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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">p6qQNPSmsBd3xhxRPnYyw9h</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400656</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180375</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180375</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo Controlado das Altera&#231;&#245;es Hemodin&#226;micas Centrais de uma Sess&#227;o de Exerc&#237;cio Inspirat&#243;rio com Diferentes Cargas na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2505-9343</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marchese</surname>
            <given-names>Luana de Decco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chermont</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Warol</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Brand&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Bernardez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quint&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Teres&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os &#8211; Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (CLIC), Teres&#243;polis, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Martha</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Martha, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional do C&#226;ncer</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional do C&#226;ncer,Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Luana de Decco Marchese &#8226; Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os - Av. Delfim Moreira, 2799. CEP 25964-000, Vale do Para&#237;so, Teres&#243;polis, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>luana_dmarchese@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Marchese LD, Chermont S, Pereira SB, Mesquita ET; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Marchese LD, Chermont S, Warol D, Quint&#227;o M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Marchese LD, Chermont S, Warol D, Oliveira LB, Mesquita ET; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Marchese LD, Chermont S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Marchese LD, Warol D; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Chermont S, Oliveira LB, Pereira SB, Quint&#227;o M, Mesquita ET.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>656</fpage>
      <lpage>663</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria contribui para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e diminui&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Estudos com treinamento da musculatura inspirat&#243;ria demonstram melhora da for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria, da capacidade funcional e da qualidade de vida. Por&#233;m, pouco se sabe sobre a resposta hemodin&#226;mica central (RHC) durante o exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio (EI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a RHC em uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de EI com diferentes cargas (placebo, 30 e 60%) na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado placebo-controlado, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, classe funcional II e III. Vinte pacientes, com idade de 65&#177;11 anos, completaram uma sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio, em 3 ciclos de 15 minutos, com <italic>washout</italic> de 1 hora, envolvendo cargas de 30% (C30), 60% (C60) e placebo, utilizando um resistor de carga linear ( <italic>PowerBreathe Light</italic> ). O estudo hemodin&#226;mico n&#227;o invasivo foi realizado por bioimped&#226;ncia cardiotor&#225;cica ( <italic>Niccomo&#8482;CardioScreen&#174;</italic> ). An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita com o Teste <italic>t</italic>
 <italic>de</italic> Student e a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, considerado significante p&#8804;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foi observado aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) com a C30 (64&#177;15 vs 69&#177;15 bpm; p=0,005) e C60 (67&#177;14 vs 73&#177;14 bpm, p=0,002). No volume sist&#243;lico (VS), observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o com a C30 (73&#177;26 vs 64&#177;20 ml; p=0,004). O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC) apresentou aumento apenas com a C60 (4,6&#177;1,5 vs 5,3&#177;1,7 l/min; p=-0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Quando utilizada a carga de 60%, em uma sess&#227;o &#250;nica de EI, foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es na RHC. A FC e o DC aumentaram, assim como as escalas de Borg e sensa&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de dispneia. J&#225; a carga de 30% promoveu diminui&#231;&#227;o do VS. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):656-663)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Debilidade Muscular</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cios Respirat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Fadiga Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia por Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Exerc&#237;cio e Movimento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="18"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A maioria dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) apresenta intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, devido principalmente a sintomas como dispneia e fadiga. Essa baixa toler&#226;ncia aos esfor&#231;os gera um ciclo de inatividade f&#237;sica e consequente diminui&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m de outros mecanismos j&#225; descritos, como a excessiva necessidade ventilat&#243;ria, o ergorreflexo muscular exacerbado e o aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica, a fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria, presente em cerca de 30 a 50% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER), tem sido apontada como um fator que pode contribuir para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e que apresenta valor progn&#243;stico independente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos previamente publicados demonstraram que o treinamento da musculatura inspirat&#243;ria (TMI) resulta em melhorias significativas da for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria, da capacidade funcional, da dispneia e da resposta ventilat&#243;ria durante o exerc&#237;cio, al&#233;m de contribuir para melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, a intensidade ideal de treinamento para otimizar esses resultados ainda n&#227;o est&#225; clara. Uma recente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com meta-an&#225;lise sugere que o TMI de alta intensidade seja superior &#224;s menores cargas e parece n&#227;o apresentar efeitos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os estudos concentram-se em demonstrar os benef&#237;cios sist&#234;micos do TMI, por&#233;m pouco se sabe sobre a resposta hemodin&#226;mica central (RHC) desses pacientes durante o exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio (EI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A hip&#243;tese do presente estudo &#233; que, com uma carga mais alta, seriam observadas maiores repercuss&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas. Sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a RHC em uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio com diferentes cargas (placebo, 30 e 60%) na ICFER.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, placebo-controlado. A carga era colocada no resistor de carga linear, de forma que os participantes n&#227;o visualizavam em qual n&#237;vel estava posicionado o marcador e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o eram informados sobre a carga empregada.