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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cQKpDskbyhdVJNsyKV9bSjG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400627</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2020005003202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180378</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Extent of Left Atrial Ablation Lesions and Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence after Catheter Ablation - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4945-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbetta</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia &#8226;</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro - Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>etocorreia@outlook.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS, Mesquita ET; Acquisition of data: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS; Statistical analysis: Correia ETO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>627</fpage>
      <lpage>635</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is known to induce atrial remodeling, which promotes fibrosis related to arrhythmogenesis. Accordingly, since scars induced by catheter ablation (CA) can reduce unablated fibrotic areas, greater extent of left atrial (LA) scarring may be associated with less AF recurrence after CA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study aims to investigate, through systematic review and meta-analysis, whether the amount of LA scarring, seen on late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging, is associated with less AF recurrence after CA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The recommendations of the MOOSE guideline were followed. Database search was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (coment&#225;rio 1) until January 2019 (coment&#225;rio 2). Two authors performed screening, data extraction, and quality evaluation. All studies were graded as good quality. A funnel plot was generated, showing no publication bias. Statistical significance was defined as p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Eight observational studies were included in the systematic review, four of which were included in the meta-analysis. Six of the eight studies included in the systematic review showed that greater extension of LA scarring is associated with less AF recurrence after CA. Meta-analysis showed that greater extension of LA scarring is associated with less AF recurrence (SMD = 0.52; 95% CI 0.27 - 0.76; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Greater extension of LA scarring is possibly associated with less AF recurrence after CA. Randomized studies that explore ablation methods based on this association are fundamental.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Atria/injuries</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis as Topic</kwd>
        <kwd>Databases,Bibliographic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is a standard procedure for correction of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients who have not responded to previous antiarrhythmic drug therapies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> However, this procedure is related to high AF recurrence rates, even in the best hands.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Accordingly, electrophysiologists and interventional cardiologists are seeking techniques that aim to reduce AF recurrence.</p>
      <p>AF is known to induce atrial remodelling, increasing the amount of fibrotic tissue in the myocardium, which can promote atrial arrhythmogenesis, reinforcing the vicious cycle of AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In this manner, since the scars induced by catheter ablation (CA) can reduce unablated fibrotic areas, the extent of the left atrial (LA) scars could be associated with less AF recurrence after CA. However, there are currently no systematic reviews or meta-analyses that have investigated this relationship, although they are the highest quality of evidence available.</p>
      <p>Accordingly, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate if the amount of LA scarring, visualized by late gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI), could be associated with less AF recurrence after CA, which can provide a solid background for designing new ablation strategies that improve patient outcomes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A systematic review was performed according to the criteria established by the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) Group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Search strategies</title>
        <p>Two investigators (ETOC and ETM) searched the PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, until January 2019. The search strategy comprised a combination of English terms and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) descriptors, consisting of nine keywords [(left atrial OR left atrium) AND (scar OR scarring OR remodelling OR fibrosis OR enhancement) AND (ablation OR pulmonary vein isolation)]. A manual search of references was also used to identify possible studies for inclusion. Each title and abstract were independently analyzed by both investigators, who selected the articles which were relevant to the review. Subsequently, the full texts of the remaining articles were reviewed to select which would be included for qualitative or quantitative analysis. In the event of disagreement, the authors reached a decision through discussion and consensus.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion criteria for qualitative analysis</title>
        <p>We included observational studies (with prospective or retrospective design) in humans, whose objective was to study the association between post-ablation LA scarring and AF recurrence after CA.</p>
        <p>Studies that met the following criteria were included: 1) The study evaluated AF or total arrhythmia recurrence after CA in human subjects; 2) The publication was an original study; 3) The mean follow-up period was equal to or longer than 3 months; 4) The study included more than 20 subjects; 5) The study evaluated LA scarring by LGE-MRI after CA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion criteria for quantitative analysis</title>
        <p>Meta-analysis included studies that met the previous qualitative analysis criteria and reported means and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of total LA scarring in patients with and without AF recurrence after CA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality assessment</title>
