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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qnBjnnytFpMsPZjmTgBPXCs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400711</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190143</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190143</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aus&#234;ncia de Descenso da Press&#227;o Arterial Detectada pela Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Aguda Transmitida por Via Oral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Dilma do S. M. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;res Larissa Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6401-5960</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Brenda Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Tereza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6746-8327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui M. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Par&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bel&#233;m</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Par&#225;, Bel&#233;m, PA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Tria Bianco &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola Paulista de Medicina - Rua Loefgren, 1350 CEP 04040-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>henriquetria@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Souza DS, Oliveira CB, Maciel BG, Maciel MTS, P&#243;voa R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Bianco HT, P&#243;voa R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Souza DS, Bianco HT, P&#243;voa R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bianco HT, Fonseca FAH, Izar MC, P&#243;voa R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>711</fpage>
      <lpage>715</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O acometimento do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo &#233; um dos mecanismos propostos para explicar a progress&#227;o da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na doen&#231;a de Chagas. Evid&#234;ncias indicam altera&#231;&#245;es do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico desde a fase aguda, e estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para se entender os aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e o valor progn&#243;stico dessas altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Analisar o comportamento da press&#227;o arterial pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) em pacientes normotensos com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda (DCA) sem envolvimento card&#237;aco aparente, e a influ&#234;ncia da infec&#231;&#227;o no descenso fisiol&#243;gico do sono.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foi realizado a MAPA em 54 pacientes com DCA e utilizado um grupo controle de 54 indiv&#237;duos normotensos, pareados para idade e sexo. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi para um erro tipo I (alfa) de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Em um total de 54 pacientes com DCA ocorreu aus&#234;ncia de descenso sist&#243;lico do sono em 74,0%*, aus&#234;ncia de descenso diast&#243;lico do sono em 53,7%*, e aus&#234;ncia de descenso sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do sono (51,8%)*, (*p&lt;0,05). Em 12,9% ocorreu ascens&#227;o sist&#243;lica da press&#227;o no sono e em 18,5% ascens&#227;o diast&#243;lica (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda, houve aus&#234;ncia significativa do descenso fisiol&#243;gico da press&#227;o arterial durante o sono, tanto da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica quanto a diast&#243;lica, e alguns pacientes apresentaram ascens&#227;o noturna desses par&#226;metros. Esses achados sugerem altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas na doen&#231;a de Chagas desde a fase aguda. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):711-715)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; uma zoonose causada pelo protozo&#225;rio hemoflagelado <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> ( <italic>T. cruzi</italic> ). A doen&#231;a &#233; end&#234;mica em 21 pa&#237;ses latino-americanos e gera alto impacto social dada sua morbimortalidade elevada. De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), estima-se que haja de 6 a 7 milh&#245;es de pessoas infectadas em todo mundo, grande parcela delas na Am&#233;rica Latina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">1</xref></sup> A forma cl&#225;ssica de transmiss&#227;o vetorial ao homem vem diminuindo em zonas end&#234;micas na Am&#233;rica Latina devido &#224;s iniciativas de controle da infec&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, o desmatamento intenso na regi&#227;o Amaz&#244;nica, associado &#224;s migra&#231;&#245;es populacionais provocam mudan&#231;as do cen&#225;rio epidemiol&#243;gico, ocorrendo aumento expressivo da transmiss&#227;o oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na transmiss&#227;o por via oral, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais frequente da fase aguda inclui s&#237;ndrome febril prolongada, frequentemente relacionada com surtos de microepidemia familiar, e diversos sintomas inespec&#237;ficos, caracter&#237;sticos da forma vetorial, por&#233;m com maior morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">5</xref></sup> Na forma cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas encontramos, na maioria dos pacientes, importantes altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema aut&#244;nomo, com aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica e diminui&#231;&#227;o da parassimp&#225;tica; entretanto, &#224; luz do atual conhecimento, s&#227;o desconhecidas as poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas durante o acometimento agudo. Muitos pacientes apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial (PA), e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) revela altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial durante o sono, principalmente no descenso. Nos pacientes n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos este evento tem sido interpretado como sinal de disautonomia e poss&#237;vel preditor de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">6</xref></sup> Em vista do decl&#237;nio fisiol&#243;gico da PA durante o sono estar relacionado com a regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, &#233; importante a MAPA na doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda (DCA) para uma melhor compreens&#227;o do comportamento press&#243;rico, sobretudo no per&#237;odo do sono. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da PA em pacientes com DCA, por meio da MAPA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este foi um estudo de centro &#250;nico realizado em hospital universit&#225;rio. Foi realizada a MAPA em 54 pacientes (amostragem por conveni&#234;ncia) com DCA por contamina&#231;&#227;o oral, atendidos em ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia em doen&#231;as infecciosas e parasit&#225;rias e um grupo controle com 54 participantes saud&#225;veis, pareados por idade e g&#234;nero. O objetivo da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um grupo controle neste estudo foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da aus&#234;ncia do descenso noturno na popula&#231;&#227;o sem comorbidades, tendo em vista que essa vari&#225;vel n&#227;o foi estudada na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Os participantes eram saud&#225;veis e sem nenhuma queixa ou hist&#243;ria de qualquer doen&#231;a, com exame cl&#237;nico normal e sem uso de nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo basal. Todos os participantes, ou representantes legais assinaram termo de consentimento informado.</p>
      <p>Foi utilizado para a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial o aparelho da marca Dyna-MAPA<sup>&#174;</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: pacientes ambulatoriais com diagn&#243;stico de DCA utilizando-se o crit&#233;rio cl&#237;nico, parasitol&#243;gico e/ou sorol&#243;gico positivo somado ao v&#237;nculo epidemiol&#243;gico de acordo com protocolo do minist&#233;rio da sa&#250;de, dispon&#237;vel em: http://portalms.saude.gov.br/saude-de-a-z/doenca-de-chagas. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: presen&#231;a de diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> , doen&#231;as neurol&#243;gicas, hipertens&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via, outras infec&#231;&#245;es em curso, dist&#250;rbio hematol&#243;gicos como anemia, uso de drogas il&#237;citas, doen&#231;as com comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, disfun&#231;&#245;es de tireoide, gravidez, alcoolismo ou outras altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas de relev&#226;ncia. Para o grupo controle foram analisadas as MAPAs de indiv&#237;duos normotensos. O exame foi solicitado n&#227;o por suspeita de hipertens&#227;o, e sim para avalia&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica de sa&#250;de. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com qualquer tipo de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Foram avaliadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis pela MAPA: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) no per&#237;odo de 24 horas, na vig&#237;lia e no per&#237;odo do sono, e descenso do sono. O descenso fisiol&#243;gico para a PAS e PAD foi considerado quando houvesse redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 10% na m&#233;dia dos valores registrados no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia. Considerou-se como per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia na MAPA o per&#237;odo entre 8 horas &#224;s 20 horas e per&#237;odo de sono entre 20 horas e 8 horas do dia seguinte, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das Diretrizes Brasileiras de MAPA e Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MRPA III) de 2011.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Jo&#227;o de Barros Barreto, sob N&#186; CAAE 01278918.4.00000017, e foi conduzido atendendo a resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/12 e de acordo com os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado para compara&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o apresentaram descenso noturno da PA entre o grupo de pacientes <italic>versus</italic> grupo controle. Considerou-se o valor de p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias, n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagens. Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Utilizaram-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e a inspe&#231;&#227;o de normalidade por histograma, assim como a curtose e n&#237;vel de assimetria. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o SPSS 23.0 para Windows (IBM Corp. Lan&#231;ado em 2015, IBM SPSS Statistics para Windows, Vers&#227;o 23.0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No total de 54 pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o aguda por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , a idade m&#233;dia foi de 36,2 &#177;10,4 anos, onde 30 eram mulheres (idade m&#233;dia 34,7 &#177; 19,0 anos) e 24 homens (idade m&#233;dia 38,3 &#177; 19,7 anos).</p>
      <p>A MAPA revelou que 40 pacientes (74,0%) apresentavam aus&#234;ncia de descenso sist&#243;lico do sono, sendo que 29 (53,7%) n&#227;o apresentavam descenso diast&#243;lico. A aus&#234;ncia concomitante de descenso sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico ocorreu em 29 pacientes (53,7%); 7 (12,9%) apresentaram ascens&#227;o noturna da PAS e 10 (18,5%) pacientes da PAD.</p>
      <p>Como pode ser visto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas para as m&#233;dias das press&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas nas 24 h, na vig&#237;lia e no sono dos pacientes com DCA e do grupo controle. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> , encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas quando comparamos o grupo de pacientes ao grupo controle, notadamente na vari&#225;vel descenso sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do sono, em ambos os sexos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Press&#245;es arteriais m&#233;dias nas 24h, na vig&#237;lia e durante o sono de 54 pacientes normotensos com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda e 54 pacientes normotensos sem doen&#231;a de Chagas (controle)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th colspan="3">Controle</th>
                <th colspan="3">DCA</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th>24h</th>
                <th>vig&#237;lia</th>
                <th>sono</th>
                <th>24h</th>
