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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mpX95SFW3gJgtBvyGTLYmjF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400683</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190152</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190152</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Galectina-3 em Pacientes com Pericardite Constritiva Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3059-4327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Thiago Pessoa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Ester Cerdeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4187-5482</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique Valente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenutti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9236-3815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9952-1740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sayegh</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Carrari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Francis Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o HC-FMUSP - Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Miocardiopatias e Doen&#231;as da Aorta,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o PauloUniversidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S&#227;o Paulo S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o PauloUniversidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S&#227;o Paulo S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Emilio Ribas Institute for Infectious Diseases</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Emilio Ribas Institute for Infectious DiseasesEmilio Ribas Institute for Infectious Diseases, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Dirceu Thiago Pessoa de Melo &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>dirceumelo@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa E An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fernandes F, Melo DTP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fernandes F, Melo DTP, Sayegh ALC, Souza FR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Sabino EC, Moreira CHV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Fernandes F; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fernandes F, Melo DTP, Ramires FJA, Benvenutti LA, Hotta VT, Sayegh ALC, Souza FR, Dias RR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fernandes F, Melo DTP, Ramires FJA, Sabino EC, Moreira CHV, Benvenutti LA, Hotta VT, Sayegh ALC, Souza FR, Dias RR, Mady C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>683</fpage>
      <lpage>689</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A galectina-3 (Gal-3) &#233; uma mol&#233;cula pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria e pr&#243;-fibr&#243;tica, envolvida na patog&#234;nese da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O papel da Gal-3 em pacientes com pericardite constritiva cr&#244;nica (PCC) n&#227;o est&#225; claro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 em pacientes com PCC e correlacion&#225;-los com par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, funcionais e histol&#243;gicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> N&#243;s avaliamos prospectivamente 25 pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com PCC agendados &#224; pericardiectomia e 21 controles sadios. Os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, medidas de Gal-3 e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (BNP), ecocardiografia, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) no per&#237;odo basal. Seis meses ap&#243;s a pericardiectomia, repetiu-se o TCPE. Um erro alfa &lt; 5% foi considerado estatisticamente significativo, com um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 25 pacientes com idade mediana de 45 anos. A etiologia foi principalmente idiop&#225;tica (n = 19, 76%), e 14 (56%) apresentaram classe funcional <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) III/IV. Os valores medianos de BNP e Gal-3 foram 143 (89-209) pg/dL e 14,8 (9,7-17,2) ng/mL, respectivamente. Os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 n&#227;o foram estatisticamente maiores nos pacientes com PCC que em controles (p = 0,22). N&#227;o foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas da Gal-3 com BNP, medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, e achados histol&#243;gicos. Ap&#243;s a pericardiectomia, encontrou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre Gal-3 e medidas do TCPE &#8211; dura&#231;&#227;o do teste (r = &#8211;0,79; p &lt; 0,001) e tempo de exerc&#237;cio (r = &#8211;0,79; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Pacientes com PCC apresentaram n&#237;veis normais de Gal-3, quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos controles. A Gal-3 n&#227;o se correlacionou com medidas morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais antes da pericardiectomia. No entanto, associa&#231;&#245;es entre Gal-3 e intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s pericardiectomia pode sugerir um papel da Gal-3 na predi&#231;&#227;o de progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s a pericardiectomia. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):683-689)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Pericardite Constritiva/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Galectina 3</kwd>
        <kwd>Diferencia&#231;&#227;o Celular</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardiectomia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes com pericardite constritiva cr&#244;nica (PCC) apresentam espessamento do peric&#225;rdio que leva &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o do enchimento diast&#243;lico dos ventr&#237;culos. Nos est&#225;gios iniciais, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da PCC &#233; geralmente assintom&#225;tica e inespec&#237;fica. Os sintomas podem ser atribu&#237;dos &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica biventricular e incluem fadiga e toler&#226;ncia reduzida ao exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio &#233; um evento cont&#237;nuo. A constri&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio ap&#243;s pericardite aguda parece estar relacionada &#224; prolifera&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos e exsudato fibrinoso, resultando em um peric&#225;rdio espesso e inel&#225;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Contudo, os mecanismos que levam &#224; fibrose e calcifica&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio na PCC ainda s&#227;o pouco conhecidos.</p>
      <p>A galectina-3 (Gal-3), uma lecitina que se liga &#224; beta-galactosidase, &#233; secretada por macr&#243;fagos ativados e est&#225; envolvida no processo de fibrog&#234;nese. A Gal-3 &#233; tamb&#233;m um forte mediador pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dados sobre os n&#237;veis de galectina em pacientes com doen&#231;a do peric&#225;rdio s&#227;o limitados. Em um estudo piloto, Ntsekhe et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> estudaram pacientes com peric&#225;rdio normal em pacientes com pericardite tuberculosa para definir n&#237;veis de Ac-SDKP (N-acetil-seril-aspartil-lisil-prolina) e Gal-3 em fluidos de peric&#225;rdio normal. Os autores encontraram que o AcSDKP, um tetrapept&#237;deo com propriedades antifibr&#243;ticas, e a Gal-3 s&#227;o detect&#225;veis em fluidos de peric&#225;rdio normal, e que a pericardite tuberculosa associou-se com n&#237;veis baixos de AcSDKP no peric&#225;rdio e n&#237;veis normais de Gal-3. Contudo, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro o papel da Gal-3 em pacientes com PCC.</p>
      <p>Dado o papel da inflama&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio e da fibrose na patog&#234;nese na PCC, nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que a Gal-3 pode servir como um biomarcador ou modulador de gravidade da pericardite constritiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Gal-3 em pacientes com PCC e correlacionar esses n&#237;veis com par&#226;metros funcionais e histol&#243;gicos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Neste estudo prospectivo, foram inclu&#237;dos 33 pacientes com pericardite constritiva comprovada cirurgicamente. Vinte e nove pacientes foram submetidos &#224; pericardiectomia radical de fevereiro de 2011 a novembro de 2015 em um hospital terci&#225;rio em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Quatro pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pelos seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: idade superior a 70 anos, doen&#231;a pulmonar grave de acordo com teste pulmonar, e doen&#231;a de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca moderada/grave. Vinte e cinco pacientes foram comparados com 21 indiv&#237;duos sadios, sedent&#225;rios, sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca (grupo controle). O tamanho da amostra foi definido por conveni&#234;ncia. Assumiu-se o diagn&#243;stico de PCC com base em crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, e de imagem de RMC, seguindo-se as diretrizes da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> , confirmado por cirurgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os seguintes procedimentos foram realizados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o para a cirurgia: n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (BNP), ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio e RMC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; processo de rastreamento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0683-90152-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A constri&#231;&#227;o tuberculosa foi definida por bi&#243;psia do peric&#225;rdio, pela presen&#231;a de granuloma caseosa, ou quando a rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase foi positiva para M <italic>ycobacterium sp</italic> . A constri&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica foi definida como pericardite constritiva ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca. Constri&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#224; doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica foi definida em dois pacientes com l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico. Constri&#231;&#227;o idiop&#225;tica foi definida para pacientes que n&#227;o se qualificaram em nenhum dos grupos anteriores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo caso controle com indiv&#237;duos controles (sadios) pareados por idade e sexo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento de pericardiectomia</title>