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Para atender o objetivo deste estudo, foram selecionados 29 pacientes com ICFER da Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (CLIC) do Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os (UNIFESO), que preencheram os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, idade acima de 21 anos, ecodopplercardiograma com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt;45% (m&#233;todo de Simpson), classe II e III pela New York Heart Association (NYHA), enfermidade est&#225;vel h&#225; pelo menos tr&#234;s meses, nunca ter realizado ou n&#227;o estar em tratamento com TMI. E nenhum dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o descritos a seguir: diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico (m&#233;dico) de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, angina inst&#225;vel, arritmias card&#237;acas importantes, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio dentro dos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses, incapacidade de realizar a sess&#227;o de EI. E ainda nenhum dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o da bioimped&#226;ncia cardiotor&#225;cica: derrame pleural volumoso, anasarca, insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada ou grave, uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia &gt;130mmHg, altura &lt;1,20m ou &gt;2,30m, peso &lt;30kg ou &gt;155kg, e uso de marca-passos com sensores para ajuste de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Como instrumentos de coleta, foram utilizados: um manovacu&#244;metro anal&#243;gico ( <italic>Critical Med&#174;</italic> , Brasil), um resistor de carga linear ( <italic>PowerBreathe Light&#174;</italic> , Estados Unidos) e um aparelho de bioimped&#226;ncia cardiotor&#225;cica (BCT) ( <italic>Niccomo&#8482; CardioScreen&#174;</italic> , Alemanha).</p>
        <p>As sess&#245;es de EMI foram realizadas de acordo com a randomiza&#231;&#227;o feita pelo site <italic>Randomizer</italic> , utilizando o resistor de carga linear durante 15 minutos com as seguintes resist&#234;ncias: 0 (placebo), 30% e 60% do valor da press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (PIm&#225;x) medida previamente atrav&#233;s da manovacuometria, com <italic>washout</italic> de 1 hora. Para acompanhar a repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, foi utilizado o aparelho de BCT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio</title>
        <p>Por ser a primeira vez que os participantes do estudo utilizaram o resistor de carga linear, ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial eles foram orientados sobre como deveriam realizar o EI e, depois, permaneceram 15 minutos em repouso antes de come&#231;ar a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
        <p>Seguindo a randomiza&#231;&#227;o das cargas feita previamente (placebo, 30% ou 60%), o EI foi realizado durante 15 minutos, com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o supina sobre poltrona reclin&#225;vel, a 45&#186; de eleva&#231;&#227;o. Todos os participantes utilizaram o mesmo resistor de carga linear, por&#233;m foi utilizado um filtro individual adquirido com o pr&#243;prio fabricante, que foi descartado ap&#243;s o experimento.</p>
        <p>Ao longo do EI, o indiv&#237;duo foi instru&#237;do a realizar inspira&#231;&#227;o e expira&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o sinal sonoro emitido por um software ( <italic>Paced Breathing</italic> ), de forma que todos os participantes realizaram 15 incurs&#245;es respirat&#243;rias por minuto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O treinamento com as demais cargas foi realizado ap&#243;s uma hora de intervalo entre cada sess&#227;o. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EI com placebo, foi retirada a mola do dispositivo, permanecendo somente a v&#225;lvula unidirecional, n&#227;o havendo resist&#234;ncia &#224; inspira&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O n&#250;mero adequado de participantes a serem estudados foi calculado com base em publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias que mostravam qual interven&#231;&#227;o, como efeitos do exerc&#237;cio, provocam altera&#231;&#245;es significativas, tal como aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, entre outros. Para esta magnitude de efeitos e para fixar o poder estat&#237;stico em 0,8 e erro alfa em 0,05, a amostra deveria compreender 20 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>Todos os dados foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para determinar se havia ou n&#227;o distribui&#231;&#227;o normal da amostra e dos dados. As vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas durante o EI, nos grupos Placebo, EI 30% ou EI 60% foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t de</italic> Student pareado. Para associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis independentes, foi utilizada a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Quando os valores de p foram significantes, compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas foram feitas por meio do teste de Bonferroni (post-hoc).</p>
        <p>Os dados foram transportados para uma planilha sistem&#225;tica do programa <italic>Prism GraphPad 5.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA</italic>
 <italic>).</italic> As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros absolutos. Todos os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o e valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>Todos os participantes deste estudo receberam informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre a finalidade da pesquisa e os procedimentos a serem realizados. O protocolo foi enviado para o Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do UNIFESO e aprovado sob o parecer n&#250;mero 420.737, com registro na Plataforma Brasil.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes, antes de participarem do estudo, assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, conforme a resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dentre os 29 participantes selecionados para o estudo, 20 conclu&#237;ram o experimento (nove pacientes recusaram-se a participar) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> est&#227;o descritas as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da amostra estudada.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Diagrama de fluxo CONSORT.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th>n <italic>=</italic> 20</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">13H\7M</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">164 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,7 &#177; 4,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etnia</td>
                <td align="center">Brancos (7), Pardos (6), Afrodescendentes (7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA</td>
                <td align="center">Classe II (14), Classe III (6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37,2 &#177; 6,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PIM&#225;x (cm\H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
                <td align="center">- 101 &#177; - 43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PEM&#225;x (cm\H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
                <td align="center">95 &#177; 42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carga TMI 30% (cm\H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
                <td align="center">31 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carga TMI 60% (cm\H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Terapia farmacol&#243;gica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor da ECA, %</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos, %</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#946;-bloqueador, %</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>H: homens; M: mulheres; kg: quilograma; cm: cent&#237;metros; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; kg/m<sup>2</sup>: quilogramas por metros quadrados; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PIM&#225;x: press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima; PEM&#225;x: press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima; TMI: treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio; cm/H<sub>2</sub>O: cent&#237;metros de &#225;gua; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Respostas das vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas centrais ao EI</title>
