<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tNH75LQJkqpnHPFXHxgrq4H</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400673</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200171</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200171</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Escore de Risco GRACE &#233; o Santo Graal na Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco ou Podemos Melhor&#225;-lo ainda mais com Biomarcadores Adicionais?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6061-9663</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tim&#243;teo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santa Marta</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital Santa Marta - Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Teresa Tim&#243;teo &#8226; Hospital Santa Marta - Cardiology Department - Rua Santa Marta, 1110. Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>ana_timoteo@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>673</fpage>
      <lpage>674</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fator Natriur&#233;tico Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Enc&#233;falo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (BNP) tem sido reconhecido como um marcador muito &#250;til para a detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda aguda e cr&#244;nica, ambas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, que pode estar presente no contexto de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica s&#250;bita e prolongada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estes s&#227;o os primeiros passos da cascata isqu&#234;mica, levando &#224; necrose celular. Por esse motivo, os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos geralmente est&#227;o elevados no contexto de s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, aumenta a express&#227;o do gene do BNP card&#237;aco, aumentando as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A cin&#233;tica do BNP geralmente atinge o pico ap&#243;s 16 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e um segundo pico &#233; geralmente observado no quinto dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Podemos especular que o primeiro pico possa estar associado &#224; isquemia e o segundo pico &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda associada &#224; necrose celular e remodela&#231;&#227;o precoce.</p>
    <p>A por&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (NT-proBNP) &#233; o produto amino-terminal ap&#243;s a clivagem do pept&#237;deo precursor do BNP. Possui meia-vida mais longa, permitindo maior ac&#250;mulo e sensibilidade na detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais sutis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O NT-proBNP foi extensivamente estudado nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, principalmente nos anos 2000, e os resultados mostraram consistentemente que medidas iniciais fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es importantes e independentes para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em todo o espectro de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A precis&#227;o progn&#243;stica das medidas iniciais de NT-proBNP &#233; ainda melhor quando comparada &#224;s medidas iniciais de troponina card&#237;aca, refletindo o insulto isqu&#234;mico em vez da necrose celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O escore de risco GRACE &#233; atualmente o escore de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais amplamente recomendado no contexto de s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ele incorpora marcadores cl&#237;nicos, de eletrocardiograma e bioqu&#237;micos e &#233; altamente preditivo de mortalidade em curto e m&#233;dio prazo. Para a mortalidade intra-hospitalar, geralmente s&#227;o obtidos valores de &#193;rea Sob a Curva (AUC, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Area Under the Curve</italic> )&gt; 0,85.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, estudos anteriores n&#227;o demonstraram nenhum benef&#237;cio adicional com a inclus&#227;o de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos nesta ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O artigo de Souza et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> estudou o valor preditivo independente do NT-pro-BNP comparado &#224; classe Killip-Kimball em pacientes com todo o espectro de s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas e o valor incremental potencial quando inclu&#237;dos no escore de risco GRACE em substitui&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe Killip.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Eles estudaram 352 pacientes com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 63 anos, 60% do sexo masculino, 26% com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e mortalidade cardiovascular hospitalar de 4,8%. O NT-pro-BNP foi medido na hospitliza&#231;&#227;o, em uma mediana de 15,5 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e 29% apresentaram n&#237;veis aumentados. O NT-pro-BNP mostrou uma precis&#227;o preditiva moderada com uma AUC de 0,78, melhor do que a classe Killip. No entanto, n&#227;o foi superior em compara&#231;&#227;o ao escore de risco GRACE tradicional (AUC 0,82) ou quando inclu&#237;do no escore GRACE (AUC 0,83). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve benef&#237;cio em termos de an&#225;lise de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os resultados apresentados est&#227;o alinhados com estudos anteriores, confirmando, em uma coorte contempor&#226;nea de pacientes, o valor progn&#243;stico independente na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP nas s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas e os resultados da AUC tamb&#233;m foram semelhantes. A principal originalidade do presente trabalho &#233; o uso desse biomarcador n&#227;o como um complemento, mas em substitui&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe Killip, um dos marcadores cl&#237;nicos do escore de risco GRACE, justificado pela colinearidade esperada entre a classe Killip e o NT-proBNP. Entretanto, mesmo com essa abordagem, o NT-proBNP n&#227;o melhorou a precis&#227;o progn&#243;stica do escore de risco GRACE. Acredito que a principal explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; que o escore de risco GRACE &#233; um escore t&#227;o potente, com uma AUC geralmente relatada como &gt;0,85, incluindo vari&#225;veis progn&#243;sticas j&#225; muito importantes, que &#233; muito dif&#237;cil melhorar ainda mais essa precis&#227;o progn&#243;stica. V&#225;rios outros marcadores foram testados por outros autores e resultados semelhantes foram obtidos, sem nenhuma melhora significativa. Os resultados poderiam ser diferentes no seguimento em longo prazo? Essa &#233; uma pergunta importante que pode ser respondida em estudos subsequentes.</p>
