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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nM6SGZv8CvtqWzZvcbGkk8P</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190080</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190080</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Equil&#237;brio Din&#226;mico e Mobilidade Explicam a Qualidade de Vida na ICFEP, Superando Todos os Outros Componentes da Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8090-2068</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Cristine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bohn</surname>
            <given-names>Lucimere</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6847-1314</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Delgado</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira-Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite-Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Adelino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Desporto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o em Actividade F&#237;sica, Sa&#250;de e Lazer</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto (FADEUP), Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o em Actividade F&#237;sica, Sa&#250;de e Lazer (CIAFEL), Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Abel Salazar</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Pesquisa Multidisciplinar em Biomedicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Unidade de Pesquisa Multidisciplinar em Biomedicina, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar do Porto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Departamento de Cardiologia, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar do Porto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular (UniC), Porto - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Cristine Schmidt &#8226; CIAFEL &#8211; Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto. Rua Dr. Pl&#225;cido da Costa, 91. CEP 4200-450, Porto &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>schmidtcristine@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Schmidt C, Santos M, Moreira-Gon&#231;alves D, Leite-Moreira A, Oliveira J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Schmidt C, Santos M, Bohn L, Delgado BM, Moreira-Gon&#231;alves D; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Schmidt C, Santos M, Bohn L, Delgado BM, Moreira-Gon&#231;alves D, Leite-Moreira A, Oliveira J; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Schmidt C, Santos M, Bohn L, Delgado BM, Moreira-Gon&#231;alves D, Oliveira J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>701</fpage>
      <lpage>707</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica &#233; um importante determinante da qualidade de vida (QV) em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP). No entanto, ainda n&#227;o se sabe como os diferentes componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica se relacionam com as dimens&#245;es espec&#237;ficas da QV em pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e dimens&#245;es da QV em pacientes com ICFEP, e examinar quais componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica foram independentemente associados &#224; QV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Os pacientes com ICFEP foram avaliados quanto &#224; aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica [equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e mobilidade (&#8220;teste <italic>8-feet Up-and-go</italic> &#8221;), for&#231;a da parte superior do corpo (Teste de for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual), aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ACR) (teste de caminhada de 6 minutos) e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal (&#237;ndice de massa corporal)] e para QV ( <italic>Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire</italic> ). Uma correla&#231;&#227;o parcial foi utilizada para verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e as dimens&#245;es da QV. A an&#225;lise das dimens&#245;es dos preditores independentes de QV foi realizada atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada <italic>stepwise</italic> . A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Tanto a ACR quanto o equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e a mobilidade est&#227;o significativamente associados ao escore total e &#224;s dimens&#245;es f&#237;sicas da QV (p &lt;0,05), mas apenas o equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e a mobilidade foram concomitantemente associados &#224; dimens&#227;o emocional (r = 0,597; p = 0,004). O equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e a mobilidade foram associados de forma independente ao escore total (&#946; = 0,651; r<sup>2</sup> = 0,424; p = 0,001), e as dimens&#245;es f&#237;sica (&#946; = 0,570; r<sup>2</sup> = 0,324; p = 0,04) e emocional (&#946; = 0,611; r<sup>2</sup> = 0,337 p = 0,002) da QV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Nossos dados sugerem que o equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e a mobilidade avaliam melhor a QV do que a ACR, comumente medida na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Ainda n&#227;o se sabe se as interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas especificamente ao equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e &#224; mobilidade t&#234;m diferentes impactos na QV. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):701-707)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Equil&#237;brio Trabalho-Vida/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cios Respirat&#243;rios, Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FCT</funding-source>
          <award-id>UID/DTP/00617/2019</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FCT</funding-source>
          <award-id>UID/IC/00051/2019</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FCT</funding-source>
          <award-id>UID/DTP/00617/2019</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FCT</funding-source>
          <award-id>PTDC/MEC-CAR/30011/2017</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FCT</funding-source>
          <award-id>POCI-01-0145FEDER-030011</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>BEX 0554/14-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) &#233; respons&#225;vel por metade de todos os casos de IC na popula&#231;&#227;o do mundo desenvolvido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais comum da doen&#231;a &#233; a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, que afeta a capacidade do paciente de lidar com as atividades da vida di&#225;ria e reduz sua qualidade de vida (QV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a QV est&#225; relacionada a desfechos ruins, como maior frequ&#234;ncia de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar e maiores taxas de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar de sua alta preval&#234;ncia e progn&#243;stico ruim, a ICFEP permanece uma doen&#231;a sem tratamento aprovado que melhore a sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Portanto, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para o tratamento desses pacientes destacam a import&#226;ncia de se concentrar em tratamentos eficazes, capazes de aliviar os sintomas e melhorar significativamente a QV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#237;veis reduzidos de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica est&#227;o associados &#224; baixa QV em pacientes com ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios mostrou melhora na aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, juntamente com uma melhora nos sintomas e na QV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Como a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e a QV est&#227;o relacionadas entre si, concentrar-se na aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica com programas de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia eficaz para atingir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de pacientes com ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Entretanto, a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica &#233; um construto de m&#250;ltiplos componentes (por exemplo, equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e mobilidade, aptid&#227;o muscular, aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ACR) e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e, em paralelo, a QV &#233; um construto multidimensional (por exemplo, dimens&#227;o geral, emocional e f&#237;sica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> At&#233; agora, ainda n&#227;o se sabe como os diferentes componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica se relacionam com as dimens&#245;es espec&#237;ficas da QV em pacientes com ICFEP. At&#233; o momento, foi demonstrado apenas que uma maior ACR est&#225; associada a uma melhor QV, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dimens&#227;o f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Entretanto, a influ&#234;ncia de outros componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica nas dimens&#245;es da QV &#233; relativamente desconhecida. Portanto, o esclarecimento dessa quest&#227;o pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes no desenho de programas intervencionistas espec&#237;ficos para pacientes com ICFEP, visando o componente de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, o qual t&#234;m o maior impacto na QV em geral ou em uma de suas dimens&#245;es reduzidas.</p>