        <p>A resposta hemodin&#226;mica central apresentou um comportamento diferente entre as diferentes cargas de EI na amostra estudada. A FC aumentou com as cargas de 30% (C30) (64&#177;15 vs 69&#177;15 bpm; p=0,005) e 60% (C60) (67&#177;14 vs 73&#177;14 bpm, p=0,002), mas n&#227;o apresentou mudan&#231;as no modo placebo (P) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Ocorreu diminui&#231;&#227;o do VS quando realizado o EI com a C30 (73&#177;26 vs 64&#177;20 ml; p=0,004) e n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;as com as cargas P e C60 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). O DC aumentou quando realizado o EI com a C60 (4,6&#177;1,5 vs 5,3&#177;1,7 l/min; p=-0,001) e n&#227;o apresentou mudan&#231;as com as cargas P e C30 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Comportamento da FC pr&#233; e aos 15 min. de EI com as diferentes cargas. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; EI: exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio; bpm: batimentos por minuto; plac: placebo; min.: minutos. (Fonte: O autor)</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Comportamento do VS pr&#233; e aos 15 min. de EI com as diferentes cargas. VS: volume sist&#243;lico; EI: exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio; ml: mililitro; plac: placebo; min.:minutos. (Fonte: O autor)</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Comportamento do DC pr&#233; e aos 15 min. de EI com as diferentes cargas. DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; EI: exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio; ml: mililitro; plac: placebo; min.: minutos. (Fonte: O autor)</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Respostas das demais vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas ao EI</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m da RHC, outras vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas tamb&#233;m sofreram modifica&#231;&#245;es ao longo do EI com a C60. O placebo e a C30 n&#227;o geraram nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o nas vari&#225;veis apresentadas.</p>
        <p>Quando realizado o EI com a C60, houve aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) (124,1&#177;27,4 vs 130,6&#177;25,9 mmHg; p=0,001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ), da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) (85,7&#177;17,9 vs 89,2&#177;17,3 mmHg, p=0,004) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> ), bem como aumento da escala de esfor&#231;o percebido de Borg (0,3&#177;0,9 vs 1,1&#177;1,9, p=0,01) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref> ) e da escala subjetiva de dispneia (0,2&#177;0,7 vs 0,8&#177;1,5, p=0,02) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 8</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Comportamento da PAS no EI com as diferentes cargas. (Basal 124,1 &#177; 27,4 vs 15 min. 130,6 &#177; 25,9 mmHg, p=0,001). PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; EI: exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio; mmHg: mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio; min.:minutos. (Fonte: O autor).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Comportamento da PAM no EI com as diferentes cargas. (Basal 85,7 &#177; 17,9 vs 15 min. 89,2 &#177; 17,3 mmHg, p=0,004). PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; EI: exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio; mmHg: mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio; min.: minutos. (Fonte: O autor).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Comportamento do Borg no EI com as diferentes cargas. (Basal 0,3 &#177; 0,9 vs 15 min. 1,1 &#177; 1,9, p=0,01). EI: exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio; min.: minutos. (Fonte: O autor)</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Comportamento da escala subjetiva de dispneia no EI com as diferentes cargas. (Basal 0,2 &#177; 0,7 vs 15 min. 0,8 &#177; 1,5, p=0,02). EI: exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio; min.: minutos. (Fonte: O autor)</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Houve moderada correla&#231;&#227;o entre o DC basal e a for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria (r=0,45; p=0,04) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 9</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f09">
            <label>Figura 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o DC basal e a for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria, r=0,45; p=0,04. DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; l/min: litros por minuto; PIM&#225;x: press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima; cm/H<sub>2</sub>O: cent&#237;metros de &#225;gua.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo &#233; pioneiro ao descrever as altera&#231;&#245;es na RHC com diferentes cargas de EI em pacientes ambulatoriais com ICFER, utilizando um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Diferentes estrat&#233;gias de TMI s&#227;o utilizadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, por&#233;m n&#227;o est&#225; claro qual intensidade de treinamento &#233; a mais eficiente.</p>
      <p>Houve um comportamento hemodin&#226;mico diferente quando comparadas as cargas placebo, de 30% e 60%. Apenas a FC apresentou resposta semelhante ao EI com as cargas de 30% e 60%, com aumento dessa vari&#225;vel. J&#225; o VS sofreu queda significativa somente quando utilizada a carga de 30%, e o DC aumentou apenas no EI com a maior carga, de 60%. O grupo controle (placebo) n&#227;o apresentou nenhuma mudan&#231;a significativa.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo foi testada a hip&#243;tese de que diferentes cargas de EI poderiam produzir uma resposta hemodin&#226;mica central diferente entre elas. Apesar de j&#225; ter sido testada tanto a variabilidade da FC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> como os efeitos da fadiga muscular respirat&#243;ria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> atrav&#233;s do TMI, este estudo, at&#233; ent&#227;o, &#233; o &#250;nico a verificar a resposta hemodin&#226;mica central de diferentes cargas de EI em pacientes com ICFER.</p>
      <p>Para avaliar a resposta hemodin&#226;mica, foi utilizado um aparelho de bioimped&#226;ncia cardiotor&#225;cica, um m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica n&#227;o invasiva que, quando comparado a m&#233;todos de termodilui&#231;&#227;o, apresentou elevada correla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Mesmo quando utilizada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes cardiopatas, como demonstrado no estudo de Villacorta et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> a BCT demonstrou acur&#225;cia no c&#225;lculo do DC, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco e VS quando comparada &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. Portanto, no presente estudo, foi empregado um m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica capaz de registrar fidedignamente as mudan&#231;as ocorridas ao longo do EI.</p>
      <p>A fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria, presente em cerca de 30 a 50% dos pacientes com ICFER, tem sido reconhecida como um fator que contribui para a limita&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio nesses pacientes, al&#233;m de possuir valor progn&#243;stico independente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um dos principais estudos com TMI na IC foi realizado por Dall&#8217;ago et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> onde 32 pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos (TMI-placebo e TMI 30%). Ap&#243;s 12 semanas de treinamento (7 vezes na semana, durante 30 minutos), os pacientes do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o apresentaram aumento significativo de 115% na PIm&#225;x, 17% de aumento da capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de pico e 19% de aumento na dist&#226;ncia percorrida em seis minutos, al&#233;m de melhora na qualidade de vida.</p>
      <p>Os estudos com treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio, realizados desde 1995 na IC, concentram-se em demonstrar a melhora na for&#231;a e resist&#234;ncia muscular, melhora da capacidade funcional e na qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, as repercuss&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas do EI continuam pouco esclarecidas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas</title>
