do cora&#231;&#227;o permanece incerta. Consequentemente, neste estudo, nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que a RANO desempenha uma a&#231;&#227;o transmural nas c&#233;lulas saud&#225;veis do endoc&#225;rdio (ENDO) e epic&#225;rdio (EPI) estimuladas por regi&#227;o, bem como nas arritmias e perturba&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio induzidas pela toxina de an&#234;mona (ATX-II),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> que aumenta a I<sub>NaT</sub> e simula v&#225;rios aspectos da S&#237;ndrome do QT longo tipo 3 (SQTL tipo 3), uma doen&#231;a relacionada ao aumento da I<sub>NaT</sub> nas c&#233;lulas do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Foram usados ratos Wistar machos (160-250 g; com 5 a 7 semanas de vida) nos experimentos. Todos os procedimentos experimentais foram realizados conforme as diretrizes institucionais, e o estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de revis&#227;o &#233;tica local. Os cardiomi&#243;citos foram isolados conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O encurtamento do sarc&#244;mero e o transiente de c&#225;lcio</title>
        <p>Os experimentos foram conduzidos como descrito anteriormente pelo nosso grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As c&#233;lulas foram perfundidas com RANO (Alomone, Israel) a 0,1, 1, 10, ou 30 &#181;M a partir de uma solu&#231;&#227;o stock de 10 mM. Os dados foram normalizados como a fun&#231;&#227;o de contra&#231;&#227;o do sarc&#244;mero antes da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; RANO. Para acessar o efeito antiarr&#237;tmico da RANO ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o ao ATX-II (6 nM) (Alomone, Israel), os tempos para 90% de relaxamento do sarc&#244;mero (T90R) e recapta&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio (T90Ca<sup>2</sup>) foram registrados como &#237;ndices arr&#237;tmicos. Adicionalmente, 10 mM de Tetrodotoxina (TTX) (Alomone, Israel) foi utilizado para confirmar que o fen&#243;tipo observado era de fato decorrente da I<sub>NaT</sub>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. Diferen&#231;as significativas foram determinadas usando o teste de T n&#227;o pareado de duas amostras ou ANOVA de uma via para medidas repetidas, seguidos de an&#225;lises post-hoc (Teste de Tukey). Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Os cardiomi&#243;citos de pelo menos dois cora&#231;&#245;es diferentes foram usados em cada experimento.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results|discussion">
      <title>Resultados e Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram que os cardiomi&#243;citos saud&#225;veis apresentam I<sub>NaT</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, um gradiente de corrente de s&#243;dio foi registrado na parede ventricular esquerda que, conforme vem sendo relatado, &#233; maior nas c&#233;lulas do ENDO no que nas c&#233;lulas do EPI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Desse modo, levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que as c&#233;lulas do ENDO apresentam maior I<sub>NaT</sub> quando comparadas com as c&#233;lulas do EPI. Uma vez que a I<sub>NaT</sub> modula o [Ca<sup>2</sup>]i nos cardiomi&#243;citos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> a RANO seria capaz de minimizar a contra&#231;&#227;o em ambos os grupos celulares, por&#233;m com maior pot&#234;ncia nas c&#233;lulas do ENDO e EPI. Para testar essas hip&#243;teses, as c&#233;lulas foram perfundidas a 25<sup>o</sup>C com RANO; Entretanto, a RANO n&#227;o foi capaz de minimizar o encurtamento do sarc&#244;mero nos cardiomi&#243;citos do ENDO e do EPI ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1A e C</xref> ). Uma tend&#234;ncia semelhante foi observada quando os cardiomi&#243;citos foram expostos &#224; RANO (30 &#181;M) e estimulados a 0,2 Hz. Quando as c&#233;lulas do ENDO e EPI foram expostas &#224; RANO (30 &#181;M) e estimuladas a 0,2 Hz, usando uma solu&#231;&#227;o de perfus&#227;o a 35<sup>o</sup>C, o encurtamento do sarc&#244;mero foi reduzido nas c&#233;lulas do ENDO em ~21% (p &lt; 0.05), mas n&#227;o nas c&#233;lulas do EPI ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1B e D</xref> ). Desse modo, corroborando os achados anteriores, nossos resultados sugerem que as c&#233;lulas saud&#225;veis do ENDO de fato apresentam maior I<sub>NaT</sub> do que as c&#233;lulas do EPI. Entretanto, tamb&#233;m &#233; importante observar que a RANO (30 &#181;M) tamb&#233;m poderia bloquear a corrente de c&#225;lcio tipo L nos cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Efeito Inotr&#243;pico da ranolazina (RANO) sobre o encurtamento do sarc&#244;mero dos cardiomi&#243;citos do ENDO e EPI. Registros caracter&#237;sticos de encurtamennto do sarc&#244;mero antes (preto (25&#186;C) e azul (35&#186;C)) e ap&#243;s (cinza claro (25&#186;C) e vermelho (35&#186;C)) exposi&#231;&#227;o do cardiomi&#243;cito do ENDO (esquerda) e EPI (direita) &#224; RANO ((A) 10 and (B) 30 &#181;M). Efeito inotr&#243;pico da RANO (0,1, 1, e 10 &#181;M) (C) e 30 &#181;M (D) sobre o encurtamento do sarc&#244;mero (barras superiores); tempo normalizado de contra&#231;&#227;o do sarc&#244;mero para 50% (T50C) (barras do meio) e; tempo normalizado de relaxamento do sarc&#244;mero para 50% (T50R) (barras inferiores). As barras tracejadas representam as c&#233;lulas do EPI (n = 3&#8211;6 c&#233;lulas/concentra&#231;&#227;o). *p &lt; 0,05, na compara&#231;&#227;o antes e depois de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; RANO.