      <p>Portanto, os objetivos do presente estudo s&#227;o duplos: i) avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica (ACR, for&#231;a da parte superior do corpo, equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e mobilidade e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal) e as dimens&#245;es da QV (total, f&#237;sica e emocional) em pacientes com ICFEP, e ii) examinar quais componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica est&#227;o independentemente associados a diferentes dimens&#245;es da QV nessa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado em um hospital p&#250;blico portugu&#234;s (Centro Hospitalar do Porto - Hospital de Santo Ant&#244;nio, Porto) com uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de ICFEP. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos se apresentassem angina inst&#225;vel, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda como diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio, estenose a&#243;rtica grave sintom&#225;tica, embolia pulmonar aguda, miocardite aguda, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-controlada, arritmias ventriculares complexas, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal grave, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica grave, condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas ou ortop&#233;dicas que impediam a deambula&#231;&#227;o independente e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes potencialmente eleg&#237;veis para participar do estudo foram identificados nos prontu&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos do departamento de cardiologia do hospital. Um total de 30 pacientes foram convidados por telefone por um cardiologista. Desses, 24 pacientes (17 mulheres e 7 homens) aceitaram participar do estudo. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Centro Hospitalar do Porto - Hospital de Santo Ant&#244;nio (N / S: 2015.125) e atendeu aos padr&#245;es &#233;ticos da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados de novembro de 2016 a setembro de 2017 em um &#250;nico dia no hospital.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea</title>
          <p>Um pesquisador treinado realizou medi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial (PA) ap&#243;s 10 minutos em repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. A PA foi avaliada (Colin, BP 8 800; Critikron, Inc., EUA) em ambos os bra&#231;os, e o bra&#231;o com a PA mais alta foi utilizado. PA sist&#243;lica e PA diast&#243;lica foram calculadas como a m&#233;dia de 3 leituras, com 2 minutos de intervalo entre elas. Leituras adicionais foram realizadas quando as diferen&#231;as entre as leituras excederam 5 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Coleta de sangue e testes bioqu&#237;micos</title>
      <p>O sangue venoso perif&#233;rico (15 mL) foi coletado em um tubo com EDTA. Os tubos com EDTA foram imediatamente colocados no gelo e deixado para coagular por 30 minutos antes da centrifuga&#231;&#227;o por 15 minutos a 1000xg. O plasma foi dividido em al&#237;quotas e armazenado a -80&#186;C para an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica. O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP) foi quantificado em um laborat&#243;rio certificado utilizando o imunoensaio de micropart&#237;culas por quimiluminesc&#234;ncia (ARCHITECT BNP).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas e de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</title>
      <p>A altura corporal (cm) foi medida com o indiv&#237;duo na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta, utilizando um estadi&#244;metro (Holtain Ltd., Crymmych, Reino Unido).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O peso (kg), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC; kg &#183; m<sup>2</sup>), massa gorda (%) e massa gorda livre (kg)) foram medidos com pacientes vestindo roupas leves, utilizando um analisador eletr&#244;nico de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal segmentar (Tanita, BC-418, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o). A massa gorda e a massa gorda livre foram medidas utilizando imped&#226;ncia bioel&#233;trica. Foi pedido aos pacientes que jejuassem por 10 a 12 horas, evitassem exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos vigorosos e ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool antes de serem submetidos &#224;s mensura&#231;&#245;es. A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm) foi mensurada no ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca, no final de uma expira&#231;&#227;o normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A obesidade foi determinada como IMC igual ou superior a 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional</title>
      <p>Os pacientes foram classificados pelo m&#233;dico em subgrupos com base em seus sintomas utilizando a classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA). Os sintomas dos pacientes baseiam-se em quanto s&#227;o limitados durante a atividade f&#237;sica (classe I a IV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
      <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico na posi&#231;&#227;o supina foi realizado utilizando um aparelho de ultrassonografia cardiovascular modelo Vivid E95<sup>&#174;</sup> (GE Healthcare). Todas as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas quantitativas foram realizadas por um &#250;nico avaliador, cego para os resultados das outras avalia&#231;&#245;es, utilizando uma esta&#231;&#227;o computadorizada de an&#225;lise <italic>off-line</italic> . O pico da velocidade tecidual diast&#243;lica precoce foi medida no anel mitral septal e lateral. A velocidade do influxo mitral foi avaliada por Doppler de onda pulsada no corte apical de 4 c&#226;maras, posicionando o volume da amostra na extremidade dos folhetos mitrais. A raz&#227;o E /e&#8217; foi calculada como a onda E dividida pelas velocidades de e&#8217;. A massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foi estimada a partir das dimens&#245;es lineares do VE e indexadas &#224; &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal, conforme recomendado pelas diretrizes da ESC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A hipertrofia do VE foi definida como a massa do VE indexada &#224; &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal (&#237;ndice de massa do VE) &gt;115 g/m<sup>2</sup> em homens ou &gt;95 g/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres. Os volumes do VE foram estimados utilizando-se o m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado, usando os cortes apicais de 4 e 2 c&#226;maras, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi derivada dos volumes da maneira padr&#227;o. O volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foi estimado pelo m&#233;todo dos discos, utilizando os cortes apicais de 4 e 2 c&#226;maras em um quadro de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica final anterior &#224; abertura da v&#225;lvula mitral e foi indexado &#224; &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal para derivar o &#237;ndice de volume do AE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica</title>
      <p><bold>Equil&#237;brio e mobilidade din&#226;micos</bold> . Foram avaliados atrav&#233;s do teste <italic>8-foot up and go</italic> (8FUG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O paciente inicia a avalia&#231;&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. Ap&#243;s um sinal, o paciente deve se levantar, andar 2,44 m (o equivalente a aproximadamente 2,5 m), dar a volta ao redor de um cone e retornar &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o inicial o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os pacientes fizeram duas tentativas de realizar o teste. O tempo (em segundos) para concluir cada tentativa foi medido com um cron&#244;metro e o resultado considerado foi a tentativa com o tempo mais curto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p><bold>For&#231;a da parte superior do corpo</bold> . A for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual (kg) foi medida isometricamente utilizando um dinam&#244;metro <italic>Lafayette Instrument Hand</italic> (Modelo 78010, 78011, Indiana, EUA). Ambos os bra&#231;os foram medidos tr&#234;s vezes com os pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, com o ombro aduzido e rota&#231;&#227;o neutra, o cotovelo flexionado a 90&#176; e o antebra&#231;o e punho em posi&#231;&#227;o neutra. A m&#233;dia entre as tentativas foi utilizada como o escore final para cada bra&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p><bold>Aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria com avalia&#231;&#227;o das trocas gasosas pulmonares</bold> . Foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M), em um corredor desobstru&#237;do com 25 m de comprimento. Os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a percorrer a dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima em 6 minutos. Paradas para descanso eram permitidas quando os pacientes consideravam necess&#225;rio. O TC6M foi realizado com um analisador de gases port&#225;til (K4b2, Cosmed, Roma, It&#225;lia) e um monitor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia). A capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>; mL/min-1/kg-1) e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC; bpm) foram medidas direta e continuamente. As medidas respirat&#243;rias e de FC foram coletadas respira&#231;&#227;o-a-respira&#231;&#227;o e batimento-a-batimento, respectivamente, e, em seguida, os dados foram calculados para obter-se a m&#233;dia com intervalos de 5 s. Os dados foram calculados como a m&#233;dia das medidas obtidas durante a dura&#231;&#227;o total do teste (6 minutos).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de</title>