        <p>A tend&#234;ncia da resposta hemodin&#226;mica, quando um indiv&#237;duo saud&#225;vel &#233; submetido a uma carga resistiva ao exerc&#237;cio, &#233; de elevar a PAS, ao mesmo tempo em que o DC aumentar&#225; e, independentemente, os componentes da f&#243;rmula desta vari&#225;vel. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; intensidade do exerc&#237;cio, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que quanto maior a intensidade para o mesmo n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es, maior o aumento da FC e da press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> De fato, isso ocorreu no presente estudo, pois, ao longo dos 15 minutos de EI, a maior intensidade foi respons&#225;vel pelos aumentos mais significativos de FC e PAS.</p>
        <p>Ainda, o DC para as diferentes cargas resistivas aumentou 15% com a carga de 60% e diminuiu 3% com a carga de 30%.</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que o aumento no DC pode ocorrer devido ao aumento apenas da FC, apenas do VS, ou de ambos. No presente estudo, o aumento do DC no EI com carga de 60% ocorreu principalmente devido ao aumento significante da FC, com uma pequena participa&#231;&#227;o do VS, visto que essa vari&#225;vel tamb&#233;m aumentou, por&#233;m em menor escala, de forma n&#227;o significativa. Por outro lado, quando utilizada a carga de 30%, o DC apresentou comportamento inverso, com uma pequena diminui&#231;&#227;o, mesmo havendo aumento na FC. Neste caso, o que parece ter sido determinante para o n&#227;o aumento do d&#233;bito foi a queda de 12,5% do VS.</p>
        <p>Alguns pesquisadores relatam que, durante o exerc&#237;cio nos pacientes com IC, ocorre um pequeno aumento do VS. Outros demonstram que n&#227;o ocorre nenhum aumento dessa vari&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No presente estudo, com carga de 60%, a resposta foi um pequeno aumento de 4,5% e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no EI com carga de 30%.</p>
        <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o do VS e o aumento da FC com carga de 30% reportados nesse estudo s&#227;o semelhantes &#224; repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica da manobra de Muller, que tamb&#233;m faz com que haja press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica negativa. Orban et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> estudaram o efeito hemodin&#226;mico da manobra da Muller, sustentada por 12 segundos, em 20 adultos jovens saud&#225;veis e, dentre outros resultados, encontraram diminui&#231;&#227;o do VS e aumento da FC. Hall et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> avaliaram o efeito da manobra de Muller, sustentada por 15 segundos, em 8 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e conclu&#237;ram que, durante a manobra, ocorre aumento da p&#243;s-carga ventricular esquerda e diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico, por&#233;m a FC n&#227;o sofreu altera&#231;&#245;es significativas.</p>
        <p>Entretanto, a press&#227;o necess&#225;ria para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da manobra de Muller &#233; em torno de -40 mmHg (-54 cm/H<sub>2</sub>O), e a carga m&#233;dia utilizada durante as sess&#245;es de EI foram de -31 cm/H<sub>2</sub>O com 30% e -61 cm/H<sub>2</sub>O com 60%. Desse modo, a carga que mais se aproximou do valor para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da manobra de Muller n&#227;o foi a que apresentou comportamento semelhante &#224; manobra, exceto o aumento da FC.</p>
        <p>McConnell e Griffiths,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> avaliaram a resposta aguda da FC, PA e PAM a diferentes cargas de treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio (50%, 60%, 70%, 80% e 90%) em 8 atletas. Todas as cargas provocaram aumento da FC, por&#233;m apenas a carga de 60% provocou um aumento sustentado da PAM, PAS e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD). Como conclus&#227;o, os autores sugerem evid&#234;ncia de uma resposta &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do metaborreflexo nesta carga.</p>
        <p>O resultado encontrado pelos autores citados acima s&#227;o semelhantes ao do presente estudo, onde ambas as cargas produziram aumento da FC, por&#233;m apenas a carga de 60% gerou aumento significativo na PAS e PAM, o que pode ter ocorrido devido &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do metaborreflexo inspirat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Essa hip&#243;tese est&#225; de acordo com outros estudos, em que os autores afirmam que a ativa&#231;&#227;o do metaborreflexo inspirat&#243;rio se manifesta pelo aumento da FC e da PAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o do metaborreflexo pelo trabalho muscular inspirat&#243;rio &#233; um fator que contribui para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio nos pacientes com IC. Durante o aumento o trabalho respirat&#243;rio, ocorre redistribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo dos m&#250;sculos perif&#233;ricos para o diafragma, cerca de 14 a 16% de roubo de fluxo do DC, ocasionando exacerba&#231;&#227;o da fadiga dos m&#250;sculos perif&#233;ricos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Corroborando os achados do presente estudo, Moreno et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> avaliaram o efeito da fadiga muscular respirat&#243;ria na oxigena&#231;&#227;o e perfus&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos intercostais e do antebra&#231;o em pacientes com ICFER. Ap&#243;s realizarem o exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio com carga de 60% at&#233; a fadiga, os autores relataram diminui&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o e oxigena&#231;&#227;o tanto no m&#250;sculo intercostal quanto no antebra&#231;o, e sugerem que isso leva a uma redu&#231;&#227;o do reflexo de perfus&#227;o muscular da musculatura perif&#233;rica, levando &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do metaborreflexo inspirat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>No entando, a longo prazo, Chiappa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstraram que 4 semanas de TMI com carga de 60% &#233; capaz de atenuar o metaborreflexo inspirat&#243;rio em pacientes com IC e fraqueza dessa musculatura. Os autores tamb&#233;m relataram aumento significativo na pontua&#231;&#227;o de Borg, o que n&#227;o ocorreu com o grupo controle, que realizou o treinamento apenas com 2% da PIm&#225;x.</p>
        <p>Tal resultado &#233; similar ao de nosso estudo, onde apenas a maior carga aumentou significativamente a pontua&#231;&#227;o de Borg, al&#233;m de elevar tamb&#233;m a pontua&#231;&#227;o na escala subjetiva de dispneia; por&#233;m, essa &#250;ltima escala n&#227;o foi avaliada no estudo de Chiappa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Altas cargas de TMI (60-70%) s&#227;o recomendadas para promover um melhor efeito em pacientes com IC, e cargas menores (20-40%) s&#227;o indicadas para pacientes com maior classe funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O presente estudo demonstrou um maior grau de fadiga e dispneia, bem como maiores efeitos sobre a RHC, durante uma sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio com carga de 60%, o que corrobora essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o e salienta um potencial de risco para indiv&#237;duos isqu&#234;micos e com recente descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC.</p>
        <p>Crisafulli et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> foram os primeiros a avaliarem a resposta hemodin&#226;mica aguda &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do metaborreflexo em seres humanos com IC e a compararem &#224; resposta de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Para isso, foram selecionados nove pacientes com ICFER e nove volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis. Todos foram submetidos &#224; isquemia p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. A resposta hemodin&#226;mica, assim como no presente estudo, foi avaliada por imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica. Como resultados, os autores relataram que o aumento na PAS foi semelhante em ambos os grupos, por&#233;m o grupo controle obteve aumento da PAS devido ao aumento do DC; j&#225; no grupo de pacientes com IC, esse aumento ocorreu devido ao aumento da RVS. Houve ainda aumento do VS no grupo de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e diminui&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel nos pacientes com IC. Os autores sugerem que o aumento da RVS ocorre pela incapacidade dos pacientes com IC de melhorarem o desempenho card&#237;aco e o VS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre DC e PIm&#225;x</title>
