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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YVsyGpwdY9nCrVmrnwkL7gn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400666</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2020005003201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180345</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Value of NT-proBNP versus Killip Classification in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago M. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Maur&#237;cio S.</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suerdieck</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole C. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sodr&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriella S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor C. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6910-1366</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis C. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis Correia &#8226;</bold> Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. Postal Code 40050-420, Salvador, BA - Brazil E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Souza TMB, Cerqueira Jr. AMS, Correia L; Acquisition of data: Souza TMB, Cerqueira Jr. AMS, Suerdieck JG, S&#225; NC, Sodr&#233; GS, Correia VCA, Lacerda YF, Fonseca LL, Noya-Rabelo MM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Souza TMB, Cerqueira Jr. AMS, Suerdieck JG, S&#225; NC, Sodr&#233; GS; Statistical analysis: Souza TMB, Cerqueira Jr. AMS, Suerdieck JG, S&#225; NC, Correia VCA, Lacerda YF, Fonseca LL, Noya-Rabelo MM, Correia L; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Souza TMB, Cerqueira Jr. AMS, Suerdieck JG, S&#225; NC, Sodr&#233; GS, Correia VCA, Lacerda YF, Fonseca LL, Noya-Rabelo MM, Correia L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>666</fpage>
      <lpage>672</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptides have better diagnostic accuracy compared to clinical-radiologic judgment for acute heart failure. In acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the prognostic value of acute heart failure is incorporated into predictive models through Killip classification. It is not established whether NT-proBNP could increment prognostic prediction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate whether NT-proBNP, as a measure of left ventricular dysfunction, improves the in-hospital prognostic value of the GRACE score in ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients admitted due to acute chest pain, with electrocardiogram and/or troponin criteria for ACS were included in the study. The plasma level of NT-proBNP was measured at hospital admission and the primary endpoint was defined as cardiovascular death during hospitalization. P-value &lt; 0.05 was considered as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Among 352 patients studied, cardiovascular mortality was 4.8%. The predictive value of NT-proBNP for cardiovascular death was shown by a C-statistic of 0.78 (95% CI = 0.65-0.90). After adjustment for the GRACE model subtracted by Killip variable, NT-proBNP remained independently associated with cardiovascular death (p = 0.015). However, discrimination by the GRACE-BNP logistic model (C-statistics = 0.83; 95%CI = 0.69-0.97) was not superior to the traditional GRACE Score with Killip (C-statistic = 0.82; 95%CI = 0.68-0.97). The GRACE-BNP model did not provide improvement in the classification of patients to high risk by the GRACE Score (net reclassification index = - 0.15; p = 0.14).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Despite the statistical association with cardiovascular death, there was no evidence that NT-proBNP increments the prognostic value of GRACE score in ACS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptide, Brain</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Brain natriuretic peptide is a prohormone, biologically measured by its active fragment or its inactive terminal portion (NT-proBNP). These molecules are biomarkers of left ventricular dysfunction, released to the bloodstream by myocytes undergoing wall tension due to volumetric or pressure overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In the detection of heart failure, these peptides present better accuracy than clinical-radiological evaluation, being able to identify sub-clinical levels of decompensation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The presence of left ventricular dysfunction is an important determinant of prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). In this context, multivariate predictive models<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> take into account the presence of clinically manifested left ventricular dysfunction, well represented by the classification of Killip and Kimball.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Two reasons support the hypothesis that the use of plasma biomarkers may increase the prognostic value of these models: the capacity to numerically quantify the degree of cardiac decompensation and the higher sensitivity for subclinical changes, without impairing specificity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the context of ACS, the concentration of NT-proBNP has a well-documented prognostic accuracy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, from a predictive point of view, whether NT-proBNP has an incremental value in relation to probabilistic models that already contain Killip as a predictor variable is a controversial matter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Among the models validated for risk prediction, GRACE score is the one with the best prognostic accuracy, containing Killip class as the marker of heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In this cohort, we tested the hypothesis that NT-proBNP incorporation increases the prognostic value of the GRACE score in patients with ACS. NT-proBNP wasmeasured at admission and the primary outcome was defined as cardiovascular death during hospitalization.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample selection</title>
