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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">F766GVdHHsc9vy5CZXNRYZN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400699</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200219</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200219</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aterosclerose e Inflama&#231;&#227;o: Ainda Muito Caminho a Percorrer</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0570-4368</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neuenschwander</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Vera Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Vera Cruz, Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNIMEDBH</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da UNIMEDBH, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Wang &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista &#8211; Avenida Alfredo Balena 110, CEP 30130-110, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rwang@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>699</fpage>
      <lpage>700</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleucina-18</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Desde os trabalhos iniciais de Russell Ross<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sobre a import&#226;ncia da inflama&#231;&#227;o no desenvolvimento, na instabiliza&#231;&#227;o e ruptura da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, que podem resultar na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, houve crescimento das publica&#231;&#245;es sobre as vias de ativa&#231;&#227;o, amplia&#231;&#227;o e perpetua&#231;&#227;o do processo inflamat&#243;rio, que vai al&#233;m do simples entendimento fisiopatol&#243;gico, mas principalmente em encontrar oportunidades de tratamentos espec&#237;ficos, com intuito de diminuir o chamado &#8220;risco residual&#8221; (eventos cardiovasculares que ocorrem em pacientes mesmo com n&#237;veis de LDL colesterol dentro das metas terap&#234;uticas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estima-se que aproximadamente 100.000 casos novos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ocorrem por ano no Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> segundo dados do DATASUS, se consideramos taxas de mortalidade de 5-10%, &#233; de se esperar que aproximadamente 90.000 pacientes por ano v&#227;o para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Se todos os pacientes receberem dose m&#225;xima de estatina, mesmo assim, em torno de 40%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ainda apresentam risco residual de eventos, isto &#233;, 36.000 doentes s&#227;o de alto risco para novos eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, foi publicado um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> sobre o papel da Interleucina-18 (IL-18) e prote&#237;na precursora da trombina (TpP) na SCA. A TpP &#233; um marcador da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o, e neste estudo os autores observaram eleva&#231;&#227;o desta prote&#237;na nos pacientes com quadro de SCA, fato que corrobora com a import&#226;ncia do sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o neste cen&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Estudos anatomopatol&#243;gicos de placas demonstraram que a ruptura da capa fibr&#243;tica nem sempre &#233; acompanhada de uma SCA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> para uma &#8220;tempestade perfeita&#8221; &#233; necess&#225;rio a associa&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;placa vulner&#225;vel&#8221; com &#8220;sangue vulner&#225;vel&#8221; (estado de hipercoagulabilidade).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Este estudo corrobora que a TpP pode ser um biomarcador &#250;til para o diagn&#243;stico de SCA.</p>
    <p>As interleucinas s&#227;o mol&#233;culas sinalizadora entre c&#233;lulas do sistema inflamat&#243;rio, podendo induzir, proliferar e perpetuar a inflama&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m podem modular e reduzir a inflama&#231;&#227;o. A IL-18 &#233; produzida pelos macr&#243;fagos, em resposta a ao processo de fagocitose e produzido via sistema de caspases, age nas c&#233;lulas Th1 estimulando a produ&#231;&#227;o de interferon-g (INF-g) e Interleucina-1b,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e sua eleva&#231;&#227;o na aterosclerose est&#225; associada a ruptura de placa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Placas consideradas vulner&#225;veis apresentam n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico com presen&#231;a de grande n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, principalmente macr&#243;fagos. A inflama&#231;&#227;o age inibindo as c&#233;lulas musculares lisas o que acarreta na forma&#231;&#227;o de uma capa fibrosa mais fina, portanto mais propensa &#224; ruptura.</p>