      <p>A QV relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de foi realizada por entrevista utilizando o <italic>Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire</italic> (MLWHFQ). O MLHFQ abrange 21 perguntas, cujo objetivo &#233; determinar como a doen&#231;a afetou as condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas, psicol&#243;gicas e socioecon&#244;micas dos pacientes no m&#234;s anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> As perguntas incluem sintomas e sinais relevantes para a doen&#231;a, n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica, trabalho, intera&#231;&#227;o social, atividade sexual e emo&#231;&#245;es. O escore total do MLHFQ varia de 0 a 105 (sem comprometimento a comprometimento m&#225;ximo). Dois outros escores podem ser determinados: a dimens&#227;o f&#237;sica (8 itens, 0 a 40) e a dimens&#227;o emocional (5 itens, 0 a 25). Um escore maior no MLHFQ significa pior QV. As op&#231;&#245;es de respostas variam de 0 (nenhum) a 5 (muito), onde 0 representa nenhuma limita&#231;&#227;o e 105 representa limita&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis n&#227;o distribu&#237;das normalmente foram transformadas em logaritmo natural (peso, massa gorda, massa livre de gordura, 8FUG, escore total de MLHFQ, MLHFQ f&#237;sico e MLHFQ emocional) para an&#225;lises subsequentes e ent&#227;o transformadas de volta &#224; escala original para fins de clareza. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Os dados categ&#243;ricos s&#227;o apresentados como valores absolutos e porcentagens. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizada para analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica (equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e mobilidade, for&#231;a da parte superior do corpo, ACR e IMC) para verificar a colinearidade entre as vari&#225;veis (r &gt;0,75). A correla&#231;&#227;o parcial (ajustada por idade, sexo e classe da NYHA) foi utilizada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e as dimens&#245;es da QV. Foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada, com sele&#231;&#227;o gradual de vari&#225;veis para determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as dimens&#245;es da QV com idade, sexo, classe funcional da NYHA e componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, identificados como potenciais preditores independentes de QV. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o software IBM SPSS 24 (SPSS, EUA), e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt;0,05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;stica dos pacientes</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 76 &#177; 6 anos, variando de 59 a 85 anos, e 71% (n = 17) eram do sexo feminino. Hipertens&#227;o foi a comorbidade mais prevalente (n = 22, 92%), seguida por dislipidemia (n = 17, 71%) e obesidade (n = 14, 58%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe funcional da NYHA, 79% (n = 19) de todos os pacientes foram classificados na classe II. A m&#233;dia do BNP foi de 288,9 &#177; 191,5 pg/mL-1. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia foi de 60 &#177; 6%, 23% (n = 6) dos pacientes apresentaram E / e&#8217; &gt;15, enquanto 90% (n = 22) apresentaram LAVI &gt;34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. Todos os pacientes apresentavam hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Todas (n=24)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas Sociodemogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 6,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino (n) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (71%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Antropometria</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,8 &#177; 15,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">100,9 &#177; 12,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gordura corporal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36,1&#177;6,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa livre de gordura (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,4&#177;9,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Risk factors, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (58%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (92%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (71%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes tipo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-diab&#233;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (38%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (50%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (parox&#237;stica)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Apneia obstrutiva do sono</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (25%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sinais cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC de repouso (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 &#177; 19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 &#177; 14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">289 &#177; 192</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA classe II</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (79%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA classe III</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medicamentos (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (71%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#223;-Bloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (83%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (75%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (67%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxina</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARM</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 6,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e&#180;</td>
                  <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMVE (gm/m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">231,3 &#177; 94,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVAE (mL/m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,2 &#177; 11,7</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; NYHA: New York Heart Association; IECA/BRA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina e bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; ARM: antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; E/e&#8217;: raz&#227;o entre velocidade inicial do fluxo mitral e velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do anel mitral; E/A: raz&#227;o onda diast&#243;lica de enchimento inicial/onda de enchimento tardio; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Qualidade de vida</title>
        <p>O escore da escala total do MLHFQ foi de 26 &#177; 24, enquanto as subescalas f&#237;sica e emocional do MLHFQ foram de 12 &#177; 13 e 5 &#177; 7, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica</title>
        <p>Em geral, a dist&#226;ncia no TC6M, o 8FUG e os resultados do teste de preens&#227;o manual foram de 312 &#177; 90 metros 10,9 &#177; 3,6 segundos, e 18,6 &#177; 7,1 kg, respectivamente. O VO2 m&#233;dio durante o teste foi de 11,2 &#177; 2,3 mL/ min-1 /kg-1. A correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada entre os componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica mostrou que o teste 8FUG estava inversamente correlacionado com o teste de preens&#227;o manual (r = -0,47; p = 0,01) e a dist&#226;ncia no TC6M (r = -0,81; p&gt; 0,001) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada entre par&#226;metros de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e mobilidade</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">For&#231;a na parte superior do corpo</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">8FUG</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Preens&#227;o manual</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">TC6M</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">IMC</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">% MG</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">MLG</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>8FUG</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,478 (0,018) (0,018)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,816 (&lt;0,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,030 (0,888)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,184 (0,389)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,221 (0,299)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Preens&#227;o manual</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,478 (0,018)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,390 (0,060)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017 (0,939)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,362 (0,082)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,284 (0,179)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TC6M</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,816 (&lt;0,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,390 (0,060)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,074 (0,733)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,161 (0,453)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010 (0,964)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,030 (0,888)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017 (0,939)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,074 (0,733)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,566 (0,004)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,533 (0,007)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MG</td>
                  <td align="center">0,184 (0,389)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,362 (0,082)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,161 (0,453)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,566 (0,004)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,258 (0,224)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MLG</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,221 (0,299)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,284 (0,179)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010 (0,964)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,533 (0,007)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,258 (0,224)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>8FUG: teste 8-foot up and go; TC6M: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; MG: massa gorda; MLG: massa livre de gordura. Dados s&#227;o r (p).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e qualidade de vida</title>