        <p>Patients consecutively admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU) of a tertiary-care hospital, between September 2007 and October 2013, due to suspected ACS (unstable angina and myocardial infarction) were prospectively included in the study. Inclusion criteria was chest discomfort in addition to at least one of the three objective criteria:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>positive biological marker of myocardial necrosis, defined as troponin T &#8805; 0.01 ug/L or troponin I &gt; 0.034 g/L, corresponding to values above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>ischemic electrocardiographic alteration, consisting of T wave inversion (&#8805; 0.1 mV) or ST segment changes (&#8805; 0.05 mV); and</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>previously documented coronary artery disease, defined as a history of myocardial infarction with Q wave or previous angiography demonstrating coronary obstruction &#8805; 70%.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Patients without NT-proBNP dosage or who did not agree to participate in the study were excluded. The protocol was in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Institution, and all participants provided written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>NT-proBNP Measurement</title>
        <p>NT-proBNP measurement was performed on a blood sample collected at patient&#8217;s arrival at the hospital, aiming for a minimum delay between the onset of symptoms and the collection of material. Plasma was frozen at -70 &#186;C for simultaneous dosing of the samples. The immunoassay method (Biom&#233;rieux) was used, considering the following definitions of high NT-proBNP:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Values above 450 pg/ml in patients under 50 years of age;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Values above 900 pg/ml in patients over 50 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>GRACE score</title>
        <p>The GRACE score calculation was based on clinical data at admission, electrocardiogram performed within 6 hours of admission, troponin T or troponin I dosages in the first 12 hours, and the first plasmatic creatinine. Elevation of myocardial necrosis markers (as a component of the scores) was defined as troponin above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile. The GRACE score includes eight variables: five semi-quantitative, meaning different weight for each age stratum (systolic blood pressure, heart rate, plasma creatinine and Killip class), and three dichotomic ones (ST segment depression, elevation of myocardial necrosis marker, and cardiac arrest at admission). The final score can range from 0 to 372.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical end-point</title>
        <p>The clinical end-point was cardiovascular death during hospitalization, defined by one of the following mechanisms: cardiac failure, arrhythmia or due to complications from treatments related to ACS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analyses</title>
        <p>Numerical variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation as they presented normal distribution or small deviation from normality, while median and interquartile range were preferred in case of significant deviation from normality. Categorical variables were expressed in proportions. Preliminary results were accompanied by a 95% confidence interval as a measure of uncertainty. Initially, predictive values of NT-proBNP and Killip class were evaluated by the area under the ROC curve (C-statistic), considering cardiovascular death as an outcome. These two curves were statistically compared by the Hanley-McNeil paired test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In addition, Kappa Test was used to assess concordance between high NT-proBNP and Killip &gt; I in the definition of heart failure.</p>
        <p>Logistic regression was used to assess the incremental value of NT-proBNP to the GRACE Score. The technique of modifying the GRACE Score was used, by replacing Killip for NT-proBNP, and then comparing this GRACE-BNP model to the traditional GRACE. The modification of GRACE was performed in two ways, one numerical and another categorical. In the first case, the regression coefficient of NT-proBNP represented the change in log odds promoted by each unit of NT-proBNP. In this case, the logistic regression equation determined the weight of NT-proBNP (numerical GRACE-BNP). In the second case, a high NT-proBNP added 20 points to the Killip free GRACE, which is the equivalent of Killip II value in the score (categorical GRACE-BNP).</p>
        <p>The C-statistics of both models were compared with the traditional GRACE Score by the Hanley-McNeil test. Finally, net reclassification index analysis by Pencina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> was used to evaluate the reclassification value of logistic and categorical GRACE-BNP in relation to the definition of high risk. For this reclassification, the best cutoff points for these new scores were used in the ROC curve.</p>
        <p>Regarding sample size definition, two criteria were used. Firstly, aiming to reach a power of 80% to detect a difference of 0.05 between two ROC curves (referring to scores) and predicting a correlation of 0.80 between the scores, it would be necessary to enroll 192 patients. Secondly, in order to insert two variables in a logistic regression model, 10 to 20 events would be necessary.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>All of the tests above were considered statistically significant if p-value &lt; 0.05. The SPSS Version 21 was the software used for the analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample characteristics</title>
        <p>The sample consisted of 352 patients, mean age 63 &#177; 14 years, 60% male, 26% presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The GRACE score had a median of 104 (IIQ 82 - 131), which corresponds to intermediate risk. The median of NT-proBNP was 340 pg/ml (IIQ 86-1212), elevated in 29% of patients. The median time between symptom onset and NT-pro-BNP dosage was 15.5 hours (IIQ 8.2 - 32.5). The incidence of cardiovascular death in the hospital phase was 4.8%. Sample characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical and laboratorial characteristics of the selected sample</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sample Size</td>
                <td align="center">352</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male Gender</td>
                <td align="center">210 (60%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>ACS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Unstable angina</td>
                <td align="center">102 (29%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">90 (26%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">160 (45%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triarterial disease or LMCA</td>
                <td align="center">170 (48%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic ECG</td>
                <td align="center">223 (63%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Positive Troponin</td>