    <p>Por ser um estudo transversal, temos a limita&#231;&#227;o em estabelecer nexo causal, IL-18 causou a SCA ou a SCA causou a eleva&#231;&#227;o da IL-18? Neste contexto, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da IL-18 pode ser secund&#225;ria a necrose mioc&#225;rdica como sugerido por Seta et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> pois durante o processo de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e reparo h&#225; ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema inflamat&#243;rio, incluindo os macr&#243;fagos. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, &#233; relacionado a amostra, que al&#233;m de pequena, foi por conveni&#234;ncia, o que por si, pode ser uma fonte de vi&#233;s. O grupo controle pode ser problem&#225;tico, foi selecionado a partir de pacientes submetidos a coronariografia, esta sem evid&#234;ncias de les&#227;o obstrutiva angiogr&#225;fica (lembramos que por algum motivo estes foram submetidos a um procedimento invasivo). A coronariografia tem limita&#231;&#245;es em diagnosticar aterosclerose,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> pois na fase inicial da aterosclerose ocorre o efeito de remodelamento positivo (efeito Glagov); placas com 70% de &#225;rea total do vaso, podem se apresentar na angiografia com les&#227;o menos 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Portanto, a coronariografia n&#227;o deveria ser utilizada como padr&#227;o ouro para afastar aterosclerose. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; sabido que as placas que mais provocam SCA s&#227;o placas leves e inflamadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estas limita&#231;&#245;es poderiam explicar os n&#237;veis mais elevados (apesar de estatisticamente n&#227;o significativos) de IL-18 no grupo controle em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel neste estudo (663,25 pf/mL &#177; 993,93 versus 353,81 pg/mL&#177; 273,65 respectivamente, p = NS).</p>
    <p>O bloqueio da IL-18 deve ser usado na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria? Ou melhorar o remodelamento ventricular p&#243;s infarto? Dada a complexidade do sistema imunol&#243;gico, e sua import&#226;ncia na conten&#231;&#227;o de processo infecciosos e no sistema de dano-reparo celular, o seu bloqueio pode ter consequ&#234;ncias. No caso da IL-18, que &#233; parte do sistema caspase, respons&#225;vel pelo combate a infec&#231;&#245;es intracelulares, poder&#237;amos observar o aumento de infec&#231;&#245;es tais como a tuberculose. No estudo Cantos (Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerosis Disease), no qual o bloqueio da interleucina 1-b esteve associado com discreto aumento das taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o (n&#227;o significativo), artrite e c&#226;ncer fatal (estatisticamente significativo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao remodelamento, os resultados s&#227;o conflitantes, bloqueio da Interleucina 1b com anakira foi promissor,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> mas o bloqueio do fator de necrose tumoral gama aumentou a mortalidade. Em modelos experimentais, ao bloqueio da IL-18, se mostra promissor em melhorar o remodelamento p&#243;s infarto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar do entusiasmo inicial com os resultados do uso de colchicina e canakinumab, os benef&#237;cios l&#237;quidos ainda s&#227;o t&#237;midos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Por isso da necessidade de investigar outras vias inflamat&#243;rias. Ainda temos mais perguntas do que respostas: Qual via bloquear? Quando (preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria)? E qual intensidade e por quanto tempo?</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atherosclerosis and Inflammation: Still a Long Way to Go</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0570-4368</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neuenschwander</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Vera Cruz, Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da UNIMEDBH, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ricardo Wang &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista &#8211; Avenida Alfredo Balena 110, Postal Code 30130-110, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rwang@terra.com.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleukin-18</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Role of Interleukin-18 and the Thrombus Precursor Protein in Coronary Artery Disease.</p>
      <p>Ever since the initial works by Russell Ross<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> on the importance of inflammation in the development, instability and rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque, which can result in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or stroke, there has been an increase in publications on the activation pathways, expansion and perpetuation of the inflammatory process, which goes beyond the simple pathophysiological understanding, but mainly in finding specific treatment opportunities, aiming to reduce the so-called &#8220;residual risk&#8221; (cardiovascular events that occur in patients even when LDL cholesterol levels are within the therapeutic goals).