        <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o parcial entre as dimens&#245;es da QV e os componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> . Um melhor escore total do MLHFQ foi diretamente correlacionado com o teste 8FUG (r = 0,563; p = 0,008) e inversamente correlacionado com o TC6M (r = -0,539; p = 0,012). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao MLHFQ f&#237;sico, este foi diretamente correlacionado com os resultados do teste 8FUG (r = 0,529; p = 0,014) e inversamente correlacionado com o TC6M (r = -0,478 p = 0,028). Por fim, o MLHFQ emocional foi diretamente correlacionado com o teste 8FUG (r = 0,597; p = 0,004).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o parcial entre dimens&#245;es da qualidade de vida com componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e mobilidade</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">For&#231;a na parte superior do corpo</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">8FUG</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Teste de preens&#227;o manual</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">TC6M</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">IMC</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">% MG</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">MLG</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MLHFQ total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,563 (0,008)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,118 (0,611)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,539 (0,012)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,208 (0,366)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,012 (0,957)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,372 (0,097)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MLHFQ f&#237;sico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,529 (0,014)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,261 (0,254)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,478 (0,028)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,260 (0,255)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,027 (0,909)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,353 (0,116)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MLHFQ emocional</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,597 (0,004)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,023 (0,919)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,394 (0,077)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,199 (0,388)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002 (0,993)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,297 (0,191)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Ajustado por idade, sexo e classe funcional da NYHA. 8FUG: teste 8-foot up and go; TC6M: teste de caminhada de seis minutos. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; MG: massa gorda; MLG: massa livre de gordura; MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Os dados s&#227;o r (p).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada para as dimens&#245;es da QV. Todos os modelos foram ajustados para idade, sexo e classe funcional da NHYA como potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o. Para o escore total do MLHFQ, o 8FUG foi o &#250;nico par&#226;metro de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica que permaneceu como preditor independente (&#946; = 0,651; p = 0,001). Da mesma forma, para a dimens&#227;o f&#237;sica do MLHFQ, o 8FUG foi o &#250;nico componente da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica que permaneceu como preditor independente (&#946; = 0,570; p = 0,04). Finalmente, para o MLHFQ emocional, o 8FUG foi o &#250;nico componente da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica que permaneceu como preditor independente (&#946; = 0,611; p = 0,002).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o stepwise, avaliando quais componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica foram independentemente associados &#224; dimens&#227;o espec&#237;fica da qualidade de vida</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">&#946;</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">B</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">R<sup>2</sup></th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MLHFQ total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ln 8FUG</td>
                  <td>0,651</td>
                  <td>5,015</td>
                  <td>0,424</td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MLHFQ f&#237;sico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ln 8FUG</td>
                  <td>0,570</td>
                  <td>3,788</td>
                  <td>0,324</td>
                  <td>0,040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MLHFQ emocional</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ln 8FUG</td>
                  <td>0,611</td>
                  <td>3,003</td>
                  <td>0,373</td>
                  <td>0,002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>Ln 8FUG: logaritmo natural do teste 8-foot up and go; MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; &#946;: coeficiente de regress&#227;o padronizado; B: coeficiente de regress&#227;o n&#227;o padronizado; R<sup>2</sup>: coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o ajustado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os dados fornecidos pelo nosso estudo indicam que a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica est&#225; positivamente correlacionada com a QV em pacientes com ICFEP. Al&#233;m disso, o equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e a mobilidade foram os &#250;nicos componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica independentemente associados ao escore total da QV e &#224;s dimens&#245;es f&#237;sica e emocional. Esses achados sugerem que esse componente espec&#237;fico da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica supera a ACR na avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV dos pacientes com ICFEP. Al&#233;m disso, destaca a necessidade de estudar interven&#231;&#245;es visando especificamente esses componentes de condicionamento f&#237;sico para aumentar os ganhos de QV.</p>
      <p>Apesar da alta preval&#234;ncia e do progn&#243;stico ruim da ICFEP, terapias baseadas em evid&#234;ncias ainda precisam ser desenvolvidas para reduzir de forma efetiva a morbidade ou a mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Esses pacientes geralmente s&#227;o caracterizados por baixa QV21 e as diretrizes atuais de tratamento destacam a import&#226;ncia de se melhorar o bem-estar dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica &#233; um constructo com m&#250;ltiplos componentes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e v&#225;rios estudos demonstram que &#233; um dos principais determinantes da QV na ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nossos resultados corroboram esse achado, uma vez que observamos que o escore total da QV correlacionava-se fortemente com a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica (por exemplo, equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e mobilidade e ACR) em pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
      <p>Como a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica pode influenciar a QV, estrat&#233;gias direcionadas &#224; aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica podem potencialmente melhorar a QV, independentemente de outros benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise recente mostrou que a combina&#231;&#227;o de treinamento f&#237;sico de resist&#234;ncia com medicamentos cardiovasculares fornece uma melhora clinicamente relevante na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e QV em pacientes com ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Entretanto, a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e a QV s&#227;o constructos multicomponentes e multidimensionais, respectivamente, e &#233; crucial determinar qual dimens&#227;o/componente est&#225; melhor relacionado entre si para maximizar poss&#237;veis melhorias na QV.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a ACR est&#225; principalmente associada &#224; dimens&#227;o f&#237;sica, mas n&#227;o necessariamente ao escore total ou dimens&#227;o emocional da QV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Observamos que a ACR (avaliada pelo TC6M) e o equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e mobilidade (avaliado pelo teste 8FUG) foram ambos associados &#224;s dimens&#245;es f&#237;sicas da QV. Al&#233;m disso, o equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e a mobilidade foram o &#250;nico componente da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica associado &#224; dimens&#227;o emocional da QV, enquanto a for&#231;a da parte superior do corpo (avaliada pelo Teste de for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual) e a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal n&#227;o foram associadas a nenhuma dimens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, an&#225;lises multivariadas mostraram que o equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e a mobilidade foram o &#250;nico componente da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica independentemente associado a todas as dimens&#245;es da QV, explicando 42% de varia&#231;&#227;o no escore total da QV, 32% da dimens&#227;o f&#237;sica e 37% da dimens&#227;o emocional da QV. Assim, de todos os componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, o equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e a mobilidade parecem ser os que melhor avaliam a QV em pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
