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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DxCq9KcGTZR9P5rjgpqS7Lt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400716</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200280</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200280</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Descenso da Press&#227;o Arterial durante o Sono e o Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9404-9707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antonio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">PUC-SP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sorocaba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de da PUC-SP, campus Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Antonio de Almeida &#8226; Rua Joubert Wey 290. CEP 18030-070, Sorocaba, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>almeidafa@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>716</fpage>
      <lpage>717</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial (PA) &#233; controlada continuamente por mecanismos complexos que envolvem as caracter&#237;sticas estruturais do sistema arterial, o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico) integrado aos sistemas de barorreceptores e quimiorreceptores, o volume circulante e v&#225;rios sistemas hormonais vasoconstritores e vasodilatadores com a&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas e locais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A integra&#231;&#227;o desses sistemas garante que a press&#227;o arterial sofra m&#237;nimas varia&#231;&#245;es em intervalos pequenos; no entanto, se considerarmos todo o dia, h&#225; momentos (p. ex., durante o sono e ao levantar-se pela manh&#227;) em que ocorrem varia&#231;&#245;es mais intensas da PA, sempre em torno de uma m&#233;dia. A monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) permite registrar esse fen&#244;meno na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> apresenta o registro gr&#225;fico da MAPA de uma pessoa com hipertens&#227;o arterial indicando os principais par&#226;metros avaliados nesse exame. Um dos fen&#244;menos mais importantes que pode ser avaliado por MAPA &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da PA durante o sono. Esse comportamento fisiol&#243;gico da PA durante o sono ocorre porque muitos mecanismos vasoconstritores s&#227;o &#8220;desarmados&#8221; nessa condi&#231;&#227;o &#8211; entre eles, o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo &#233; um dos mais importantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Uma consequ&#234;ncia direta desse efeito modulador do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo &#233; que, nas doen&#231;as ou condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em que est&#225; comprometido, a aus&#234;ncia desse efeito modulador se expressa pela aus&#234;ncia do descenso da PA durante o sono. Em alguns casos, pode haver, inclusive, eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA durante o sono. Este &#233; o exemplo cl&#225;ssico de indiv&#237;duos com <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> com neuropatia auton&#244;mica:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> eles frequentemente apresentam hipotens&#227;o postural, eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA ao deitar-se e aus&#234;ncia do descenso da PA durante o sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A aus&#234;ncia do descenso da PA durante o sono implica maior carga press&#243;rica sobre o sistema circulat&#243;rio e aumenta o risco de eventos cardiovasculares a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Existem outras condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas associadas &#224; aus&#234;ncia do descenso da PA durante o sono, mas n&#227;o &#233; o caso desta discuss&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>Registro gr&#225;fico da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de uma pessoa com hipertens&#227;o arterial. Observe a queda press&#243;rica durante o sono e a eleva&#231;&#227;o matinal da press&#227;o arterial.</italic></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0716-00280-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No artigo original publicado neste n&#250;mero dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,</italic>
 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> com base na estrat&#233;gia metodol&#243;gica o estudo caso-controle, os autores constataram, por meio de MAPA, que 54 adultos (30 mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idade de 36 anos) com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda transmitida por via oral t&#234;m maior preval&#234;ncia da aus&#234;ncia do descenso da PA durante o sono (74%) e maior preval&#234;ncia de ascens&#227;o da PA durante o sono (18,5%). A frequ&#234;ncia com que essas altera&#231;&#245;es aparecem nos participantes do estudo com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda foi significantemente superior em compara&#231;&#227;o aos participantes do grupo-controle, sendo, respectivamente, 16,6% e 1,8%. A eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA durante o sono &#233; tamb&#233;m uma caracter&#237;stica dos pacientes com <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os autores identificaram que essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o precoces na doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda e interpretaram que a tais altera&#231;&#245;es na MAPA possam decorrer da desautonomia, caracter&#237;stica da doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica, e que j&#225; est&#225; presente na fase aguda da doen&#231;a. O estudo &#233; uma importante contribui&#231;&#227;o para o conhecimento na &#225;rea, visto que produz uma documenta&#231;&#227;o contundente de altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo nas fases iniciais da doen&#231;a de Chagas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Uma quest&#227;o que imediatamente se imp&#245;e &#233; saber se o tratamento da doen&#231;a de Chagas na fase aguda pode impedir a progress&#227;o ou recuperar as les&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas j&#225; estabelecidas. A &#250;ltima diretriz brasileira sobre doen&#231;a de Chagas menciona como crit&#233;rios de cura a aus&#234;ncia de parasitemia e a redu&#231;&#227;o dos t&#237;tulos de anticorpos ao longo de 5 a 10 anos, mas n&#227;o aborda esse aspecto da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os autores do presente estudo t&#234;m a oportunidade de acompanhar esses pacientes por per&#237;odos prolongados, a fim de avaliar se o tratamento da doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda poder&#225; modificar a evolu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>711</fpage>
