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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RKnQxzpKRQvvbbr69Jggk5K</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400692</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190176</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190176</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papel da Interleucina 18 e da Prote&#237;na Precursora do Trombo na Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8589-3826</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scherr</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ataide</surname>
            <given-names>Kezia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ludmila</surname>
            <given-names>Talita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blanco</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangia</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de &#8211; Cardiologia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia/Hipertens&#227;o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243; Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243; Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Scherr &#8226; Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 595 / 1204. CEP 22410-003, Ipanema, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>carlos.scherr@all.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Scherr C, Albuquerque DC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Scherr C, Ataide K, Ludmila T, Blanco F, Mangia CM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Scherr C, Albuquerque DC, Ataide K; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Scherr C, Albuquerque DC, Pozzan R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Scherr C, Albuquerque DC, Ludmila T.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>692</fpage>
      <lpage>698</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A insufici&#234;ncia coronariana constitui a principal causa de morte no mundo, e a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de maior risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) constitui um desafio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Testar os biomarcadores interleucina 18 (IL-18) e prote&#237;na precursora do trombo (TpP), envolvidos na aterog&#234;nese, para aux&#237;lio na avalia&#231;&#227;o precoce de DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Coorte transversal de 119 pacientes, estratificados em tr&#234;s grupos: Grupo I &#8211; s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (39); Grupo II &#8211; DAC cr&#244;nica (40); e Grupo III &#8211; controle, sem les&#227;o coronariana, mas podendo apresentar fatores de risco para DAC (40). An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica atrav&#233;s do programa estat&#237;stico SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) para Windows vers&#227;o 17.0 de 2008. Fixou-se em 0,05 ou 5% (p&lt;0,05) n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Teste do qui-quadrado (&#967;2). An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), Teste de Tukey.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Idade m&#233;dia, 60,36&#177;9,64 anos; preval&#234;ncia do sexo feminino no Grupo III (65,0% p=0,002), por&#233;m sem significado estat&#237;stico para os valores m&#233;dios de IL-18 e TpP. Os valores m&#233;dios de IL-18 e TpP mostravam-se aumentados no Grupo I, quando comparados aos valores dos demais grupos: IL-18 = 1325,44&#177;1860,13 ng/dL, p=0,002; TpP = 35,86&#177;28,36 &#181;g/mL, p&lt;0,001. Na compara&#231;&#227;o dois a dois, observou-se que o Grupo I apresentou valor m&#233;dio de IL-18 e TpP maior que o do Grupo II (IL-18 = 353,81&#177;273,65 ng/dL; TpP = 25,66&#177;12,17 &#181;g/mL) e o do Grupo III (IL-18 = 633,25&#177;993,93 ng/dL; TpP=18,00&#177;8,45 &#181;g/mL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Na vig&#234;ncia de DAC aguda, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o desses biomarcadores, sugerindo rela&#231;&#227;o com o processo de instabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, mas n&#227;o com a fase cr&#244;nica. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):692-698)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleucina 18</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose/tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda/ preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233;, no s&#233;culo XXI, uma das principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, e sua import&#226;ncia est&#225; em suas altas morbidade e mortalidade. A identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de maior risco torna-se necess&#225;ria para contribuir para melhora desse quadro e racionaliza&#231;&#227;o de custos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A medicina moderna tem evolu&#237;do rapidamente no &#226;mbito da preven&#231;&#227;o, da detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e do rastreamento de doen&#231;as, n&#227;o se restringindo ao tratamento. Nesse sentido, a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce, associada ao tratamento imediato da doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), tornou-se um dos empreendimentos mais desafiadores para m&#233;dicos e pesquisadores em todo o mundo. Numerosos biomarcadores t&#234;m sido estudados nos &#250;ltimos anos no diagn&#243;stico, no progn&#243;stico, na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos e no monitoramento terap&#234;utico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, a primeira iniciativa em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o &#233; aplicar estrat&#233;gias para identificar o indiv&#237;duo com probabilidade de apresentar eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos. Nesse sentido, al&#233;m de os fatores de risco amplamente conhecidos contribu&#237;rem no processo de identifica&#231;&#227;o de vulner&#225;veis, o uso de biomarcadores envolvidos na aterog&#234;nese pode constituir pe&#231;a-chave na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica, multifatorial, lenta e progressiva, resultante de in&#250;meras respostas celulares e moleculares espec&#237;ficas que levam &#224; agress&#227;o endotelial, acometendo principalmente a camada &#237;ntima de art&#233;rias de m&#233;dio e grosso calibre.</p>
      <p>Em geral, a ruptura da capsula fibrosa da placa ateroscler&#243;tica leva a trombose, que, em menor propor&#231;&#227;o, pode resultar da eros&#227;o endotelial superficial. As placas que se rompem geralmente est&#227;o associadas a inflama&#231;&#227;o da &#237;ntima e da advent&#237;cia, hemorragia intraplaca, exposi&#231;&#227;o de material trombog&#234;nico na circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea disparando ac&#250;mulo de plaquetas, ativa&#231;&#227;o da cascata de coagula&#231;&#227;o e deposi&#231;&#227;o de fibrina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A resposta inflamat&#243;ria na aterog&#234;nese consiste em mudan&#231;as funcionais em c&#233;lulas endoteliais, linf&#243;citos T, macr&#243;fagos derivados de mon&#243;citos, c&#233;lulas dos m&#250;sculos lisos e nos est&#225;gios iniciais, provocada pelo acumulo de lip&#237;deos nas paredes das art&#233;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A ativa&#231;&#227;o dessas c&#233;lulas desencadeia a forma&#231;&#227;o e intera&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias citocinas, mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o, fatores de crescimento, ac&#250;mulo de lip&#237;deos e prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso. Al&#233;m desses fatores, a resposta inflamat&#243;ria pode ser induzida por estresse oxidativo (oxida&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade - LDL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Atualmente, novos biomarcadores v&#234;m sendo estudados, em associa&#231;&#227;o a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou cr&#244;nica e correlacionados ao valor progn&#243;stico; este &#233; o objetivo do presente estudo.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, foram avaliados dois biomarcadores: a prote&#237;na precursora do trombo (TpP) e a interleucina 18 (IL-18) em indiv&#237;duos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com e sem supradesnivelamento de ST, angina inst&#225;vel (AI), doen&#231;a arterial coronariana cr&#244;nica e indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o apresentavam evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana obstrutiva, por&#233;m na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para DAC. A escolha dos biomarcadores foi baseada no envolvimento destes com o processo inflamat&#243;rio (IL-18) e tromb&#243;tico (TpP), inserido no contexto de aterosclerose e agudiza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. TpP &#233; um biomarcador usado para estimativa de pol&#237;meros de fibrina sol&#250;veis. N&#237;veis elevados de TpP s&#227;o indicativos de estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico e de trombog&#234;nese em atividade. Nos pacientes com SCA, o aumento dos n&#237;veis desse biomarcador est&#227;o associados a maior risco de morte e complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas; portanto, a TpP tem-se mostrado um marcador independente para desfechos cardiovasculares adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O biomarcador IL-18 &#233; uma citocina pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria, intimamente relacionada com a instabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, sendo por isso boa preditora de eventos indesej&#225;veis na SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em estudo observacional, a IL-18 tamb&#233;m se mostrou boa preditora de eventos cardiovasculares adversos em coronariopatas cr&#244;nicos ao longo de dois anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudar pacientes vulner&#225;veis a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e at&#233; mesmo poder dispor de par&#226;metros de gravidade naqueles com doen&#231;a j&#225; presente atrav&#233;s de novos marcadores tem sido um desafio para as pesquisas m&#233;dicas na atualidade. Nesse contexto, os novos biomarcadores conquistam um espa&#231;o importante, considerando-se o aspecto de morbidade e mortalidade da doen&#231;a coronariana, podendo vir a ser preditores de eventos cardiovasculares e, assim, contribuir para preven&#231;&#227;o, detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e rastreamento da DAC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivo prim&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Avaliar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dos biomarcadores interleucina 18 (IL-18) e prote&#237;na precursora do trombo (TpP) em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou cr&#244;nica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo-controle.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivos secund&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dos biomarcadores interleucina 18 (IL-18) e prote&#237;na precursora do trombo (TpP) com a cronicidade, agudiza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou aus&#234;ncia de processo ateroscler&#243;tico coronariano obstrutivo.</p>