          <p>Foi realizada esternotomia mediana em todos os casos, sem <italic>bypass</italic> cardiopulmonar. Pericardiectomia total foi realizada com excis&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio anteriormente, estendendo-se aos nervos perif&#233;ricos e peric&#225;rdio diafragm&#225;tico. Quando esse procedimento era tecnicamente vi&#225;vel, tentou-se a remo&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio visceral e parietal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>A capacidade funcional foi avaliada pelo TCPE seguindo-se as diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em uma esteira (Ergoline &#8211; Via Sprint 150 P), usando-se protocolo modificado de Balke, e velocidade variando de 2 a 3,4 mph, e aumento de inclina&#231;&#227;o de 2% por minuto. Os pacientes foram posicionados na esteira e conectados a um transdutor volum&#233;trico usando um clip nasal. Em seguida, realizou-se monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico ( <italic>Micromed - Cardio PC 13</italic> ). As fra&#231;&#245;es de oxig&#234;nio (O<sub>2</sub>) e de di&#243;xido de carbono (CO<sub>2</sub>) foram medidas em cada ciclo respirat&#243;rio. A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada utilizando-se um sistema computadorizado ( <italic>Sensormedics, Vmax Analyzer Assembly, Encore 29S</italic> ). A press&#227;o arterial foi medida pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio, a cada dois minutos de exerc&#237;cio. No per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o, a press&#227;o arterial foi medida no minuto um, dois, quatro e seis. O TCPE foi considerado m&#225;ximo quando o indiv&#237;duo alcan&#231;ou pelo menos um dos seguintes par&#226;metros: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria &gt; 1,10; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &gt; 95% do previsto para a idade, e cansa&#231;o extremo.</p>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de BNP foram determinados utilizando-se o kit ADVIA Centaur&#174; (Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostic, Los Angeles, California, USA), e as amostras processadas em equipamento automatizado da mesma marca, em at&#233; duas horas, conforme recomendado pelo fabricante.</p>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 foram determinados pelo ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico por fluoresc&#234;ncia (Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent Assay, ELFA), e medidos usando o Biomerieux Vidas 30 (Biomerieux, Marcy l&#8217;Etoile, LY-Fran&#231;a). A calibra&#231;&#227;o do teste foi realizada seguindo-se recomenda&#231;&#245;es do fabricante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>O estudo de ecocardiografia foi realizado utilizando-se o aparelho de ultrassom Sequoia 512 (Acuson, Mountain View, California, USA) com um transdutor de 2.5 MHz. Todas as medidas foram realizadas seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Um respir&#244;metro nasal foi usado para registro simult&#226;neo da respira&#231;&#227;o. O teste foi realizado por um examinador, cego para outras avalia&#231;&#245;es do protocolo. Exame bidimensional foi realizado a partir das janelas paraesternal, apical e subcostal. Imagens dos cortes paraesternal e apical, bem como registros do modo M foram usadas para detectar movimenta&#231;&#227;o do septo ventricular. Cortes apicais tamb&#233;m foram utilizados para detectar distor&#231;&#227;o do contorno ventricular causada por constri&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio. O corte subcostal foi usado par identificar di&#226;metros da veia cava inferior. Dados de Doppler foi obtido das janelas subcostal, supraventricular direito e paraesternal. Da janela apical, registros de Doppler de onda pulsada nas extremidades do folheto mitral foram usados para medir a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce (E) e atrial (A), tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E, e varia&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria na velocidade E. A avalia&#231;&#227;o por Doppler tecidual da movimenta&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral foi usada para registrar e comparar a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce no anel mitral lateral e septal.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados. Para os dados quantitativos, medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e dispers&#227;o foram descritas em mediana e intervalos interquartis. Os dados qualitativos foram descritos em frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem. Os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 foram comparados entre controles e grupos caso utilizando o teste de soma de postos de Wilcoxon, e o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher usado para dados categ&#243;ricos. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi usada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de Gal-3, e par&#226;metros de ecocardiografia, RMC e teste ergom&#233;trico. Um erro alfa &lt; 5% foi considerado estatisticamente significativo, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
      <p>O comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o aprovou este estudo, o qual foi realizado de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica local aprovou o protocolo do estudo, e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>Vinte e cinco pacientes com pericardite constritiva foram submetidos &#224; pericardiectomia. A idade mediana foi 45 anos (33-57), com predomin&#226;ncia de homens (n = 19, 76%). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) mediano foi 25,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. As comorbidades foram hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, diabetes tipo 2, e doen&#231;a arterial cr&#244;nica. Todas as caracter&#237;sticas basais encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . No grupo controle, a idade mediana foi 44 (33-53) anos, e 19 eram homens.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>Medidas</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (76)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (33-57)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup>, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,6 (22-27)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas (meses), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (12-36)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7-16)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo na UTI ap&#243;s o procedimento, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2-3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidades, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes tipo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixa voltagem ECG</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o (Raio X)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (44)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Derrame pleural (Raio X)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classe funcional NYHA, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (28)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (44)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sinais cl&#237;nicos, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estase jugular</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (88)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Edema</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (88)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ascite</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (72)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hepatomegalia</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (64)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Knock</italic> peric&#225;rdico</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (48)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sinal de Kussmaul</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulso paradoxal</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medidas laboratoriais&#8211; mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Galectina-3, ng/mL*</td>