                <th>vig&#237;lia</th>
                <th>sono</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">114,1&#177;10,3</td>
                <td align="center">117,3&#177;10,4</td>
                <td align="center">100,9&#177;10,0</td>
                <td align="center">111,0&#177;10,6</td>
                <td align="center">112,7&#177;10,5</td>
                <td align="center">105,1&#177;11,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>PAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">68,9&#177;7,6</td>
                <td align="center">71,3&#177;8,1</td>
                <td align="center">59,2&#177;7,5</td>
                <td align="center">66,9&#177;7,0</td>
                <td align="center">68,3&#177;7,2</td>
                <td align="center">62,2&#177;8,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>PAD</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; DCA: doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; N&#250;mero de pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) no grupo controle e no grupo com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th colspan="3">Controle</th>
                <th colspan="3">Doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Mulheres (n=30)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Homens (n=24)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Total (n=54)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Mulheres (n=30)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Homens (n=24)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Total (n=54)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Aus&#234;ncia de descenso sist&#243;lico do sono</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">9 (16,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">40 (74,0%)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Aus&#234;ncia de descenso diast&#243;lico do sono</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">7 (12,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">29 (53,7%)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Aus&#234;ncia de descenso sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do sono</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">7 (12,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">28 (51,8%)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ascens&#227;o sist&#243;lica da press&#227;o no sono</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">7 (12,9%)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ascens&#227;o diast&#243;lica da press&#227;o no sono</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">10 (18,5%)*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados apresentados como n&#250;meros absolutos e percentuais. Teste do qui-quadrado para compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda e controle, sendo consideradas diferen&#231;as significativas quando p&lt;5% (*).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na fase cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas, as altera&#231;&#245;es do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo s&#227;o bem conhecidas, caracterizadas por perda neuronal e les&#227;o do sistema parassimp&#225;tico, com consequente aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos realizados em pacientes com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas demonstraram predomin&#226;ncia de atividade parassimp&#225;tica, a qual foi correlacionada com disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">9</xref></sup> Resultados de um interessante estudo apontaram para a exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes com a DCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">10</xref></sup> Les&#245;es do sistema nervoso central foram observadas em estudos anatomopatol&#243;gicos de paciente com DCA, sendo descritas les&#245;es sist&#234;micas e &#224; dist&#226;ncia ocasionada pelo parasita em c&#233;lulas ganglionares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">12</xref></sup> Em todas as fases da doen&#231;a de Chagas pode-se demonstrar o acometimento do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, e as altera&#231;&#245;es do controle auton&#244;mico parassimp&#225;tico n&#227;o foram correlacionadas com sintomas cardiovasculares por testes funcionais em humanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref></sup> A perda do controle auton&#244;mico na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica foi descrita em estudo caso-controle que avaliou a correla&#231;&#227;o entre inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, altera&#231;&#245;es de perfus&#227;o e anormalidade de parede ventricular, mostrando que o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca ocorre em fase precoce no curso evolutivo da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica e se associa com a progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">14</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, na fase aguda, s&#227;o escassos os estudos relacionados com a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica. As evid&#234;ncias demonstram acometimento do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo principalmente do parassimp&#225;tico logo ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o inicial, ou seja, na fase indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da press&#227;o arterial tem caracter&#237;stica circadiana, flutuando ao longo das 24 horas, mas com queda durante o sono. Essa queda, detectada pela MAPA, normalmente excede 10% da PA na vig&#237;lia, e &#233; observada em cerca de 95% dos indiv&#237;duos normotensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">16</xref></sup> Durante o sono, ocorrem mudan&#231;as espec&#237;ficas das fun&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas e end&#243;crinas, com redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica e um predom&#237;nio da atividade parassimp&#225;tica, proporcionando, assim, a queda press&#243;rica fisiol&#243;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">18</xref></sup> As observa&#231;&#245;es na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica que muitos pacientes com DCA que realizaram a MAPA por qualquer motivo n&#227;o apresentavam descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono motivaram a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um estudo sistematizado para avaliar o comportamento da PA na MAPA. Foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo controle somente indiv&#237;duos sadios do ponto de vista cardiovascular, sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes ou doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Todos eram normotensos na avalia&#231;&#227;o de consult&#243;rio (PA&lt;140/90 mmHg, m&#233;dias das duas &#250;ltimas medidas). Os pacientes estavam somente em uso de benzonidazol, antiparasit&#225;rio administrado na forma oral, usado de forma espec&#237;fica contra o <italic>T. cruzi</italic> o protozo&#225;rio causador da Doen&#231;a de Chagas, para o tratamento etiol&#243;gico da DCA. Observou-se aus&#234;ncia do descenso do sono em uma propor&#231;&#227;o muito alta, em mais da metade dos pacientes com DCA, e ascens&#227;o noturna da press&#227;o em taxa significativa de pacientes (12,9% para a sist&#243;lica e 18,5% para a diast&#243;lica).</p>