        <p>Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o dos dados epidemiol&#243;gicos, antropom&#233;tricos e fatores de risco da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada com os biomarcadores interleucina 18 (IL-18) e prote&#237;na precursora do trombo (TpP).</p>
        <p>Nessa coorte transversal, foram estudados 119 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, maiores de 30 anos de idade, estratificados em tr&#234;s grupos: agudo (Grupo I &#8211; n=39), cr&#244;nico (Grupo II &#8211; n=40) e controle (Grupo III &#8211; n=40), de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o estabelecidos para o estudo e comparados com o montante de dois biomarcadores: IL-18 e TpP.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes pertencentes ao Grupo I (agudo) foram recrutados a partir de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica t&#237;pica de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (IAMSST, IAMCSST e AI), acrescida dos dados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e enzimas card&#237;acas no momento da admiss&#227;o. Uma vez identificados, foi coletado sangue em at&#233; 48 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas, para posterior dosagem dos biomarcadores. A sele&#231;&#227;o foi feita de forma sequencial, respeitando-se os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, &#224; medida que esses pacientes davam entrada na unidade hospitalar. Os pacientes pertencentes ao Grupo II foram selecionados de forma sequencial a partir da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de DAC cr&#244;nica comprovada por algum m&#233;todo de imagem (cateterismo card&#237;aco - CAT ou angiotomografia de coronon&#225;ria - angio-TCc) ou relato cl&#237;nico de IAM pr&#233;vio (com exames complementares comprobat&#243;rios &#8211; eletrocardiograma - ECG e marcadores mioc&#225;rdicos). O Grupo III (controle) foi constitu&#237;do por pacientes que apresentavam fatores de risco para DAC na aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva no momento da admiss&#227;o ao banco de dados. A aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica obstrutiva foi descartada atrav&#233;s de cateterismo card&#237;aco ou angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Grupo I (agudo) &#8211; SCA (IAMCSST, IAMSSST e AI): a) IAM com ou sem supradesnivelamento de ST comprovado por curva de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica positiva (troponina), associada ao ECG; b) AI a partir da cl&#237;nica classicamente descrita e exames complementares (eletrocardiograma - ECG e cateterismo card&#237;aco - CAT); c) dosagem dos biomarcadores realizada nas primeiras 48 horas a partir do in&#237;cio dos sintomas.</p>
        <p>Grupo II (cr&#244;nico) &#8211; DAC cr&#244;nica: a) comprova&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;todo de imagem (cateterismo card&#237;aco ou angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias) ou por hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233;via &#8211; IAM pr&#233;vio (diagn&#243;stico com mais de seis meses comprovado por ECG e marcadores de necrose).</p>
        <p>Grupo III (controle): a) presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de um ou mais fatores de risco para DAC: HAS, dislipidemia (DLP), DM, sedentarismo, tabagismo, ex-tabagismo, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, obesidade; b) exame de imagem card&#237;aca que comprove aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva &#8211; CAT ou angio-TCc &#8211; realizado nos &#250;ltimos seis meses que antecederam a admiss&#227;o ao banco de dados.</p>
        <p>Foram adotados os seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Grupo I (agudo)</bold>: a) revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com menos de seis meses; b) insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica em tratamento dial&#237;tico ou <italic>clearence</italic> &lt;30 mL/min; c) doen&#231;as terminais; d) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via &#224; SCA &lt;40% (Simpson); e) n&#227;o ter assinado o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Grupo II (cr&#244;nico)</bold>: os mesmos do Grupo I, mais: a) DM descompensado; b) IAM com menos de seis meses; c) angina inst&#225;vel; d) angina est&#225;vel de classe IV pela Sociedade Canadense Cardiovascular; d) classes funcionais III e IV pela New York Heart Association (NYHA).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Grupo III (controle)</bold>: a) presen&#231;a de qualquer les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva, mesmo que incipiente; b) insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica em tratamento dial&#237;tico ou <italic>clearence</italic> &lt;30 mL/min; c) doen&#231;as terminais; d) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;40% (pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson); e) angina est&#225;vel; f) angina inst&#225;vel; g) IAM; h) DM descompensado; i) classes funcionais III e IV pela NYHA; j) n&#227;o ter assinado o TCLE.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todos de armazenamento e laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Para dosagem da TpP foram coletados 4 mL de sangue venoso, colocado em tubo com citrato de s&#243;dio e centrifugado. Ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, foram retiradas duas al&#237;quotas de 1 mL de plasma cada para serem congeladas a -80&#176;C. A an&#225;lise foi realizada posteriormente, atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo ELISA. Para dosagem da IL-18 foram coletados 8 mL de sangue venoso e colocado em tubo com sorogel. Ap&#243;s a coleta, aguardaram-se 30 min para retra&#231;&#227;o do co&#225;gulo e posterior centrifuga&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, foram retiradas duas al&#237;quotas de 1 mL de soro cada para serem congeladas a -80&#176;C. A an&#225;lise tamb&#233;m foi realizada posteriormente pelo m&#233;todo ELISA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo programa estat&#237;stico SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences para Windows, vers&#227;o 17.0, de 2008). Fixou-se em 0,05 ou 5% o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia (p&lt;0,05) e o intervalo de confian&#231;a em 95%. Foram utilizados os seguintes m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos: an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA One-way F), utilizada para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e que tinham homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncias pelo teste de Levene; teste de Tukey, usado como complementa&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis 2 a 2; teste do qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ), utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas de amostras independentes. O <italic>n</italic> amostral desse estudo foi determinado por uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, por&#233;m seguiu a ordem de recrutamento, ou seja: os primeiros 39 pacientes em fase aguda das duas institui&#231;&#245;es participantes, os 40 primeiros cr&#244;nicos e os 40 controles.</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica do HUPE e do INC, onde os pacientes foram recrutados, sob os n&#250;meros 2667/2010 CAAE: 0115.0.228.000-10 e 141.432/2012 CAAE: 09086412.9.1001.5272, respectivamente. Os participantes assinaram o TCLE antes de qualquer procedimento relacionado ao estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 59,5&#177;9,7 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o: 35 a 83 anos), sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Nos Grupos I e II houve predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino e, no Grupo III, do feminino (p = 0,002). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco da amostra geral, chama aten&#231;&#227;o a alta incid&#234;ncia de sedentarismo, sobrepeso ou obesidade e hipertens&#227;o arterial em todos os grupos.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os fatores de risco para DAC entre os grupos estudados. Observou-se que apenas dislipidemia, ex-tabagismo e sedentarismo apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Comparado aos demais grupos, o Grupo II apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos dislipid&#234;micos; o Grupo III apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o tabagistas que os outros grupos; e o Grupo I apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos demais. N&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores de risco, etnia ou sexo com os resultados obtidos com os marcadores em todos os grupos analisados.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fatores de risco para DAC entre os grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="9" style="font-weight:normal">Fatores de risco</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="9" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Grupo I</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Grupo II</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Grupo III</th>