                  <td align="center">14,8 (9,7-17,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina, g/dL,</td>
                  <td align="center">13,4 (12,8-14,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina, mg/dL,</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,99-1,26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4 (3,2-9,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP, pg/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (89-209)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentadas em mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). Dados categ&#243;ricos est&#227;o apresentados em porcentagem. *risco de morte no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio calculado pelo EuroSCORE (%). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ECG: eletrocardiograma; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; NYHA: New York Heart Association; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, a dura&#231;&#227;o (mediana) dos sintomas antes da interna&#231;&#227;o foi 24 meses (12-36). O per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, em mediana, foi de oito dias, e de interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) foi de dois dias. Os principais sinais cl&#237;nicos observados dos pacientes estiveram relacionados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita, distens&#227;o da veia jugular (n = 22, 88%), edema (n = 22, 88%), ascite (n = 18,72%) &#8211; e 16 (64%) apresentaram hepatomegalia ao exame f&#237;sico ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Quatorze (56%) pacientes apresentaram classe funcional III/IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) na admiss&#227;o. Ao analisar os sinais cl&#237;nicos, pacientes com ascite apresentaram n&#237;veis maiores de Gal-3 [16,2 ng/mL (11,6-17,5)] em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem ascite [8,2 ng/mL (6,6-14,8)], por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de Gal-3 com nenhum dos sinais descritos.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico mais frequente foi idiop&#225;tico (n = 19, 76%), tuberculose (n = 3, 12%), colagenases (n =2, 8%), e p&#243;s-cirurgia (n = 1, 4%). N&#227;o houve &#243;bito decorrente da pericardiectomia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Testes laboratoriais e complementares</title>
        <p>Os valores medianos da concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina, creatinina, prote&#237;na C-reativa, BNP e Gal-3 est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 n&#227;o foram significativamente mais altos nos pacientes com PCC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes controles. Os n&#237;veis medianos de Gal-3 foram 14,8 (9,7-17,2) ng/mL e 11,8 (10,6-14,2) ng/mL para pacientes com PCC e controles, respectivamente (p = 0,22). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 e medidas de ecocardiografia (di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito, DDVD; di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito, DDVD; di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) ou medidas da RMC (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar, PSAP &gt; 55 mmHg; di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; movimento anormal do septo; dilata&#231;&#227;o da veia cava e realce tardio do mioc&#225;rdio e do peric&#225;rdio).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames de imagens</title>
        <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia e &#224; RMC. Os valores medianos de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o medida por ecocardiografia e RMC foram 60% e 57%, respectivamente. Ao analisar os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, somente 13 (52%) dos resultados sugeriram pericardite constritiva como diagn&#243;stico. Al&#233;m disso, espessamento do peric&#225;rdio foi observado em 17 (68%) indiv&#237;duos, e varia&#231;&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria no fluxo mitral e tric&#250;spide em 13 (52%), sugerindo restri&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis da ecocardiografia e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Ecocardiografia</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Imagem sugestiva de PPC</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Seio a&#243;rtico (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">(29-34)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.5</td>
                  <td align="center">(40-47)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Septo interventricular (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">(8-9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede posterior (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">(8-9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDVD basal (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">(26-32)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">(41-46)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">(27-32)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">(59-66)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessamento do peric&#225;rdio (&gt; 4 mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Varia&#231;&#245;es do fluxo respirat&#243;rio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Imagem sugestiva de PCC</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Realce do peric&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Realce do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Movimento anormal do septo</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dilata&#231;&#227;o da veia cava</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">(54-62)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessura do peric&#225;rdio (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">(5-8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessura do peric&#225;rdio (&gt; 4 mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentadas em mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ), dados categ&#243;ricos como porcentagem. DDVD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PCC: pericardite constritiva cr&#244;nica.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As imagens da RMC sugeriram diagn&#243;stico de PCC em 23 (92%) indiv&#237;duos. Espessamento (&gt;4 mm) foi encontrado em 21 indiv&#237;duos, e as anormalidades mais frequentes foram movimenta&#231;&#227;o anormal do septo e dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta e veia cava, ambos observados em 23 (92%) pacientes, seguido de aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo em 22 (88%) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Efeito da pericardiectomia na capacidade funcional</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th>P&#243;s</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Velocidade (mph)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 [2-2,5]</td>
                  <td align="center">3 [2,5-3,3]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de exerc&#237;cio (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5 [6,9-11,7]</td>
                  <td align="center">9,9 [4,5-14]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,397</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 [114-160]</td>
                  <td align="center">159 [138-178]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO<sub>2</sub> no LA (mL/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,5 [11,2-14,6]</td>
                  <td align="center">16,4 [13,8-20,75]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA (%)*</td>
                  <td align="center">73 [60-81]</td>
                  <td align="center">69,5 [62,5-78,5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,856</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min) pico</td>
                  <td align="center">18,5 [14,6-22,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">25,4 [22,3-28,6]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO<sub>2</sub> (%) pico*</td>
                  <td align="center">63 [49,5-70,5]</td>
                  <td align="center">82 [69,5-95]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V<sub>E</sub> (L/min) pico</td>
                  <td align="center">48 [41,3-57,6]</td>
                  <td align="center">61,7 [44,5-79,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> RER</td>
                  <td align="center">35,5 [30-40] 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">29 [28-31,5] 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 &gt; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Porcentagem em rela&#231;&#227;o ao previsto para idade e sexo. Var&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas em mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ), e dados categ&#243;ricos apresentados em porcentagem. VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; LA: limiar anaer&#243;bico; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar; RER: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</p>
