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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MxWKNg3bfwKMvhGZCkQgDBz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400638</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2020005003203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190054</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impaired Right Ventricular Function in Heart Transplant Rejection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrion</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana J. B. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2954-4269</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sperotto</surname>
            <given-names>Alice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nazario</surname>
            <given-names>Raffaela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>Livia A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">PPG em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - PPG em Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Angela Barreto Santiago Santos &#8226;</bold> Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre - Cardiologia - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Sala 2061. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>abssantos@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Carrion LFBM, Rohde LE, Santos ABS; Acquisition of data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Carrion LFBM, Santos ABS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sperotto A, Nazario R, Goldraich LA, Clausell N.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>638</fpage>
      <lpage>644</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The practice of screening for complications has provided high survival rates among heart transplantation (HTx) recipients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>Our aim was to assess whether changes in left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) are associated with cellular rejection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients who underwent HTx in a single center (2015 - 2016; n = 19) were included in this retrospective analysis. A total of 170 biopsies and corresponding echocardiograms were evaluated. Comparisons were made among biopsy/echocardiogram pairs with no or mild (0R/1R) evidence of cellular rejection (n = 130 and n = 25, respectively) and those with moderate (2R) rejection episodes (n=15). P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Most patients were women (58%) with 48 &#177; 12.4 years of age. Compared with echocardiograms from patients with 0R/1R rejection, those of patients with 2R biopsies showed greater LV posterior wall thickness, E/e&#8217; ratio, and E/A ratio compared to the other group. LV systolic function did not differ between groups. On the other hand, RV systolic function was more reduced in the 2R group than in the other group, when evaluated by TAPSE, S wave, and RV fractional area change (all p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, RV GLS (&#8722;23.0 &#177; 4.4% in the 0R/1R group vs. &#8722;20.6 &#177; 4.9% in the 2R group, p = 0.038) was more reduced in the 2R group than in the 0R/1R group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In HTx recipients, moderate acute cellular rejection is associated with RV systolic dysfunction as evaluated by RV strain, as well as by conventional echocardiographic parameters. Several echocardiographic parameters may be used to screen for cellular rejection. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Graft Rejection</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Over the last five decades, heart transplantation (HTx) has become an established therapeutic option for patients with end-stage heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Improvements in surgical techniques, patient selection, immunosuppressive drugs, and post-HTx protocols have contributed to the success of this therapy and increased patient survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Post-HTx follow-up is focused on active screening for complications. Periodic endomyocardial biopsies can diagnose most cases of acute cellular rejection (ACR), in which patients are mostly asymptomatic, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) remains normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, endomyocardial biopsy is an invasive and costly procedure with potentially serious complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The search for other methods that can screen for rejection is thus becoming increasingly important. A few studies on novel echocardiographic techniques, such as two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D STE), have shown that reduction of left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) is associated with graft rejection, and it can be used to detect early subclinical myocardial dysfunction. However, there is no consensus in the literature in relation to the clinical applicability of GLS assessment in this scenario.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Furthermore, little is known about right ventricular (RV) GLS and its potential role in rejection, highlighting the research gaps in this area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Seeking to expand current knowledge about early myocardial dysfunction and graft rejection, the present study was designed to evaluate whether changes in myocardial strain by speckle tracking are associated with ACR. Specifically, we aimed to evaluate whether reduced LV GLS and RV GLS are associated with cardiac graft rejection.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Population</title>
        <p>All adult patients (age &gt; 18 years) who underwent HTx at the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2015 and 2016 were included in this analysis. During this period, patients received routine monitoring per hospital protocol, and their data were analyzed during the first 18 months of follow-up after HTx. Of the 20 patients who received transplants (all via the bicaval technique), 19 were included in this analysis, and one patient who died before the first endomyocardial biopsy due to hyperacute graft rejection was excluded. The standard institutional follow-up protocol, which served as a guide for this study, consisted of weekly biopsies in the first month post-HTx; biopsies every other week during the second and third months post-HTx; monthly biopsies from the fourth to the sixth month post-HTx; and subsequent biopsies every three to four months until 18 months of follow-up had been completed. Each biopsy was followed by echocardiography, seeking to detect post-biopsy complications.</p>
        <p>Of the 257 biopsies performed up to July 2017, 170 had corresponding echocardiograms with images suitable for strain analysis by the speckle-tracking method and were thus included in this study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Comparisons were made among biopsy/echocardiogram pairs with no (0R) or mild (1R) evidence of rejection (n = 130 and n = 25, respectively) and those with moderate (2R) rejection episodes (n = 15). This study was conducted in accordance with the standards set out in the Declaration of Helsinki, and its protocol was approved by the institutional Research Ethics Committee.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Feasibility of strain evaluation by speckle-tracking analysis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0638-90054-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic Analysis</title>