                <th rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Teste estatistico</th>
                <th rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">79,5</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">70,0</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">80,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,495</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">20,5</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">30,0</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">20,0</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DLP</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">41,0</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">80,0</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">45,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=14,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">59,0</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">20,0</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DM</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">30,8</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">25,0</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">20,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,544</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">69,2</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">80,0</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TAB</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=5</td>
                <td align="center">0,079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">92,3</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">87,5</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ex-TAB</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">38,5</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">17,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=12,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">61,5</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">45,0</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">82,5</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SEDENT</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">97,4</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">77,5</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">77,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">22,5</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">22,5</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SOB/OBES</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">76,9</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">77,5</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">67,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,521</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">23,1</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">22,5</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">32,5</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IRC</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,351</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">94,9</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">95,0</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Grupo I: pacientes agudos (SCA); Grupo II: pacientes cr&#244;nicos (DAC); Grupo III: grupo-controle (com Risk factors para DAC, mas sem les&#227;o coronariana); DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DLP: dislipidemia; DM: diabetes melito; TAB: tabagismo; Ex-TAB: ex-tabagismo; SEDENT: sedentarismo; SOB/OBES: sobrepeso/obesidade; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica. Corrigido pelo teste exato de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os valores m&#233;dios dos marcadores IL-18 e TpP intergrupos e intragrupos s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores m&#233;dios dos biomarcadores IL-18 e TpP dos grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Biomarcadores</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo I</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo II</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo III</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Teste estat&#237;stico</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Comp 2 a 2</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-18 (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">1325,44</td>
                <td align="center">353,81</td>
                <td align="center">633,25</td>
                <td align="center">F=6.61</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">GI&gt;GII</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">(&#177;1860,13)</td>
                <td align="center">(&#177;273,65)</td>
                <td align="center">(&#177;993,93)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">GII=GIII</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">GI&gt;GIII</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TpT (&#181;g/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">35,86&#177;28,36</td>
                <td align="center">25,66&#177;12,17</td>
                <td align="center">18,0&#177;8,45</td>
                <td align="center">F=9,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">GI&gt;GII</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">GII=GIII</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">GI&gt;GIII</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferen&#231;as dos valores m&#233;dios de IL-18 entre os grupos, observou-se que o Grupo I apresentou valores maiores que os dos demais grupos (1325,44&#177;1860,13 pg/mL), com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Na compara&#231;&#227;o dois a dois, o Grupo I apresentou m&#233;dia maior que os Grupos II (353,81&#177;273,65 pg/mL) e III (633,25&#177;993,93 pg/mL), por&#233;m os Grupos II e III apresentaram m&#233;dias estatisticamente iguais. Os pacientes com instabilidade da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica apresentaram n&#237;veis maiores de IL-18 quando comparados &#224;queles que tinham les&#227;o coronariana est&#225;vel ou &#224;queles que tinham fatores de risco para DAC na aus&#234;ncia de processo ateroscler&#243;tico coronariano, o que nos possibilita inferir que o aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-18 pode estar associado a instabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao biomarcador TpP entre os grupos, observaram-se valores maiores no Grupo I (35,86&#177;28,36 &#181;g/mL, respectivamente, p&lt;0,001) quando comparados aos demais grupos. Na compara&#231;&#227;o dois a dois, o Grupo I tamb&#233;m apresentou m&#233;dia maior que a dos Grupos II (25,66&#177;12,17 &#181;g/mL) e III (18,0&#177;8,45 &#181;g/mL); por&#233;m, quando se compararam os Grupos II e III, observou-se que as m&#233;dias foram estatisticamente iguais ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos portadores de aterosclerose &#233; fundamental para se institu&#237;rem medidas de tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, como tamb&#233;m aqueles com poss&#237;vel evolu&#231;&#227;o mais desfavor&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Mallat et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> evidenciaram que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-18 no plasma est&#227;o aumentadas nos pacientes com SCA com ou sem necrose mioc&#225;rdica, ressaltando tamb&#233;m que as concentra&#231;&#245;es se correlacionam &#224; gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Estudaram uma casu&#237;stica de 53 pacientes, admitidos em unidade cardiointensiva com dor tor&#225;cica e altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, de forma sequencial; ap&#243;s an&#225;lise da troponina, esses pacientes foram selecionados para o grupo de AI ou de IAM. Os pacientes pertencentes ao grupo de AI apresentaram valor m&#233;dio de IL-18 de 214,7 (116,6 a 297,0) pg/mL, e os pertencentes ao grupo de IAM apresentaram valor m&#233;dio de 164,6 (53,6 a 602,5) pg/mL. Esses pacientes foram comparados a mais dois grupos: um com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel ( <italic>n</italic> =9) e outro grupo ( <italic>n</italic> =11) sem les&#227;o coronariana (grupo-controle). Observou-se que os valores m&#233;dios das concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-18 no grupo-controle (46,8 [34,2 a 68,2] pg/mL) foram significativamente diferentes daqueles dos pacientes com angina est&#225;vel (85,7 [56,0 a 157,7] pg/mL, p&lt;0,01), sugerindo que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-18 em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel podem estar associadas &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana avan&#231;ada. No grupo de pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel, as concentra&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de IL-18 foram significativamente maiores do que no grupo-controle (p&lt;0,001) ou no grupo com angina est&#225;vel (p=0,001). No grupo de pacientes com IAM, as concentra&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de IL-18 tamb&#233;m foram significativamente superiores &#224;s do grupo-controle (p&lt;0,001) ou do grupo com angina est&#225;vel (p&lt;0,01). As concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-18 n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre o grupo com angina inst&#225;vel e o grupo com IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No mesmo estudo, observou-se que as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de IL-18 est&#227;o significativamente correlacionadas &#224; gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, avaliadas pela determina&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) ventricular; a FE m&#233;dia entre os grupos foi de 55% e os valores m&#233;dios da IL-18 foram de 46,8 pg/mL para pacientes sem les&#227;o coronariana, 85,7 pg/mL para pacientes com angina est&#225;vel, 214 pg/mL para aqueles com angina inst&#225;vel e 164,6 pg/mL para pacientes com IAM. Na compara&#231;&#227;o com os resultados encontrados neste estudo, observou-se que a FE m&#233;dia entre os grupos foi de 65,09%, e os valores m&#233;dios da concentra&#231;&#227;o de IL-18 foram maiores no Grupo I quando comparados aos do Grupo II e aos do Grupo III, por&#233;m nesta popula&#231;&#227;o ( <italic>n</italic> =119) obteve-se distribui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica dentro da normalidade para todos os grupos, sendo que o Grupo I apresentou discreta redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com FE normal, sem significado estat&#237;stico. Tamb&#233;m se observou que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-18 entre os pacientes com DAC cr&#244;nica e sem les&#227;o coronariana foram estatisticamente equivalentes, n&#227;o se replicando os resultados anteriores.</p>