        <p>Em todos os indiv&#237;duos, o TCPE mostrou-se seguro, sem s&#233;rias complica&#231;&#245;es. Os testes foram considerados efetivos, uma vez que a raz&#227;o (mediana) de troca respirat&#243;ria foi 1,1 em ambos os momentos do estudo. De modo geral, ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, os pacientes apresentaram melhora na capacidade cardiopulmonar ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ) em termos de velocidade na esteira, pico de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> pico) no limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA), LA, e VO<sub>2</sub> e inclina&#231;&#227;o V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <p>Os valores de BNP n&#227;o tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o com par&#226;metros do TCPE antes ou ap&#243;s o procedimento de pericardiectomia. No entanto, apesar de n&#227;o termos observado correla&#231;&#227;o do marcador Gal-3 com par&#226;metros do TCPE antes da pericardiectomia, observamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada inversa com dura&#231;&#227;o do teste (r = &#8211;0,79; p &lt; 0,001), tempo de exerc&#237;cio (r = -0,79; p &lt; 0,001) e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no LA (r = 0,60; p = 0,01).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo histopatol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica foi realizada com 21 amostras. Fibrose grave e calcifica&#231;&#227;o foram achados comuns, encontrados em 19 (90,5%) e 12 (57,1%) das amostras, respectivamente. Inflama&#231;&#227;o leve foi detectada em 16 casos (76,2%) pelo exame histopatol&#243;gico. N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre Gal-3 e esses achados ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica e galectina-3</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th>Leve</th>
                  <th>Grave</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fibrose</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (90,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gal-3</td>
                  <td align="center">19,7 [14,2-25,2]</td>
                  <td align="center">14,8 [9,4-17,2]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (57,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gal-3</td>
                  <td align="center">16,1 [11,9-20,3]</td>
                  <td align="center">14,1 [9,5-16,2]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (76,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (23,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gal-3</td>
                  <td align="center">14,5 [10,5-16,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">16,1 [9,3-25,2]</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil. Dados categ&#243;ricos apresentados como porcentagem. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de PCC apresentaram n&#237;veis normais de Gal-3 no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, compar&#225;veis aos indiv&#237;duos controles. Ainda, n&#227;o observamos correla&#231;&#227;o significativa de Gal-3 com medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e de RMC ou BNP. Ap&#243;s pericardiectomia, observamos uma melhora no VO<sub>2</sub> pico e na inclina&#231;&#227;o V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>, os quais s&#227;o marcadores de um pior progn&#243;stico. Contudo, observamos associa&#231;&#245;es negativas entre Gal-3 e par&#226;metros de TCPE como a dura&#231;&#227;o do teste e o tempo de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>Gal-3 &#233; conhecido por ser um mediador de fibrose em muitos &#243;rg&#227;os, incluindo cora&#231;&#227;o, rim, p&#226;ncreas, f&#237;gado e pulm&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o foram realizados estudos sobre dados cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com PCC, associando n&#237;veis de Gal-3 com estrutura, fun&#231;&#227;o e status funcional do peric&#225;rdio.</p>
      <p>Ntsekhe et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> estudaram os n&#237;veis de galectina e AcSDKP em fluidos normais do peric&#225;rdio e no derrame peric&#225;rdico na tuberculose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O AcSDKP exerce seu efeito antifibr&#243;tico pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da Gal-3, a qual &#233; inativa pela enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA). Os autores conclu&#237;ram que n&#237;veis diminu&#237;dos de AcSDKP, combinados com n&#237;veis baixos ou normais de Gal-3 no peric&#225;rdio pode explicar a alta incid&#234;ncia de pericardite constritiva associada &#224; pericardite tuberculosa.</p>
      <p>A pericardite constritiva &#233; uma doen&#231;a heterog&#234;nea, e o risco de constri&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio agudo est&#225; correlacionado com a etiologia. Imazio et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> relataram uma incid&#234;ncia de pericardite constritiva &lt; 0,5% em pericardite idiop&#225;tica ou pericardite viral aguda; 2,8% em doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo; 4,0% para pericardite neopl&#225;sica; 20% para pericardite tuberculosa; e 33% para pericardite purulenta. Em nossa coorte, a maioria dos pacientes (76%) apresentaram etiologia idiop&#225;tica, e n&#227;o podemos extrapolar nossos resultados a outras etiologias. Somente um estudo com mais pacientes e diferentes etiologias poderia elucidar se a galectina pode modular constri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um processo fisiol&#243;gico que desencadeia fibrose e regenera&#231;&#227;o tecidual ap&#243;s a les&#227;o. O peric&#225;rdio &#233; uma estrutura pouco vascularizada, com fibras compostas de col&#225;geno que geralmente n&#227;o revela o realce tardio observado com inje&#231;&#227;o de gadol&#237;nio. Em casos de hiperemia e inflama&#231;&#227;o no peric&#225;rdio, ocorre aumento da vasculariza&#231;&#227;o e consequente aumento no realce tardio na RMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Zurik et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m observaram que realce tardio aumentado do peric&#225;rdio na RMC &#233; comum em pacientes com PCC, e est&#225; associado com marcadores histol&#243;gicos de inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o, o que indicam presen&#231;a de rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria din&#226;mica ativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pacientes com PCC sem aumento de realce tardio do peric&#225;rdio apresentaram mais fibrose e calcifica&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio e menos espessamento do peric&#225;rdio. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observamos nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de Gal-3 com espessamento do peric&#225;rdio e realce tardio do peric&#225;rdio avaliado por RMC.</p>
      <p>Uma explica&#231;&#227;o para o motivo pelo qual alguns pacientes com PCC n&#227;o melhoram ap&#243;s a cirurgia &#233; atrofia do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s constri&#231;&#227;o prolongada, constri&#231;&#227;o residual, ou um processo concomitante no mioc&#225;rdio que leva &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca prolongada apesar de um procedimento de pericardiectomia bem sucedido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Outra possibilidade &#233; fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio. Provavelmente, a fibrose induzida pela Gal-3 &#233; restrita ao mioc&#225;rdio e n&#227;o ao peric&#225;rdio. N&#243;s tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observamos um aumento nos n&#237;veis de galectina e no realce tardio do mioc&#225;rdio avaliado por RMC e histologia.</p>
      <p>O exame cardiopulmonar &#233; a ferramenta mais &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o objetiva da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O teste permite avaliar o progn&#243;stico, a efic&#225;cia do tratamento, e a escolha pelo transplante card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, o TCPE exerce um papel importante na prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios e programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Nossos pacientes apresentaram melhora de VO<sub>2</sub> pico e V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>, os quais s&#227;o dois preditores independentes de mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ainda, um aumento no VO<sub>2</sub> pico est&#225; associado com menor ocorr&#234;ncia de reinterna&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, demonstrando a import&#226;ncia da pericardiectomia para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, apesar de muitos estudos terem avaliado o impacto da pericardiectomia na classe funcional dos pacientes com PCC, a maioria desses estudos foram retrospectivos de s&#233;rie de casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ainda, a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica baseada na classifica&#231;&#227;o do NYHA &#233; imprecisa e subjetiva. Alguns pacientes n&#227;o recuperam a capacidade funcional e a classe funcional NYHA.</p>