                <td align="center">250 (71%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Killip Classification</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip I</td>
                <td align="center">308 (88%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip II</td>
                <td align="center">18 (5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip III</td>
                <td align="center">25 (7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip IV</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">340 (86 - 1212)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GRACE score</td>
                <td align="center">104 (82 - 131)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortality</td>
                <td align="center">17 (4.8%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>*ACS: acute coronary syndrome; NSTEMI: Non ST elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST elevation myocardial infarction; LMCA: left main coronary artery; ECG: electrocardiogram; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>NT-proBNP and Killip: Univariate Predictor Value</title>
        <p>NT-proBNP demonstrated a moderate predictive capacity for cardiovascular death, according to C-statistic of 0.78 (95% CI = 0.65-0.90, p &lt; 0.001), while the Killip score presented C-statistic of 0.69 (95% CI = 0.54-0.84, p = 0.008), with no statistical difference between the two curves (p = 0.29) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The two markers agreed in the definition of heart failure in 75% of the cases (8% with heart failure and 67% without hear failure), meaning low level of agreement according to the Kappa test (k = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.54-0.84; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The accuracy of NT-pro-BNP in the prediction of death has a value of 0.78 (95% CI 0.65 &#8211; 0.9) in the C statistic and in the Killip classification 0.69 (95% CI 0.54 &#8211; 0.84).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0666-80345-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Independent and Incremental NT-pro-BNP Value</title>
        <p>In the logistic regression analysis, numerical NT-proBNP did not maintain statistical significance after adjustment for the traditional GRACE score (p = 0.11). On the other hand, numerical NT-proBNP remained an independent predictor when adjusted for GRACE score without Killip (p = 0.015; for each 500 pg/ml increase in NT-proBNP, a Beta of 0.029 was observed, OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.006 - 1.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Categorical NT-proBNP was not an independent predictor after adjustment for the GRACE score (p = 0.91) or for the GRACE score without Killip (p = 0.36).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Logistic regression model containing GRACE without Killip and numerical NT-proBNP in predicting deaths</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Beta Coefficient</th>
                <th align="center">Odds ratio (95% IC)</th>
                <th align="center">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GRACE without Killip</td>
                <td align="center">0.043</td>
                <td align="center">1.04 (1.02 - 1.06)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-proBNP / 500 pg/ml</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 (1.006 - 1.05)</td>
                <td align="center">0.015</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>For analysis of the incremental value of NT-proBNP to GRACE, we compared the C-statistics of the logistic GRACE-BNP, categorical GRACE-BNP and traditional GRACE score. The results of the analysis were, respectively, 0.83 (95% CI = 0.69-0.97), 0.82 (95% CI = 0.68-0.96), and 0.82 (95% CI = 0.68-0.97). Therefore, no incremental value of the new approaches was identified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the ROC curves between original GRACE (0.82; 95% CI = 0.68-0.97) and GRACE-BNP logistic (0.83; 95% CI = 0.69-0.97) and categorical (0.82; 95% CI = 0.68-0.96) shows similar C-statistics among the three scores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0666-80345-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reclassification of GRACE Score by NT-pro-BNP</title>
        <p>Regarding the net reclassification analysis, of the 17 patients who died, 3 were correctly reclassified by logistic GRACE-BNP from low to high risk, with no incorrect reclassification, resulting in a positive net reclassification index (+ 0.18%). Among the 335 patients who survived, 9 were erroneously reclassified from low to high risk, while there was no correct reclassification. This resulted in a negative net reclassification ratio (-0.02%). In the final analysis, considering all patients, the total net reclassification index (NRI) was - 0.15% (p = 0.14) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 03</xref>). Reclassification based on categorical GRACE-BNP showed similar results (NRI = 0.08; p = 0.44). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Analysis of net reclassification by the GRACE-BNP numerical score in relation to the GRACE score in the definition of high risk</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">Reclassification to high risk</th>
                <th align="center">Reclassification to low risk</th>
                <th align="center">NRI</th>
                <th align="center">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outcome</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">+0.18%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Without outcome</td>
                <td align="center">335</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-0.02%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">352</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-0.15%</td>
                <td align="center">0.14</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study demonstrates the independent prognostic value of numeric NT-proBNP after adjustment to the GRACE score. However, the NT-proBNP did not improve discrimination of the GRACE Score, nor its reclassification ability. Its findings are in line with the notions that not every independent predictor offers incremental value to traditional models.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In an explanatory point of view, our findings reinforce that the status of cardiac decompensation increases the risk of patients with ACS. On the other hand, from the predictive point of view, refining the prognostic evaluation with a biomarker of heart failure that is more accurate than clinical evaluation was not enough to increase the accuracy of multivariate models. This discussion is intended to debate the potential explanations for the absence of an incremental value, to confront this paper&#8217;s results with external evidence, to recognize methodological limitations and to address the relevance of the present results.</p>