      <p>Blankenberg et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> evidenciaram em seu estudo prospectivo, realizado com uma coorte de 1229 pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana documentada e acompanhados pelo tempo m&#233;dio de 3,9 anos, que 95 pacientes morreram por causas cardiovasculares e que as concentra&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de IL-18 no soro foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes que tiveram evento cardiovascular fatal do que naqueles que n&#227;o apresentaram tal evento (68,4 pg/mL &#215; 58,7 pg/mL, p&lt;0,001). Nesse estudo foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com angina est&#225;vel ( <italic>n</italic> =855) e pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel ( <italic>n</italic> =373) e avaliado o valor preditivo da IL-18 em rela&#231;&#227;o a morte cardiovascular. Observou-se que, em ambos os grupos, houve n&#237;tido aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares fatais de acordo com o valor m&#233;dio da IL-18, por&#233;m o grupo dos pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel apresentou valor mais elevado desse marcador. Os autores chamam aten&#231;&#227;o para essa &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, pois o grupo de angina inst&#225;vel tem um tamanho amostral menor do que o grupo dos pacientes com angina est&#225;vel; portanto, o n&#237;vel de IL-18 no soro pode ser identificado como forte preditor independente de morte por causas cardiovasculares em pacientes com DAC, independentemente do estado cl&#237;nico &#224; admiss&#227;o. Esse resultado corrobora fortemente as evid&#234;ncias experimentais de inflama&#231;&#227;o mediada pela IL-18, possibilitando a acelera&#231;&#227;o e vulnerabilidade da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos evidenciam que o aumento da IL-18 no soro est&#225; associado tamb&#233;m a alguns fatores de risco, como diabetes melito (DM) tipo 2 e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, al&#233;m da gravidade da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Suchanek et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> analisaram o aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-18 no soro em pacientes com DAC e DM tipo 2. Os autores avaliaram um grupo de 130 pacientes com DAC avan&#231;ada (pelo menos duas les&#245;es coronarianas, uma delas com estenose &gt;70%), tendo sido selecionados 43 com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DM em tratamento e outro grupo com 31 pacientes saud&#225;veis (grupo-controle). Os grupos foram pareados de forma semelhante para idade, IMC, DLP, tabagismo; observou-se maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de IL-18 em pacientes com DAC (463,48&#177;111,7 pg/mL) quando comparados ao grupo-controle (248,99&#177;103,69 pg/mL), por&#233;m os pacientes com DAC e DM apresentaram maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de IL-18 quando comparados aos pacientes com DAC sem DM (500 pg/mL &#215; 430 pg/mL, p=0,04). Os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela eleva&#231;&#227;o da IL-18 em pacientes diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o foram totalmente esclarecidos, mas acredita-se que controle glic&#234;mico deficiente, nefropatia diab&#233;tica, obesidade e inflama&#231;&#227;o sejam considerados poss&#237;veis causas para justificar o aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de IL-18 nesse perfil de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No presente estudo, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa quando se comparou o fator de risco DM entre os grupos de pacientes associado ao n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de IL-18, evidenciando que as amostras de pacientes com SCA, DAC cr&#244;nica e pacientes saud&#225;veis eram semelhantes entre si.</p>
      <p>Em estudo observacional semelhante a este, por&#233;m com an&#225;lise prospectiva, 194 pacientes, sendo 75 agudos e 119 cr&#244;nicos, foram comparados a 68 controles. A an&#225;lise de c&#233;lulas da musculatura lisa da aorta desses pacientes revelou valores maiores para os coronariopatas do que para os controles, e que a IL-18 pode ser um fator de risco independente para DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em outro estudo com 118 pacientes coronariopatas submetidos a estudo angiogr&#225;fico, composto por 67 em fase aguda e 51 com angina <italic>pectoris</italic> est&#225;vel, os valores da IL-18 foram significativamente maiores entre os agudos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos cr&#244;nicos, o que est&#225; em acordo com os resultados aqui apresentados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo, Goetze evidencia a import&#226;ncia do aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de TpP nos pacientes com DAC, destacando a relev&#226;ncia de se ter um marcador de trombose em atividade para fornecimento de informa&#231;&#245;es importante na SCA em curso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesta mesma linha, Mega et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> destacaram o valor progn&#243;stico da TpP em pacientes com SCA, evidenciando que n&#237;veis aumentados de TpP est&#227;o associados a maior risco de morte e complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas, deixando claro que a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de um marcador de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativada, como a TpP, em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida e com fatores de risco para DAC pode oferecer uma an&#225;lise complementar valiosa na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de SCA. Realizado com 284 pacientes saud&#225;veis e 2349 pacientes com SCA, esse estudo observou que a concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de TpP foi maior nos pacientes com SCA (8,9 &#181;g/mL &#215; 3,6 &#181;g/mL, p&lt;0,001), estando este fato correlacionado a pior progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No presente estudo, observou-se que a dosagem de TpP foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de SCA do que naqueles com DAC cr&#244;nica e no grupo-controle (p&lt;0,001). No entanto, por se tratar de estudo observacional, n&#227;o houve avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica desses pacientes, o que impossibilitou melhor an&#225;lise dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos que pudessem estar correlacionados; faz parte do planejamento, contudo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o desses dados.</p>
      <p>Laurino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> estudaram uma coorte de 115 pacientes com sintomas sugestivos de IAM com menos de 6 horas de dura&#231;&#227;o a partir do in&#237;cio da dor. Foram dosadas amostras de sangue dos pacientes em 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 e 24 horas ap&#243;s a apresenta&#231;&#227;o para alguns biomarcadores: creatina quinase total (CK total), CK-MB, mioglobina, troponina I e TpP. Os autores observaram aumento significativo das concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de TpP em 15 dos 17 pacientes com IAM diagnosticado em 6 horas ap&#243;s in&#237;cio dos sintomas (p&lt;0,001); em 2 dos 8 pacientes que apresentaram IAM ap&#243;s 6 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas (p&lt;0,008); em 22 dos 35 pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel (p&lt;0,001); e em 15 dos 30 pacientes com angina est&#225;vel (p&lt;0,001) e 3 dos 5 pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p&lt;0,001); em 6 dos 9 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (p&lt;0,001); e em 6 dos 11 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o card&#237;aca (p&lt;0,001). As concentra&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas de TpP em pacientes com IAM precederam as dos outros marcadores em 2 a 4 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Portanto, a trombose aguda est&#225; associada a altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas significativas, incluindo o IAM. Um teste preciso, r&#225;pido e confi&#225;vel para detec&#231;&#227;o do trombo seria uma ferramenta inestim&#225;vel para os m&#233;dicos no diagn&#243;stico, monitoramento e tratamento dos pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos evidenciam o valor da TpP na mensura&#231;&#227;o do processo agudo tromb&#243;tico, destacando a SCA, e outros relacionam os valores aumentados desse biomarcador na presen&#231;a de alguns fatores de risco para DAC, tais como HAS e DM, em pacientes sem evid&#234;ncias de SCA. Por favorecerem um estado de hipercoagulabilidade, esses fatores de risco podem estar relacionados a um efeito pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico e desencadear um processo trombog&#234;nico ativo. A presen&#231;a de DM tipo 2 pode estar associada a aumento dos valores s&#233;ricos de TpP devido &#224; predisposi&#231;&#227;o desse perfil de pacientes para apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial marcadamente aumentada, al&#233;m de maior ativa&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica da coagula&#231;&#227;o, provocando altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias e favorecendo eventos card&#237;acos agudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de HAS tamb&#233;m pode conferir um meio hipercoagul&#225;vel e pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico e favorecer descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> No presente estudo, observou-se que o DM e a HAS n&#227;o conferiram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos estudados, e n&#227;o tiveram influ&#234;ncia no resultado final da dosagem de TpP em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferentes fases da doen&#231;a coronariana (presen&#231;a de fator de risco, DAC cr&#244;nica e SCA). Portanto, o resultado obtido n&#227;o sofreu influ&#234;ncia desses fatores de risco.