      <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 e intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s a pericardiectomia sugerem o poss&#237;vel papel da Gal-3 na fisiopatologia da pericardite constritiva. Essa hip&#243;tese deve ser testada em estudos de acompanhamentos mais longos. O achado de que a Gal-3 &#233; um preditor de melhora da capacidade funcional &#233; relevante, uma vez que sugere que os benef&#237;cios da pericardiectomia s&#227;o menores nos pacientes com n&#237;veis mais elevados de Gal-3.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 foram normais nos pacientes com PCC e n&#227;o se correlacionaram com medidas morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais. As associa&#231;&#245;es entre os n&#237;veis de Gal-3 e intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s a pericardiectomia sugerem o poss&#237;vel papel da Gal-3 na predi&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s a pericardiectomia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A amostra foi composta de pacientes jovens, com predomin&#226;ncia de etiologia idiop&#225;tica, atendidos em um centro de cardiologia terci&#225;rio. Tal fato pode representar um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e limita a validade externa dos resultados. N&#243;s obtivemos somente uma medida da Gal-3 e, por isso, n&#227;o avaliamos as mudan&#231;as din&#226;micas nesse biomarcador ao longo do tempo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem a bioMerieux Inc., Fran&#231;a, pela doa&#231;&#227;o do kit de dosagem de galectina-3.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2002.007. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
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        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Galectin-3 Levels in Patients with Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3059-4327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Thiago Pessoa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Ester Cerdeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4187-5482</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique Valente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenutti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9236-3815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9952-1740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sayegh</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Carrari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Francis Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o HC-FMUSP - Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Miocardiopatias e Doen&#231;as da Aorta, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S&#227;o Paulo S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Emilio Ribas Institute for Infectious Diseases, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Dirceu Thiago Pessoa de Melo &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: dirceumelo@yahoo.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research AND Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fernandes F, Melo DTP; Acquisition of data: Fernandes F, Melo DTP, Sayegh ALC, Souza FR; Statistical analysis: Sabino EC, Moreira CHV; Obtaining financing: Fernandes F; Writing of the manuscript: Fernandes F, Melo DTP, Ramires FJA, Benvenutti LA, Hotta VT, Sayegh ALC, Souza FR, Dias RR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fernandes F, Melo DTP, Ramires FJA, Sabino EC, Moreira CHV, Benvenutti LA, Hotta VT, Sayegh ALC, Souza FR, Dias RR, Mady C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a proinflammatory, profibrotic molecule implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure. The role of Gal-3 in patients with chronic constrictive pericarditis (CCP) is not clear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to assess plasma Gal-3 in patients with CCP and correlate it with clinical, functional and histologic parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We prospectively evaluated 25 symptomatic patients with CCP referred for pericardiectomy and 21 healthy controls. Patients underwent clinical assessment, Gal-3 and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurements, echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) at baseline. Six months after pericardiectomy CPET was repeated. An alpha error &lt; 5% was considered statistically significant, with a confidence interval of 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Twenty-five patients with a median age of 45 years were included. Etiology was mainly idiopathic (n = 19, 76%); and 14 (56%) patients had NYHA functional class III/IV. Median BNP and Gal-3 were 143 (89-209) pg/dL and 14.8 (9.7-17.2) ng/mL, respectively. Gal-3 levels were not significantly higher in CCP patients than in control (p = 0.22). There were no significant correlations of Gal-3 with BNP, echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance measures and histological findings. After pericardiectomy, it was found a statistically significant correlation between Gal-3 and the CPTE measures test duration (r = &#8211;0.79; p &lt; 0.001) and exercise time (r = &#8211;0.79; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Patients with CCP had normal levels of Gal-3 as compared to the controls. Gal-3 did not correlate with morphological and functional measures before pericardiectomy. However, the associations between Gal-3 and exercise intolerance after pericardiectomy may suggest a role of Gal-3 in prognosis prediction after pericardiectomy. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):683-689)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pericardite Constrictive/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Galectin 3</kwd>
        <kwd>Cell Diferentiation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardiectomy/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Patients with chronic constrictive pericarditis (CCP) have pericardial thickness that leads to restriction of diastolic filling of the ventricles. Clinical presentation of CCP is usually indolent and nonspecific in the early stages. Symptoms are attributable to biventricular diastolic dysfunction and include fatigue and decreased exercise tolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The progression of pericardial inflammation is a continuous event. Pericardial constriction after acute pericarditis seems to be related to fibroblast proliferation and fibrinous exudate, resulting in a thickened and inelastic pericardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, the mechanisms underlying pericardial fibrosis and calcification in CCP remain poorly understood.</p>
        <p>Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a beta-galactosidase binding lectin, is secreted by activated macrophages and is involved in the fibrogenesis process. Gal-3 is also a strong proinflammatory mediator.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Limited data are available on galectin levels in patients with pericardial disease. In a pilot study, Ntsekhe et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> studied patients with normal pericardium and patients with tuberculous pericarditis to define the levels of endogenous Ac-SDKP (N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline) and Gal-3 in normal pericardial fluid. They found that AcSDKP, a tetrapeptide with antifibrotic properties, and Gal-3 are detectable in normal pericardial fluid, and that tuberculous pericarditis was associated with low levels of pericardial AcSDKP and normal Gal-3 levels. Nevertheless, the role of Gal-3 in patients with CPP is not clear.</p>
        <p>Given the role of pericardial inflammation and fibrosis in the pathogenesis of CCP, we hypothesized that Gal-3 may serve as a biomarker or modulator of severity in patients with constrictive pericarditis. The aim of this study was to assess plasma Gal-3 levels in patients with CCP and correlate these levels with functional and histologic parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>In this prospective study, 33 patients with surgically proven constrictive pericarditis were included. Twenty-nine patients underwent radical pericardiectomy from February 2011 through November 2015 in a tertiary hospital in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. Four patients were excluded from the study by the following exclusion criteria: patients older than 70 years old, severe pulmonary disease according to a lung test, and moderate/severe valvular heart disease. Twenty-five patients were compared with 21 healthy, physically inactive individuals without heart disease (control group). The sample size was defined by convenience. The presumptive diagnosis of CCP was based on clinical, echocardiographic, and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging criteria according to European Society of Cardiology guidelines and proven by surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The following procedures were performed during hospitalization for surgery: measurement of serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, transthoracic echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and CMR imaging test ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> depicts the screening process).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Screening process.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0683-90152-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Tuberculosis constriction was defined by pericardial biopsy, when caseating granuloma was demonstrated or polymerase chain reaction was positive for <italic>Mycobacterium sp</italic> . Postsurgical constriction was defined as constrictive pericarditis after cardiac surgery. Constriction secondary to systemic inflammatory disease was defined in two patients with lupus erythematosus. Idiopathic constriction was defined when patients did not qualify for any of the previous groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a case control study with controls (healthy subjects) paired by age and sex.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedures</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Pericardiectomy procedure</title>