      <p>Os aspectos neuro-humorais da fase aguda ainda s&#227;o pouco conhecidos, notadamente devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas e as dificuldades do diagn&#243;stico. Entretanto, atualmente, com a mudan&#231;a do perfil da doen&#231;a, e o aumento dos casos onde a contamina&#231;&#227;o ocorreu por via oral, com carga parasit&#225;ria mais intensa, observamos um estado cl&#237;nico mais exuberante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">19</xref></sup> Esta aus&#234;ncia do descenso do sono, observada na fase aguda, pode ser reflexo de algum dist&#250;rbio no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi n&#227;o ter realizado a variabilidade RR, pois pretend&#237;amos somente avaliar o comportamento da press&#227;o nas 24h.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a MAPA pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til para detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas na fase inicial da doen&#231;a de Chagas. Por se tratar de um estudo descritivo de pacientes na fase aguda da doen&#231;a, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel entender o real significado dessas altera&#231;&#245;es, pois a aus&#234;ncia de descenso ainda &#233; controversa quanto &#224; reprodutibilidade e repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Absence of Nocturnal Fall in Blood Pressure Detected by Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Acute Chagas Disease Patients with Oral Infection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Dilma do S. M. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;res Larissa Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6401-5960</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Brenda Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Tereza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6746-8327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui M. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Par&#225;, Bel&#233;m, PA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Henrique Tria Bianco &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola Paulista de Medicina - Rua Loefgren, 1350 Postal Code 04040-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: henriquetria@uol.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Souza DS, Oliveira CB, Maciel BG, Maciel MTS, P&#243;voa R; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Bianco HT, P&#243;voa R; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Souza DS, Bianco HT, P&#243;voa R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bianco HT, Fonseca FAH, Izar MC, P&#243;voa R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The involvement of the autonomic nervous system is one of the mechanisms proposed to explain the progression of myocardial lesion in Chagas disease. Evidences have shown changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system since the acute phase of the disease, and studies to clarify the pathophysiological and prognostic value of these changes are needed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetives</title>
          <p>To assess blood pressure profile by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in normotensive patients with acute Chagas disease (ACD) without apparent cardiac damage, and the influence of the infection on nocturnal blood pressure fall.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>ABPM was performed with 54 patients with ACD and a control group composed of 54 age- and sex-matched normotensive individuals. The alpha level of significance (type I error rate) was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>In the total of 54 patients, 74.0% did not show nocturnal fall in systolic blood pressure, 53.7% did not show nocturnal fall in diastolic blood pressure, and lack of both nocturnal fall in SBP and DBP was observed in 51.8% (*p&lt;0.05). In 12.9% of patients, there was an increase in SBP and in 18.5% increase in DBP (p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>In patients with acute Chagas disease, a significant absence of the physiological fall in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed during sleep, and some of the patients showed nocturnal increase in these parameters. These findings suggest autonomic changes in the acute phase of Chagas disease. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):711-715)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chagas disease is a zoonosis caused by the flagellate protozoan <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> ( <italic>T. cruzi</italic> ) that feeds primarily on blood. The disease is endemic in 21 countries in Latin America, with an important social impact due to its high morbidity and mortality. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that 6-7 million people are infected, most of them in Latin America.