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O <italic>n</italic> amostral &#233; pequeno, representando uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, que pode ser atribu&#237;do a dois fatores: a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes realizada em hospitais que n&#227;o apresentavam unidade de emerg&#234;ncia aberta, dificultando a forma&#231;&#227;o do grupo de pacientes agudos. Na an&#225;lise das m&#233;dias encontradas de IL-18 e TpP, verificou-se igualdade entre o grupo de pacientes cr&#244;nicos e o grupo-controle. Fazendo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica dessa observa&#231;&#227;o, pode-se destacar que n&#227;o houve realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares (p. ex., Doppler de car&#243;tidas e vertebrais) ou ultrassonografia intracoronariana para descartar processo ateroscler&#243;tico em outros locais, o que poder&#225; ter influenciado nesse resultado, n&#227;o possibilitando melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores com a cronicidade ou aus&#234;ncia de aterosclerose. Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal em todos os grupos excluiu pacientes mais graves, o que pode ter influenciado nos resultados. No presente estudo, apesar de se observar que os valores m&#233;dios de IL-18 e de TpT no soro estavam mais elevados no grupo de pacientes agudos, quando comparado ao grupo com angina est&#225;vel ou sem les&#227;o coronariana, n&#227;o se pode fazer uma avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, tem como objetivo estimular continuidade da pesquisa para confirmar a hip&#243;tese e pretendendo fazer acompanhamento anual dos sujeitos desta amostra.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de IL-18 e TpP encontram-se elevadas na fase aguda da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, sugerindo correla&#231;&#227;o desse biomarcador com a agudiza&#231;&#227;o e instabilidade da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
      <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de IL-8 e TpP foram menores na fase cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a coronariana e nos pacientes do grupo-controle; entretanto, neste estudo observou-se que o grupo cr&#244;nico e o grupo-controle apresentaram m&#233;dias estatisticamente equivalentes.</p>
      <p>Os resultados n&#227;o sofreram influ&#234;ncia das diferen&#231;as de sexo e etnia dos grupos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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        <article-title>Role of Interleukin-18 and the Thrombus Precursor Protein in Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
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            <given-names>Talita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blanco</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangia</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de &#8211; Cardiologia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia/Hipertens&#227;o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243; Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Carlos Scherr &#8226; Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 595 / 1204. Postal Code 22410-003, Ipanema, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: carlos.scherr@all.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Scherr C, Albuquerque DC; Acquisition of data: Scherr C, Ataide K, Ludmila T, Blanco F, Mangia CM; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Scherr C, Albuquerque DC, Ataide K; Statistical analysis: Scherr C, Albuquerque DC, Pozzan R; Obtaining financing: Scherr C, Albuquerque DC, Ludmila T.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Coronary failure is the leading cause of death worldwide and identifying patients at higher risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) is a challenge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To test the biomarkers interleukin 18 (IL-18) and thrombus precursor protein (TpP), involved in atherogenesis, to aid in the early assessment of CAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional cohort of 119 patients, stratified into three groups: Group I - acute coronary syndrome (39); Group II - chronic CAD (40) and Group III - control, without coronary lesion, but who might have risk factors for CAD (40). Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical program SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) for Windows ,version 17.0 of 2008. The significance level was set at 0.05 or 5% (p &lt;0.05), with a 95% confidence interval. Chi-square test (&#967;2), Analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey&#8217;s test were used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The mean age was 60.36 &#177; 9.64 years; there was a prevalence of females in Group III (65.0% p = 0.002), but without statistical significance for the means of IL-18 and TpP. The means of IL-18 and TpP were increased in Group I when compared to the other groups; IL-18 = 1325.44 &#177; 1860.13 ng/dL, p = 0.002; TpP = 35.86 &#177; 28.36 &#181;g / mL, p &lt;0.001). When compared two-by-two, it was observed that Group I had higher mean IL-18 and TpP values than Group II (IL-18 = 353.81 &#177; 273.65 ng / dL; TpP = 25.66 &#177; 12, 17 &#181;g / mL) and Group III (IL-18 = 633.25 &#177; 993.93 ng / dL; TpP = 18.00 &#177; 8.45 &#181;g / mL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>There was an increase in these biomarkers in acute CAD, suggesting a relationship with the atherosclerotic plaque instability process, but not with the chronic phase. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):692-698)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleukin 18</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome/prevention and control</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery disease is one of the main manifestations of cardiovascular disease in the 21<sup>st</sup>century, and its importance lies in its high morbidity and mortality. The identification of patients at higher risk becomes necessary to contribute to the improvement of this condition and rationalize costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Modern medicine has developed rapidly in the field of prevention, early detection and screening of diseases, not being restricted to treatment.</p>
        <p>Therefore, early detection associated with the immediate treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become one of the most challenging tasks for doctors and researchers worldwide. Several biomarkers have been studied in recent years in the diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of adverse events and therapeutic monitoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, the first initiative towards prevention is to apply strategies to identify the individual likely to have atherosclerotic events. In this sense, in addition to the widely known risk factors contributing to the process of identifying vulnerable individuals, the use of biomarkers involved in atherogenesis can be a key factor in the risk assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Atherosclerosis is a chronic, multifactorial, slow and progressive inflammatory disease, resulting from several specific cell and molecular responses that lead to endothelial aggression, affecting mainly the intima layer of medium and large-caliber arteries.</p>
        <p>Generally, the rupture of the fibrous capsule of the atherosclerotic plaque leads to thrombosis, which to a lesser extent can result from superficial endothelial erosion. Ruptured plaques are usually associated with inflammation of the intima and adventitia, intra-plaque hemorrhage, exposure of thrombogenic material to the bloodstream, triggering platelet accumulation, coagulation cascade activation and fibrin deposition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The inflammatory response in atherogenesis consists of functional alterations in endothelial cells, T-lymphocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, smooth muscle cells and, in the early stages, it is caused by the accumulation of lipids in the arterial walls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The activation of these cells triggers the formation and interaction of several cytokines, adhesion molecules, growth factors, accumulation of lipids and proliferation of smooth muscle cells. In addition to these factors, the inflammatory response can be induced by oxidative stress (oxidation of low-density lipoprotein - LDL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Currently, new biomarkers are being studied in association with acute or chronic coronary syndrome and correlated with the prognostic value, which is the objective of this study.</p>