            <p>Median sternotomy was performed in all cases without cardiopulmonary bypass. Total pericardiectomy was performed with excision of the pericardium anteriorly, extending to both phrenic nerves and diaphragmatic pericardium. When this procedure was technically impossible, removal of parietal and visceral pericardium was attempted.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
            <p>Functional capacity was evaluated using the CPET, according to American Heart Association guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The evaluation was performed on a treadmill ( <italic>Ergoline - Via Sprint 150 P</italic> ) with modified Balke protocol with velocity varying from 2 to 3.4 mph and a ramp increment of 2% per minute. After placement on the treadmill, patients were connected to a volume transducer, with nose clipped, electrocardiographic monitoring ( <italic>Micromed - Cardio PC 13</italic> ) was performed. The oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) fractions were measured at each respiratory cycle. This evaluation was performed using a computerized system ( <italic>Sensormedics, Vmax Analyzer Assembly, Encore 29S</italic> ). Blood pressure was assessed by the auscultatory method, and measurements were taken every two minutes of exercise. In the recovery period, blood pressure was measured in the first, second, fourth, and sixth minutes. The cardiopulmonary exercise test was considered maximum when the individual reached at least one of the following parameters: respiratory exchange ratio &gt; 1.10, heart rate &gt; 95% of predicted for age, and extreme tiredness.</p>
            <p>BNP assays were performed using the ADVIA Centaur&#174; Kit ( <italic>Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostic, Los Angeles, California, USA</italic> ) and processed in automated equipment of the same brand. Samples were processed within two hours as recommended by the manufacturer.</p>
            <p>Plasma Gal-3 levels were determined using an Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent Assay ( <italic>ELFA</italic> ) and measured on Biomerieux Vidas 30 ( <italic>Biomerieux, Marcy l&#8217;Etoile, LY-France</italic> ). Calibration of the assay was performed according to the manufacturer&#8217;s recommendations.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Echocardiography</title>
            <p>The echocardiographic study was performed on a Sequoia 512 ultrasound device ( <italic>Acuson, Mountain View, California, USA</italic> ) with a 2.5 MHz transducer. All measurements were performed according to the American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A nasal respirometer was used for simultaneous recording of respiration, which was performed by an observer blinded to the other assessments of the protocol. Two-dimensional imaging was performed from parasternal, apical, and subcostal windows. The parasternal, apical views and M-mode recordings were used to detect the presence of respiratory ventricular septal motion. Apical views were also used to detect distortion of ventricular contours caused by constrictive pericardium. The subcostal view was used to identify diameters of the inferior vena cava. Doppler information was obtained from apical, subcostal, right supraclavicular, and parasternal imaging windows. From the apical window, pulsed-wave Doppler recordings at the level of the mitral leaflet tips were used to measure early (E) and atrial (A) diastolic velocities, deceleration time of the E wave, and respiratory variation in the E velocity. Tissue Doppler assessment of mitral annular motion was used to record and compare diastolic early (E) velocities at both the septal and lateral mitral annulus.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Descriptive analysis was performed; for quantitative data, central tendency and dispersion measurements are reported as median and interquartile ranges.</p>
        <p>Qualitative data was reported as frequencies and percentages. Gal-3 levels were compared between controls and case groups using Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used for categorical data. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the association between Gal-3 levels, parameters of echocardiography, CMR and ergometric test. An alpha error &lt; 5% was considered statistically significant, with a confidence interval of 95%.</p>
        <p>Graphics and statistical analyses were performed with Microsoft Excel 2013 and Stata ( <italic>version 13.0, Stata Corp., College Station, TX</italic> ), with a 2-tailed p &lt; 0.05 considered to be significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical issues</title>
        <p>The institutional review board approved this study that is in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The local ethics committee approved the protocol, and all participants signed a written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>Twenty-five patients with constrictive pericarditis underwent pericardiectomy.</p>
          <p>Median age was 45 years (33-57) with a predominance of men (n = 19, 76%), and median body mass index (BMI) was 25.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Comorbidities were hypertension, tobacco use, type 2 diabetes, and chronic arterial disease. All baseline characteristics are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . In the control group, median age was 44 (33-53) years, and 19 were men.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical and laboratory measures</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>Measure</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (76)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age years, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (33-57)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.6 (22-27)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Time of symptoms, months median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (12-36)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Time of hospitalization, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (7-16)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Time of ICU after procedure, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (2-3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Comorbidities, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (16)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Type 2 diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic arterial disease</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (12)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tabagism</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (20)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (40)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low voltage ECG</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (24)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Calcification X-ray</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (44)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pleural effusion X-ray</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (20)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>NYHA functional class, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (16)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (28)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (44)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IV</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (12)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Clinical signs, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Jugular stasis</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (88)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Edema</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (88)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ascites</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (72)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hepatomegaly</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (64)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pericardial knock</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (48)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kussmaul sign</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (24)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Paradoxal pulse</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (20)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Laboratory measurements &#8211; median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Galectin-3, ng/mL*</td>
                    <td align="center">14.8 [9.7-17.2]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL,</td>
                    <td align="center">13.4 [12.8-14.3]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine, mg/dL,</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 [0.99-1.26]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP, mg/dL (range)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.4 [3.2-9.4]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BNP, pg/mL (range)</td>