        <p>Risk of bias in the studies was evaluated by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool for Case Series Studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Evaluation was independently conducted by two raters (ETOC and LMSB), and, in the event of disagreement, the raters reached a decision by consensus. The following characteristics were assessed: 1) Was the study question or objective clearly stated? 2) Was the study population clearly and fully described, including a case definition? 3) Were the cases consecutive? 4) Were the subjects comparable? 5) Was the intervention clearly described? 6) Were the outcome measures clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? 7) Was the length of follow-up adequate? 8) Were the statistical methods well-described? 9) Were the results well described?</p>
        <p>Following assessment of those characteristics, the authors assigned a quality rating (good, fair, or poor) to each of the studies. Studies were rated as &#8216;poor&#8217; if they met fewer than three criteria; &#8216;fair&#8217; if they met three to five criteria; and &#8216;good&#8217; if they met more than five criteria. All studies selected met almost all of the criteria and received a good quality rating from both raters. Quality assessment of the included studies is reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the included studies and quality evaluation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Study, year</th>
                <th align="center">Region</th>
                <th align="center">Type of Study</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">Paroxys mal, N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">AF detection method</th>
                <th align="center">Follow up</th>
                <th align="center">Quality</th>
                <th align="center">p thresh old</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">McGann et al., 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">North America</td>
                <td align="center">Single center,<break/>prospective,<break/>observational</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">22 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">Patient reports, event monitoring, Holter monitoring, and ECG data.</td>
                <td align="center">3 months</td>
                <td align="center">Good</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peters et <break/> al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">North America</td>
                <td align="center">Single center,<break/>prospective,<break/>observational</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">19 (54%)</td>
                <td align="center">7-day event monitor at multiple intervals</td>
                <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 3.6 months</td>
                <td align="center">Good</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Badger et <break/> al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">North America</td>
                <td align="center">Single center,<break/>prospective,<break/>observational</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
                <td align="center">57 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">8-day Holter monitoring and ECG at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year</td>
                <td align="center">10.23 &#177; 5.14 months (range, 6 to 20 months)</td>
                <td align="center">Good</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Akoum et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">North America</td>
                <td align="center">Single center,<break/>prospective,<break/>observational</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">50 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center">12-lead ECG and 8-day Holter monitor at 3 months after ablation and in 3-month intervals thereafter. Additional ECG were obtained when patients reported symptoms.</td>
                <td align="center">283 &#177; 167 days</td>
                <td align="center">Good</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">McGann et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">North America</td>
                <td align="center">Single center,<break/>prospective,<break/>observational</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">NR</td>
                <td align="center">1 year</td>
                <td align="center">Good</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hunter et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Europe</td>
                <td align="center">Multicenter,<break/>prospective,<break/>observational</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">50 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 days of ambulatory ECG monitoring at 3 and 6 months</td>
                <td align="center">6 months</td>
                <td align="center">Good</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Akoum et<break/>al., 2015 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">North America, Europe, and Oceania</td>
                <td align="center">Multicenter,<break/>prospective,<break/>observational</td>
                <td align="center">177</td>
                <td align="center">116 (66%)</td>
                <td align="center">ECG or ambulatory monitor recordings</td>
                <td align="center">At least 1 year</td>
                <td align="center">Good</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parmar et<break/>al., 2015 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">North America</td>
                <td align="center">Single center,<break/>prospective,<break/>observational</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">45 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">12-lead ECG and 30-day event monitor at 3 and 6 months and 1 year, and every 6 months thereafter. Patients who experienced symptoms were given additional ECG and Holter monitors</td>
                <td align="center">Mean follow up of 336 days</td>
                <td align="center">Good</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; ECG: electrocardiogram; LA: left atrium; LGE-MRI: Late gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; NR: not reported.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction</title>