        <p>All echocardiograms were recorded and analyzed offline on a TOMTEC workstation (TomTec Imaging Systems, Unterschlei&#223;heim, Germany) by an experienced echocardiographer (LJBMC) blinded to clinical data and to the corresponding biopsies. Measurements were obtained according to American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) standards, including septal and posterior wall thicknesses; diameters of the LV, RV, aorta, and left atrium; transmitral flow; mitral and tricuspid annular relaxation velocities; and tricuspid annular excursion.</p>
        <p>Echocardiographic measures of RV function were performed using the apical 4-chamber view. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) was measured as the vertical displacement of the tricuspid annulus from end-diastole to end-systole using M-mode. The tissue Doppler-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity wave (S wave) was obtained aligning the basal segment and the tricuspid annulus with the Doppler cursor. RV fractional area change (FAC) was evaluated by manual tracing of RV areas as follows: (RV end-diastolic area &#8722; RV end-systolic area) / RV end-diastolic area &#215; 100.</p>
        <p>Analysis of myocardial deformation (GLS) was performed using specific B-mode speckle-tracking software for the LV and the RV (2D CPA TTA2.20.01, TomTec). This software circumvents angle dependency and identifies cardiac motion by tracking multiple reference points over time. At end-systole, as defined by ECG, three landmarks were established at the endocardial edge (two basal and one apical), with automatic detection of speckles along the endocardial edge of the specified cavity (LV or RV). Manual adjustments were made when necessary. In the LV, peak-systolic strain for each 2D apical view (two-, three-, and four-chamber) was automatically obtained from the mean of the 6 traced segments, while LV GLS was obtained by averaging the peak-systolic strain of apical views. In the RV, RV GLS was defined as the peak-systolic strain that combined the free wall and the septum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). All patients were in sinus rhythm, and a single cardiac cycle was analyzed. Images in which poor quality precluded speckle analysis in two or more consecutive segments, images covering less than one complete cardiac cycle, or excessively tangential views were excluded. LV and RV end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes were used to derive other measures of myocardial function, such as LVEF (by the modified Simpson method) and RV FAC.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging for right ventricular analysis in a heart transplant recipient at the time of biopsy-proven 2R rejection (Panel 2A) and the same patient at the time of biopsy without rejection (Panel 2B).</title>
            <p>Curves represent longitudinal strain curves and the white dot represents peak-systolic strain, which were used to measure right ventricular systolic function.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0638-90054-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Intraobserver variability for LV GLS and RV GLS was assessed in a sample of 20 randomly selected echocardiograms. The coefficient of variation was 3.8% and 6.7% for LV GLS and RV GLS, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.96 for LV GLS (95% confidence interval: 0.91 - 1.0) and 0.80 for RV GLS (95% confidence interval: 0.59 - 1.0).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Endomyocardial Biopsy</title>
        <p>Endomyocardial biopsies were scheduled as required by the standard institutional protocol. All were performed through an internal jugular vein access, at the catheterization laboratory. During the procedure, a sheath was advanced to the interventricular septum through the tricuspid valve, and 3 - 6 small fragments were retrieved with a cardiac bioptome for histological analysis. Tissue samples were evaluated by a single experienced pathologist who was blinded to the results of the echocardiographic studies. Biopsies were examined for ACR, graded on a scale from 0R to 3R, according to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) classification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> All patients with biopsies classified as &#8805; 2R were treated with a standard regimen for rejection, while those with biopsies classified as 1R were monitored closely and remained on maintenance immunosuppression therapy, following institutional protocols.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Normally distributed continuous data were expressed as means and standard deviations, and categorical data were shown as absolute and relative frequencies. Echocardiography variables were compared using ANOVA adjusted for each HTx patient accounting for repeated measurements. All statistical analyses were performed in the SPSS software package. All tests were two-sided, and p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Most HTx recipients (n = 19) followed in this study were women (n = 11; 58%), with a mean age of 48 &#177; 12.4 years. In general, few had other comorbidities, and the main etiology of heart failure was of non-ischemic origin. Donors were mostly young men, with a mean age of 29 years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HTx recipientes (n = 19)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (42%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age at transplantation (years)</td>
              <td align="center">47.7 &#177; 12.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral vascular disease, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (15%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smoker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time to HTx (days)</td>
              <td align="center">80 &#177; 105</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic time before HTx (min)</td>
              <td align="center">225 &#177; 57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Heart failure etiology</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic heart disease, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (10%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (89%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Donor</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (65%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">29 &#177; 7.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body surface area (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.78 &#177; 1.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smoker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data shown as mean &#177; SD or n (%). Number of patients = 19. HTx: heart transplantation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 257 biopsies performed in this period, the results of 66% (n = 170) correlated with echocardiography. Of the biopsies excluded from analysis (87 without corresponding echocardiograms), 24 showed 1R rejection; two showed 2R rejection; and one showed 3R rejection. Of the 170 biopsies analyzed in this study, 15 biopsies from 12 HTx recipients showed 2R rejection, and 155 biopsies showed either no evidence of cellular rejection or 1R rejection (n = 130 and n = 25, respectively).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Heart Structure and Function</title>