        <p>Foi encontrada, em nosso estudo, uma moderada correla&#231;&#227;o entre DC e PIm&#225;x.</p>
        <p>Resultado semelhante foi encontrado por Nishimura et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> ao avaliarem 23 pacientes com IC. Por&#233;m, a correla&#231;&#227;o encontrada foi entre o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco e a PIm&#225;x. Naquela &#233;poca, os autores j&#225; sugeriram que a musculatura inspirat&#243;ria poderia ser dependente da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Mais recentemente, Filusch et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> avaliaram 532 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva por meio de cateterismo card&#237;aco direito e tamb&#233;m encontraram moderada correla&#231;&#227;o entre DC e PIm&#225;x. Os autores afirmam que a PIm&#225;x, por ser facilmente medida na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pode se tornar um par&#226;metro adicional na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica n&#227;o invasiva da gravidade da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Meyer et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> foram os primeiros a demonstrarem que a for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria possui valor progn&#243;stico independente. Eles acompanharam durante 23 meses 244 pacientes com ICFER e, ao longo desse per&#237;odo, os 57 pacientes (23%) que morreram apresentaram PIm&#225;x ainda mais reduzida que o restante da amostra.</p>
        <p>Corroborando com os achados de Meyer, Frankenstein et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> em um estudo prospectivo com 686 pacientes, evidenciaram que a PIm&#225;x pode ser considerada valor progn&#243;stico mesmo naqueles que fazem uso de &#946;-bloqueadores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra impossibilitou avaliar apenas o grupo com fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria e, tendo em vista que o presente estudo foi de efeito agudo, n&#227;o sabemos se esses efeitos s&#227;o mantidos ou atenuados. S&#227;o necess&#225;rias futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es que avaliem a RHC relacionada ao TMI de forma cr&#244;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Esses dados apontam que a resposta hemodin&#226;mica do EI, em suas diferentes propostas de carga resistiva com o resistor de carga linear, poderia ter um potencial de aplicabilidade no tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso em pacientes com IC (NYHA II e III), de forma segura, sem efeitos adversos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Quando utilizada a carga de 60%, em uma sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio inspirat&#243;rio, foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es na RHC. Particularmente aumentaram a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, a escala de Borg e a sensa&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de dispneia. J&#225; a carga de 30% promoveu diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico. O placebo n&#227;o promoveu mudan&#231;as significativas na RHC no presente estudo e, por fim, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Luana de Decco Marchese pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Controlled Study of Central Hemodynamic Changes in Inspiratory Exercise with Different Loads in Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2505-9343</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marchese</surname>
            <given-names>Luana de Decco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chermont</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Warol</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Brand&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Bernardez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quint&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os &#8211; Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (CLIC), Teres&#243;polis, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Martha, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional do C&#226;ncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Luana de Decco Marchese &#8226; Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os - Av. Delfim Moreira, 2799. Postal Code 25964-000, Vale do Para&#237;so, Teres&#243;polis, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: luana_dmarchese@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Marchese LD, Chermont S, Pereira SB, Mesquita ET; Acquisition of data: Marchese LD, Chermont S, Warol D, Quint&#227;o M; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Marchese LD, Chermont S, Warol D, Oliveira LB, Mesquita ET; Statistical analysis: Marchese LD, Chermont S; Writing of the manuscript: Marchese LD, Warol D; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Chermont S, Oliveira LB, Pereira SB, Quint&#227;o M, Mesquita ET.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Inspiratory muscle weakness contributes to exercise intolerance and decreased quality of life in patients with heart failure. Studies with inspiratory muscle training show improvement in inspiratory muscle strength, functional capacity and quality of life. However, little is known about the central hemodynamic response (CHR) during inspiratory exercise (IE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate CHR in a single IE session with different loads (placebo, 30% and 60%) in heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, functional class II and III. Twenty patients aged 65 &#177; 11 years completed a single session of inspiratory exercise, in 3 cycles of 15 minutes, with a 1-hour washout, involving loads of 30% (C30), 60% (C60) and placebo, using a linear load resistor (PowerBreathe Light). The noninvasive hemodynamic study was performed by cardiothoracic bioimpedance (Niccomo&#8482; CardioScreen&#174;). Statistical analysis was performed with Student&#8217;s t-test and Pearson&#8217;s correlation, and P&#8804;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>An increase in heart rate (HR) was observed with C30 (64 &#177; 15 vs 69 &#177; 15 bpm; p = 0.005) and C60 (67 &#177; 14 vs 73 &#177; 14 bpm, p = 0.002). A decrease was observed in systolic volume (SV) with C30 (73 &#177; 26 vs 64 &#177; 20 ml; p = 0.004). Cardiac output (CO), on its turn, increased only with C60 (4.6 &#177; 1.5 vs 5.3 &#177; 1.7 l/min; p = -0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>When using the 60% load, in a single IE session, changes in CHR were observed. HR and CD increased, as did the Borg scales and subjective sensation of dyspnea. The 30% load reduced the SV. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):656-663)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Muscle Weaknerss</kwd>
        <kwd>Breathing Exercises</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamics</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Movement Techniques</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Most patients with heart failure (HF) have exercise intolerance, mainly due to symptoms such as dyspnea and fatigue. This low tolerance to physical efforts generates a cycle of physical inactivity and a consequent decrease in quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to other mechanisms previously described such as excessive ventilatory need, exacerbated muscle ergoreflex and increased sympathetic activity, inspiratory muscle weakness, present in approximately 30 to 50% of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF), has been identified as a factor that can contribute to exercise intolerance<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and has an independent prognostic value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous studies have shown that inspiratory muscle training (IMT) results in significant improvements in inspiratory muscle strength, functional capacity, dyspnea and ventilatory response during exercise, besides contributing to the improvement in quality of life of patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, the ideal training intensity to optimize these results is still unclear. A recent systematic review with meta-analysis suggested that high-intensity IMT is superior to lower loads and does not appear to have any adverse effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Most studies have focused on demonstrating the systemic benefits of IMT, but little is known about the central hemodynamic response (CHR) of these patients during inspiratory exercise (IE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The hypothesis of the present study is that, with higher loads, greater hemodynamic repercussions would be observed. Therefore, this study aimed to assess CHR in a single session of inspiratory exercise with different loads (placebo, 30 and 60%) in HFREF.</p>