      <p>Coletivamente, nossos dados sugerem que a melhora do componente espec&#237;fico da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica do equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e da mobilidade proporcionar&#225;, eventualmente, uma maior melhora na QV. O teste 8FUG reflete as demandas espec&#237;ficas de atividades como levantar-se de uma posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, caminhar pequenas dist&#226;ncias, voltar, parar e sentar-se.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Isso pode ser explicado pela ampla gama de habilidades f&#237;sicas, incluindo menor for&#231;a corporal, equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico, capacidade de caminhar, agilidade e velocidade da marcha8 envolvidas no teste 8FUG. Essas habilidades tamb&#233;m s&#227;o necess&#225;rias nas tarefas di&#225;rias normais de uma vida independente e aut&#244;noma, especialmente em idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Estudos futuros (por exemplo, programas de treinamento longitudinal) devem avaliar se um programa de treinamento f&#237;sico concentrado no aprimoramento das habilidades motoras (por exemplo, equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e mobilidade) pode melhorar os componentes f&#237;sicos e emocionais da QV na ICFEP em compara&#231;&#227;o com os padr&#245;es atuais.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O pequeno tamanho da amostra, o desenho transversal e de conveni&#234;ncia de nosso estudo limitam a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de nossos resultados. Apesar disso, nossa amostra re&#250;ne as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas usuais da popula&#231;&#227;o com ICFEP relatadas em grandes estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> com maior preval&#234;ncia de mulheres idosas e maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades. Mais estudos prospectivos de coorte com um tamanho amostral maior s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para fortalecer ou refutar nossas conclus&#245;es de que o equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e a mobilidade s&#227;o mais eficientes para avaliar a QV dos pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>No geral, nossos achados indicam que tanto a ACR quanto o equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e a mobilidade est&#227;o diretamente associados ao escore total e &#224;s dimens&#245;es f&#237;sicas da QV em pacientes com ICFEP, mas apenas o equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e a mobilidade foram associados concomitantemente &#224; dimens&#227;o emocional. An&#225;lises multivariadas revelaram que o equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico e a mobilidade superam a ACR na an&#225;lise da QV de pacientes com ICFEP. Al&#233;m disso, nossos dados sugerem que direcionar o tratamento especificamente para a agilidade e o equil&#237;brio motor pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia importante para aprimorar os ganhos de QV em todas as dimens&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>CIAFEL recebeu apoio da FCT atrav&#233;s do financiamento [UID/DTP/00617/2019]. A UnIC &#233; financiada pela FCT atrav&#233;s do financiamento [UID/IC/00051/2019] e [UID/DTP/00617/2019]. Este trabalho foi financiado pelos projetos [PTDC/MEC-CAR/30011/2017] [POCI-01-0145FEDER-030011]. Cristine Schmidt recebeu financiamento individual da CAPES [BEX 0554/14-6].</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dynamic Balance and Mobility Explain Quality of Life in HFpEF, Outperforming All the Other Physical Fitness Components</article-title>
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            <given-names>Lucimere</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6847-1314</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Delgado</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira-Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite-Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Adelino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto (FADEUP), Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o em Actividade F&#237;sica, Sa&#250;de e Lazer (CIAFEL), Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Unidade de Pesquisa Multidisciplinar em Biomedicina, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Departamento de Cardiologia, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular (UniC), Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Cristine Schmidt &#8226; CIAFEL &#8211; Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto. Rua Dr. Pl&#225;cido da Costa, 91. Postal Code 4200-450, Porto &#8211; Portugal E-mail: schmidtcristine@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and obtaining financing: Schmidt C, Santos M, Moreira-Gon&#231;alves D, Leite-Moreira A, Oliveira J; Acquisition of data: Schmidt C, Santos M, Bohn L, Delgado BM, Moreira-Gon&#231;alves D; Analysis and interpretation of the data, writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Schmidt C, Santos M, Bohn L, Delgado BM, Moreira-Gon&#231;alves D, Leite-Moreira A, Oliveira J; Statistical analysis: Schmidt C, Santos M, Bohn L, Delgado BM, Moreira-Gon&#231;alves D, Oliveira J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Physical fitness is an important determinant of quality of life (QoL) in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients. However, how the different physical fitness components correlate with the specific dimensions of QoL in HFpEF patients remains unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association between different physical fitness components and QoL dimensions in HFpEF patients, and, assess which physical fitness components were independently associated to QoL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Patients with HFpEF were assessed for physical fitness [dynamic balance and mobility (8-foot-up-and go test), upper body strength (handgrip), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (6-minute-walking test) and body composition (body mass index)] and for QoL (Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire). Partial correlation was used to verify the association between physical fitness components and QoL dimensions. The determination of independent predictors in QoL dimensions was assessed through stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis. Statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Both CRF and dynamic balance and mobility are significantly associated with the total score and physical dimensions of QoL (p&lt;0.05), but only dynamic balance and mobility were concomitantly associated with the emotional dimension (r=0.597; p=0.004). Dynamic balance and mobility were independently associated with total score (&#946;=0.651; r<sup>2</sup>=0.424; p=0.001), physical (&#946;=0.570; r<sup>2</sup>=0.324; p=0.04) and emotional (&#946;=0.611; r2=0.373 p=0.002) dimensions of QoL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Our data suggests that dynamic balance and mobility better assess QoL than CRF, which is commonly measured in clinical practice. Whether interventions specifically targeting dynamic balance and mobility have different impacts on QoL remains unknown. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):701-707)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Work-Life Balance/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Fitness</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Breathing Exercises</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Composition</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for half of all HF cases in the developed world&#8217;s population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The most common manifestation of the disease is exercise intolerance, which impacts on patients&#8217; ability to cope with activities of daily life and reduces their quality of life (QoL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Furthermore, QoL is related with poor outcomes, such as higher frequency of hospital readmission and higher mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Despite its high prevalence and poor prognosis, HFpEF remains a disease with no approved therapy that improves survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, current recommendations for the treatment of these patients highlight the importance to focus on effective therapies capable of alleviating symptoms and meaningfully improve QoL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Reduced levels of physical fitness are associated with poor QoL in patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Importantly, exercise training has shown to improve physical fitness, together with symptom and QoL improvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Because physical fitness and QoL are mutually related, targeting physical fitness with exercise training programs may be an effective strategy to accomplish the management recommendations of patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, physical fitness is a multicomponent (e.g. dynamic balance and mobility, muscular fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body composition)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and, in parallel, QoL is a multidimensional construct (e.g. general, emotional and physical).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Until now, it remains unknown how the different components of physical fitness correlate with the specific dimensions of QoL in HFpEF patients. To date, it has only been demonstrated that a higher CRF is associated with a better QoL, mainly regarding the physical dimension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, the influence of other physical fitness components on QoL dimensions is relatively unknown. Therefore, the clarification of this issue might have important clinical implications in the design of specific interventional programs for HFpEF patients targeting the physical fitness component, which most impacts on QoL, whether overall or one of its depressed dimensions.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the aims of the present study are twofold: i) to evaluate the association between different physical fitness components (CRP, upper body strength, dynamic balance and mobility, and body composition) and the QoL dimensions (total, physical and emotional) in HFpEF patients, and ii) to assess which of the physical fitness components are independently associated to different dimensions of QoL in this specific population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a Portuguese public hospital ( <italic>Centro Hospitalar do Porto - Hospital de Santo Antonio</italic> , Porto) with a convenience sample of HFpEF. Inclusion criteria was diagnosis of HFpEF according to the European Society of Cardiology guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Patients were excluded if they presented with unstable angina, acute coronary syndrome as primary diagnosis, symptomatic severe aortic stenosis, acute pulmonary embolism, acute myocarditis, decompensated heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension, complex ventricular arrhythmias, severe renal dysfunction, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, medical or orthopedic conditions that precluded independent ambulation and exercise testing.</p>