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is estimated that approximately 100,000 new cases of acute myocardial infarction occur each year in Brazil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> according to data from DATASUS. If we consider mortality rates of 5-10%, it is expected that approximately 90,000 patients per year will go to secondary prevention. If all patients receive a maximum statin dose, even so, approximately 40%2 will still have a residual risk of events, i.e., 36,000 patients will be at high risk for new cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>This issue brings a study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> on the role of Interleukin-18 (IL-18) and thrombin precursor protein (TpP) in ACS. TpP is a marker of the coagulation system activation and, in this study, the authors observed an increase in this protein in patients with ACS, a fact that corroborates the importance of the coagulation system in this scenario.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Anatomopathological studies of plaques have shown that the fibrotic layer rupture is not always accompanied by ACS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> as for a &#8220;perfect storm&#8221; to occur, it is necessary to associate a &#8220;vulnerable plaque&#8221; with &#8220;vulnerable blood&#8221; (hypercoagulable state).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This study corroborates that TpP can be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of ACS.</p>
      <p>Interleukins are signaling molecules among cells of the inflammatory system, which can induce, proliferate and perpetuate inflammation, but they can also modulate and reduce inflammation. IL-18 is produced by macrophages, in response to the phagocytosis process and it is produced via the caspase system, acts on Th1 cells by stimulating the production of interferon-g (INF-g) and Interleukin1b,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and its elevation in atherosclerosis is associated with plaque rupture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Plaques considered vulnerable have a necrotic nucleus with a large number of inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages. Inflammation acts by inhibiting smooth muscle cells, which leads to the formation of a thinner fibrous cap, therefore more prone to rupture.</p>
      <p>As this is a cross-sectional study, there is a limitation in establishing a causal association; did IL-18 cause ACS or did ACS cause IL-18 elevation? In this context, the elevation of IL-18 may be secondary to myocardial necrosis as suggested by Seta et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> because during the process of myocardial necrosis and repair, the activation of the inflammatory system occurs, including macrophages. Another limitation of this study is related to the sample, which in addition to being small, was obtained by convenience, which in itself can be a source of bias. The control group can be a problem, as it was selected from patients submitted to coronary angiography, who had no evidence of obstructive angiographic lesion (we recall that, for some reason, they were submitted to an invasive procedure). The coronary angiography has limitations in diagnosing atherosclerosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> because in its initial phase, there is a positive remodeling effect (Glagov effect); plaques with 70% of the total area of the vessel, may present on the angiography as a lesion smaller than 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Therefore, the coronary angiography should not be used as the gold standard to rule out atherosclerosis. Moreover, it is known that the plaques that most often result in ACS are mild and inflamed plaques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> These limitations could explain the higher levels (although not statistically significant) of IL-18 in the control group, when compared to patients with stable coronary disease in this study (663.25 pg/mL &#177; 993.93 versus 353.81 pg/mL &#177; 273.65, respectively, p = NS).</p>
      <p>Should IL-18 be blocked for primary prevention? Or should post-infarction ventricular remodeling be improved? Given the complexity of the immune system, and its importance in containing infectious processes and in the cell damage-repair system, its blocking might have consequences. In the case of IL-18, which is part of the caspase system, responsible for fighting intracellular infections, we could observe an increase in infections such as tuberculosis. In the Cantos (Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerosis Disease) study, interleukin 1-b blocking was associated with a slight increase in infection rates (not significant), arthritis and fatal cancer (statistically significant).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Regarding remodeling, the results are conflicting; interleukin 1b blocking with anakinra was promising,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> but the blocking of tumor necrosis factor gamma increased mortality. In experimental models, blocking IL-18 has shown to be promising in improving post-infarction remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite the initial enthusiasm for the results of using colchicine and canakinumab, the net benefits are still limited.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Therefore, it is necessary to investigate other inflammatory pathways. We still have more questions than answers: Which pathway should be blocked? When (primary or secondary prevention)? And at what intensity and for how long?</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