        <p>Using a standard data extraction form, two researchers (ETOC and LMSB) performed data extraction, which was cross-verified by a third researcher (ETM). Extracted data included the following: 1) First author&#8217;s last name and publication year; 2) Characteristics of included studies: number of patients, study region, study design, ablation strategy, measurement method of LA scarring, method of AF detection, length of follow-up period, and main findings; 3) Outcome results: means and 95% CI of total LA scarring in patients with and without AF recurrence after CA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The association between AF recurrence and total LA scarring following RFCA was measured by standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI, and standard errors were determined using the corresponding 95% CI. The inverse variance method was used to weigh studies for combined statistical analysis. Statistical significance was defined as p value &lt; 0.05. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Cochran&#8217;s Q test and I<sup>2</sup> statistics and subsequently evaluated by I<sup>2</sup> values. I<sup>2</sup> values below 30% were defined as low heterogeneity; values between 30% and 60% were considered moderate heterogeneity; and values above 60% were considered high heterogeneity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The fixed-effects model was chosen due to the small number of studies included and the low heterogeneity. Meta-regression was not carried out due to the small number of studies included. The results are reported in a forest plot with 95% CI. Publication bias was verified using a funnel plot. All analyses were conducted using Review Manager 5.3 software.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study selection</title>
        <p>Initially, a total of 790 studies were identified by the database search, 695 in PubMed and 95 in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Duplicate analysis revealed 28 duplicates, which were subsequently eliminated. After careful reading of the title and abstract, 742 of the 762 studies were excluded, because they were not related to the present review. Twenty studies were analyzed in full text, twelve of which were excluded, because they were not related to the present review. Finally, eight studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> were included in the qualitative analysis, and four were included in the meta-analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The study selection flow diagram is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study selection flow diagram.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0627-80378-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the included studies</title>
        <p>Eight studies were included in this review,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> comprising six prospective single center observational studies and two prospective multicenter studies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The systematic review included a total of 703 patients, and meta-analysis included 295. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 12 months. All studies used LGE-MRI to identify post-CA LA scarring. Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) was the ablation strategy in all of the studies. The studies by Akoum et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and Hunter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> used both catheter and cryoballoon ablation. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> summarize the characteristics of all included studies.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the included studies and main findings</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Study, year</th>
                <th align="center">Ablation method</th>
                <th align="center">Ablation strategy</th>
                <th align="center">Catheter used</th>
                <th align="center">Time of LGE-MRI</th>
                <th align="center">Main Findings</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">McGann et al., 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">RFCA</td>
                <td align="center">PVI in addition to LA posterior wall and septal debulking.</td>
                <td align="center">Externally irrigated ablation<break/>catheter</td>
                <td align="center">3 months after ablation</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with scar ratios &gt; 13% are 18.5 times more likely to have a favorable outcome and freedom from AF at 3 months</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peters et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">RFCA</td>
                <td align="center">PVI without routine addition of empiric ablation lines in the LA.</td>
                <td align="center">8-mm standard tip: N = 29 (83%); 3.5-mm externally irrigated tip ablation catheter: N = 6 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 28 days after ablation</td>
                <td align="center">AF recurrence during the first year is associated with a lesser degree of PV and LA scarring after ablation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Badger et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">RFCA</td>
                <td align="center">PVA isolation with posterior wall and septal debulking</td>
                <td align="center">3.5-mm Thermocool irrigated tip ablation catheter</td>
                <td align="center">3 months after ablation</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with successful AF<break/>termination had higher average<break/>total LA wall scar after ablation of<break/>16.4 &#177; 9.8% (p = 0.004) and percent<break/>PVA scar of 66.2 &#177; 25.4 (p = 0.01)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Akoum et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">RFCA</td>
                <td align="center">PVI in a circular fashion in the PVA and additional debulking in LA posterior wall and septum</td>
                <td align="center">10-pole circular mapping catheter: N = NR; 3.5 mm Thermocool ablation catheter: N = NR</td>
                <td align="center">3 months after ablation</td>
                <td align="center">Overall post-ablation LA wall<break/>scarring predicts recurrence in<break/>moderate fibrosis stages</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">McGann et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">RFCA</td>
                <td align="center">PVI in addition to posterior wall and septal debulking</td>
                <td align="center">3.5-mm Thermocool ablation catheter</td>
                <td align="center">Immediately following ablation and 3 months after ablation</td>
                <td align="center">At 1-year follow-up, patients with moderate scar formation 3 months after ablation had no AF recurrence. In comparison, all recurrences occurred in patients with mild scar formation 3 months after ablation (p = 0.02).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hunter et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">RFCA and cryoballoon ablation</td>
                <td align="center">PVI by WACA<break/>or ostial<break/>ablation with a<break/>cryoballoon</td>