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0732-90220-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Para melhor compreens&#227;o do mecanismo subjacente ao encurtamento do sarc&#244;mero induzido por RANO, experimentos posteriores foram realizados a 35<sup>O</sup>C. Os cardiomi&#243;citos foram carregados com Fura-2/AM para monitorar a oscila&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio durante a contra&#231;&#227;o celular, e as c&#233;lulas foram expostas &#224; ATX-II para aumentar a I<sub>NaT</sub> e induzir um fen&#243;tipo de SQTL tipo 33 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). As c&#233;lulas do ENDO ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2A, B e C</xref> ) e do EPI ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2D, E e F</xref> ) expostas ao ATX-II mostraram evidentes perturba&#231;&#245;es do c&#225;lcio e arritmias mec&#226;nicas simult&#226;neas. A RANO (30 &#181;M) minimizou expressivamente o fen&#243;tipo arr&#237;tmico induzido por ATX-II em ambos os grupos celulares para extens&#245;es similares. Para confirmar que o fen&#243;tipo arr&#237;tmico observado nos nossos experimentos foram realmente atribu&#237;dos &#224; I<sub>NaT</sub>, as c&#233;lulas foram expostas ao ATX-II (6 nM) [ <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A (iv) e Figura 2D (iv)</xref> ], ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o a 10 &#181;M de TTX e ATX-II (6 nM) [ <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A (v) e Figura 2D (v)</xref> ]. Os resultados confirmaram que o fen&#243;tipo arr&#237;tmico observado foi decorrente do incremento da I<sub>NaT</sub>. Apesar de as c&#233;lulas do ENDO dos ratos ter apresentado maiores correntes de s&#243;dio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s c&#233;lulas do EPI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> o fen&#243;tipo arr&#237;tmico induzido por ATX-II e a extens&#227;o dos efeitos antiarr&#237;tmicos da Raneza foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos celulares.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>A&#231;&#227;o da ranolazina (RANO) nos cardiomi&#243;citos do ENDO e EPI expostos ao ATX-II e estimulados a 0,2 Hz. Tra&#231;os caracter&#237;sticos de transientes de c&#225;lcio (tra&#231;os superiores) e encurtamento dos sarc&#244;meros dos cardiomi&#243;citos (tra&#231;os inferiores) ap&#243;s contato com solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode (i), ATX-II (6 nM) (ii), ATX-II (6 nM) + RANO (30 &#181;M) (iii), ATX-II (6 nM) (iv), e ATX-II (6 nM) + TTX (10 &#181;M) (iv) nas c&#233;lulas do ENDO (A) e EPI (D). Tempo para 90% de recepta&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> nas c&#233;lulas do ENDO (n = 8 c&#233;lulas) (B) e EPI (n = 6 c&#233;lulas) (E). Tempo para 90% de relaxamento do sarc&#244;mero nas c&#233;lulas do ENDO (C) e EPI (F). * p &lt; 0,05, quando comparado com o grupo ATX-II.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0732-90220-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Curiosamente, o intervalo de concentra&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica da RANO &#233; de 1&#8211;10 &#181;M.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A aparente discrep&#226;ncia no potencial da RANO pode ser explicada pelo fato de que o ATX-II nas doses de 1&#8211;10 nM induz maior I<sub>NaT</sub> nos cardiomi&#243;citos do que aquele observado nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A RANO exerceu pouca influ&#234;ncia sobre o encurtamento do sarc&#244;mero de cardiomi&#243;citos saud&#225;veis e suprimiu as arritmias induzidas por I<sub>NaT</sub> a extens&#245;es semelhantes nas c&#233;lulas do ENDO e EPI.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Victor Martins de Miranda pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do CEUA UNIFESP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2435/70816. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Errata</p>
        <p>Na Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve &#8220;A&#231;&#245;es Transmurais Inotr&#243;picas e Antiarr&#237;tmicas da Ranolazina em um Modelo Celular da S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo Tipo 3&#8221;, p&#225;ginas 732-735, dos autores Victor Martins Miranda, Samuel Santos Beserra, Danilo Roman Campos, considerar correta a grafia Danilo Roman-Campos para o nome do autor Danilo Roman Campos.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP n&#186; 2014/09861-1.