    <p>H&#225; tamb&#233;m algumas limita&#231;&#245;es adicionais no presente estudo. A inclus&#227;o foi realizada por seis anos, mas apenas 352 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos. Embora a amostra seja adequada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho da amostra do estudo apresentado, ela sugere que a inclus&#227;o n&#227;o foi consecutiva e v&#225;rios pacientes n&#227;o foram considerados. Essa &#233; uma fonte potencial de vi&#233;s. Outro fato importante &#233; que nenhum dado &#233; apresentado sobre caracter&#237;sticas basais importantes. Por essa raz&#227;o, n&#227;o podemos avaliar se a amostra realmente representa as caracter&#237;sticas usuais do paciente nas coortes de s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o sabemos quais foram os ajustes feitos na an&#225;lise multivariada. Ou seja, se todas as vari&#225;veis com poss&#237;vel impacto no progn&#243;stico e nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foram consideradas no ajuste multivariado. A defini&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#8221; utilizada pelos autores tamb&#233;m n&#227;o est&#225; claramente explicada.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o presente estudo mostra que em uma coorte contempor&#226;nea de pacientes com todo o espectro de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, embora o NT-proBNP tenha um valor progn&#243;stico moderado independente para a mortalidade cardiovascular hospitalar, ele n&#227;o melhora a precis&#227;o progn&#243;stica da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco do escore de risco GRACE. Mas precisamos aprimor&#225;-lo e adicionar complexidade substancial ao seu uso? N&#227;o acredito que seja esse o caso.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2129-2200.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voors</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JGF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>27</issue>
          <fpage>2129</fpage>
          <lpage>2200</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Poole-Wilson PA. Who are the enemies? Lack of oxygen. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2002;4(Suppl G):G15-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poole-Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Who are the enemies? Lack of oxygen</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Suppl</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl G</supplement>
          <fpage>G15</fpage>
          <lpage>G19</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Wiese S, Breyer T, Dragu A, Wakili R, Burkard T, Schmidt-Schweda S, et al. Gene expression of brain natriuretic peptide in isolated atrial and ventricular human myocardium: influence of angiotensin 2 and diastolic fiber length. Circulation. 2000;102(25):3074-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wiese</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Breyer</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dragu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wakili</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burkard</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt-Schweda</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gene expression of brain natriuretic peptide in isolated atrial and ventricular human myocardium: influence of angiotensin 2 and diastolic fiber length</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>3074</fpage>
          <lpage>3079</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Goetz JP, Christofferson C, Perko M, Arendrup H, Rehfeld JF, Kastrup J, et al. Increase cardiac BNP expression associated with myocardial ischemia. FASEB J. 2003;17(9):1105-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goetz</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christofferson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perko</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arendrup</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rehfeld</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastrup</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increase cardiac BNP expression associated with myocardial ischemia</article-title>
          <source>FASEB J</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1105</fpage>
          <lpage>1107</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Morita E, Yasue H, Yoshimura M, Ogawa H, Jougasaki M, Matsumura T, et al. Increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1993;88(1):82-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morita</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yasue</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshimura</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogawa</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jougasaki</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsumura</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>82</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Kwan G, Isaksom SR, Beede J, Clopton P, Maisel AS, Fitzgerald RL. Short-term serial sampling of natriuretic peptides in patients presenting with chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(11):1186-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kwan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Isaksom</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beede</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clopton</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maisel</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fitzgerald</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short-term serial sampling of natriuretic peptides in patients presenting with chest pain</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1186</fpage>