        <p>Compared to exams from patients without rejection or 1R rejection, echocardiograms from corresponding biopsies with 2R rejection episodes revealed greater LV posterior wall thickness, which did not reflect in an increase in LV mass or relative wall thickness. In exams from patients with 2R rejection, measures of diastolic function showed an increase in the medial and lateral E/e&#8217; ratio and the E/A ratio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiovascular structure and function</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">0R/1R N = 155</th>
                <th align="center">2R N = 15</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aortic diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">33.0 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">32.4 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.575</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left atrial diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">40.8 &#177; 5.6</td>
                <td align="center">42.5 &#177; 7.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.372</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IS thickness (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">11.5 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.439</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PW thickness (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">11.3 &#177; 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Relative wall thickness</td>
                <td align="center">0.49 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.53 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.115</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">42.4 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">43.0 &#177; 2.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-systolic diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.936</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-diastolic volume (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">88.2 &#177; 24.3</td>
                <td align="center">84.6 &#177; 18.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.593</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-systolic volume (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">35.7 &#177; 12.9</td>
                <td align="center">37.2 &#177; 12.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.618</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV basal diameter (mm) </td>
                <td align="center">40.2 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">40.9 &#177; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV end-diastolic area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">20.2 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">21.4 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.302</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV end-systolic area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">12.8 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV mass (g)</td>
                <td align="center">157.2 &#177; 33.9</td>
                <td align="center">173.9 &#177; 33.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.057</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV ejection fraction, Teichholz (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62.3 &#177; 7.9</td>
                <td align="center">63.2 &#177; 8.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.714</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV ejection fraction, Simpson (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59.6 &#177; 7.9</td>
                <td align="center">56.5 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAPSE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">13.8 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV fractional area change (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">46.2 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td align="center">40.8 &#177; 10.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1.56 &#177; 0.55</td>
                <td align="center">2.07 &#177; 0.82</td>
                <td align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Deceleration time (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">183.0 &#177; 41.8</td>
                <td align="center">158.2 &#177; 20.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medial e' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">7 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">7 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0.653</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lateral e' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">9 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0.100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medial E/e' </td>
                <td align="center">11.9 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">20.6 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lateral E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 5.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S wave (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">10.0 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">8.3 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV global longitudinal strain (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-20.2 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">-19.5 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.351</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Data are shown as mean &#177; SD. P-value calculated by ANOVA adjusted for heart transplantation patients. E/A: early to late mitral inflow velocity ratio; e': mitral relaxation velocity; E/e&#180;: mitral inflow to mitral relaxation velocity ratio; IS: interventricular septal; LV: left ventricular; PW: posterior wall; RV: right ventricular; S wave: tricuspid lateral systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>LV systolic function did not differ between groups when evaluated by the traditional method (LVEF) or by LV GLS (&#8722;20.2 &#177; 3.3% in the 0R/1R group vs. &#8722;19.5 &#177; 3.3% in the 2R group, p = 0.351). On the other hand, RV systolic function was reduced in the 2R group, in comparison with the other group, when evaluated by TAPSE, S wave and RV FAC. Additionally, RV GLS (&#8722;22.97 &#177; 4.4% in the 0R/1R group vs. &#8722;20.6 &#177; 4.9% in the 2R group, p = 0.038) was reduced in the 2R group, in comparison with the 0R/1R group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of rejection on cardiac biopsies over RV GLS strain results after heart transplantation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0638-90054-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this retrospective analysis of 170 matched echocardiograms and endomyocardial biopsies of post-HTx patients, our main finding was that moderate (2R) cellular rejection was associated with RV contractile dysfunction when assessed by RV GLS, as well as by conventional echocardiographic parameters such as TAPSE, S wave, and FAC. Conversely, LV systolic function was unchanged in this group. In addition, moderate rejection was associated with increased LV posterior wall thickness, E/e&#8217; ratio, and E/A ratio.</p>