      <p>Different hypotheses may explain the absence of NT-proBNP incremental value. Three possibilities will be pointed out, which comprises the generic properties of predictors and the specificities of the clinical context in question. First, probabilistic models are created with variables that simultaneously contribute to risk prediction, each with a predictive weight that is proportional to its independent strength of association. The improvement of a single predictor (detection of ventricular dysfunction) among many may not represent a relevant change. In the present case, the incorporation of a marker related to a new phenomenon was not proposed, but rather only the replacement of the evaluation of the phenomenon of heart failure with a theoretically better marker. Second, the predictive capacity of NT-proBNP theoretically lies in its continuous characteristic (numerical variable) and in its ability to identify subclinical ventricular dysfunction. It is possible that the prognostic value of heart failure is not at initial levels, limiting to more advanced and clinically manifested degrees. Finally, the prognostic accuracy of the traditional GRACE Score is already satisfactory, represented by C-statistic above 0.8, making more difficult to improve a marker that functions with good predictive capacity.</p>
      <p>Some previous studies have tested the prognostic value of brain natriuretic peptides in ACS. Although there is a disagreement between studies, a careful analysis of the results shows that they all point in the same direction. Three studies conclude positively regarding the prognostic value of this type of marker; however, these studies evaluated the independent predictive value but did not test incremental value (discrimination or reclassification).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In this context, our results are not discordant. However, our negative conclusion resides in a more comprehensive analysis that was not previously done. In concordance, the two studies that evaluated the incremental value of multivariate models presented the same conclusion as ours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Two aspects are original in the present work: it was the first study to aggregate the analysis of reclassification proposed by Pencina and the only one to adjust for the GRACE score after removal of Killip, avoiding eventual collinearity between Killip and NT-proBNP which could induce type II error. These approaches bring more veracity to our negative outcome.</p>
      <p>Methodological limitations must be recognized here, which may have promoted a false negative result. Firstly, it is known that, ideally, a risk marker should be tested in an environment where the care team is not aware of its outcome. As this marker is already available in our clinical practice, the team became aware of the NT-proBNP result, predisposing to performance bias, which could improve the prognosis of patients with high NT-proBNP. Secondly, although this study had the planned sample size, it lacked additional power for exploratory analyses. For example, it was not possible to test the incremental value of the best NT-proBNP cutoff point. To do so, it would require a sample to identify the best cutoff point and another one to test for its incremental value. However, given our sample size, we chose not to split the sample.</p>
      <p>The value of a negative result should be contextualized. Frequently, improper evaluation of markers modifies clinical reasoning with no probabilistic basis. That is, after estimating the risk based on the GRACE score, our evaluation would become less accurate if we mentally increased the risk after observing a high NT-proBNP value. It would be an improper reclassification. Therefore, it must be considered that the GRACE score has better accuracy than NT-proBNP, which should not modify the message of the first. On the other hand, the absence of prognostic value should not discredit the value of BNP in diagnosing symptoms of dyspnea during hospitalization or in monitoring the volemic status of patients who developed acute heart failure.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Despite its association with risk in a univariate approach, it has not been proven that the use of NT-proBNP as a measure of left ventricular dysfunction increases the in-hospital prognostic value of GRACE score in ACS.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Monte Tabor under the protocol number 36/11. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP <italic>versus</italic> Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip em Pacientes com S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago M. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Maur&#237;cio S.</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suerdieck</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole C. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sodr&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriella S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor C. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6910-1366</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis C. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis Correia &#8226;</bold> Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. CEP 40050-420, Salvador, BA - Brasil E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Souza TMB, Cerqueira Jr. AMS, Correia L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Souza TMB, Cerqueira Jr. AMS, Suerdieck JG, S&#225; NC, Sodr&#233; GS, Correia VCA, Lacerda YF, Fonseca LL, Noya-Rabelo MM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Souza TMB, Cerqueira Jr. AMS, Suerdieck JG, S&#225; NC, Sodr&#233; GS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Souza TMB, Cerqueira Jr. AMS, Suerdieck JG, S&#225; NC, Correia VCA, Lacerda YF, Fonseca LL, Noya-Rabelo MM, Correia L; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Souza TMB, Cerqueira Jr. AMS, Suerdieck JG, S&#225; NC, Sodr&#233; GS, Correia VCA, Lacerda YF, Fonseca LL, Noya-Rabelo MM, Correia L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos cerebrais t&#234;m melhor precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em compara&#231;&#227;o com a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-radiol&#243;gica para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda. Nas s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA), o