          <p>Patients who were potentially eligible to participate in the study were identified from the clinical files of the hospital cardiology department. A total of 30 patients were invited through phone calls by a cardiologist. Of those, 24 patients (17 women and 7 men) accepted to take part in the study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of <italic>Centro Hospitalar do Porto - Hospital de Santo Antonio</italic> ( <italic>N/S:</italic> 2015.125) and met the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
          <p>Data were collected from November 2016 to September 2017 during a single day in the hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Blood pressure</title>
            <p>A trained researcher performed blood pressure measurements after a 10 minute-rest in the sitting position. Blood pressure was assessed (Colin, BP 8 800; Critikron, Inc., USA) in both arms, and the arm showing the highest BP was used. SBP and DBP were computed as the average of 3 readings, with a 2-minute interval between them. Additional readings were performed when differences between readings exceeded 5 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood collection and biochemical determinations</title>
        <p>Peripheral venous blood (15 mL) was collected into an EDTA tube. The EDTA tubes were immediately placed on ice and allowed to clot for 30 minutes before centrifugation for 15 minutes at 1000xg. The plasma was aliquoted and stored at -80&#186;C for biochemical analysis. Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) was quantified in a certified laboratory using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (ARCHITECT BNP).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric and body composition measures</title>
        <p>Body height (cm) was measured in the upright position using a stadiometer (Holtain Ltd., Crymmych, UK).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Weight (kg), body mass index (BMI; kg&#183;m<sup>2</sup>), fat mass (%) and free fat mass (kg) were measured with patients wearing light clothes, using an electronic segmental body composition analyzer (Tanita, BC-418, Tokyo, Japan). Fat mass and free fat mass were measured using bioelectrical impedance. Patients were asked to fast for 10-12 hours, avoid vigorous physical exercise and alcohol intake before being measured. Waist circumference (cm) was measured at the midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest at the end of normal expiration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Obesity was determined as BMI equal or higher than 30 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Functional classification</title>
        <p>Patients were classified by the physician into subgroups based on their symptoms using the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. Patients&#8217; symptoms are based on how much they were limited during physical activity (class I to IV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography Evaluation</title>
        <p>Supine transthoracic echocardiography was performed using a cardiovascular ultrasound model Vivid E95<sup>&#174;</sup>(GE Healthcare). All quantitative echocardiographic measurements were performed by a single reader blinded to the results of the other evaluations, using a computerized off-line analysis station. Peak early diastolic tissue velocity was measured at the septal and lateral mitral annulus. Mitral inflow velocity was assessed by pulsed wave Doppler at the apical 4-chamber view, positioning the sample volume at the tip of the mitral leaflets. E/e&#8217; ratio was calculated as E wave divided by e&#8217; velocities. LV mass was estimated based on LV linear dimensions and indexed to body surface area, as recommended by ESC guidelines.17 LV hypertrophy was defined as LV mass indexed to body surface area (LV mass index) &gt;115 g&#183;m<sup>2</sup>in men or &gt;95 g&#183;m<sup>2</sup>in women. LV volumes were estimated by the modified Simpson method using the apical 4- and 2-chamber views, and LVEF was derived from volumes in the standard manner. LA volume was estimated by the method of disks using apical 4- and 2-chamber views at an end-systolic frame preceding mitral valve opening and was indexed to body surface area to derive LA volume index.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Physical Fitness</title>
        <p><bold>Dynamic balance and mobility.</bold> It was assessed with the 8-foot up and go (8FUG) test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The patient starts the evaluation in the sitting position. After a signal, the patient must stand up, walk 8 feet (2.44m), make a turn around a cone, and return back to the initial position as fast as possible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The patients tried to perform the test twice. Time (in seconds) to complete each trial was measured with a stopwatch and the result considered was the shorter time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p><bold>Upper body strength.</bold> Grip strength (kg) was isometrically measured using a Lafayette Instrument Hand dynamometer ( <italic>Model 78010, 78011, Indiana, USA</italic> ). Both arms were measured 3 times while patients were seated, with shoulder adducted and neutrally rotated, the elbow flexed at 90&#176;, and the forearm and wrist in a neutral position. The average between attempts was used as final score for each arm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p><bold>Cardiorespiratory fitness with pulmonary gas exchange assessment.</bold> It was assessed by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in a 25-m-long unobstructed corridor. Participants were instructed to walk the maximal distance in 6 minutes time. Resting stops were allowed when patients felt it to be necessary. The 6MWT was performed wearing a portable gas analyzer (K4b2, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) and a heart rate monitor (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland). Oxygen uptake (VO2; mL&#183;min-1&#183;kg-1) and heart rate (HR; bpm) were measured directly and continuously. Respiratory and HR measurements were collected in a breath-by-breath and beat-to-beat basis, respectively, and then, data were averaged over 5-s intervals. Data was calculated as the average of measures taken during the test total duration (6 minutes).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Health-related quality of life</title>
        <p>Health-related QoL was measured through an interview using the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLWHFQ). The MLHFQ encompasses 21 questions, whose purpose is to determine how disease affects the physical, psychological and socioeconomic conditions of the patients during the previous month.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The questions include symptoms and signs relevant to disease, levels of physical activity, work, social interaction, sexual activity, and emotions. The MLHFQ total score range from 0 to 105 (no impairment to maximum impairment). Two other scores can be determined: the physical dimension (8 items, 0&#8211;40), and the emotional dimension (5 items, 0&#8211;25). A higher MLHFQ score means a worse QoL. Answers options ranges from 0 (none) to 5 (very much), where 0 represents no limitation and 105 represents maximal limitation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Data normality was verified by Shapiro-Wilk test. Non-normally distributed variables were transformed into a natural logarithm (weight, fat mass, free fat mass, 8FUG, MLHFQ total score, MLHFQ physical and MLHFQ emotional) for subsequent analysis and then transformed back to the original scale for the purpose of clarity. Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical data are reported as absolute values and percentages. Pearson&#8217;s correlation was used to analyze the association between physical fitness components (dynamic balance and mobility, upper body strength, CRF and BMI) aiming to verify collinearity between variables (r&gt;0.75). Partial correlation (adjusted for age, gender and NYHA class) was used to assess the association between physical fitness components and QoL dimensions. A multivariate linear regression analysis, with stepwise selection of variables, was performed to determine the association between QoL dimensions and age, gender, NYHA functional class and physical fitness components, which were identified as potential independent predictors of QoL. The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS 24 software (SPSS, USA), and the statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