      <p>In the search for noninvasive methods to aid in screening for cellular rejection, a few studies evaluated strain and strain rate by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Marciniak et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> studying a group of 31 patients with 106 biopsy/echocardiogram pairs, demonstrated a decrease in strain and strain rate on TDI in basal and apical segments of the RV free wall and in basal and middle segments of the LV lateral wall in the group with &#8805; 1B rejection, suggesting that these findings could be an additional tool for detecting acute rejection. The same authors also observed that, when histopathological involvement was mild (&lt; 2B), these alterations took on a pattern of segmental involvement, with little or no impact on GLS, revealing a low sensitivity of the latter for low-grade rejection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> More recently, the advent of evaluation of regional or global myocardial function by speckle tracking has provided a more robust technique for the detection of subclinical myocardial dysfunction, overcoming the limitations of TDI-measured strain, especially the dependence on prospective acquisition and the angle of acquisition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> At least three studies, published almost concomitantly, showed a rejection-related decrease in LV GLS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> while another group, as in our study, found no such differences in LV GLS when comparing exams from patients with no rejection or mild rejection to patients with moderate rejection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> It bears stressing that, even in the 0R group of our study, LV GLS values exceeded the range reported as normal after HTx in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Evaluation of RV parameters as potential markers of subclinical rejection was relatively less explored in previous studies. Clemmensen et al. studied a group of 36 HTx recipients and found that TAPSE was reduced in the group with cellular rejection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Another group, which studied a similar number of patients (n = 34), found a reduction in RV free wall strain associated with &#8805; 2R rejection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> These findings were observed as a similar trend in our study, where the decrease in RV function was shown by TAPSE, S wave, FAC, and RV peak GLS in moderate rejection. Eleid et al. demonstrated a decline in LV GLS in the early post-HTx period, and the association of non-improvement in GLS throughout follow-up was an independent predictor of worse prognosis for these patients, regardless of the histopathological results of endomyocardial biopsies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, the early post-Htx period is a time of adaptation of the new heart to the thoracic space, in a different position in the chest compared to the native heart, with expected structural alterations like increase of LV mass and in wall thickness due to inflammatory cell infiltration and graft edema, which are part of the physiological process of Htx. These abnormalities improve gradually within the first 6 months after transplant, but they can be a confounders of some signs of graft rejection.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, in agreement with the findings of our study, LV hypertrophy and changes in diastolic function, especially in LV filling pressure, have been associated with cellular rejection, despite the lower sensitivity of these findings, which may be confused with usual post-HTx alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some limitations of this analysis should be noted. As most echocardiographies for which corresponding biopsies were available had been performed to detect complications of endomyocardial biopsy, such as pericardial effusion and tricuspid valve injury, many failed to include a detailed evaluation of cardiac function and dynamics. As a consequence, we had to exclude 34% of biopsies. The single-center design of this study is also a limitation, especially because it was performed at a facility that is still expanding its HTx program, which accounts for the small sample size. Information on antibody-mediated rejection was not included in this study; therefore, echocardiographic findings cannot be extrapolated for that situation. Overall, the study comprised a low immunological risk population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In conclusion, we found evidence of RV systolic dysfunction in post-HTx patients with moderate rejection by 2D STE assessment of strain, as well as by conventional echocardiographic methods, in comparison with patients with no significant signs of rejection on histopathology. LV systolic function remained unchanged, suggesting that subclinical LV dysfunction may arise later than RV dysfunction. Moreover, patients with biopsy evidence of moderate rejection had greater LV hypertrophy and worse LV diastolic function and filling pressure on echocardiography. The role of these findings in screening for and diagnosing rejection, perhaps even leading to practice-changing updates in endomyocardial biopsy protocols, has yet to be explored in a prospective multicenter study.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luciana J. B. M. Carrion, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the UFRGS - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number CAAE 68562717.9.0000.5327. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita e Rejei&#231;&#227;o em Transplante Card&#237;aco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrion</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana J. B. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2954-4269</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sperotto</surname>
            <given-names>Alice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nazario</surname>
            <given-names>Raffaela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>Livia A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - PPG em Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Angela Barreto Santiago Santos &#8226;</bold> Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre - Cardiologia - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Sala 2061. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>abssantos@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Carrion LFBM, Rohde LE, Santos ABS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Carrion LFBM, Santos ABS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sperotto A, Nazario R, Goldraich LA, Clausell N.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A pr&#225;tica de triagem para complica&#231;&#245;es tem proporcionado altas taxas de sobrevida entre pacientes que receberam transplante card&#237;aco (TC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Visamos avaliar se altera&#231;&#245;es no <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) est&#227;o associadas &#224; rejei&#231;&#227;o celular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; TC em um &#250;nico centro (2015 - 2016; n = 19) foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise retrospectiva. Foram avaliados um total de 170 bi&#243;psias com ecocardiogramas correspondentes. Foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es entre pares de bi&#243;psia/ecocardiograma com nenhuma ou leve (0R/1R) evid&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o celular (n = 130 e n = 25, respectivamente) e aqueles com epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o moderada (2R) (n = 15). Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos os valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A maioria dos pacientes eram mulheres (58%) com idade m&#233;dia de 48 &#177; 12,4 anos. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os ecocardiogramas dos pacientes com rejei&#231;&#227;o 0R/1R, os pacientes com bi&#243;psias 2R apresentaram maior espessura da parede posterior do VE, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; e rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o outro grupo. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos. Por outro lado, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD foi reduzida no grupo 2R em compara&#231;&#227;o ao outro grupo, quando avaliada por TAPSE, onda S e varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea do VD. Adicionalmente, SLG VD (&#8722;22,97 &#177; 4,4% no grupo 0R/1R vs. &#8722;20,6 &#177; 4,9% no grupo 2R, p = 0,038) foi reduzido no grupo 2R, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo 0R/1R.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes de TC, rejei&#231;&#227;o celular aguda moderada est&#225; associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, avaliado pelo <italic>strain</italic> do VD, bem como por par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais. V&#225;rios par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos podem ser utilizados para realizar triagem para rejei&#231;&#227;o celular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Rejei&#231;&#227;o de Enxerto</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todo</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ao longo das &#250;ltimas cinco d&#233;cadas, o transplante card&#237;aco (TC) tem se estabelecido como uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em est&#225;gio terminal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Os aprimoramentos das t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas, da sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, dos medicamentos imunossupressores e dos protocolos p&#243;s-TC t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para o sucesso dessa terapia, e t&#234;m aumentado a sobrevida dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O acompanhamento p&#243;s-TC foca-se na triagem ativa para complica&#231;&#245;es. A bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica peri&#243;dica pode diagnosticar a maioria dos casos de rejei&#231;&#227;o celular aguda (RCA), nos quais os pacientes s&#227;o, em sua maioria, assintom&#225;ticos e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) permanece normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Por&#233;m, a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica &#233; um procedimento invasivo e dispendioso, com complica&#231;&#245;es potencialmente graves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Por este motivo, a busca por outros m&#233;todos que possam ser usados na triagem para rejei&#231;&#227;o est&#225; se tornando cada vez mais importante. Alguns estudos sobre novas t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, como ecocardiografia speckle tracking bidimensional (2D STE), t&#234;m demonstrado que a redu&#231;&#227;o de <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) est&#225; associada &#224; rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto, e pode ser utilizada para detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica subcl&#237;nica precoce. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso na literatura em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica da avalia&#231;&#227;o do SLG neste cen&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Al&#233;m disso, pouco se sabe sobre o SLG do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e o seu papel potencial na rejei&#231;&#227;o, fato que destaca as lacunas de pesquisa nesta &#225;rea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na busca de expandir o conhecimento atual sobre disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica precoce e rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto, o presente estudo foi desenhado para avaliar se altera&#231;&#245;es no <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico por speckle tracking est&#227;o associados &#224; RCA. Especificamente, n&#243;s visamos avaliar se redu&#231;&#245;es no SLG VE e no SLG VD est&#227;o associadas &#224; rejei&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do enxerto.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise todos os pacientes adultos (idade &gt; 18 anos) que foram submetidos a TC no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre 2015 e 2016. Durante o per&#237;odo, os pacientes receberam monitoramento de rotina de acordo com o protocolo hospitalar, e seus dados foram analisados durante os primeiros 18 meses de acompanhamento p&#243;s-TC. Dos 20 pacientes que receberam transplantes (todos pela t&#233;cnica bicaval), 19 foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise, e 1 paciente, que morreu antes da primeira bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica devido &#224; rejei&#231;&#227;o hiperaguda do enxerto, foi exclu&#237;do. O protocolo institucional de acompanhamento padr&#227;o, que serviu de guia para este estudo, consistia-se de bi&#243;psias semanais durante o primeiro m&#234;s p&#243;s-TC; bi&#243;psias quinzenais durante o segundo e o terceiro m&#234;s p&#243;s-TC; bi&#243;psias mensais do quarto ao sexto m&#234;s p&#243;s-TC; e bi&#243;psias subsequentes a cada 3 a 4 meses at&#233; completar 18 meses de acompanhamento. Cada bi&#243;psia foi seguida por ecocardiografia, buscando detectar complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-bi&#243;psias.</p>
          <p>Das 257 bi&#243;psias realizadas at&#233; julho 2017, 170 tinham ecocardiogramas com imagens adequadas para an&#225;lise de <italic>strain</italic> pelo m&#233;todo de speckle tracking e foram, portanto, inclu&#237;das neste estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es entre pares de bi&#243;psia/ecocardiograma com evid&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o ausente (0R) ou leve (1R) (n = 130 e n = 25, respectivamente) e com epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o moderada (2R) (n = 15). O presente estudo foi realizado em acordo com os princ&#237;pios estabelecidos pela Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, e seu protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa institucional.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Viabilidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o de strain por speckle tracking.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0638-90054-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Todos os ecocardiogramas foram analisados offline em uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho TOMTEC (TomTec Imaging Systems, Unterschlei&#223;heim, Alemanha) por um ecocardiografista experiente (LJBMC), cego aos dados cl&#237;nicos e &#224;s bi&#243;psias correspondentes. As medidas foram obtidas de acordo com os padr&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE, sigla em ingl&#234;s), incluindo espessuras das paredes septal e posterior; di&#226;metros do VE, VD, aorta, e &#225;trio esquerdo; fluxo transmitral; velocidades de relaxamento anular mitral e tric&#250;spide; e excurs&#227;o anular tric&#250;spide.</p>