        <sec sec-type="methods">
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The load was placed on the linear load resistor, in a way that participants could not see at which level the marker was positioned and were also not informed about the load used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>To meet the objective of this study, 29 patients with HFREF from the Heart Failure Clinic (CLIC) of <italic>Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos</italic>
 <italic>&#211;rg&#227;os</italic> (UNIFESO) were selected. They all met the following inclusion criteria: clinical diagnosis of heart failure, age over 21 years, Doppler echocardiogram with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt;45% (Simpson method), class II and III by the New York Heart Association (NYHA), stable disease for at least three months, never having undergone or not being treated with IMT. None of the following exclusion criteria were present: clinical (medical) diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unstable angina, major cardiac arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction in the last three months, inability to perform the IE session. And yet none of the exclusion criteria for cardiothoracic bioimpedance: massive pleural effusion, anasarca, moderate or severe aortic insufficiency, use of intra-aortic balloon, mean arterial pressure &gt;130mmHg, height &lt;1.20m or &gt;2.30m, weight &lt;30kg or &gt;155kg, and use of pacemakers with sensors to adjust heart rate according to respiratory rate.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment methods</title>
          <p>Collection instruments used were: an analogue manovacuometer (Critical Med&#174;, Brazil), a linear load resistor (PowerBreathe Light&#174;, United States), and a cardiothoracic bioimpedance (CTB) device (Niccomo&#8482; CardioScreen&#174;, Germany).</p>
          <p>The inspiratory muscle exercise (IME) sessions were performed according to the randomization made by the Randomizer website, using the linear load resistor for 15 minutes with the following loads: 0 (placebo), 30% and 60% of the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) value measured previously by manovacuometry, with a 1-hour washout. To monitor the hemodynamic repercussions, the CTB device was used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inspiratory exercise</title>
          <p>As this was the first time participants used the linear load resistor, after the initial evaluation they were instructed on how to perform the IE and then remained at rest for 15 minutes before beginning hemodynamic monitoring.</p>
          <p>Following the load randomization done previously (placebo, 30% or 60%), the IE was performed for 15 minutes, with the patient in supine position on a reclining chair, at 45&#186; of elevation. All participants used the same linear load resistor, but an individual filter from the same manufacturer was used and discarded after the experiment.</p>
          <p>Throughout the IE, the patient was instructed to perform inspiration and expiration according to the sound signal emitted by a software (Paced Breathing), so all participants performed 15 breaths per minute.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The sessions with the other loads were carried out after a one-hour interval between each. For the IE with placebo, the device's spring was removed, only the unidirectional valve was left, therefore no resistance was present to the patient's inspiration.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The appropriate number of participants to be studied was calculated based on previous publications that showed which intervention, such as the effects of exercise, caused significant changes, such as increased heart rate, among others. For this magnitude of effects and to set statistical power at 0.8 and alpha error at 0.05, the sample should be comprised of 20 individuals.</p>
          <p>All data were subjected to Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis to determine whether or not there was a normal distribution of the sample and data. Hemodynamic variables during IE, in Placebo, 30% or 60% groups, were compared using the Student's t test for paired variables. For the association of independent variables, Pearson's correlation was used. When p values were significant, paired comparisons were made using the Bonferroni test (post-hoc).</p>
          <p>The data were transferred to a systematic spreadsheet in Prism GraphPad 5.0 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Categorical variables were expressed as absolute numbers. All results were expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation and p values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>All participants in this study received detailed information about the purpose of the research and the procedures to be performed. The protocol was sent to UNIFESO's Research Ethics Committee and approved under opinion number 420.737, registered at <italic>Plataforma Brasil</italic> .</p>
          <p>Before taking part in the study, all participants signed the informed consent form, according to resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Among the 29 participants selected for the study, 20 completed the experiment (9 patients refused to participate) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> describes the demographic, clinical and pharmacological treatment characteristics of the sample.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>CONSORT flowchart.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sample characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th>n=20</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender</td>
                  <td align="center">13M\7F</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">164 &#177; 11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.7 &#177; 4.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ethnicity</td>
                  <td align="center">Caucasian (7). Brown (6). Afrodescendants (7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA</td>
                  <td align="center">Class II (14). Class III (6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37.2 &#177; 6.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MIP (cm\H2O)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 101 &#177; - 43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MEP (cm\H2O)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 &#177; 42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30% load IMT (cm\H2O)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 &#177; 11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60% load IMT (cm\H2O)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Pharmacological therapy</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE inhibitor, %</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics, %</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#946;-blocker, %</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>M: male; F: female; kg: kilogram; cm: centimeters; BMI: body mass index; kg/m<sup>2</sup>: kilograms per square meter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MIP: maximum inspiratory pressure; MEP: maximal expiratory pressure; IMT: inspiratory muscle training; cm/H<sub>2</sub>O: centimeters of water; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Responses of central hemodynamic variables to IE</title>