          <lpage>1192</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Tim&#243;teo AT, Toste A, Ramos R, Miranda F, Ferreira ML, Oliveira JA, et al. Does admission NT-proBNP increases the prognostic accuracy of GRACE risk score in the prediction of short-term mortality after acute coronary syndromes? Acute Card Care. 2009;11(4):236-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tim&#243;teo</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toste</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miranda</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Does admission NT-proBNP increases the prognostic accuracy of GRACE risk score in the prediction of short-term mortality after acute coronary syndromes?</article-title>
          <source>Acute Card Care</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>236</fpage>
          <lpage>242</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Taiwar S, Squire IB, Downie PF, Mccullough AM, Campton MC, Davies JE, et al. Profile of plasma N-terminal proBNP following acute myocardial infarction; correlation with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(18):1514-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taiwar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Squire</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Downie</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mccullough</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campton</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Profile of plasma N-terminal proBNP following acute myocardial infarction; correlation with left ventricular systolic dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1514</fpage>
          <lpage>1521</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Galvani M, Ottani F, Oltrona L, Ardissino D, Gensini GF, Maggioni AP, et al. N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide on admission has prognostic value across the whole spectrum of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2004;110(2):128-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Galvani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ottani</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oltrona</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ardissino</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gensini</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maggioni</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide on admission has prognostic value across the whole spectrum of acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>128</fpage>
          <lpage>134</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Sabatine MS, Murphy SA, Demopoulos LA, DiBattiste PM, et al. Evaluation of B-type natriuretic peptide for risk assessment in unstable angina / non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: B-type natriuretic peptide and prognosis in TACTICS-TIMI 18. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(8):1264-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morrow</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Lemos</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabatine</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DiBattiste</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of B-type natriuretic peptide for risk assessment in unstable angina / non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: B-type natriuretic peptide and prognosis in TACTICS-TIMI 18</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1264</fpage>
          <lpage>1272</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Cannon CP, et al. Predictors of hospital mortality with global registry of acute coronary events. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(19):2345-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Granger</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dabbous</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pieper</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eagle</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors of hospital mortality with global registry of acute coronary events</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>163</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2345</fpage>
          <lpage>2353</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, Mueller C, Valgimigli M, Andreotti F, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(3):267-315.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roffi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patrono</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collet</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valgimigli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>267</fpage>
          <lpage>315</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Souza TMB, Cerqueira Jr AMS, Suerdieck JG, S&#225; NC, Sodr&#233; GS, Correia VCA, et al. Prognostic Value of NT-proBNP versus Killip Classification in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):666-672.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>TMB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
              <given-names>AMS</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suerdieck</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sodr&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>VCA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of NT-proBNP versus Killip Classification in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>666</fpage>
          <lpage>672</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Valor Progn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP versus Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip em Pacientes com S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is Grace Risk Score the Holy Grail in Risk Stratification or Can We Improve it Even Further with Additional Biomarkers?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6061-9663</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tim&#243;teo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital Santa Marta - Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ana Teresa Tim&#243;teo &#8226; Hospital Santa Marta - Cardiology Department - Rua Santa Marta, 1110. Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: ana_timoteo@yahoo.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptide</kwd>