                    <td align="center">143 [89-209]</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Continuous variables are presented as median and interquartile range [IQR]. Categorical data are presented as percentage. *risk of postoperative death calculated by EuroSCORE (%). BMI: body mass index; ECG: electrocardiogram; ICU: intensive care unit; NYHA: New York Heart Association; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CRP: C-reactive protein.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Regarding clinical characteristics, the median length of symptoms before admission was 24 (12-36) months. Median length of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay was eight and two days, respectively. The main clinical signs in the patients were related to right heart failure &#8211; jugular vein distention (n = 22, 88%), edema (n = 22, 88%), ascites (n = 18, 72%) &#8211; and 16 (64%) had hepatomegaly (n = 16, 64%) at physical examination ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>Fourteen (56%) patients presented with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III/IV on admission. Analyzing the clinical signs, patients with ascites had higher Gal-3 levels (16.2 ng/mL [11.6-17.5]) compared with those without ascites, (8.2 ng/mL [6.6-14.8]), with no statistically significant difference though (p = 0.06; CI 95% 0.98-1.72). No association was found of Gal-3 levels with any of the other signs described.</p>
          <p>The most frequent etiologic diagnosis was idiopathic (n = 19, 76%), tuberculosis (n = 3, 12%), followed by collagenases (n = 2, 8%), and post-surgery (n = 1, 4%). There were no deaths after pericardiectomy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory and complementary tests</title>
          <p>The median values of hemoglobin, creatinine, C-reactive protein, BNP and Gal-3 are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Gal-3 levels were not significantly higher in CCP patients compared with control patients. The median level of Gal-3 was 14.8 [9.7-17.2] ng/mL and 11.8 [10.6-14.2] ng/mL for CCP and controls respectively (p = 0.22). In addition, no significant association was observed between Gal-3 levels and echocardiographic measures (left ventricular diastolic diameter, LVDD; left ventricular systolic diameter, LVSD, left atrial diameter, left ventricular ejection fraction), or with CMR measures (pulmonary artery systolic pressure, PASP &gt; 55 mmHg; left atrial diameter; abnormal septal motion (septal bouncing); vena cava dilatation and myocardial and pericardial late enhancement).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Imaging examinations</title>
          <p>All subjects underwent echocardiography and CMR examinations. The median ejection fraction measured by echocardiography and CMR was 60% and 57%, respectively. Analyzing the echocardiographic parameters, only 13 (52%) of the results suggested constrictive pericarditis as a diagnosis. In addition, pericardial thickening was observed in 17 (68%) subjects and inspiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid flow was observed in 13 (52%), suggesting diastolic restriction ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance variables</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Echocardiography variables</th>
                    <th>N</th>
                    <th>%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Echo suggests CCP</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">52</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic sinus (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">(29-34)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrium Diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">43.5</td>
                    <td align="center">(40-47)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Interventricular septum (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">(8-9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Posterior wall (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">(8-9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVDD basal (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">28</td>
                    <td align="center">(26-32)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVDD (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">45</td>
                    <td align="center">(41-46)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVSD (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">(27-32)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">(59-66)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pericardial thickness (&gt; 4 mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                    <td align="center">68</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Respiratory flow variations (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">52</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CMR suggests CCP</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">92</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pericardial enhancement</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Miocardial enhancement</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Septal bouncing</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">92</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Increased Left atrium</td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                    <td align="center">88</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vena cava dilatation</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">92</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">57</td>
                    <td align="center">(54-62)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pericardial thickness (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">(5-8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pericardial thickness (&gt; 4 mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">21</td>
                    <td align="center">84</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Continuous variables are presented as median and interquartile range [IQR], categorical data are presented as percentage. CCP: chronic constrictive pericarditis; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic diameter; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The CMR images suggested a CCP diagnosis in 23 (92%) subjects. Pericardial thickness (&gt; 4 mm) was found in 21 (84%) subjects, and the most frequent abnormalities observed were septal bouncing and aortic and vena cava dilatation, both observed in 23 (92%) patients, followed by increased left atrium in 22 (88%) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Effect of pericardiectomy on functional capacity</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Pre</th>
                    <th>Post</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Velocity (mph)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.5 [2-2.5]</td>
                    <td align="center">3 [2.5-3.3]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exercise time (min)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.5 [6.9-11.7]</td>
                    <td align="center">9.9 [4.5-14]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.397</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak HR (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">139 [114-160]</td>
                    <td align="center">159 [138-178]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.020</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VO<sub>2</sub>at AT (mL/kg/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.5 [11.2-14.6]</td>
                    <td align="center">16.4 [13.8-20.75]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AT (%)*</td>
                    <td align="center">73 [60-81]</td>
                    <td align="center">69.5 [62.5-78.5]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.856</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>peak VO<sub>2</sub>(mL/kg/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">18.5 [14.6-22.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">25.4 [22.3-28.6]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>peak VO<sub>2</sub>(%)*</td>
                    <td align="center">63 [49.5-70.5]</td>
                    <td align="center">82 [69.5-95]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak V<sub>E</sub>(L/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 [41.3-57.6]</td>
                    <td align="center">61.7 [44.5-79.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope RER</td>
                    <td align="center">35.5 [30-40] 1.1</td>
                    <td align="center">29 [28-31.5] 1.1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 &gt; 0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>* Percentage in relation to predicted for age and sex. Continuous variables are presented as median and interquartile range [IQR], categorical data are presented as percentage. VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption; AT: anaerobic threshold; HR: heart rate; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption; VE: pulmonary ventilation; RER: respiratory exchange ratio.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