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inotropic and Antiarrhythmic Transmural Actions of Ranolazine in a Cellular Model of Type 3 Long QT Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0371-9833</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beserra</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2690-912X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roman-Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Departamento de Biof&#237;sica, Edif&#237;cio de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Danilo Roman Campos &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Biof&#237;sica - Rua Botucatu, 862. Postal Code 04023-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: drcbio@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Campos DR; Acquisition of data: Miranda VM, Beserra SS; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Miranda VM, Campos DR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Ranolazine (RANO) prevents cardiac arrhythmia by blocking the late sodium current (I<sub>NaL</sub>). A transmural gradient of Nav1.5 is found in the left ventricular wall of the heart. Thus, we investigated the effects of RANO in healthy cardiomyocytes and in a cellular model of type 3 long QT syndrome (LQT3). We used isolated endocardium (ENDO) and epicardium (EPI) cells and a video edge detection system and fluorescence microscopy to monitor calcium transients. RANO (0.1, 1, 10 and 30 uM, at 25<sup>o</sup>C) at a range of pacing frequencies showed a minor impact on both cell types, but RANO at 30uM and 35<sup>o</sup>C for ENDO cells attenuated sarcomere shortening by~21%. Next, to mimic LQT3, we exposed ENDO and EPI cells to anemone toxin II (ATX-II), which augments I<sub>NaL</sub>. Cellular arrhythmias induced by ATX-II were abrogated by RANO (30 &#181;M) at 35<sup>o</sup>C. Based on our results we can conclude that RANO has a minor impact on sarcomere shortening of healthy ENDO and EPI cells and it abrogates arrhythmias induced by I<sub>NaL</sub>to a similar level in ENDO and EPI cells.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Type 3 Long QT Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>ATX-II</kwd>
        <kwd>Late Sodium current</kwd>
        <kwd>Ranolazine</kwd>
        <kwd>Contraction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Arrhythmia in cardiovascular diseases is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The antiarrhythmic action of RANO is attributed to reduction in the slow inactivating component of cardiac inward current through Nav1.5, known as the late sodium current (I<sub>NaL</sub>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite major advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying RANO action, whether RANO exhibits a transmural action in heart muscle cells remains uncertain. Therefore, in the present study our hypothesis is that RANO has transmural action on healthy field-stimulated endocardium (ENDO) and epicardium (EPI) cells and also on arrhythmias and calcium disturbance induced by anemone toxin II (ATX-II),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> which increases I<sub>NaL</sub>and mimics several aspects of type 3 long QT syndrome (LQT3), a diseased linked to increased I<sub>NaL</sub>in heart cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats (160&#8211;250 g; 5&#8211;7-week old) were used in the experiments. All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with institutional guidelines, and the study was approved by the local ethical review committee. Cardiomyocytes were isolated as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sarcomere shortening and calcium transient</title>
          <p>Experiments were conducted as previously described by our group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Cells were perfused with RANO (Alomone, Israel) at 0.1, 1, 10, or 30 &#181;M from a 10 mM stock solution. Data were normalized as the function of sarcomere contraction before RANO exposure. To access the antiarrhythmic effect of RANO following exposure to 6 nM ATX-II (Alomone, Israel), the times to 90% sarcomere relaxation (T90R) and calcium reuptake (T90Ca<sup>2</sup>) were recorded as arrhythmic indexes. In addition, 10 mM tetrodotoxin (TTX) (Alomone, Israel) was used to confirm that the observed phenotype was indeed due to I<sub>NaL</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All results are expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean. Significant differences were determined using two-sample t-test or one-way ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by Tukey&#8217;s post hoc test. P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Cardiomyocytes from at least two distinct hearts were used in each experiment.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results|discussion">
        <title>Results and discussion</title>