        <kwd>Factor, Natriuretic Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Brain</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been recognized as a very useful marker for the detection of acute and chronic left ventricular dysfunction, both systolic and diastolic, that can be present in the context of sudden and prolonged myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> These are the first steps in the ischemic cascade, leading to cell necrosis. For that reason, natriuretic peptides are usually elevated in the context of acute coronary syndromes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Myocardial ischemia, even in the absence of left ventricular dysfunction, augments cardiac BNP gene expression, increasing plasma NT-proBNP concentrations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> BNP kinetics usually peaks at 16 hours of symptom&#8217;s onset in ST-elevation myocardial infarction and a second peak is usually observed by the fifth day.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> We can speculate that the first peak might be associated with ischemia and the second peak to left ventricular dysfunction associated with cell necrosis and early remodelling.</p>
      <p>N-terminal-pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) is the amino-terminal product after cleavage of the precursor peptide of BNP. It has a longer half-life, allowing greater accumulation and sensitivity in detecting subtle structural and functional changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> NT-proBNP has been extensively studied in the last two decades, particularly in the 00&#8217;s, and results consistently showed that early measurements provide important and independent information for risk stratification across the entire spectrum of acute coronary syndromes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Prognostic accuracy of early NT-proBNP measurements is even better when compared to early cardiac troponin measurements, reflecting the ischemic insult rather than cell necrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>GRACE risk score is currently the most widely recommended risk stratification score in the context of acute coronary syndromes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> It incorporates clinical, electrocardiogram and biochemical markers and it is highly predictive for short- and medium-term mortality. For in-hospital mortality, values of Area Under Curve &gt; 0.85 are usually obtained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, previous studies did not show any additional benefit with the inclusion of natriuretic peptides in this risk stratification tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The article by Souza et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> studied the independent predictive value of NT-pro-BNP compared to Killip-Kimbal class in patients with the whole spectrum of acute coronary syndromes and the potential incremental value when included in GRACE risk score in substitution of Killip class.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> They studied 352 patients with a mean age of 63 years, 60% males, 26% with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and in-hospital cardiovascular mortality was 4.8%. NT-pro-BNP was measured on admission, at a median of 15.5 hours after symptoms onset and 29% showed increased levels. NT-pro-BNP showed a moderate predictive accuracy with an AUC of 0.78, better than Killip class. However, it was not superior compared to the traditional GRACE risk score (AUC 0.82) or when included in GRACE score (AUC 0.83). There was also no benefit in terms of reclassification analysis.</p>
      <p>The results presented are in line with previous studies, confirming, in a contemporaneous cohort of patients, the independent prognostic value of admission NT-proBNP in acute coronary syndromes and AUC results were also similar. The main originality of the present paper is the use of this biomarker not as an add-on but in substitution for Killip class, one of the clinical markers of GRACE risk score, justified by the collinearity expected between Killip class and NT-proBNP. However, even with this approach, NT-proBNP didn&#8217;t improve the prognostic accuracy of the GRACE risk score. I believe that the main explanation is that GRACE risk score is such a potent score, with an AUC usually reported as &gt; 0.85, including already very important prognostic variables, that is very difficult to improve even further this prognostic accuracy. Several other markers were tested by other authors and similar results of no significant improvements were obtained. Could the results be different in long-term follow-up? This is an important question that can be answered in subsequent studies.</p>
      <p>There are also some additional limitations to the present study. Inclusion was performed for six years, but only 352 patients were included. Albeit the sample is adequate according to the sample size study presented, it suggests that the inclusion was not consecutive, and several patients were not considered. This is a potential source of bias. Another important fact is that no data is presented about important baseline characteristics. For that reason, we cannot assess if the sample really represents the usual patient&#8217;s characteristics in acute coronary syndromes cohorts. We also do not know what were the adjustments made in multivariate analysis. That is if all variables with a possible impact in prognosis and in NT-proBNP levels were considered in the multivariate adjustment. The &#8220;heart failure&#8221; definition used by the authors is also not clearly explained.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the present study shows that in a contemporaneous cohort of patients with the whole spectrum of acute coronary syndromes, although NT-proBNP has an independent moderate prognostic value for in-hospital cardiovascular mortality, it does not improve the risk stratification prognostic accuracy of the GRACE risk score. But do we need to improve it and add substantial complexity to its use? I do not believe that this is the case.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Prognostic Value of NT-proBNP versus Killip Classification in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