          <p>In all subjects, the CPET proved to be safe, without serious complications. The tests were considered effective once median respiratory exchange ratio was 1.1 at both time points of the study. Overall, after surgical intervention, patients experienced improvement in cardiopulmonary capacity ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ) in treadmill speed, peak heart rate, peak oxygen consumption (peak VO<sub>2</sub>) at anaerobic threshold (AT), AT, VO<sub>2</sub>and V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope.</p>
          <p>BNP values had no correlation with CPET parameters either before or after the pericardiectomy procedure. However, although the Gal-3 marker did not correlate with CPET parameters before the procedure, we observed a moderate inverse correlation with test duration (r = &#8211;0.79; p &lt; 0.001), exercise time (r = &#8211;0.79; p &lt; 0.001), and heart rate at AT (r = 0.60; p = 0.01) in the postoperative period.</p>
          <p>Histopathological study</p>
          <p>Histological study was performed of 21 samples. Severe fibrosis and calcification were a common finding, observed in 19 (90.5%) and 12 (57.1%) of the specimens, respectively. Histopathological examination revealed mild inflammation in 16 cases (76.2%). No statistically significant association was found between Gal-3 and these findings ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Histopathologic analysis and galectin-3</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th>Mild</th>
                    <th>Severe</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Fibrosis</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (9.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (90.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gal-3</td>
                    <td align="center">19.7 [14.2-25.2]</td>
                    <td align="center">14.8 [9.4-17.2]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Calcification</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (57.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gal-3</td>
                    <td align="center">16.1 [11.9-20.3]</td>
                    <td align="center">14.1 [9.5-16.2]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Inflammation</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (76.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (23.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gal-3</td>
                    <td align="center">14.5 [10.5-16.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">16.1 [9.3-25.2]</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Continuous variables are presented as median and interquartile range [IQR], categorical data are presented as percentage. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study showed that patients diagnosed with CCP had normal levels of Gal-3 preoperatively, comparable with the control group. Also, we observed no significant correlation of Gal-3 with echocardiographic and CMR measures and BNP. After pericardiectomy, we observed an improvement in peak VO<sub>2</sub>and V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope, which are makers of poor prognostic. However, we observed negative associations between Gal-3 and CPET parameters after pericardiectomy, such as test duration and exercise time.</p>
        <p>Gal-3 has long been known to be a mediator of fibrosis in multiple organs, including the heart, kidney, pancreas, liver, and lung.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nevertheless, no studies have been performed on clinical data of CCP patients, associating levels of Gal-3 with pericardial structure, function, and functional status.</p>
        <p>Ntsekhe et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> studied AcSDKP and galectin levels in normal pericardial fluid and tuberculous pericardial effusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> AcSDKP exerts part of its antifibrotic effect by inhibiting Gal-3, which is inactivated by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The authors concluded that depressed levels of AcSDKP in conjunction with normal or low Gal-3 levels within the pericardium may explain the high incidence of constrictive pericarditis associated with tuberculous pericarditis.</p>
        <p>Constrictive pericarditis is a heterogeneous disorder and the risk of constriction after an acute episode is correlated with the etiology. Imazio et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> found a incidence of constrictive pericarditis &lt; 0.5% in idiopathic or viral acute pericarditis; 2.8% for connective tissue disease, 4.0% for neoplastic pericarditis; 20% for tuberculous pericarditis, and 33% for purulent pericarditis. In our cohort, most patients (76%) had an idiopathic etiology, and we cannot extrapolate our results to other etiologies. Only a study with more patients and different etiologies may elucidate whether galectin can modulate constriction.</p>
        <p>Inflammation is a physiological process that acts as a trigger for fibrosis and tissue regeneration following injury. The pericardium is a poorly vascularized structure with fibers composed of collagen that generally do not show the delayed enhancement observed with gadolinium injection. In cases where there is hyperemia and inflammation in the pericardium, there is increased vascularization resulting in an increase in late pericardial enhancement on CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Zurik et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> also observed that pericardial delayed hyperenhancement on CMR is common in patients with CCP and is associated with histological markers of chronic inflammation and increased neovascularization, which is indicative of an ongoing, dynamic active inflammatory reaction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Patients with CCP without pericardial delayed hyperenhancement had more pericardial fibrosis and calcification and a less pericardial thickening. We also did not observe any significant association of Gal-3 levels with pericardial thickness and pericardial late enhancement evaluated by CMR.</p>
        <p>One explanation as to why some patients with CCP do not improve after surgery is myocardial atrophy after prolonged constriction, residual constriction, or a concomitant myocardial process that leads to prolonged cardiac failure in spite of successful pericardiectomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Another possibility is myocardial fibrosis. Probably, the Gal-3-induced fibrosis is restricted to the myocardium and not the pericardium. We also did not observe an increase in galectin levels and myocardial delayed enhancement evaluated by CMR and histological analysis.</p>
        <p>Cardiopulmonary testing is the most useful tool to objectively assess the exercise capacity of patients with systolic and diastolic heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The test allows assessment of prognosis, efficacy of treatment, and selection for heart transplantation. Moreover, cardiopulmonary testing plays an important role in the prescription of exercises and rehabilitation programs.</p>
        <p>Our patients improved peak VO<sub>2</sub>and V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope which are two independent predictors of mortality in heart failure patients with systolic or diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Also, an increase in peak VO<sub>2</sub>is associated with lower hospital readmissions in heart failure patients, demonstrating the importance of pericardiectomy for these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, although numerous studies have evaluated the impact of pericardiectomy on the functional class of patients with CCP, most of them were retrospective case series.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Moreover, clinical assessment based on NYHA classification is imprecise and subjective. Some patients do not experience recovery in their functional capacity and NYHA functional class.</p>
        <p>The associations between Gal-3 levels and exercise intolerance after pericardiectomy suggest the possible role of Gal-3 in the pathophysiology of constrictive pericarditis. This hypothesis should be tested in longer follow-up studies. The finding of Gal-3 as a predictor of improvement in functional capacity is relevant, because it suggests that benefits of pericardiectomy appear to be lower in patients with higher levels of Gal-3.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Gal-3 levels were normal in patients with CCP and did not correlate with morphological and functional measures. The associations between Gal-3 levels and exercise intolerance after pericardiectomy suggest the possible role of Gal-3 in the prognostic prediction after pericardiectomy.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The sample consisted of young patients with a predominance of idiopathic etiology in a tertiary cardiology center, which may represent selection bias and limit the external validity of the results. We had only a single time point measure of Gal-3, and therefore we did not assess dynamic changes in this biomarker over time.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>The authors acknowledge bioMerieux Inc., France, for the Galectin-3 kit donation.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP under the protocol number 2002.007. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