valor progn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda &#233; incorporado nos modelos preditivos atrav&#233;s da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip. N&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido se o NT-proBNP poderia aumentar a previs&#227;o progn&#243;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar se o NT-proBNP, como medida da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, melhora o valor progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar do escore GRACE na SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes admitidos por dor tor&#225;cica aguda, com eletrocardiograma e/ou crit&#233;rios de troponina para SCA. O n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de NT-proBNP foi medido no momento da admiss&#227;o hospitalar e o desfecho prim&#225;rio foi definido como morte cardiovascular durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Foi considerado significativo o valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A mortalidade cardiovascular entre os 352 pacientes estudados foi de 4,8%. O valor preditivo do NT-proBNP para morte cardiovascular foi mostrado por uma estat&#237;stica C de 0,78 (IC 95% = 0,65-0,90). Ap&#243;s o ajuste para o modelo GRACE subtra&#237;do pela vari&#225;vel Killip, o NT-proBNP permaneceu independentemente associado &#224; morte cardiovascular (p = 0,015). No entanto, a discrimina&#231;&#227;o pelo modelo log&#237;stico GRACE-BNP (estat&#237;stica C = 0,83; IC 95% = 0,69-0,97) n&#227;o foi superior ao escore GRACE tradicional com Killip (estat&#237;stica C = 0,82; IC 95% = 0,68-0,97). O modelo GRACE-BNP n&#227;o proporcionou melhora na classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de alto risco pelo Escore GRACE (&#237;ndice l&#237;quido de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o = - 0,15; p = 0,14).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Apesar da associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica com a morte cardiovascular, n&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncias de que o NT-proBNP aumente o valor progn&#243;stico do escore GRACE na SCA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Encef&#225;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral &#233; um pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio, biologicamente medido por seu fragmento ativo ou sua por&#231;&#227;o terminal inativa (NT-proBNP). Essas mol&#233;culas s&#227;o biomarcadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, liberadas na corrente sangu&#237;nea por mi&#243;citos submetidos &#224; tens&#227;o da parede devido &#224; sobrecarga volum&#233;trica ou press&#243;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Esses pept&#237;deos apresentam melhor acur&#225;cia na detec&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do que a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-radiol&#243;gica, podendo identificar subn&#237;veis cl&#237;nicos de descompensa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#233; um importante determinante no progn&#243;stico de pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA). Nesse contexto, modelos preditivos multivariados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> levam em considera&#231;&#227;o a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda clinicamente manifestada, bem representada pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Dois motivos sustentam a hip&#243;tese de que o uso de biomarcadores plasm&#225;ticos possa aumentar o valor progn&#243;stico desses modelos: a capacidade de quantificar numericamente o grau de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e a maior sensibilidade a altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas, sem prejudicar a especificidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No contexto da SCA, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP possui uma precis&#227;o progn&#243;stica bem documentada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, do ponto de vista preditivo, se o NT-proBNP possui um valor incremental em rela&#231;&#227;o aos modelos probabil&#237;sticos que j&#225; cont&#234;m Killip como vari&#225;vel preditora &#233; uma quest&#227;o controversa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Entre os modelos validados para predi&#231;&#227;o de risco, o escore GRACE &#233; o de melhor precis&#227;o progn&#243;stica, contendo a classe Killip como marcador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Nesta coorte, testamos a hip&#243;tese de que a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP aumenta o valor progn&#243;stico do escore GRACE em pacientes com SCA. O NT-proBNP foi medido no momento da admiss&#227;o hospitalar e o desfecho prim&#225;rio foi definido como morte cardiovascular durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de amostra</title>
          <p>Pacientes internados consecutivamente na unidade coronariana (UC) de um hospital terci&#225;rio, entre setembro de 2007 e outubro de 2013, por suspeita de SCA (angina inst&#225;vel e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio) foram prospectivamente inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram desconforto no peito, al&#233;m de pelo menos um dos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios objetivos:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>marcador biol&#243;gico positivo de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, definida como troponina T &#8805; 0,01 ug/L ou troponina I &gt; 0,034 g/L, correspondendo a valores acima de 99%;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica isqu&#234;mica, consistindo em invers&#227;o da onda T (&#8805; 0,1 mV) ou altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST (&#8805; 0,05 mV); e</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana previamente documentada, definida como hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com onda Q ou angiografia pr&#233;via demonstrando obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana &#8805; 70%.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes sem dosagem de NT-proBNP ou que n&#227;o concordaram em participar do estudo. O protocolo estava em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o e todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP</title>