                <td align="center">3.5-mm irrigated ablation catheter: N = NR<break/>For cryoballoon ablation an 11F FlexCath sheath delivered a 23- or 28-mm cryoablation balloon: N = NR</td>
                <td align="center">Pre-ablation and 3 months after ablation</td>
                <td align="center">The proportion of patients free from AF was unaffected by whether ablation lesions could be identified on imaging: 16 of 30 patients (53%) with ablation lesions identified remained free from AF compared to 13 of 20 patients (65%) with no lesions identified (p = 0.560).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Akoum et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">RFCA and cryoballoon ablation</td>
                <td align="center">PVI with CFAE ablation, linear ablation lines of the CTI, and other ablations in the LA (roof line, mitral isthmus line, posterior wall)</td>
                <td align="center">Cryo-balloon: N = 12 (6.7 %); Multi-electrode duty-cycled phased radiofrequency ablation: N = 8 (4.5 %); Nonirrigated and open-irrigation radiofrequency catheters: N = 157 (88.7 %)</td>
                <td align="center">3 months after ablation</td>
                <td align="center">The more scarring overlaps fibrosis, the better the arrhythmia-free survival</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parmar et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">RFCA</td>
                <td align="center">PVI and additional debulking of the LA posterior wall</td>
                <td align="center">3.5-mm ablation catheter</td>
                <td align="center">3 months after ablation</td>
                <td align="center">Poor scar formation on LGE-MRI was associated with higher rates of AF recurrence</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; CFAE: complex fractionated atrial electrogram; CTI: cavotricuspid isthmus; LA: left atrium; LGE-MRI: Late gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; NR: not reported; PV: pulmonary vein; PVA: pulmonary vein antrum; PVI: pulmonary vein isolation; RFCA: radiofrequency catheter ablation; WACA: wide area circumferential radiofrequency ablation</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Total LA scarring post-ablation and AF recurrence</title>
        <p>Six of the eight included studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> found that the extent of LA scarring was associated with less AF recurrence after CA.</p>
        <p>In the study by Hunter et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> there was no significant association between identification of ablation lesions and freedom from AF (53% with ablation lesions identified remained free from AF vs. 65% in those with no lesions identified, p = 0.560). The study also performed binary logistic regression, which confirmed that there was no significant association between identification of ablation lesions and freedom from AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The 2015 study by Akoum et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> found that ablation-induced scarring was not a statistically significant predictor of less AF recurrence (hazard ratio = 0.95; p = 0.097). However, according to this same study, when performing scar homogenization, inducing ablation lesions in prior fibrotic tissue leads to a lower recurrence rate, because less heterogeneous fibrotic tissue remains.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Meta-analysis</title>
        <p>The present meta-analysis shows that total LA scarring post-ablation is associated with less AF recurrence after CA (SMD = 0.52, 95% CI 0.27 - 0.76, p &lt; 0.0001), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. The heterogeneity test showed that there were no significant differences between studies (p = 0.4, I<sup>2</sup> = 0%). A funnel plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) was used to verify the existence of publication bias. There was no obvious asymmetry, suggesting that there was no publication bias.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Forest plot showing that the extent of left atrial scarring is associated with less atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation.</title>
            <p>CI: confidence interval; IV: inverse variance</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0627-80378-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Funnel plot showing no publication bias.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0627-80378-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The importance of CA for AF correction has grown since its introduction. A recent meta-analysis by Kheiri et al. that included seven randomized controlled trials showed that CA was associated with better outcomes in patients with AF and heart failure, in comparison with medical treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Therefore, interventional cardiologists should seek ablation strategies that reduce AF recurrence and procedural risks. This systematic review and meta-analysis shows that the extent of LA scarring after ablation is possibly associated with less AF recurrence after CA, paving the way for future research on ablation methods with lower chances of post-procedural recurrence.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Substrate modification</title>
        <p>Previous studies in animal models have established the concept that &#8220;AF begets AF&#8221; by atrial remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In this manner, AF stimulates atrial fibrotic alterations that maintain and increase the AF burden, leading to a vicious cycle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Furthermore, in spite of some limitations, studies in humans have shown that patients with paroxysmal AF have increased LA stiffness, possibly due to an increase in LA fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In addition to that, animal studies have demonstrated that 80% of AF triggers are located in the posterior wall, including the pulmonary vein (PV) region.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A previous meta-analysis has shown that isolation of a part of the posterior LA reduces the recurrence of AF after CA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Therefore, an increase in the extent of LA ablation may promote greater substrate modification, decreasing the amount of viable LA tissue capable of harboring AF by overlapping PV and non-PV triggers with ablation lesions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>PV scarring</title>