          <p>Foram realizadas as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da fun&#231;&#227;o VD utilizando o corte apical de 4 c&#226;maras. A excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) foi medida como o movimento longitudinal do anel tric&#250;spide da di&#225;stole final &#224; s&#237;stole final, utilizando o modo M. A velocidade da onda sist&#243;lica do anel lateral tric&#250;spide derivada do Doppler tecidual (onda S) foi obtida alinhando o segmento basal e o anel tric&#250;spide com o cursor Doppler. A varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea (VFA) do VD foi avaliada pelo tra&#231;ado manual das &#225;reas do VD, conforme o seguinte: (&#225;rea diast&#243;lica final do VD &#8722; &#225;rea sist&#243;lica final do VD)/&#225;rea diast&#243;lica final do VD &#215; 100.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (SLG) foi realizada utilizando software espec&#237;fico (2D CPA TTA2.20.01, TomTec) de speckle tracking no modo B para o VE e o VD. Este software suplanta a depend&#234;ncia do &#226;ngulo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem e identifica movimento card&#237;aco rastreando m&#250;ltiplos pontos de refer&#234;ncia ao longo do tempo. No final da s&#237;stole, conforme definido por ECG, foram estabelecidos tr&#234;s marcos na borda endoc&#225;rdica (dois basais e um apical), com detec&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica de speckles pela borda endoc&#225;rdica da cavidade especificada (VE ou VD). Foram realizados ajustes manuais quando necess&#225;rio. No VE, o <italic>strain</italic> sist&#243;lico de pico para cada corte apical bidimensional (de 2, 3, e 4 c&#226;maras) foi obtido a partir da m&#233;dia dos 6 segmentos tra&#231;ados, enquanto o SLG VE foi obtido a partir da m&#233;dia do <italic>strain</italic> sist&#243;lico de pico dos cortes apicais. No VD, o SLG VD foi definido como o <italic>strain</italic> sist&#243;lico de pico combinando a parede livre e o septo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). Todos os pacientes estavam em ritmo sinusal, e foi analisado um &#250;nico ciclo card&#237;aco. Foram exclu&#237;das as imagens nas quais a m&#225; qualidade impedia an&#225;lise de speckles em 2 ou mais segmentos consecutivos, imagens abrangendo menos de 1 ciclo card&#237;aco completo e cortes excessivamente tangenciais. Foram utilizados os volumes sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos finais do VE e do VD para derivar outras medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, como FEVE (pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado) e VFA do VD.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagem de speckle tracking bidimensional para an&#225;lise do ventr&#237;culo direito em um paciente de transplante card&#237;aco no momento de rejei&#231;&#227;o 2R comprovada por bi&#243;psia (Painel 2A) e no mesmo paciente no momento de bi&#243;psia sem rejei&#231;&#227;o (Painel 2B).</title>
              <p>As curvas representam curvas de strain longitudinal, e o ponto branco representa o strain sist&#243;lico de pico, que foram utilizados para medir fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0638-90054-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Foi avaliada a variabilidade intra-observador para SLG VE e SLG VD em uma amostra de 20 ecocardiogramas aleatoriamente selecionadas. Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o foram de 3,8% e 6,7% para SLG VE e SLG VD, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse foram 0,96 para SLG VE (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,91 - 1,0) e 0,80 para SLG VD (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,59 - 1,0).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>As bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas foram agendadas conforme protocolo institucional. Todas foram realizadas por um acesso da veia jugular interna, no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo. Durante o procedimento, uma bainha foi introduzida no septo interventricular pela v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide, e 3 - 6 fragmentos pequenos foram coletados com um bi&#243;tomo card&#237;aco para an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica. As amostras de tecido foram avaliadas por um &#250;nico patologista experiente, o qual estava cego aos resultados dos estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. As bi&#243;psias foram examinadas para RCA e classificadas em uma escala de 0R a 3R de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Internacional de Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Pulm&#227;o (ISHLT, sigla em ingl&#234;s).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Todos os pacientes com bi&#243;psias classificadas como &#8805; 2R foram tratados com um regime padr&#227;o para rejei&#231;&#227;o, enquanto aqueles com bi&#243;psias classificadas como 1R foram monitorados cuidadosamente, permanecendo em terapia de imunossupress&#227;o de manuten&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com protocolos institucionais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados cont&#237;nuos com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e os dados categ&#243;ricos foram representados como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram comparadas utilizando ANOVA ajustada para cada paciente com TC, contemplando medidas repetidas. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no pacote de software SPSS. Todos os testes foram bilaterais, e foram considerados estatisticamente significantes os valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>A maioria dos receptores do TC (n = 19) acompanhados neste estudo eram mulheres (n = 11; 58%), com uma idade m&#233;dia de 48 &#177; 12,4 anos. Em geral, poucos tinham comorbidades, e a etiologia principal da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era de origem n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. A maioria dos doadores eram homens jovens, com uma idade m&#233;dia de 29 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de linhas de base da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Pacientes de TC (n = 19)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (42%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade no momento do TC (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,7 &#177; 12,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo atual, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo at&#233; TC (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo isqu&#234;mico antes do TC (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">225 &#177; 57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cardiomiopatia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (89%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Doadores</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (65%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 7,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,78 &#177; 1,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo atual, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n (%). TC: transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Das 257 bi&#243;psias realizadas neste per&#237;odo, os resultados de 66% (n = 170) estavam correlacionados &#224;s ecocardiografias. Das bi&#243;psias exclu&#237;das da an&#225;lise (87 sem ecocardiogramas correspondentes), 24 apresentaram rejei&#231;&#227;o 1R; duas apresentaram rejei&#231;&#227;o 2R; e uma apresentou rejei&#231;&#227;o 3R. Das 170 bi&#243;psias analisadas neste estudo, 15 bi&#243;psias de 12 pacientes p&#243;s TC apresentaram rejei&#231;&#227;o 2R, e 155 apresentaram nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o celular ou rejei&#231;&#227;o 1R (n = 130 e n = 25, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os exames dos pacientes sem rejei&#231;&#227;o ou com rejei&#231;&#227;o 1R, os ecocardiogramas das bi&#243;psias correspondentes aos epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o 2R revelaram maior espessura da parede posterior do VE, que n&#227;o refletiu um aumento na massa do VE ou na espessura relativa da parede. Nos exames dos pacientes com rejei&#231;&#227;o 2R, as medidas da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica apresentaram um aumento na rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; medial e lateral e na rela&#231;&#227;o E/A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">0R/1R N = 155</th>