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">1</xref></sup> The classical form of transmission &#8211; vector transmission &#8211; has been decreasing in endemic areas in Latin America thanks to infection control initiatives. However, intense deforestation in the Amazon region, in addition to migration of people, has changed the epidemiological scenario, with an expressive increase in oral transmission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The most common clinical presentation in the acute phase of the orally transmitted disease includes prolonged fever syndrome, usually associated with familial microepidemics, and several unspecific symptoms characteristic of vector transmission of Chagas disease, but with higher morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">5</xref></sup> In the chronic form of the disease, important changes in the autonomic system are observed, with increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity. However, autonomic changes in the acute phase of the disease are not known so far. Many patients have altered blood pressure (BP) and abnormal ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) measures, mainly related to nocturnal BP fall. In non-chagasic patients, such event has been regarded as a sign of dysautonomia and possible predictor of cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">6</xref></sup> In light of the physiological decline in nocturnal BP, an ABPM in acute Chagas disease (ACD) is advisable, aiming at a better understanding of BP behavior, especially during sleep. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess BP behavior in patients with ACD using ABPM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a single-center study conducted in a university hospital. ABPM was performed in 54 patients (convenience sample) with orally transmitted ACD, seen in an outpatient clinic of infectious and parasitic diseases and 54 age- and sex- matched healthy controls. This control group was used aiming at evaluating the prevalence of lack of nocturnal BP fall in individuals without comorbidities, since this variable has not been investigated in the Brazilian population. The healthy controls had no complaints or history of any disease, had a normal clinical examination and were not taking any medication at baseline. All participants or their legal representatives signed an informed consent form.</p>
        <p>The ABPM was carried out using a Dyna-MAPA<sup>&#174;</sup>device. Inclusion criteria were patients attending the outpatient clinic with a diagnosis of ACD confirmed by a positive parasitological and/or serological test, in addition to meeting the epidemiological criteria established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health&#8217;s protocol, available at: http://portalms.saude.gov.br/saude-de-a-z/doenca-de-chagas. Exclusion criteria were presence of diabetes mellitus, neurological diseases, arterial hypertension, cardiovascular disease, ongoing infection, hematological disease such as anemia, conditions that may affect renal function, thyroid disease or other important systemic changes, use of illicit drugs, pregnancy and alcoholism.</p>
        <p>In the control group, ABPM was performed with normotensive individuals. The test was ordered as a routine test (health check-up) rather than for suspected hypertension. Individuals with any type of cardiac disease were not included.</p>
        <p>The following ABPM parameters were assessed: 24-hour systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (SBP), BP during sleep and awake states, and BP fall during sleep. Physiological fall in SBP and DBP was considered as a reduction &#8805; 10% in mean BP registered during sleep. The awake period was considered the period from 8 to 20 o&#8217;clock, whereas the sleep-period time from 20 to 8 o&#8217;clock on the day after, following the 2011 Brazilian Guidelines on ABPM and home blood pressure monitoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Jo&#227;o de Barros Barreto (CAAE 01278918.4.00000017).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The chi-square test was used to compare individuals that did not show a nocturnal BP fall between patients and control group. A p&lt;0.05 was set as statistically significant. Categorical variables were presented as frequency, absolute numbers and percentage. Normally distributed variables were presented as mean and standard deviation. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the histogram-normality test were used, and measurement of asymmetry and kurtosis was performed. The SPSS 23.0 software for Windows (IBM SPSS <italic>Statistics</italic> para Windows version 23.0, launched in 2015, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the total of 54 patients with acute infection with <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , mean age was 36.2 &#177;10.4 years, 30 were women (mean age 34.7 &#177; 19.0 years) and 24 men (mean age 38.3 &#177; 19.7 years).</p>
        <p>The ABPM showed that 40 patients (74.0%) did not show nocturnal fall in SBP, and 29 (53.7%) did not show nocturnal fall in DBP. This occurred concomitantly in 29 (53.7%) patients; seven (12.9%) showed nocturnal increase in SBP and 10 (18.5%) in DBP.</p>
        <p>No statistically significant difference was found in the mean 24-hour SBP and mean 24-hour DBP during sleep and awake states between patients with ACD and control group ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). Significant differences were found between the groups for nocturnal fall in SBP and DBP in both sexes.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mean values of 24-hour blood pressure during sleep and awake states in 54 normotensive patients with acute Chagas disease and 54 normotensive individuals without Chagas disease (controls)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Controls</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Acute Chagas disease</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th>24h</th>
                  <th>awake state</th>
                  <th>sleep</th>
                  <th>24h</th>
                  <th>awake state</th>
                  <th>sleep</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Mean</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">114.1&#177;10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">117.3&#177;10.4</td>
                  <td align="center">100.9&#177;10.0</td>
                  <td align="center">111.0&#177;10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">112.7&#177;10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">105.1&#177;11.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>SBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Mean</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">68.9&#177;7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">71.3&#177;8.1</td>
                  <td align="center">59.2&#177;7.5</td>
                  <td align="center">66.9&#177;7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">68.3&#177;7.2</td>