        <p>Two of them were evaluated in this study: the thrombus precursor protein (TpP) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) in individuals with acute myocardial infarction with and without ST-elevation, unstable angina (UA), chronic coronary artery disease and individuals who had no evidence of obstructive coronary atherosclerotic disease, but in the presence of risk factors for CAD. The choice of biomarkers was based on their involvement with the inflammatory (IL-18) and thrombotic (TpP) processes, within the context of atherosclerosis and aggravation of atherosclerotic disease.</p>
        <p>TpP is a biomarker used to estimate soluble fibrin polymers. Elevated levels of TpP indicate a pro-thrombotic status and active thrombogenesis. In patients with ACS, increased levels of this biomarker are associated with a higher risk of death and ischemic complications; therefore, TpP has been shown to be an independent marker for adverse cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The IL-18 biomarker is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, closely associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability, and is therefore a good predictor of undesirable events in ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In an observational study, it was also shown to be a good predictor of adverse cardiovascular events in chronic coronary disease over two years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studying patients vulnerable to atherosclerotic disease and even being able to have severity parameters in those with the disease already present through new markers has been a challenge for current medical research. In this context, the new biomarkers occupy an important space, considering the morbidity and mortality aspect of coronary disease, which may become predictors of cardiovascular events and thus contribute to the prevention, early detection and screening of CAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary endpoint</title>
          <p>To evaluate the serum levels of biomarkers: interleukin 18 (IL-18) and thrombus precursor protein (TpP) in patients with acute or chronic coronary syndrome in relation to the control group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Secondary endpoints</title>
          <p>To verify the association of serum levels of biomarkers interleukin 18 (IL-18) and thrombus precursor protein (TpP) with disease chronicity, worsening of coronary artery disease or absence of obstructive coronary atherosclerotic process. To evaluate the association between epidemiological, anthropometric data and risk factors of the studied population with the biomarkers interleukin 18 (IL-18) and thrombus precursor protein (TpP).</p>
          <p>In this cross-sectional cohort, 119 patients, of both genders, older than 30 years of age, were stratified into three groups: acute (Group I - n = 39), chronic (Group II - n = 40) and control (Group III - n = 40), according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria established for the study and compared with the quantitative analysis of two biomarkers: IL-18 and TpP.</p>
          <p>Patients belonging to Group I (acute) were recruited based on the typical clinical history of acute coronary syndrome (NSTEMI, STEMI, and UA), plus electrocardiographic data and cardiac enzymes at admission. Once identified, blood was collected within 48 hours of symptom onset, for subsequent biomarker measurement. The selection was made sequentially, according to the inclusion criteria, as these patients were admitted to the hospital. Patients belonging to Group II were selected sequentially based on the clinical history of chronic CAD confirmed by some imaging method (cardiac catheterization - CAT or coronary angiotomography - Angio-CT) or clinical report of previous AMI (with complementary exams demonstrating the condition - electrocardiogram - ECG and myocardial markers). Group III (control) consisted of patients who had risk factors for CAD in the absence of obstructive coronary lesion at the time of admission to the database. The absence of atherosclerotic obstructive coronary lesion was ruled out through cardiac catheterization or coronary angiotomography.</p>
          <p>Inclusion criteria</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Group I (acute) -</bold> ACS (NSTEMI, STEMI and UA) a) AMI with or without ST-elevation demonstrated by the positive curve of myocardial necrosis markers (troponin), associated with ECG. b) UA based on the classically described clinical picture and complementary exams (electrocardiogram - ECG and cardiac catheterization - CAT). c) Measurement of biomarkers performed within the first 48 hours of symptom onset.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Group II (chronic) -</bold> chronic CAD a) confirmation by imaging method (cardiac catheterization or coronary angiotomography) or with a clinical history of previous coronary disease - previous AMI (diagnosis over six months before, confirmed by ECG and necrosis markers).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Group III (control)</bold> a) Presence or not of one or more risk factors for CAD: SAH, dyslipidemia (DLP), diabetes mellitus (DM), physical inactivity, smoking, ex-smoker, chronic renal failure, obesity. b) Cardiac imaging examination that proved the absence of obstructive coronary lesion: CAT or angio-CT, performed in the last six months prior to admission to the database.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The following exclusion criteria were adopted:</p>
          <p><bold>Group I (acute):</bold> a) coronary artery bypass grafting surgery performed less than six months before. b) Chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis or clearance &lt;30 mL / min. c) Terminal illnesses. d) Ejection fraction prior to ACS &lt;40% (Simpson); e) Not signing the Free and Informed Consent (FIC) form.</p>
          <p><bold>Group II (chronic):</bold> the same as group I plus, a) decompensated DM. b) AMI that occurred less than six months before. c) Unstable angina. d) Class IV stable angina according to the Canadian Cardiovascular Society. d) Functional class III and IV according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA).</p>
          <p><bold>Group III (control)</bold>: a) presence of any obstructive coronary lesion, even if incipient. b) Chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis or clearance &lt;30 mL / min. c) Terminal illnesses. d) Ejection fraction &lt;40% (using the Simpson method). e) Stable angina. f) Unstable angina. g) AMI. h) Decompensated DM. i) NYHA functional class III and IV. j) Not signing the FIC form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Storage and laboratory methods</title>
          <p>For the measurement of TpP, 4 mL of venous blood were collected, placed in a tube with sodium citrate and centrifuged. After centrifugation, two 1-mL aliquots of plasma were removed to be frozen at -80 &#176;C. The analysis was carried out later using the ELISA method. For the measurement of IL-18, 8 mL of venous blood were collected and placed in a serum gel tube. After collection, we waited 30 min for clot retraction and subsequent centrifugation. After centrifugation, two 1-mL aliquots of serum were removed to be frozen at -80 &#176;C. The analysis was also performed later using the ELISA method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The data obtained were analyzed using the statistical program SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows), version 17.0 of 2008. The level of significance was set at 0.05 or 5% (p &lt;0.05) and the confidence interval at 95%. The following statistical methods were used: Analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA F): used to compare the means of variables that showed normal distribution and had homogeneity of variances by the Levene test. Tukey&#8217;s test: used as a complement to the analysis of variance, to compare the means of variables 2 by 2. Chi-square test ( <bold>&#967;</bold>
 <sup>2</sup>): used to compare the frequency distributions of the categorical variables from independent samples. This study sample size was determined by a convenience sample; however, it followed the order of recruitment, that is, the first 39 patients in the acute phase of the two participating institutions, the first 40 chronic patients and the 40 controls.</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethical Committees of HUPE and INC, where patients were recruited, under numbers 2667/2010 CAAE: 0115.0.228.000-10 and 141.432/2012 CAAE: 09086412.9.1001.5272, respectively. The participants signed the Free and Informed Consent (FIC) form before any procedure related to the study was performed.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The mean age was 59.5 &#177; 9.7 years (range: 35-83 years), with no statistically significant difference between the groups. In groups I and II there was a predominance of males and in Group III, of females (p = 0.002).</p>
        <p>Regarding the risk factors of the overall sample, it is noteworthy the high incidence of sedentary lifestyle, overweight / obesity and arterial hypertension in all groups.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the risk factors for CAD between the studied groups. It was observed that only dyslipidemia, being an ex-smoker and physical inactivity showed a statistically significant difference. Group II had a higher prevalence of dyslipidemic individuals when compared to the other groups; Group III had a higher prevalence of non-smoking individuals than the other groups; and Group I had a higher prevalence of sedentary individuals compared to the others. There was no association between risk factors, ethnicity or gender with the results obtained of the markers in all analyzed groups.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Risk factors for CAD in the study groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="9" style="font-weight:normal">Risk factors</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="9" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Group I</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Group II</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Group III</th>