        <p>The clinical application of real-time MRI may make it possible to visualize LA scarring during the procedure, making it easier to induce scarring.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> However, as real-time MRI is still a new and expensive imaging method, alternatives such as driver-guided CA by electroanatomic mapping to visualize LA scars might be an option for optimizing outcomes. A recent meta-analysis by Ramirez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> reported an association between driver-guided CA for AF and increased freedom from AF, in comparison with conventional strategies. However, this meta-analysis included primarily nonrandomized studies of moderate quality. Future observational studies can help build evidence to prove whether electroanatomic mapping can assist in creating contiguous scar lesions around the PV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risks of targeting more LA scarring</title>
        <p>Even though this meta-analysis shows that more extensive ablation reduces the risk of AF recurrence, this strategy is not risk free, given that the procedure may decrease LA compliance, LA volume, and LA systolic function, which may induce the development of the stiff left atrial syndrome (SLAS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> SLAS, which was described in 1988 by Pilote et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> is characterized by a decline in LA diastolic function and pulmonary hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Although this may represent a severe consequence of RFCA, in a case series study by Gibson et al., the condition was reported in only 1.4% of patients who underwent RFCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Furthermore, previous studies found that LA scar volume after CA was associated with depressed LA systolic function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Ablation scars in the posterior LA wall, however, had less effect on LA systolic function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Another risk of CA that extensive ablation may increase is the possibility of esophageal injury due to the anatomical relationship between the esophagus and the posterior LA wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The esophagus is separated from the posterior LA by a thin layer of fat, being prone to injury during AF ablation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Possible esophageal injuries include perforation, atrio-esophageal fistula formation, and peri-esophageal nerve injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> To minimize the potential risks of esophageal injuries, strategies, such as reducing power in the posterior LA wall, monitoring temperature in the esophagus, irrigating the esophagus with cold water, and pre-procedural imaging, should be adopted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reproducibility</title>
        <p>A previous study by Chubb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> which investigated post-ablation atrial scar, using LGE-MRI, in 40 subjects undergoing first time ablation for AF, showed that post-ablation visualization of induced scars in the LA is reproducible. Moreover, they concluded that imaging should be performed at least 20 minutes after administration of gadolinium-based contrast for better reproducibility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> However, the study by Hunter et al. analyzed in the present review, which included 50 patients, concluded that LGE imaging of atrial scar is not yet sufficiently accurate to identify ablation lesions or determine lesion distribution reliably. A published consensus by the European Heart Rhythm Association stated that there is still neither recommendation nor expert consensus on the role of LGE-MRI to assist AF ablation procedures. The consensus, nevertheless, states that the available data are intriguing enough to warrant further research.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>STAR AF II and DECAAF II</title>
        <p>Although previous studies have demonstrated the positive impact of targeting ablation strategies beyond circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI), the STAR AF II trial showed a different scenario.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> The STAR AF II was a randomized multicenter study, which, in patients with persistent AF, compared CPVI alone, CPVI plus linear ablation across the LA roof and mitral valve isthmus, and CPVI plus ablation of complex fractionated electrograms. No reduction was found in the recurrence of AF when additional strategies beyond CPVI were performed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The DECAAF study showed that LA fibrosis visualized by LGE-MRI was a strong predictor of ablation outcome, and the more ablation-induced scarring overlapped fibrotic tissue, the better the outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Accordingly, the DECAAF II study will randomize patients with persistent AF to receive either conventional PVI ablation or PVI guided by LGE-MRI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Future studies</title>
        <p>The increased use of CA for AF correction in clinical practice requires better strategies to reduce post procedural failures. It is necessary to conduct randomized controlled trials that compare driver-guided CA by electroanatomic mapping with traditional ablation methods. Moreover, it is important to standardize LGE-MRI to detect LA scars in order to guarantee its reproducibility. In addition to that, developing real-time MRI on a larger scale might reduce its costs, making it possible to use in the future.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Although the present systematic review and meta-analysis provides a significant increase in the number of patients analyzed, the number of patients included is limited. Moreover, only four studies were included in the quantitative analysis, and all of them were observational studies. Although LGE-MRI is feasible to detect post-ablation atrial scar, its reproducibility needs to be further studied.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present review shows that the extent of post-ablation LA scars is possibly associated with less AF recurrence after CA (SMD = 0.52; 95% CI 0.27 - 0.76; p &lt; 0.0001), which paves the way for scar-guided ablation strategies. However, the reproducibility of this imaging method needs to be further studied and improved. It is necessary to conduct randomized controlled trials, such as the DECAAF II trial, that investigate ablation methods based on this association in order to provide patients with the best treatment option, with minimal risk of AF recurrence and complications.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Extens&#227;o das Les&#245;es de Abla&#231;&#227;o no &#193;trio Esquerdo e a Recorr&#234;ncia de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial ap&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter - Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4945-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbetta</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia &#8226;</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro - Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>etocorreia@outlook.