          <lpage>715</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Dias JCP, Ramos Jr NA, Gontijo ED, Luquetti A, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, Coura JR, et al. II Consenso Brasileiro em Doen&#231;a de Chagas, 2015. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2016;25(n.especial):7-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>JCP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gontijo</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luquetti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shikanai-Yasuda</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coura</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>II Consenso Brasileiro em Doen&#231;a de Chagas, 2015</article-title>
          <source>Epidemiol Serv Saude</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>especial</issue>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Aus&#234;ncia de Descenso da Press&#227;o Arterial Detectada pela Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Aguda Transmitida por Via Oral</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dipping and the Autonomic Nervous System</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9404-9707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antonio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de da PUC-SP, campus Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Addres: Fernando Antonio de Almeida &#8226; Rua Joubert Wey 290. Postal Code 18030-070, Sorocaba, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: almeidafa@globo.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Blood Pressure (BP) is continuously controlled by complex mechanisms involving the structural characteristics of the arterial system, the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) integrated with the baroreceptor and chemoreceptor systems, the circulating volume and several vasoconstrictor and vasodilator hormone systems with systemic and local actions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The integration of these systems ensures that the blood pressure undergoes minimal variations in small intervals, but if we consider the whole day, there are times, such as during sleep and when getting up in the morning, when there are more intense variations in blood pressure, always around mean values. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) allows this phenomenon to be recorded in clinical practice.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> shows the ABPM graphical record of a person with arterial hypertension, indicating the main parameters evaluated in this exam. One of the most important phenomena that can be assessed by ABPM is the physiological BP dipping during sleep. This physiological behavior of BP during sleep occurs because many vasoconstrictor mechanisms are &#8220;disarmed&#8221; in this condition; among them, the autonomic nervous system is one of the most important.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A direct consequence of this modulatory effect of the autonomic nervous system is that, in diseases or clinical conditions in which the system is affected, the absence of this modulatory effect is expressed by the absence of BP dipping during sleep. In some cases, there may even be an increase in BP during sleep. This is the classic example of individuals with diabetes mellitus with autonomic neuropathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> These individuals frequently have postural hypotension, elevated BP at bedtime and absence of BP dipping during sleep.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The absence of BP dipping during sleep implies a higher pressure load on the circulatory system and increases the risk of cardiovascular events in the long-term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> There are other clinical conditions associated with the absence of BP dipping during sleep, but this is not the case of this discussion.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Graphical record of an ambulatorial blood pressure monitoring of a person with hypertension. Observe nocturnal dipping and morning surge.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0716-00280-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the original article published in this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,</italic>
 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> using the case-control study as a methodological strategy, the authors documented by ABPM that 54 adults (30 women, mean age 36 years) with acute Chagas disease transmitted orally have a higher prevalence of the absence of BP dipping during sleep (74%) and higher prevalence of BP increase during sleep (18.5%). The frequency with which these changes occur in the study participants with acute Chagas&#8217; disease was significantly higher when compared to participants in the control group, respectively 16.6% and 1.8%. The increase in BP during sleep is also a characteristic of patients with diabetes mellitus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The authors identified that these alterations occur early in acute Chagas&#8217; disease and interpreted that such alterations in ABPM may result from dysautonomia, a characteristic of chronic Chagas&#8217; disease, which is already present in the acute phase of the disease. The study is an important contribution to the knowledge in the area, as it produces a remarkable documentation of functional alterations in the autonomic nervous system in the early stages of Chagas&#8217; disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A question that immediately arises is whether the treatment of Chagas&#8217; disease in the acute phase can prevent the progression of or recover the already established neurological lesions. The latest Brazilian guideline on Chagas&#8217; disease mentions the absence of parasitemia and the reduction in antibody titers over 5 to 10 years as the cure criteria but does not address this aspect of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The authors of the present study have the opportunity to monitor these patients for prolonged periods of time to assess whether the treatment of acute Chagas&#8217; disease can modify the evolution of the autonomic nervous system lesions.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Absence of Nocturnal Fall in Blood Pressure Detected by Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Acute Chagas Disease Patients with Oral Infection</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