                  <th rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Statistic test</th>
                  <th rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SAH</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">79.5</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.495</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">20.5</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">30.0</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DLP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">41.0</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">45.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=14.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">59.0</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">55.0</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DM</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">30.8</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">25.0</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.544</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">69.2</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">75.0</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SMOKER</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.079</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">92.3</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">87.5</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">100.0</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>EX-SMOKER</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">38.5</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">55.0</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">17.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">61.5</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">45.0</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">82.5</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SEDENT</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">97.4</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">77.5</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">77.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">22.5</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">22.5</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>OVER/OBES</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">76.9</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">77.5</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">67.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.521</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">23.1</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">22.5</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">32.5</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CRF</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.351</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">94.9</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">95.0</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">100.0</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Grupo I: pacientes agudos (SCA); Grupo II: pacientes cr&#244;nicos (DAC); Grupo III: grupo-controle (com Risk factors para DAC, mas sem les&#227;o coronariana); DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DLP: dislipidemia; DM: diabetes melito; TAB: tabagismo; Ex-TAB: ex-tabagismo; SEDENT: sedentarismo; SOB/OBES: sobrepeso/obesidade; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica. Corrigido pelo teste exato de Fisher.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Mean of intergroup and intragroup IL-18 and TpP markers in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">table 2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Means of the IL-18 and TpP biomarkers of the study groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Biomarkers</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Group I</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Group II</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Group III</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Statistic test</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Comp. 2 by 2</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-18 (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">1325.44</td>
                  <td align="center">353.81</td>
                  <td align="center">633.25</td>
                  <td align="center">F=6.61</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">GI&gt;GII</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#177;1860.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#177;273.65)</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#177;993.93)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">GII=GIII</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">GI&gt;GIII</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TpT (&#181;g/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.86&#177;28.36</td>
                  <td align="center">25.66&#177;12.17</td>
                  <td align="center">18.0&#177;8.45</td>
                  <td align="center">F=9.31</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  <td align="center">GI&gt;GII</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">GII=GIII</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">GI&gt;GIII</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the differences in the means of IL-18 levels between the groups, it was observed that Group I had higher values than the other groups (1325.44 &#177; 1860.13 pg / mL), with statistical significance. In the two-by-two comparison, Group I had a higher mean than Groups II (353.81 &#177; 273.65 pg / mL) and III (633.25 &#177; 993.93 pg / mL), but Groups II and III showed statistically equal means. Those with instability of atherosclerotic disease had higher levels of IL-18 when compared to patients who had stable coronary lesion or those who had risk factors for CAD in the absence of a coronary atherosclerotic process, allowing us to infer that the increase in IL-18 levels is associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability.</p>
        <p>Regarding the TpP biomarker between the groups, higher values were observed in Group I (35.86 &#177; 28.36 &#181;g / mL), respectively, p &lt;0.001) when compared with the other groups. In the two-by-two comparison, Group I also had a higher mean than Groups II (25.66 &#177; 12.17 &#181;g / mL) and III (18.0 &#177; 8.45 &#181;g / mL); however, when Groups II and III were compared, it was observed that the means were statistically equal ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The identification of asymptomatic individuals with atherosclerosis is essential to implement secondary treatment and prevention measures, as well as those with a possibly more unfavorable evolution.</p>
        <p>Mallat et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> showed that plasma concentrations of IL-18 are increased in patients with ACS with or without myocardial necrosis, also pointing out that the concentrations correlate with the myocardial dysfunction severity. They studied a sample of 53 patients, admitted to a cardio-intensive unit with chest pain and alteration of the ST-segment in a sequential manner; after troponin analysis, they were selected for the UA or AMI group. The patients belonging to the UA group had a mean IL-18 level of 214.7 (116.6-297.0) pg / mL, and those belonging to the AMI group had a mean of 164.6 (53.6-602.5) pg / mL. These patients were compared to two more groups: one with stable coronary artery disease (n = 9) and another group (n = 11) without coronary lesions (control group). It was observed that the mean IL-18 levels in the control group (46.8 (34.2-68.2) pg / mL) were significantly different from those with stable angina (85.7 (56.0- 157.7) pg / mL, p &lt;0.01), suggesting that IL-18 concentrations in patients with stable coronary artery disease may be associated with the presence of advanced coronary artery disease. In the group of patients with unstable angina, the mean IL-18 levels were significantly higher than in the control group (p &lt;0.001) or in the group with stable angina (p = 0.001). In the group of patients with AMI, the mean IL-18 levels were also significantly higher than in the control group (p &lt;0.001) or the group with stable angina (p &lt;0.01). IL-18 levels did not significantly differ between the group with unstable angina and the group with AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In this same study, it was observed that serum IL-18 levels were significantly correlated with myocardial dysfunction severity, assessed by determining the ventricular ejection fraction (EF); the mean EF between the groups was 55% and mean IL-18 values were 46.8 pg / mL for non-coronary patients, 85.7 pg / mL for patients with stable angina, 214 pg / mL for those with unstable angina and 164.6 pg / mL for patients with acute myocardial infarction. Comparing with the results found in this study, it was observed that the mean EF between the groups was 65.09% and the mean levels of IL-18 were higher in Group I when compared to Group II and Group III; however, in this population (n = 119), systolic function distribution within normality was obtained for all groups, and Group I showed a slight reduction in the prevalence of individuals with normal EF, without statistical significance. It was also observed that the levels of IL-18 in patients with chronic CAD and without coronary lesions were statistically equivalent, not replicating the previous results.</p>