          <p>The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . The patients&#8217; mean age was 76&#177;6 years old, ranging from 59 to 85 years, and 71% (n=17) were females. Hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity (n=22, 92%), followed by dyslipidemia (n=17, 71%) and obesity (n=14, 58%). Regarding the NYHA functional class, 79% (n=19) of all patients were classified as class II. The average BNP level was 288.9&#177;191.5 pg&#183;mL-1. Regarding cardiac function, the mean ejection fraction was 60&#177;6%, 23% (n=6) of patients had E/e` &gt;15, while 90% (n=22) had LAVI &gt;34 mL&#183;m<sup>2</sup>. All patients had left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; General patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">All (n=24)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sociodemographic characteristics</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 &#177; 6.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female (n) (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (71%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Anthropometrics</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight (Kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">71.8 &#177; 15.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Waist circumference (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">100.9 &#177; 12.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body fat (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36.1&#177;6.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Free fat mass (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.4&#177;9.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Risk factors, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity (BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m2)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (58%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ex-smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (92%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (71%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Type 2 diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre-diabetic</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (38%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (50%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation (paroxysmal)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>COPD</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obstructive sleep apnea</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (25%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Clinical signs</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Resting HR (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">72 &#177; 16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">136 &#177; 19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">70 &#177; 14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">289 &#177; 192</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA class II</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (79%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA class III</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Medication (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACE-i/ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (71%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#223;-Blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (83%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Loop diuretics</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (75%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statin</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (67%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Digoxin</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MRAs</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cardiac Function</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/e&#180;</td>
                    <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/A</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVMI (gm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">231.3 &#177; 94.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAVI (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">44.2 &#177; 11.7</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ACEi/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker; MRAs: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; E/e&#180;: ratio of early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity; E/A: mitral ratio of peak early to late diastolic filing velocity; LVMI: left ventricle mass index; LAVI: left atrium volume index.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality of life</title>
          <p>The score of total MLHFQ scale was 26&#177;24, whereas the physical and emotional MLHFQ subscales&#8217; scores were 12&#177;13, and 5&#177;7, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Physical fitness</title>
          <p>Overall, the 6MWT distance, 8FUG and handgrip results were 312&#177;90 meters, 10.9&#177;3.6 seconds, and 18.6&#177;7.1kg, respectively. The mean VO<sub>2</sub>during the test was 11.2&#177; 2.3 mL&#183;min-1&#183;kg-1. A bivariate correlation between physical fitness components showed that the 8FUG test was inversely correlated with handgrip (r=-0.47; p=0.01) and 6MWT distance (r=-0.81; p&gt;0.001) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Bivariate correlation between physical fitness parameters</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Dynamic balance and mobility</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Upper body strength</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Cardiorespiratory fitness</th>
                    <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Body composition</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">8FUG</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Handgrip</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">6MWT</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">BMI</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">% FM</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">FFM</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8FUG</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.478 (0.018)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.816 (&lt;0.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.030 (0.888)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.184 (0.389)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.221 (0.299)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Handgrip</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.478 (0.018)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0.390 (0.060)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017 (0.939)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.362 (0.082)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.284 (0.179)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6MWT</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.816 (&lt;0.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.390 (0.060)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.074 (0.733)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.161 (0.453)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010 (0.964)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.030 (0.888)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017 (0.939)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.074 (0.733)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0.566 (0.004)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.533 (0.007)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fat Mass</td>
                    <td align="center">0.184 (0.389)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.362 (0.082)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.161 (0.453)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.566 (0.004)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.258 (0.224)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FFM</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.221 (0.299)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.284 (0.179)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010 (0.964)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.533 (0.007)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.258 (0.224)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>8FUG: 8-foot up and go test; 6MWT: six-minute walk test; BMI: body mass index; FM: fat mass; FFM: free fat mass. Data are r (p).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association between physical fitness and quality of life</title>
          <p>A partial correlation between QoL dimensions and physical fitness components are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . A better MLHFQ total score was directly correlated with 8FUG (r=0.563; p=0.008) and inversely correlated with 6MWT (r=-0.539; p=0.012) test results. Regarding MLHFQ physical, it was directly correlated with 8FUG (r=0.529; p=0.014) and inversely correlated with 6MWT (r=-0.478 p=0.028). Finally, MLHFQ emotional was directly correlated with 8FUG (r=0.597; p=0.004).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Partial correlation between quality of life dimensions and physical fitness components</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Dynamic balance and mobility</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Upper body strength</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Cardiorespiratory fitness</th>