          <p>The central hemodynamic response had a different behavior according to different IE loads in our sample. HR increased with loads of 30% (C30) (64 &#177; 15 vs 69 &#177; 15 bpm; p=0.005) and 60% (C60) (67 &#177; 14 vs 73 &#177; 14 bpm, p=0.002), but did not change in the placebo mode (P) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). There was a decrease in SV when the IE was performed with C30 (73 &#177; 26 vs 64 &#177; 20 ml; p=0.004) and there were no changes with placebo and C60 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). The DO increased when the IE was performed on C60 (4.6 &#177; 1.5 vs 5.3 &#177; 1.7 l/min; p=-0.001) and did not change with placebo and C30 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> HR behavior before and at 15 min. of IE with the different loads. HR: heart rate; IE: inspiratory exercise; bpm: beats per minute; plac: placebo; min: minutes. (Source: The author)</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Behavior of the SV before and at 15 min. of IE with the different loads. SV: systolic volume; IE: inspiratory exercise; ml: milliliter; plac: placebo; min: minutes. (Source: The author)</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Behavior of CO before and at 15 min. of IE with the different loads. CO: cardiac output; IE: inspiratory exercise; ml: milliliter; plac: placebo; min: minutes. (Source: The author)</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Responses of other hemodynamic variables to IE</title>
          <p>In addition to CHR, other hemodynamic variables also changed along the IE on the load C60. Placebo and C30 did not cause any changes in the variables presented.</p>
          <p>When the IE was performed on C60, there was an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (124.1 &#177; 27.4 vs 130.6 &#177; 25.9 mmHg; p=0.001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ), mean arterial pressure (MAP) (85.7 &#177; 17.9 vs 89.2 &#177; 17.3 mmHg, p=0.004) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> ), as well as an increase in Borg scale of perceived exertion (0.3&#177;0.9 vs 1.1&#177;1.9, p=0.01) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref> ) and the subjective dyspnea scale (0.2&#177;0.7 vs 0.8&#177;1.5, p=0.02) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 8</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>SBP behavior in the IE with the different loads. (Baseline 124.1 &#177; 27.4 vs 15 min. 130.6 &#177; 25.9 mmHg, p = 0.001). SBP: systolic blood pressure; IE: inspiratory exercise; mmHg: millimeters of mercury; min.: minutes. (Source: The author).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>MAP behavior in the IE with the different loads. (Baseline 85.7 &#177; 17.9 vs 15 min. 89.2 &#177; 17.3 mmHg, p = 0.004). MAP: mean arterial pressure; IE: inspiratory exercise; mmHg: millimeters of mercury; min.: minutes. (Source: The author).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Borg results in the IE with different loads. (Basal 0.3 &#177; 0.9 vs 15 min. 1.1 &#177; 1.9, p = 0.01). IE: inspiratory exercise; min.: minutes.(Source: The author)</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08001">
              <label>Figure 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Behavior of the subjective scale of dyspnea in IE with different loads. (Baseline 0.2 &#177; 0.7 vs 15 min. 0.8 &#177; 1.5, p = 0.02). IE: inspiratory exercise; min.: minutes. (Source: The author)</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlation</title>
          <p>There was a moderate correlation between baseline CO and inspiratory muscle strength (r=0.45; p=0.04) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09001">Figure 9</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f09001">
              <label>Figure 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Correlation between baseline CO and inspiratory muscle strength, r = 0.45; p = 0.04. CO: cardiac output; l/min: liters per minute; MIP: maximum inspiratory pressure; cm/H<sub>2</sub>O: centimeters of water.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0656-80375-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is a pioneer study in describing changes in CHR with different IE loads in outpatients with HFREF, using a non-invasive method of hemodynamic monitoring. Different IMT strategies are used in clinical practice, but it is not clear which training intensity is the most efficient.</p>
        <p>There were different hemodynamic behaviors when comparing placebo, 30% and 60% loads. Only the HR showed a similar response to IE with both loads of 30% and 60%, being increases. SV, on the other hand, had a significant drop only when the 30% load was used, and the CO increased only with the highest load, 60%. The control group (placebo) showed no significant change.</p>
        <p>In this study, the hypothesis that different IE loads could produce different central hemodynamic responses was tested. Although both HR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> variability and the effects of respiratory muscle fatigue<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> after IMT have already been tested, this study, until then, is the only one to verify the central hemodynamic response of different IE loads in patients with HFREF.</p>
        <p>To assess hemodynamic response, a cardiothoracic bioimpedance device was used, which is a noninvasive hemodynamic assessment method that, when compared to thermodilution methods, showed high correlation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Even when used to assess cardiac patients, as shown in the study by Villacorta et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> CTB showed accuracy in the calculation of CO, cardiac index and SV when compared to cardiac magnetic resonance. Therefore, in our study, a method of hemodynamic evaluation capable of reliably recording the changes occurred during IE was used.</p>
        <p>Inspiratory muscle weakness, present in about 30 to 50% of patients with HFREF, has been acknowledged as a factor that contributes to exercise limitation, in addition to having an independent prognostic value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One of the main studies with IMT in HF was carried out by Dall'ago et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in which 32 patients were randomized into two groups (IMT-placebo and IMT 30%). After 12 weeks of sessions (7 times a week, for 30 minutes), the patients in the intervention group showed a significant increase of 115% in MIP, 17% increase in peak oxygen uptake, and 19% increase in the distance covered in six minutes, in addition to an improvement in quality of life.</p>
        <p>Studies with inspiratory muscle training, performed since 1995 in HF, have focused on demonstrating the improvement in muscle strength and endurance, improvement in functional capacity and quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, the hemodynamic repercussions of the IE remain unclear.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Hemodynamic variables</title>
          <p>When a healthy individual is subjected to a resistive load to exercise, the tendency of the hemodynamic response is to increase SBP, at the same time that the CO will increase and, independently, the components of the formula of this variable. Regarding the intensity of the exercise, there is evidence that the greater the intensity for the same number of repetitions, the greater the increase in HR and blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In fact, this occurred in the present study because, over the 15 minutes of IE, the highest intensity was responsible for the most significant increases in HR and SBP.</p>
          <p>Furthermore, the CO for the different resistive loads increased by 15% with the 60% load and decreased by 3% with the 30% load.</p>
          <p>It is known that the increase in CO can occur due to an increase in HR alone, only in SV, or both. In our study, the increase in CO in IE with a 60% load occurred mainly due to the significant increase in HR, with a small participation of SV, since this variable also increased, but on a smaller, non-significant scale. On the other hand, when the 30% load is used, the CO had an inverse behavior and presented a small decrease, even with an increase in HR. In this case, what seems to have been decisive for the non-increase in output was the 12.5% drop in SV.</p>