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS, Mesquita ET; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Correia ETO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; conhecida por induzir o remodelamento atrial, que promove fibrose, provocando, por sua vez, mais arritmog&#234;nese. Dessa forma, visto que as cicatrizes induzidas pela abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (AC) podem reduzir as &#225;reas fibr&#243;ticas, uma maior extens&#227;o de cicatrizes do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) pode estar associada a uma menor recorr&#234;ncia da FA ap&#243;s AC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Por meio de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise, o presente estudo visa investigar se a extens&#227;o total de cicatriz do AE, visualizada na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica com realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, est&#225; associada a uma menor recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s AC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram seguidas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes MOOSE. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed e Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials at&#233; Janeiro de 2019. Dois autores realizaram triagem, extra&#231;&#227;o de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos estudos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; qualidade, todos os estudos foram classificados como bons. Foi gerado um gr&#225;fico de funil, o qual n&#227;o mostrou vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Foi adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Oito estudos observacionais foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, dos quais quatro foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise. Dos oito estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o, seis mostraram que maior extens&#227;o de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do AE est&#225; associada a uma menor recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s AC. A metan&#225;lise tamb&#233;m demonstrou que maior extens&#227;o de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do AE est&#225; associada a uma menor recorr&#234;ncia de FA (SMD = 0,52; IC 95% 0,27 - 0,76; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Uma maior extens&#227;o de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do AE est&#225; possivelmente associada a uma menor recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s AC. Estudos randomizados que explorem m&#233;todos de abla&#231;&#227;o baseados nessa associa&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o fundamentais.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o/les&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise como Assunto</kwd>
        <kwd>Base de Dados Bibliogr&#225;ficos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (ACRF) &#233; um procedimento padr&#227;o para corre&#231;&#227;o de fibrilia&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) em pacientes que n&#227;o responderam a terapias medicamentosas pr&#233;vias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Por&#233;m, este procedimento est&#225; relacionado a altas taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de FA, mesmo nos melhores servi&#231;os.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Nesse sentido, eletrofisiologistas e cardiologistas intervencionistas est&#227;o buscando t&#233;cnicas que visem reduzir a recorr&#234;ncia da FA.</p>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; conhecida por induzir o remodelamento atrial, aumentando a quantidade de tecido fibr&#243;tico no mioc&#225;rdio, o qual pode promover arritmog&#234;nese atrial, assim refor&#231;ando o ciclo vicioso de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Deste modo, visto que as cicatrizes induzidas pela abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (AC) podem reduzir as &#225;reas fibr&#243;ticas n&#227;o ablacionadas, a extens&#227;o da cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) pode estar associada a uma menor recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s AC. Atualmente, por&#233;m, n&#227;o h&#225; revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas ou metan&#225;lises que investigaram esta rela&#231;&#227;o, embora sejam a mais alta qualidade de evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>Neste sentido, esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise visa investigar se a extens&#227;o de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do AE, visualizada pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica com realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio (RM-RTG), pode estar associada a uma menor recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s CA, o que pode fornecer uma base s&#243;lida para desenhar novas estrat&#233;gias de abla&#231;&#227;o que melhorem os desfechos dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi realizada uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de acordo com os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo grupo Meta-analysis of Observacional Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gias de busca</title>
          <p>Dois investigadores (ETOC e ETM) buscaram nos bancos de dados PubMed e Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, at&#233; janeiro de 2019. A estrat&#233;gia de busca foi composta por uma combina&#231;&#227;o de termos em ingl&#234;s e descritores de Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), compreendendo nove palavras-chave [(<italic>left atrial</italic> OU <italic>left atrium</italic>) E (<italic>scar</italic> OU <italic>scarring</italic> OU <italic>remodelling</italic> OU <italic>fibrosis</italic> OU <italic>enhancement</italic>) E (<italic>ablation</italic> OU <italic>pulmonary vein isolation</italic>)]. Tamb&#233;m foi utilizada uma busca manual de refer&#234;ncias para identificar poss&#237;veis estudos para inclus&#227;o. Os dois pesquisadores analisaram os t&#237;tulos e resumos independentemente, e selecionaram os artigos que poderiam ser relevantes &#224; revis&#227;o. Subsequentemente, os textos dos artigos foram revisados para selecionar quais seriam inclu&#237;dos nas an&#225;lises qualitativa e quantitativa. Em caso de discord&#226;ncia, a decis&#227;o era tomada por meio de discuss&#227;o at&#233; os autores chegarem a um consenso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para an&#225;lise qualitativa</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos observacionais (com desenho prospectivo ou retrospectivo) em humanos, cujo objetivo foi estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre cicatriza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o do AE e a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s AC. Foram inclu&#237;dos os estudos que atenderam aos seguintes crit&#233;rios: 1) O estudo avaliava a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ou arritmia total ap&#243;s AC em humanos; 2) A publica&#231;&#227;o era um estudo original; 3) O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento era igual ou superior a tr&#234;s meses; 4) O estudo inclu&#237;a mais de 20 sujeitos; 5) O estudo avaliava cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do AE usando RM-RTG ap&#243;s AC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para an&#225;lise quantitativa</title>