          <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP foi realizada em uma amostra de sangue coletada na chegada do paciente ao hospital, visando um atraso m&#237;nimo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a coleta de material. O plasma foi congelado a -70&#186;C para a dosagem simult&#226;nea das amostras. Foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de imunoensaio (Biom&#233;rieux), considerando as seguintes defini&#231;&#245;es de NT-proBNP alto:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Valores acima de 450 pg/ml em pacientes com menos de 50 anos de idade;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Valores acima de 900 pg/ml em pacientes acima de 50 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Escore GRACE</title>
          <p>O c&#225;lculo do escore GRACE foi baseado em: dados cl&#237;nicos no momento da admiss&#227;o, eletrocardiograma realizado dentro de 6 horas da admiss&#227;o, dosagens de troponina T ou troponina I nas primeiras 12 horas e na primeira creatinina plasm&#225;tica. A eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (como componente dos escores) foi definida como troponina acima de 99%. O escore GRACE inclui oito vari&#225;veis: cinco semiquantitativas, significando peso diferente para cada faixa et&#225;ria (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, creatinina plasm&#225;tica e classe Killip), e tr&#234;s dicot&#244;micas (depress&#227;o do segmento ST, eleva&#231;&#227;o do marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e parada card&#237;aca na admiss&#227;o). A pontua&#231;&#227;o final pode variar de 0 a 372.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfecho cl&#237;nico</title>
          <p>O desfecho cl&#237;nico foi a morte cardiovascular durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, definida por um dos seguintes mecanismos: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmia ou devido a complica&#231;&#245;es de tratamentos relacionados &#224; SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, pois apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou pequeno desvio da normalidade, enquanto a mediana e o intervalo interquartil foram os preferidos em caso de desvio significativo da normalidade. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em propor&#231;&#245;es. Os resultados preliminares foram acompanhados por um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% como medida de incerteza. Inicialmente, os valores preditivos das classes NT-proBNP e Killip foram avaliados pela &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (estat&#237;stica C), considerando-se como resultado a morte cardiovascular. Essas duas curvas foram comparadas estatisticamente pelo teste pareado de Hanley-McNeil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o Teste Kappa foi utilizado para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre NT-proBNP alto e Killip &gt; I na defini&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
          <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi usada para avaliar o valor incremental de NT-proBNP para o escore GRACE. A t&#233;cnica de modifica&#231;&#227;o do escore GRACE foi usada, substituindo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip pelo NT-proBNP e comparando esse modelo GRACE-BNP com o GRACE tradicional. A modifica&#231;&#227;o do GRACE foi realizada de duas maneiras, uma num&#233;rica e outra categ&#243;rica. No primeiro caso, o coeficiente de regress&#227;o do NT-proBNP representou a altera&#231;&#227;o nas chances de log promovidas por cada unidade do NT-proBNP. Nesse caso, a equa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica determinou o peso do NT-proBNP (GRACE-BNP num&#233;rico). No segundo caso, um NT-proBNP alto acrescentou 20 pontos ao GRACE sem Killip, que &#233; o equivalente ao valor de Killip II na pontua&#231;&#227;o (GRACE-BNP categ&#243;rico).</p>
          <p>As estat&#237;sticas C de ambos os modelos foram comparadas ao escore GRACE tradicional pelo teste de Hanley-McNeil. Por fim, a an&#225;lise do &#237;ndice de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida por Pencina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> foi utilizada para avaliar o valor de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do GRACE-BNP log&#237;stico e categ&#243;rico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o de alto risco. Para essa reclassifica&#231;&#227;o, o melhor ponto de corte para esses novos escores foi utilizado na curva ROC.</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra, foram utilizados dois crit&#233;rios. Primeiramente, com o objetivo de atingir um poder de 80% para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de 0,05 entre duas curvas ROC (referente aos escores) e prever uma correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,80 entre os escores, seria necess&#225;rio inscrever 192 pacientes. Segundo, para inserir duas vari&#225;veis em um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, seriam necess&#225;rios entre 10 e 20 eventos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Todos os testes acima foram considerados estatisticamente significativos se o valor de p &lt; 0,05. O SPSS vers&#227;o 21 foi o software utilizado para a an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
          <p>A amostra foi composta por 352 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 63 &#177; 14 anos, 60% do sexo masculino e 26% apresentando infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. O escore GRACE apresentou mediana de 104 (IIQ 82-131), o que corresponde a risco intermedi&#225;rio. A mediana do NT-proBNP foi de 340 pg/ml (IIQ 86-1212), elevada em 29% dos pacientes. O tempo mediano entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a dosagem de NT-pro-BNP foi de 15,5 horas (IIQ 8,2-32,5). A incid&#234;ncia de morte cardiovascular na fase hospitalar foi de 4,8%. As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais da amostra selecionada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">N</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tamanho da amostra</td>
                  <td align="center">352</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculine</td>
                  <td align="center">210 (60%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>SCA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (29%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAMCS ST</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (26%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAMC ST</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (45%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a triarterial ou ACE</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (48%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ECG isqu&#234;mico</td>
                  <td align="center">223 (63%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Troponina Positiva</td>
                  <td align="center">250 (71%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Killip I</td>