                    <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Body composition</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">8FUG</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Handgrip</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">6MWT</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">BMI</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">% FM</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">FFM</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MLHFQ total</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.563 (0.008)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.118 (0.611)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.539 (0.012)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.208 (0.366)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.012 (0.957)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.372 (0.097)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MLHFQ physical</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.529 (0.014)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.261 (0.254)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.478 (0.028)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.260 (0.255)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.027 (0.909)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.353 (0.116)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MLHFQ emotional</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.597 (0.004)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.023 (0.919)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.394 (0.077)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.199 (0.388)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002 (0.993)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.297 (0.191)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Adjusted for age, gender and NYHA functional class. 8FUG, 8-foot up and go test. 6MWT, six-minute walk test. BMI, body mass index. FM, fat mass. FFM, free fat mass. MLHFQ, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Data are r (p).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> shows the multivariate regression analysis for QoL dimensions. All models were adjusted for age, gender and NHYA functional class as potential confounders. For MLHFQ total score, the 8FUG was the only physical fitness parameter that remained an independent predictor (&#946;=0.651; p=0.001). Similarly, for MLHFQ physical dimension, the 8FUG was the single physical fitness component that remained an independent predictor (&#946;=0.570; p=0.04). Finally, for MLHFQ emotional, the 8FUG was the single physical fitness component that remained an independent predictor (&#946;=0.611; p=0.002).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Stepwise regression analysis assessing which physical fitness components were independently associated with specific quality of life dimensions</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">&#946;</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">B</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">R2</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MLHFQ total</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ln 8FUG</td>
                    <td align="center">0.651</td>
                    <td align="center">5.015</td>
                    <td align="center">0.424</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MLHFQ physical</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ln 8FUG</td>
                    <td align="center">0.570</td>
                    <td align="center">3.788</td>
                    <td align="center">0.324</td>
                    <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MLHFQ emotional</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ln 8FUG</td>
                    <td align="center">0.611</td>
                    <td align="center">3.003</td>
                    <td align="center">0.373</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Ln 8FUG: natural logarithm of 8-foot up and go test; MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; &#946;: standardized regression coefficient; B: non-standardized regression coefficient; R<sup>2</sup>: adjusted coefficient of determination.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The data provided by our study indicates that physical fitness is positively correlated with QoL in HFpEF patients. In addition, dynamic balance and mobility was the only physical fitness component that was independently associated with QoL total score, and physical and emotional dimensions. These findings suggest that this specific component of physical fitness outperforms CRF in assessing HFpEF patients&#8217; QoL. In addition, it highlights the need to study interventions specifically targeting these fitness components to enhance QoL gains.</p>
        <p>Despite the high prevalence and poor prognosis of HFpEF, evidence-based therapies aimed at effectively reducing morbidity or mortality remains to be developed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These patients are often characterized by poor QoL<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and current treatment guidelines highlight the importance of aiming to improve patients&#8217; well-being.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Physical fitness is a multicomponent construct<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and several studies show it is a major determinant of QoL in HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Our results corroborate this finding, as we observed that QoL total score strongly correlated with physical fitness (e.g. dynamic balance and mobility, and CRF) in HFpEF patients.</p>
        <p>Because physical fitness might influence QoL, strategies targeting physical fitness might potentially improve QoL, independent of further health benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A recent meta-analysis showed that the combination of endurance exercise training together with cardiovascular drugs provide a clinically relevant improvement in both exercise capacity and QoL in HFpEF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, physical fitness and QoL are multicomponent and multidimensional constructs, respectively, and it is crucial to ascertain which dimension/component is better related to each other to maximize possible QoL improvements.</p>
        <p>Previous studies have shown that CRF is mainly associated with the physical dimension, but not necessarily with the total score or emotional dimension of QoL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> We observed that CRF (assessed by the 6MWT) and dynamic balance and mobility (assessed by 8FUG) were both associated with the physical dimensions of QoL. Moreover, dynamic balance and mobility were the only physical fitness components associated with the QoL emotional dimension, while upper body strength (assessed by handgrip) and body composition were not associated with any dimension. In addition, multivariate analysis revealed that the dynamic balance and mobility was the only physical fitness component independently associated with all QoL dimensions, explaining 42% of variance in the total score QoL, 32% of the physical dimension and 37% of the emotional dimension of QoL. Thus, of all physical fitness components, dynamic balance and mobility seems to be the one that better assess QoL in HFpEF patients.</p>
        <p>Collectively, our data suggest that improving the specific physical fitness component of dynamic balance and mobility will eventually result in the greatest QoL improvement. The 8FUG reflects the specific demands of activities, such as standing up from a sitting position, walking short distances, turning, stopping and sitting down.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> This might be explained by the wide range of physical abilities, including lower body strength, dynamic balance, walking ability, agility and gait speed<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> involved in the 8FUG. These abilities are also required during the normal daily tasks of an independent and autonomous life, especially among the elderly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Future studies (e.g. longitudinal training programs) should assess if an exercise training program focused on enhancing motor abilities (e.g. dynamic balance and mobility) can improve the physical and emotional components of QoL in HFpEF in comparison to current standard ones.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The small sample size, cross-sectional and convenience sampling design of our study limits the generalization of our results. Despite that, our sample assembles the usual clinical features of HFpEF population reported in large studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> with a higher prevalence of elderly women and a higher prevalence of comorbidities. Further prospective cohort studies with a larger sample size are needed to strengthen or refute our conclusions that dynamic balance and mobility are more efficient in assessing HFpEF patients&#8217; QoL.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Overall, our findings indicate that both CRF and dynamic balance and mobility are directly associated with the QoL total score and physical dimensions in patients with HFpEF, but only dynamic balance and mobility were concomitantly associated with the emotional dimension. Multivariate analyses revealed that dynamic balance and mobility outperforms CRF in assessing HFpEF patients&#8217; QoL. In addition, our data suggests that specifically targeting motor agility and balance may be an important strategy to enhance QoL gains in all dimensions.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Cristine Schmidt, from Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centro Hospitalar do Porto/HSA under the protocol number 2015-125. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>CIAFEL is supported by FCT under Grant [UID/DTP/00617/2019]. UnIC is supported by FCT under Grant [UID/IC/00051/2019] and [UID/DTP/00617/2019]. This work was supported by the project [PTDC/MEC-CAR/30011/2017] [POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030011]. Cristine Schmidt was supported by individual grant from CAPES [BEX 0554/14-6].</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