          <p>Some researchers report that, during exercise in patients with HF, a small increase in SV occurs. Others demonstrate that there is no increase in this variable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In this study, the response to a load of 60% was a small increase of 4.5% and a decrease in IE with a 30% load.</p>
          <p>The decrease in SV and the increase in HR with a 30% load reported in this study are similar to the hemodynamic repercussions of the Muller maneuver, which also causes negative intrathoracic pressure. Orban et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> studied the hemodynamic effects of the Muller maneuver sustained for 12 seconds in 20 healthy young adults and, among other results, found a decrease in SV and an increase in HR. Hall et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> evaluated the effect of the Muller maneuver sustained for 15 seconds in 8 patients with congestive heart failure and concluded that, during the maneuver, there is an increase in left ventricular afterload and a decrease in systolic volume, but HR did not show significant changes.</p>
          <p>However, the pressure required to perform the Muller maneuver is around -40 mmHg (-54 cm/H<sub>2</sub>O), and the average load used during IE sessions was -31 cm/H<sub>2</sub>O with 30% load and -61 cm/H<sub>2</sub>O with 60% load. Thus, the load that came closest to the value for performing the Muller maneuver was not the one with a behavior similar to the maneuver, except for the increase in HR.</p>
          <p>McConnell and Griffiths<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> assessed the acute response of HR, BP and MAP to different loads of inspiratory muscle training (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%) in 8 athletes. All loads caused an increase in HR, but only a 60% load caused a sustained increase in MAP, SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In conclusion, the authors suggest an evidence of a response to the activation of the metaborreflex in this load.</p>
          <p>The results found by the authors cited above are similar to the findings in this study, where both loads increased HR, but only the load of 60% caused a significant increase in SBP and MAP, which may have occurred due to the activation of the inspiratory metaborreflex.</p>
          <p>This hypothesis is in agreement with other studies, in which the authors state that the activation of the inspiratory metaborreflex is manifested by the increase in HR and MAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The activation of the metaborreflex by inspiratory muscle work is a factor that contributes to exercise intolerance in patients with HF. During the increase in the respiratory work, there is a redistribution of blood flow from the peripheral muscles to the diaphragm, about 14 to 16% of flow theft of CO, causing an exacerbation of fatigue in peripheral muscles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Corroborating the findings of the present study, Moreno et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> evaluated the effect of respiratory muscle fatigue on oxygenation and perfusion of the intercostal and forearm muscles in patients with HFREF. After inspiratory exercise with a 60% load until fatigue, the authors reported decreased perfusion and oxygenation in both the intercostal muscle and forearm, and suggested that this leads to a reduction in the muscle perfusion reflex of peripheral muscles, activting the inspiratory metaborreflex.</p>
          <p>However, in the long run, Chiappa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstrated that 4 weeks of IMT with a 60% load is able to attenuate the inspiratory metaborreflex in patients with HF and muscle weakness. The authors also reported a significant increase in the Borg score, which did not occur in the control group, whose exercise was performed with only 2% of MIP.</p>
          <p>This result is similar to that of our study, where only the highest load significantly increased Borg's score, in addition to raising the score on the subjective dyspnea scale; however, this last scale was not evaluated in the study by Chiappa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>High IMT loads (60-70%) are recommended to promote a better effect in patients with HF, while lower loads (20-40%) are indicated for patients with a higher functional class.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The present study demonstrated a higher degree of fatigue and dyspnea, as well as greater effects on CHR, during a single session of IE with a 60% load, which corroborates this recommendation and highlights a potential risk for individuals with ischemia and with recent decompensation of HF.</p>
          <p>Crisafulli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> were the first to assess the acute hemodynamic response to the activation of the metaborreflex in humans with HF and to compare it to the response of healthy individuals. For this, nine patients with HFREF and nine healthy volunteers were selected. All were submitted to post-exercise ischemia. The hemodynamic response, as in the present study, was assessed by cardiographic impedance. As a result, the authors reported that the increase in SBP was similar in both groups, but the control group obtained an increase in SBP due to the increase in CO; in the group of patients with HF, this increase occurred due to the increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR). There was also an increase in SV in the group of healthy individuals and a decrease in this variable in patients with HF. The authors suggest that the increase in SVR occurs due to the inability of patients with HF to improve cardiac performance and SV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlation between CO and MIP</title>
          <p>In our study, a moderate correlation between CO and MIP was found.</p>
          <p>A similar result was found by Nishimura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> after evaluating 23 patients with HF. However, the correlation found was between cardiac index and MIP. At that time, the authors already suggested that the inspiratory muscles could be dependent on cardiac function.</p>
          <p>More recently, Filusch et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> evaluated 532 patients with congestive heart failure using right heart catheterization and also found a moderate correlation between CO and MIP. The authors state that, as MIP is easily measured in clinical practice, it can become an additional parameter in noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring of disease severity.</p>
          <p>Meyer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> were the first to demonstrate that inspiratory muscle strength has an independent prognostic value. They followed up 244 patients with HFREF for 23 months, and the 57 patients (23%) who died over that period had MIP even more reduced than the rest of the sample.</p>
          <p>Corroborating the findings of Meyer, Frankenstein et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in a prospective study with 686 patients, showed that MIP can be considered a prognostic value even in patients using &#946;-blockers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The sample size made it impossible to assess only the group with inspiratory muscle weakness and, given that the present study had an acute effect, we do not know whether these effects are maintained or attenuated. Further investigations are needed to assess chronic IMT-related CHR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical applicability</title>
          <p>These data indicate that the hemodynamic response of the IE in its different proposals of resistive load with the linear load resistor could have a potential for safe applicability in non-drug treatment of patients with HF (NYHA II and III), without adverse effects.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>When the 60% load was used in a single session of inspiratory exercise, changes in CHR were observed. Particularly increased heart rate, cardiac output, Borg scale and subjective feeling of dyspnea. The 30% load promoted a decrease in systolic volume. Placebo did not promote significant changes in CHR in the present study and, finally, there was a moderate correlation between cardiac output and inspiratory muscle strength.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luana de Decco Marchese, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