                  <th align="center">2R N = 15</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro da aorta (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,0 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">32,4 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,575</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,8 &#177; 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">42,5 &#177; 7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,372</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espessura do SI (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,439</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espessura da PP (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">11,3 &#177; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espessura relativa da parede</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,115</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,4 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">43,0 &#177; 2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,550</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,936</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">88,2 &#177; 24,3</td>
                  <td align="center">84,6 &#177; 18,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,593</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico final do VE (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,7 &#177; 12,9</td>
                  <td align="center">37,2 &#177; 12,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,618</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro basal do VD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,2 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9 &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,550</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;rea diast&#243;lica final do VD (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,2 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">21,4 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,302</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;rea sist&#243;lica final do VD (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">12,8 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Massa do VE (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">157,2 &#177; 33,9</td>
                  <td align="center">173,9 &#177; 33,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,057</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, Teichholz (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,3 &#177; 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">63,2 &#177; 8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,714</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, Simpson (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,6 &#177; 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">56,5 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,122</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TAPSE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,8 &#177; 3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea do VD (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,2 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">40,8 &#177; 10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56 &#177; 0,55</td>
                  <td align="center">2,07 &#177; 0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">183,0 &#177; 41,8</td>
                  <td align="center">158,2 &#177; 20,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">e' medial (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">7 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,653</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">e' lateral (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">9 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/e' medial</td>
                  <td align="center">11,9 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">20,6 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/e' lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Onda S (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Strain longitudinal global LV (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-20,2 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">-19,5 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,351</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n (%). Valor p calculado por ANOVA ajustada para pacientes com transplante card&#237;aco. E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o das velocidades de enchimento mitral precoce a tardio; E/e': rela&#231;&#227;o das velocidades de enchimento mitral a relaxamento mitral; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide; Onda S: velocidade sist&#243;lica lateral tric&#250;spide; PP: parede posterior; SI: septo interventricular; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos quando foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo tradicional (FEVE) ou pelo SLG VE (&#8722;20,2 &#177; 3,3% no grupo 0R/1R vs. &#8722;19,5 &#177; 3,3% no grupo 2R, p = 0,351). Por outro lado, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD foi reduzida no grupo 2R em compara&#231;&#227;o com o outro grupo, quando avaliada por TAPSE, onda S e VFA do VD. Adicionalmente, SLG VD (&#8722;22,97 &#177; 4,4% no grupo 0R/1R vs. &#8722;20,6 &#177; 4,9% no grupo 2R, p = 0,038) foi reduzido no grupo 2R, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo 0R/1R (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da rejei&#231;&#227;o nas bi&#243;psias card&#237;acas pelos resultados de strain longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo direito ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0638-90054-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nesta an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 170 ecocardiogramas e bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas correspondentes, o nosso achado principal foi que a rejei&#231;&#227;o celular moderada (2R) foi associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til de VD avaliada por SLG VD, bem como por par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais como TAPSE, onda S e VFA. Por outro lado, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE neste grupo. Adicionalmente, rejei&#231;&#227;o moderada foi associada a um aumento na espessura da parede posterior do VE, na rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; e na rela&#231;&#227;o E/A.</p>