        <p>Previous studies have shown that healthy cardiomyocytes exhibit I<sub>NaL</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Moreover, a gradient of sodium current has been recorded in the left ventricular wall, and it has been reported to be larger in ENDO cells than in EPI cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Thus, we hypothesized that ENDO cells present larger I<sub>NaL</sub>than EPI cells. Since I<sub>NaL</sub>modulates [Ca<sup>2</sup>]i in cardiomyocytes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> RANO would be able to attenuate contraction in both cell groups, although with greater potency in ENDO cells than in EPI cells. To test this hypothesis, cells were perfused at 25<sup>o</sup>C with RANO; however, RANO could not attenuate sarcomere shortening in ENDO and EPI cardiomyocytes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1 A and C</xref> ). A similar trend was observed when cardiomyocytes were exposed to 30 &#181;M RANO and paced at 0.2 Hz. When ENDO and EPI cells were exposed to 30 &#181;M RANO and paced at 0.2 Hz using a superfusion solution at 35<sup>o</sup>C, cell shortening was attenuated in ENDO cells by ~21% (p &lt; 0.05) but not in EPI cells ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1B and D</xref> ). Thus, corroborating the previous findings, our results suggest that healthy ENDO cells indeed present larger I<sub>NaL</sub>than EPI cells. However, it is also important to note that 30 &#181;M RANO could also block L-type calcium current in cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Inotropic effect of ranolazine (RANO) on sarcomere shortening of ENDO and EPI cardiomyocytes. Representative sarcomere shortening recordings before (black (25&#186;C) and blue (35&#186;C)) and after (light gray (25&#186;C) and red (35&#186;C)) exposure of ENDO (left) and EPI (right) cardiomyocyte to RANO ((A) 10 and (B) 30 &#181;M). Inotropic effect of 0.1, 1, and 10 &#181;M RANO (C) and 30 &#181;M (D) on sarcomere shortening (upper bars); Normalized time to 50% sarcomere contraction (T50C) (middle bars)) and; normalized time to 50% of sarcomere relaxation (T50R) (bottom bars) Hatched bars represent EPI cells (n = 3&#8211;6 cells/concentration). *p &lt; 0.05 comparing before and after RANO exposure.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0732-90220-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>To better understand the mechanism underlying sarcomere shortening induced by RANO, subsequent experiments were performed at 35<sup>o</sup>C. Cardiomyocytes were loaded with Fura 2-AM to monitor calcium oscillation during cell contraction, and cells were exposed to ATX-II to increase I<sub>NaL</sub>and induce an LQT3 phenotype3 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). ENDO ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2A, B and C</xref> ) and EPI ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2D, E and F</xref> ) cells exposed to ATX-II showed clear calcium disturbances and simultaneous mechanical arrhythmias. RANO (30 &#181;M) strongly attenuated the arrhythmic phenotype induced by ATX-II in both cell groups to a similar extent. To confirm that the arrhythmic phenotype observed in our experiments was truly attributed to I<sub>NaL</sub>, cells were exposed to 6 nM ATX-II [ <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A (iv) and Figure 2D (iv)</xref> ], following exposure to 10 &#181;M TTX and 6 nM ATX-II [ <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A (v) and Fig 2D (v)</xref> ]. The results confirmed that the observed arrhythmic phenotype occurred due to I<sub>NaL</sub>augmentation. Despite the fact that rat ENDO cells present larger sodium currents than EPI cells,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> the arrhythmic phenotype induced by ATX-II and the extent of antiarrhythmic effects of RANO were similar in both cell groups.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Action of ranolazine (RANO) in ENDO and EPI cardiomyocytes exposed to ATX-II and paced at 0.2 Hz. Representative traces of calcium transients (upper traces) and cardiomyocyte sarcomere shortening (lower traces) following exposure to Tyrode&#8217;s solution (i), 6 nM ATX-II (ii), 6 nM ATX-II + 30 &#181;M RANO (iii), 6 nM ATX-II (iv), and 6 nM ATX-II + 10 &#181;M TTX (iv) in ENDO (A) and EPI (D) cells. Time to 90% of Ca2+ reuptake in ENDO (n = 8 cells) (B) and EPI (n = 6 cells) (E). Time to 90% sarcomere relaxation in ENDO (C) and EPI (F) cells. * p &lt; 0.05 compared to the ATX-II group.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0732-90220-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Interestingly, the therapeutic concentration range of RANO is 1&#8211;10 &#181;M.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The apparent discrepancy in RANO potency may be explained by the fact that ATX-II at doses of 1&#8211;10 nM induces larger I<sub>NaL</sub>in cardiomyocytes than that observed in cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>RANO exerted a minor impact on sarcomere shortening of healthy cardiomyocytes and abrogated arrhythmias induced by I<sub>NaL</sub>to a similar extent in ENDO and EPI cells.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Victor Martins Miranda, from <italic>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> .</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the CEUA UNIFESP under the protocol number 2435/70816. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Erratum</p>
          <p>In the Brief Communication &#8220;Inotropic and Antiarrhythmic Transmural Actions of Ranolazine in a Cellular Model of Type 3 Long QT Syndrome&#8221;, pages 732-735, by authors Victor Martins Miranda, Samuel Santos Beserra, Danilo Roman Campos, consider Danilo Roman-Campos as the correct form for the name of the author Danilo Roman Campos.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by FAPESP n&#186; 2014/09861-1.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