          <p>A metan&#225;lise incluiu estudos que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios pr&#233;vios de an&#225;lise qualitativa e que relataram m&#233;dios e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% para cicatriza&#231;&#227;o total do AE em pacientes com e sem recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s AC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
          <p>Foi avaliado o risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos com o Instrumento de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Qualidade para Estudos de S&#233;ries de Caso do Instituto Nacional do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Pulm&#227;o e Sangue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Dois avaliadores (ETOC e LMSB) realizaram a avalia&#231;&#227;o de maneira independente, e em caso de discord&#226;ncia, uma decis&#227;o foi tomada por meio de consenso entre os avaliadores. Foram avaliadas as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: 1) A pergunta ou objetivo do estudo estava claramente apresentado? 2) A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo estava descrita de maneira clara e completa, incluindo uma defini&#231;&#227;o do caso? 3) Os casos eram consecutivos? 4) Os sujeitos eram compar&#225;veis? 5) A interven&#231;&#227;o estava claramente descrita? 6) As medidas dos desfechos estavam claramente definidas, v&#225;lidas, confi&#225;veis e implementadas de maneira consistente para todos os participantes do estudo? 7) O tempo de acompanhamento foi adequado? 8) Os m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos estavam bem descritos? 9) Os resultados estavam bem descritos?</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o dessas caracter&#237;sticas, os autores atribu&#237;ram uma classifica&#231;&#227;o de qualidade (boa, razo&#225;vel ou ruim) para cada estudo. Foram classificados como de qualidade &#8216;ruim&#8217; os estudos que atendiam a menos de tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios; &#8216;razo&#225;vel&#8217; os que atendiam de tr&#234;s a cinco crit&#233;rios; e &#8216;boa&#8217; os que atendiam a mais de cinco. Todos os estudos selecionados atendiam a quase todos os crit&#233;rios e foram classificados com qualidade boa pelos dois avaliadores. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade dos estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos e avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudo, ano</th>
                  <th align="center">Regi&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Tipo de estudo</th>
                  <th align="center">N</th>
                  <th align="center">Parox&#237;stica, N (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;todo de detectar FA </th>
                  <th align="center">Acompanhamento</th>
                  <th align="center">Qualidade</th>
                  <th align="center">Limite de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">McGann et al., 2008 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">Unic&#234;ntrico,<break/>prospectivo,<break/>observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Relatos dos pacientes, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de eventos, monitor Holter e dados de ECG.</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Boa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peters et al., 2009 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">Unic&#234;ntrico,<break/>prospectivo,<break/>observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (54%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Monitor de eventos de 7 dias em v&#225;rios intervalos.</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 3,6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Boa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Badger et al., 2010 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">Unic&#234;ntrico,<break/>prospectivo,<break/>observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">144</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Monitor Holter de 8 dias e ECG aos 3 meses, 6 meses e 1 ano.</td>
                  <td align="center">10,23 &#177; 5,14 meses<break/>(variando de 6 a 20 meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">Boa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Akoum et al., 2011 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">Unic&#234;ntrico,<break/>prospectivo,<break/>observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e monitor Holter de 8 dias a 3 meses ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o e em intervalos de 3 meses ap&#243;s isso. Foram obtidos ECG adicionais quando os pacientes relataram sintomas.</td>
                  <td align="center">283 &#177; 167 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">Boa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">McGann et al., 2011 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">Unic&#234;ntrico,<break/>prospectivo,<break/>observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">1 ano</td>
                  <td align="center">Boa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hunter et al., 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Europa</td>
                  <td align="center">Multicenter,<break/>prospectivo,<break/>observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 dias de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de ECG aos 3 e 6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Boa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Akoum et al., 2015 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Norte, Europa e Oceania</td>