                  <td align="center">308 (88%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Killip II</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Killip III</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Killip IV</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">340 (86 - 1212)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore GRACE</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (82 - 131)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (4,8%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>*SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; IAMCS ST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMC ST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; ECG: Eletrocardiograma; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>NT-proBNP e Killip: Valor Preditivo Univariado</title>
          <p>O NT-proBNP demonstrou capacidade preditiva moderada para morte cardiovascular, de acordo com a estat&#237;stica C de 0,78 (IC 95% = 0,65-0,90, p &lt; 0,001), enquanto o escore de Killip apresentou estat&#237;stica C de 0,69 (IC 95% = 0,54-0,84, p = 0,008), sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre as duas curvas (p = 0,29) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Os dois marcadores concordaram na defini&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 75% dos casos (8% com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e 67% sem insufici&#234;ncia auditiva), significando baixo n&#237;vel de concord&#226;ncia pelo teste Kappa (k = 0,26; IC95% = 0,54 -0,84; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A precis&#227;o do NT-pro-BNP na predi&#231;&#227;o de morte tem um valor de 0,78 (IC 95% 0,65 &#8211; 0,9) na estat&#237;stica C e na classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip 0,69 (IC 95% 0,54 &#8211; 0,84).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0666-80345-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas ROC entre o GRACE original (0,82; IC95% = 0,68&#8211;0,97) e o GRACE-BNP log&#237;stico (0,83; IC95% = 0,69&#8211;0,97) e categ&#243;rico (0,82; IC95% = 0,68&#8211;0,96 ) mostra estat&#237;stica C semelhante entre as tr&#234;s pontua&#231;&#245;es.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0666-80345-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Valor NT-pro-BNP independente e incremental</title>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, o NT-proBNP num&#233;rico n&#227;o manteve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ap&#243;s o ajuste para o escore GRACE tradicional (p = 0,11). Por outro lado, o NT-proBNP num&#233;rico permaneceu um preditor independente quando ajustado para o escore GRACE sem Killip (p = 0,015; para cada aumento de 500 pg/ml no NT-proBNP, um Beta de 0,029 foi observado, OR = 1,03; IC 95% = 1,006-1,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). O NT-proBNP categ&#243;rico n&#227;o foi um preditor independente ap&#243;s o ajuste para o escore GRACE (p = 0,91) nem para o escore GRACE sem Killip (p = 0,36).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica contendo GRACE sem Killip e NT-proBNP num&#233;rico na previs&#227;o de &#243;bitos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Coeficiente Beta</th>
                  <th align="center">Odds ratio (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GRACE sem Killip</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 (1,02 - 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NT-proBNP / 500 pg/ml</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (1,006 - 1,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise do valor incremental de NT-proBNP em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GRACE, comparamos as estat&#237;sticas C do GRACE-BNP log&#237;stico, do GRACE-BNP categ&#243;rico e do escore GRACE tradicional. Os resultados da an&#225;lise foram, respectivamente, 0,83 (IC 95% = 0,69-0,97), 0,82 (IC 95% = 0,68-0,96) e 0,82 (IC 95% = 0,68-0,97). Portanto, nenhum valor incremental das novas abordagens foi identificado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do escore GRACE pelo NT-pro-BNP</title>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise l&#237;quida de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o, dos 17 pacientes que morreram, 3 foram corretamente reclassificados pelo GRACE-BNP log&#237;stico de baixo a alto risco, sem reclassifica&#231;&#227;o incorreta, resultando em um &#237;ndice l&#237;quido de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o positivo (+ 0,18%). Entre os 335 pacientes que sobreviveram, 9 foram erroneamente reclassificados de baixo a alto risco, enquanto n&#227;o houve reclassifica&#231;&#227;o correta. Isso resultou em uma taxa de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida negativa (-0,02%). Na an&#225;lise final, considerando todos os pacientes, o &#237;ndice l&#237;quido de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o (NRI) total foi de 0,15% (p = 0,14) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 03</xref>). A reclassifica&#231;&#227;o baseada no GRACE-BNP categ&#243;rico mostrou resultados semelhantes (NRI = 0,08; p = 0,44). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>)</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise da reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida pelo escore num&#233;rico GRACE-BNP em rela&#231;&#227;o ao escore GRACE na defini&#231;&#227;o de alto risco</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">N</th>
                  <th align="center">Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o para alto risco</th>
                  <th align="center">Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o para baixo risco</th>
                  <th align="center">NRI</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Desfecho</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">+0,18%</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sem desfecho</td>