                  <td align="center">62.2&#177;8.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>DBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data expressed as mean and standard deviation; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ACD: acute Chagas disease</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Discussion Changes in autonomic nervous system are well characterized in chronic Chagas disease, with neuron loss and lesion in the parasympathetic pathway and increased sympathetic activity. Studies on patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease have shown a predominance of parasympathetic activity in these patients, which was correlated with autonomic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">9</xref></sup> Results of an interesting study indicated a relationship between changes in autonomic modulation and endothelial function in patients with ACD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">10</xref></sup> Lesions in the central nervous system were found in anatomopathological studies in ACD patients, described as distant systemic lesions caused by ganglion cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">12</xref></sup> Impairment of the nervous system can be demonstrated in all stages of Chagas disease, and changes in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system control have not been correlated with cardiovascular symptoms by functional tests on humans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">13</xref></sup> The loss of autonomic control in chronic Chagas disease was described in a case-control study that evaluated the correlation between sympathetic innervation, changes in perfusion and abnormalities in the ventricular wall, showing that cardiac sympathetic dysfunction occurs in early stages of the disease and is associated with the worsening of autonomic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">14</xref></sup> However, studies on autonomic function in the acute phase of Chagas disease are scarce. Evidences have shown the involvement of the autonomic nervous system, especially the parasympathetic system, soon after initial infection, i.e., in the undetermined phase of Chagas disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Physiological variations in BP have a circadian rhythm, with fluctuations over 24 hours and BP drop during sleep. This fall, detected by ABPM, normally exceeds 10% of BP in the awake state, and is observed in approximately 95% of the normotensive individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">16</xref></sup> During sleep, there are specific changes in autonomic and endocrine functions, with reduced sympathetic activity and predominance of parasympathetic activity, leading to physiological BP fall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">18</xref></sup> The observations in clinical practice indicating that many patients with ACD that underwent ABPM for any reason did not show nocturnal fall of BP motivated the development of a systematic study to analyze the behavior of BP in ABPM. In the control group, we included only individuals with good cardiovascular health, with no history of hypertension, diabetes or cardiovascular disease. All individuals had normal office BP (mean of the last two measures &lt;140/90 mmHg). The only drug taken by the patients with ACD was benznidazole, an antiparasitic medication used in the treatment of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Lack of BP fall during sleep was seen in a large proportion (more than half) of patients with ACD, and nocturnal increase of BP occurred in a significant proportion of patients (12.9% in SBP and 18.5% in DPB).</p>
        <p>The neurohumoral features of the acute phase of Chagas disease are not well known, mainly due to epidemiological characteristics and difficult diagnosis. However, due to changes in the disease profile and the increase in the number of cases of oral contamination, with greater parasite load, we have found more obvious clinical manifestations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">19</xref></sup> This lack of nocturnal fall in BP in the acute phase of Chagas disease may be the result of a disturbance in the autonomic nervous system. One limitation of this study is that we did not perform an analysis of heart rate variability, since our objective was to evaluate BP behavior over 24 hours.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The results of this study suggest that the ABPM can be a useful tool for early detection of autonomic changes in the acute phase of Chagas disease. Since this was a descriptive study of patients with ACD, it is not possible to understand the real meaning of these changes, since there is no consensus about the reproducibility of this result and clinical outcomes at long term.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Number of patients with changes in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in patients with acute Chagas disease and controls</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Controls</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Acute Chagas disease</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Women (n=30)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Men (n=24)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Total (n=54)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Women (n=30)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Men (n=24)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Total (n=54)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Absence of nocturnal fall in SBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (16.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (74.0%)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Absence of nocturnal fall in DBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (53.7%)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Absence of nocturnal fall in SBP and DBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (51.8%)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Nocturnal increase in SBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12.9%)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Nocturnal increase in DBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (18.5%)*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data expressed as absolute and relative numbers. Chi-square test for comparisons between acute Chagas disease and control groups; p&lt;0.05.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