        <p>Na busca de m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos para auxiliar na triagem para rejei&#231;&#227;o celular, alguns estudos avaliaram <italic>strain</italic> e a <italic>strain</italic> rate por Doppler tecidual (DT). Marciniak et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> estudando uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 31 pacientes com 106 pares de bi&#243;psia/ecocardiograma, demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o em <italic>strain</italic> e <italic>strain</italic> rate no DT em segmentos basais e apicais da parede livre do VD e em segmentos m&#233;dios da parede lateral do VE no grupo com &#8805; rejei&#231;&#227;o 1B, sugerindo que estes achados possam ser uma ferramenta adicional na detec&#231;&#227;o de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda. Os mesmos autores tamb&#233;m observaram que, quando o acometimento histopatol&#243;gico era leve (&lt; 2B), essas altera&#231;&#245;es assumiram um padr&#227;o de acometimento segmentar, com pouco ou nenhum impacto no SLG, revelando uma baixa sensibilidade do &#250;ltimo para rejei&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Mais recentemente, o advento da avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica regional ou global por speckle tracking forneceu uma t&#233;cnica mais robusta para a detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica subcl&#237;nica, superando as limita&#231;&#245;es de <italic>strain</italic> medido pelo DT, especialmente a depend&#234;ncia na aquisi&#231;&#227;o prospectiva e o &#226;ngulo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Pelo menos 3 estudos, publicados quase concomitantemente, mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o em SLG VE relacionada &#224; rejei&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> enquanto um outro grupo, como no nosso estudo, n&#227;o achou diferen&#231;as em SLG VE ao comparar exames de pacientes com leve ou nenhuma rejei&#231;&#227;o com aqueles de pacientes com rejei&#231;&#227;o moderada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Vale ressaltar que os valores de SLG VE, mesmo no grupo 0R do nosso estudo, excederam as faixas relatadas como normais ap&#243;s TC na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros do VD como potenciais marcadores de rejei&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica foi relativamente menos explorada em estudos pr&#233;vios. Clemmensen et al. estudaram um grupo de 36 pacientes de TC, achando que a TAPSE foi reduzida no grupo com rejei&#231;&#227;o celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Outro grupo, que estudou um n&#250;mero parecido de pacientes (n = 34), achou uma redu&#231;&#227;o no <italic>strain</italic> da parede livre do VD associada &#224; rejei&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 2R.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Estes achados foram observados como uma tend&#234;ncia parecida no nosso estudo, onde a diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD foi demonstrado por TAPSE, onda S, VFA e SLG pico do VD em rejei&#231;&#227;o moderada. Eleid et al. demonstraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do SLG VE no come&#231;o do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-TC, e a associa&#231;&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de melhoramento no SLG durante o acompanhamento foi um preditor independente de pior progn&#243;stico nesses pacientes, independente dos resultados histopatol&#243;gicos das bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, o come&#231;o do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-TC &#233; um momento de adapta&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o novo ao espa&#231;o tor&#225;cico, em uma posi&#231;&#227;o diferente do t&#243;rax em compara&#231;&#227;o com o cora&#231;&#227;o nativo, com altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais esperadas, por exemplo, aumento na massa do VE e na espessura da parede devido &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias e edema do enxerto, as quais fazem parte do processo fisiol&#243;gico do TC. Estas abnormalidades melhoram gradualmente durante os primeiros 6 meses p&#243;s-TC, mas podem ser vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o com alguns sinais de rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, em concord&#226;ncia com os achados do nosso estudo, a hipertrofia do VE e altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, especialmente press&#227;o de enchimento do VE, t&#234;m sido associadas &#224; rejei&#231;&#227;o celular, apesar da sensibilidade menor destes achados, que podem ser confundidos com as altera&#231;&#245;es habituais p&#243;s-TC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Devem ser observadas algumas limita&#231;&#245;es desta an&#225;lise. Considerando que a maioria das ecocardiografias pelas quais as bi&#243;psias correspondentes estavam dispon&#237;veis foi realizada para detectar complica&#231;&#245;es da bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, como efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica e les&#227;o da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide, muitos desses exames n&#227;o conseguiram incluir uma avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada da fun&#231;&#227;o e das din&#226;micas card&#237;acas. Consequentemente, tivemos que excluir 34% das bi&#243;psias. Tamb&#233;m constituiu uma limita&#231;&#227;o o desenho de &#250;nico centro desta pesquisa, principalmente porque foi realizado em uma institui&#231;&#227;o que est&#225; ainda no processo de expandir o seu programa de TC, fato que justifica o pequeno tamanho da amostra. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre rejei&#231;&#227;o mediada por anticorpos n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das neste estudo; portanto, achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos por essa situa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados. Em geral, o estudo compreendeu uma popula&#231;&#227;o de baixo risco imunol&#243;gico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, na avalia&#231;&#227;o de <italic>strain</italic> pelo 2D STE, bem como por m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais, achamos evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD ap&#243;s TC em pacientes com rejei&#231;&#227;o moderada, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem sinais significativos de rejei&#231;&#227;o na histopatologia. Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE permaneceu sem altera&#231;&#245;es, sugerindo que a disfun&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica do VE possa surgir ap&#243;s a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes cujas bi&#243;psias evidenciaram rejei&#231;&#227;o moderada tinham maior hipertrofia do VE e pior fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e press&#227;o de enchimento do VE na ecocardiografia. O papel destes achados na triagem e no diagn&#243;stico da rejei&#231;&#227;o, que podem resultar em atualiza&#231;&#245;es que mudar&#227;o a pr&#225;tica dos protocolos das bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas, ainda precisa ser explorado em um estudo prospectivo multic&#234;ntrico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Luciana J. B. M. Carrion pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do UFRGS - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 68562717.9.0000.5327. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