                  <td align="center">335</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,02%</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">352</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,15%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstra o valor progn&#243;stico independente do NT-proBNP num&#233;rico ap&#243;s o ajuste no escore GRACE. No entanto, o NT-proBNP n&#227;o melhorou a discrimina&#231;&#227;o do GRACE Score, nem sua capacidade de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o. Suas descobertas est&#227;o alinhadas com as no&#231;&#245;es de que nem todo preditor independente oferece valor incremental aos modelos tradicionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Do ponto de vista explicativo, nossos achados refor&#231;am que o status de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca aumenta o risco de pacientes com SCA. Por outro lado, do ponto de vista preditivo, refinar a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica com um biomarcador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mais preciso que a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica n&#227;o foi suficiente para aumentar a precis&#227;o dos modelos multivariados. Esta discuss&#227;o tem como objetivo debater as poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para a aus&#234;ncia de valor incremental, confrontar os resultados deste artigo com evid&#234;ncias externas, reconhecer limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas e abordar a relev&#226;ncia dos presentes resultados.</p>
        <p>Hip&#243;teses diferentes podem explicar a aus&#234;ncia do valor incremental de NT-proBNP. Ser&#227;o apontadas tr&#234;s possibilidades, que compreendem as propriedades gen&#233;ricas dos preditores e as especificidades do contexto cl&#237;nico em quest&#227;o. Primeiro, modelos probabil&#237;sticos s&#227;o criados com vari&#225;veis que contribuem simultaneamente para a previs&#227;o de risco, cada uma com um peso preditivo proporcional &#224; sua for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o independente. A melhora de um &#250;nico preditor (detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular) entre muitos pode n&#227;o representar uma mudan&#231;a relevante. No presente caso, n&#227;o foi proposta a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de um marcador relacionado a um novo fen&#244;meno, mas apenas a substitui&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o do fen&#244;meno da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por um marcador teoricamente melhor. Em segundo lugar, a capacidade preditiva do NT-proBNP reside teoricamente em sua caracter&#237;stica cont&#237;nua (vari&#225;vel num&#233;rica) e em sua capacidade de identificar a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular subcl&#237;nica. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o valor progn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o esteja nos n&#237;veis iniciais, limitando-se a graus mais avan&#231;ados e clinicamente manifestados. Por fim, a precis&#227;o progn&#243;stica do escore GRACE tradicional j&#225; &#233; satisfat&#243;ria, representada pela estat&#237;stica C acima de 0,8, dificultando a melhoria de um marcador que funcione com boa capacidade preditiva.</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos anteriores testaram o valor progn&#243;stico dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos cerebrais na SCA. Embora exista um desacordo entre os estudos, uma an&#225;lise cuidadosa dos resultados mostra que todos apontam para a mesma dire&#231;&#227;o. Tr&#234;s estudos t&#234;m conclus&#245;es positivas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor progn&#243;stico desse tipo de marcador; entretanto, esses estudos avaliaram o valor preditivo independente, mas n&#227;o testaram o valor incremental (discrimina&#231;&#227;o ou reclassifica&#231;&#227;o).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Nesse contexto, nossos resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o discordantes. No entanto, nossa conclus&#227;o negativa reside em uma an&#225;lise mais abrangente que n&#227;o foi feita anteriormente. Em concord&#226;ncia, os dois estudos que avaliaram o valor incremental de modelos multivariados apresentaram a mesma conclus&#227;o que a nossa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente trabalho apresenta dois aspectos originais: foi o primeiro estudo a agregar a an&#225;lise de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o proposta por Pencina e o &#250;nico a ajustar o escore GRACE ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o de Killip, evitando uma eventual colinearidade entre Killip e NT-proBNP, que poderia induzir erro do tipo II. Essas abordagens trazem mais veracidade ao nosso resultado negativo.</p>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas devem ser reconhecidas aqui, podendo ter promovido um resultado falso negativo. Primeiramente, sabe-se que, idealmente, um marcador de risco deve ser testado em um ambiente em que a equipe de atendimento n&#227;o esteja ciente de seu resultado. Como esse marcador j&#225; est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a equipe tomou conhecimento do resultado do NT-proBNP, predispondo ao vi&#233;s de desempenho, o que poderia melhorar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com alto NT-proBNP. Em segundo lugar, embora este estudo possu&#237;sse o tamanho planejado da amostra, faltava poder adicional para an&#225;lises explorat&#243;rias. Por exemplo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel testar o valor incremental do melhor ponto de corte do NT-proBNP. Para isso, seria necess&#225;ria uma amostra para identificar o melhor ponto de corte e outra para testar seu valor incremental. No entanto, dado o tamanho da amostra, optamos por n&#227;o dividi-la.</p>
        <p>O valor de um resultado negativo deve ser contextualizado. Frequentemente, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o inadequada dos marcadores modifica o racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico sem base probabil&#237;stica. Ou seja, depois de estimar o risco com base no escore GRACE, nossa avalia&#231;&#227;o se tornaria menos precisa se aument&#225;ssemos mentalmente o risco depois de observar um alto valor de NT-proBNP. Seria uma reclassifica&#231;&#227;o impr&#243;pria. Portanto, deve-se considerar que o escore GRACE tem melhor precis&#227;o que o NT-proBNP, o que n&#227;o deve modificar a mensagem do primeiro. Por outro lado, a aus&#234;ncia de valor progn&#243;stico n&#227;o deve descredibilizar o valor do BNP no diagn&#243;stico dos sintomas de dispneia durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou no monitoramento do <italic>status</italic> vol&#234;mico dos pacientes que desenvolveram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar de associar-se ao risco em uma abordagem univariada, n&#227;o foi comprovado que o uso do NT-proBNP como medida da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda aumente o valor progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar do escore GRACE na SCA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>informado Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de Monte Tabor sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 36/11. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