        <p>Blankenberg et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> showed in their prospective study carried out with a cohort of 1229 patients with documented coronary heart disease and followed for an average of 3.9 years, that 95 patients died from cardiovascular causes and the mean IL-18 serum concentrations were significantly higher in patients with a fatal cardiovascular event than the ones without it (68.4 pg / mL vs. 58.7 pg / mL, p &lt;0.001). This study included patients with stable angina (n = 855) and patients with unstable angina (n = 373) and the predictive value of IL-18 in relation to cardiovascular death was evaluated. It was observed that both groups showed an evident increase in the risk of fatal cardiovascular events according to the mean value of IL-18; however, the group of patients with unstable angina showed a higher value of this marker. The authors draw attention to this last analysis, since the group with unstable angina had a smaller sample size than the group of patients with stable angina; thus, the serum level of IL-18 can be identified as a strong independent predictor of death from cardiovascular causes in patients with CAD, regardless of the clinical status at admission. This result strongly supports the experimental evidence of IL-18-mediated inflammation, allowing the acceleration and vulnerability of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies have shown that the increase in serum IL-18 levels is also associated with some risk factors, such as type 2 DM and metabolic syndrome, in addition to the atherosclerosis severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Suchanek et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> analyzed the increase in serum IL-18 levels in patients with CAD and type 2 DM. The authors evaluated a group of 130 patients with advanced CAD (at least two coronary lesions, one with stenosis &gt;70%), and 43 were selected, with a previous diagnosis of DM undergoing treatment and another group with 31 healthy patients (control group). The groups were similarly matched for age, BMI, DLP, smoking; a higher level of IL-18 was observed in patients with CAD (463.48 &#177; 111.7 pg / mL) when compared to the control group (248.99 &#177; 103.69 pg / mL), but patients with CAD and DM showed a higher level of IL-18 when compared to CAD patients without DM (500 pg / mL vs. 430 pg / mL, p = 0.04). The mechanisms responsible for the increase in IL-18 levels in diabetic patients are yet to be fully clarified; however, it is believed that deficient glycemic control, diabetic nephropathy, obesity and inflammation are considered possible causes to justify the increase in serum IL-18 levels in this patient profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In the present study, there was no statistically significant difference when the risk factor DM was compared between the groups of patients associated with the serum level of IL-18, showing that samples from patients with ACS, chronic CAD and healthy patients were similar to each other.</p>
        <p>In an observational study similar to this, albeit with a prospective analysis, 194 patients, 75 of which were acute and 119 chronic, were compared with 68 controls. The analysis of smooth muscle cells from the aorta showed higher values in patients with coronary disease than in controls and that IL-18 may be an independent risk factor for CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In another study with 118 patients with coronary disease undergoing an angiographic study, consisting of 67 in the acute phase and 51 with stable angina, the levels of IL-18 were significantly higher in the acute ones compared to the chronic ones, which is in accordance with the results presented herein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding thrombus formation, Goetze emphasizes the importance of the increase in TpP levels in patients with CAD, highlighting the relevance of having an active thrombosis marker to provide important information in the ongoing ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Following the same concept, Mega et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> emphasized the prognostic value of TpP in patients with ACS, showing that increased TpP levels are associated with a higher risk of death and ischemic complications, making it clear that the inclusion of an activated coagulation marker, such as TpP, in patients with established cardiovascular disease and risk factors for CAD can offer a valuable complementary analysis in the risk assessment of ACS. Carried out with 284 healthy patients and 2349 patients with ACS, this study found that the mean level of TpP was higher in patients with ACS (8.9 &#181;g / mL vs. 3.6 &#181;g / mL, p &lt;0.001), which is correlated a worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In the present study, it was observed that TpP levels were significantly higher in patients diagnosed with ACS than in patients with chronic CAD and in the control group (p &lt;0.001). However, as this is an observational study, there was no prognostic evaluation of these patients, preventing a better analysis of the clinical outcomes that could be correlated; however, the evaluation of these data is planned.</p>
        <p>Laurino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> studied a cohort of 115 patients with symptoms suggestive of AMI with less than six hours duration of pain onset. Blood samples from patients were measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 hours after presentation for some biomarkers: total creatine kinase (total CK), CK-MB, myoglobin, troponin I and TpP. The authors observed a significant increase in serum TpP levels in 15 of the 17 patients with AMI diagnosed within six hours after symptom onset (p &lt;0.001); 2 of the 8 patients who had AMI diagnosed six hours after symptom onset (p &lt;0.008); 22 of the 35 patients with unstable angina (p &lt;0.001) and 15 of the 30 patients with stable angina (p &lt;0.001) and 3 of the 5 patients with atrial fibrillation (p &lt;0.001); 6 of 9 patients with congestive heart failure (p &lt;0.001); and 6 of 11 patients with non-cardiac chest pain (p &lt;0.001). Maximum TpP concentrations in patients with AMI preceded those of the other markers by two to four hours.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Therefore, acute thrombosis is associated with significant clinical alterations, including AMI. An accurate, fast and reliable test for the detection of thrombus would be an invaluable tool for doctors in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of patients with acute chest pain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies have demonstrated the importance of TpP in the assessment of the acute thrombotic process, highlighting the ACS, while others associate the increased values of this biomarker to the presence of some risk factors for CAD, such as SAH and DM in patients without evidence of ACS. As these risk factors favor a state of hypercoagulability, they may be related to a pro-thrombotic effect and may trigger an active thrombogenic process. The presence of type 2 DM may be associated with increased serum TpP values due to the predisposition of this patient profile to have markedly increased endothelial dysfunction, in addition to greater systemic coagulation activation, which caused transient alterations and favors acute cardiac events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The presence of SAH can also result in a hypercoagulable and prothrombotic environment and favor acute decompensation of coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The present study showed that DM and SAH did not result in a statistically significant difference between the studied groups, having not influenced the final result of the TpP measurement in relation to the different stages of coronary disease (presence of risk factor, chronic CAD and ACS). Therefore, the result obtained was not influenced by these risk factors.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The sample size is small, representing a convenience sample, which can be attributed to two factors: the selection of patients carried out in hospitals that did not have an open emergency unit, making it difficult to constitute the group of acute patients. The analysis of the means found for IL-18 and TpP showed an equality between the group of chronic patients and the control group. Making a critical assessment of this observation, it can be noted that no complementary exams (e.g., carotid and vertebral Doppler) or intravascular ultrasound were performed to rule out an atherosclerotic process in other sites, which may have influenced this result, not allowing a better evaluation of biomarkers with chronicity or absence of atherosclerosis. A normal ejection fraction in all groups excluded more severe patients, which may have influenced the results. Although the present study showed that the mean serum levels of IL-18 and TpT were higher in the group of acute patients when compared to the group with stable angina or the one without coronary lesions, it is not possible to make a prognostic evaluation, as it aims to encourage the continuity of the research to confirm the hypothesis and intends to do an annual monitoring of the subjects in this sample.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The mean IL-18 and TpP levels are elevated in the acute phase of coronary artery disease, suggesting the correlation of this biomarker with the worsening and the instability of acute coronary syndrome.</p>
        <p>The mean levels of IL18 and TpP were lower in the chronic phase of coronary disease and in the patients of the Control Group; however, in this study it was observed that the Chronic Group and the Control Group had statistically equivalent means.</p>
        <p>The results were not influenced by differences in gender or ethnicity in the groups.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Carlos Scherr, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243; Cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