                  <td align="center">Multicenter,<break/>prospectivo,<break/>observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">177</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">ECG ou registros de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">No m&#237;nimo 1 ano</td>
                  <td align="center">Boa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Parmar et<break/>al., 2015 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">Unic&#234;ntrico,<break/>prospectivo,<break/>observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">94</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e monitor de eventos de 30 dias, 3 e 6 meses e 1 ano e a cada 6 meses ap&#243;s isso. Os pacientes que tiveram sintomas receberam ECG e monitores Holter adicionais.</td>
                  <td align="center">Acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 336 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">Boa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; ECG: eletrocardiograma; EIC: ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; NR: n&#227;o relatado; RM-RTG: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica com realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>Utilizando um formul&#225;rio padr&#227;o para extra&#231;&#227;o de dados, os dois pesquisadores (ETOC e LMSB) realizaram a extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados, o qual foi verificado por um terceiro pesquisador (ETM). A extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados incluiu os seguintes itens: 1) O sobrenome do primeiro autor e o ano de publica&#231;&#227;o; 2) Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos: n&#250;mero de pacientes, regi&#227;o do estudo, desenho do estudo, estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o, m&#233;todo de medida de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do AE, m&#233;todo de detec&#231;&#227;o da FA, dura&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento e achados principais; 3) Resultados: m&#233;dios e IC de 95% da cicatriza&#231;&#227;o total do AE total em pacientes com e sem recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s CA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a recorr&#234;ncia da FA e a cicatriza&#231;&#227;o total do AE ap&#243;s a ACRF foi medida pela diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia padronizada (DMP) com IC de 95%, e os erros-padr&#227;o foram determinados a partir do IC de 95% correspondentes. Foi utilizado o m&#233;todo do inverso da vari&#226;ncia para pesar os estudos para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica combinada an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica global. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida com o valor de p &lt; 0,05. A heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi avaliada pelo teste Q de Cochran e a estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup> e subsequentemente avaliada pelos valores de I<sup>2</sup>. Foram definidos como de baixa heterogeneidade os valores de I<sup>2</sup> inferiores a 30%; de moderada heterogeneidade os valores entre 30% e 60%; e alta heterogeneidade os valores superiores a 60%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Foi escolhido o modelo de efeitos fixos, devido ao n&#250;mero pequeno de estudos inclu&#237;dos e &#224; baixa heterogeneidade. N&#227;o foi realizada a meta-regress&#227;o, devido ao n&#250;mero pequeno de estudos inclu&#237;dos. Os resultados est&#227;o apresentados em um gr&#225;fico de floresta com IC de 95%. Foi verificado o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o utilizando um gr&#225;fico de funil. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando software Review Manager 5.3.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, um total de 790 estudos foram identificados pela busca nos bancos de dados, 695 no PubMed e 95 no Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Identifica&#231;&#227;o de duplicatas revelou 28 estudos em duplicata, os quais foram subsequentemente eliminados. Ap&#243;s leitura cuidadosa do t&#237;tulo e resumo, foram exclu&#237;dos 742 dos 762, por n&#227;o estarem relacionados &#224; presente revis&#227;o. Foram analisados os textos integrais de 20 estudos, 12 dos quais foram exclu&#237;dos, por n&#227;o estarem relacionados &#224; presente revis&#227;o. Finalmente, foram inclu&#237;dos 8 estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> na an&#225;lise qualitativa, dos quais 4 foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0627-80378-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          <p>Oito estudos foram inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> dos quais seis estudos eram observacionais unic&#234;ntricos prospectivos e dois estudos eram observacionais multic&#234;ntricos prospectivos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica incluiu um total de 70 pacientes, e a metan&#225;lise incluiu 295. O per&#237;odo de acompanhamento variou de tr&#234;s a doze meses. Todos os estudos utilizaram RM-RTG para identificar cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do AE ap&#243;s CA. O isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP) foi a estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o em todos os estudos. Os estudos de Akoum et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e Hunter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> utilizaram abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter e criobal&#227;o. As caracter&#237;sticas de todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos e achados principais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudo, ano</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;todo de abla&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Cateter utilizado</th>
                  <th align="center">Tempo de RM-RTG</th>
                  <th align="center">Achados principais</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">McGann et al., 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ACRF</td>
                  <td align="center">IVP em adi&#231;&#227;o a debulking septal e da parede posterior do AE.</td>
                  <td align="center">Cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o irrigado externamente</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com rela&#231;&#227;o de cicatriz &gt; 13% s&#227;o 18,5 vezes mais prov&#225;veis a terem um desfecho favor&#225;vel e aus&#234;ncia de FA aos 3 meses.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peters et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ACRF</td>
                  <td align="center">IVP sem adi&#231;&#227;o rotina de linhas de abla&#231;&#227;o emp&#237;ricas no AE.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ponta padr&#227;o de 8 mm: N = 29 (83%); cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o de ponta irrigado de 3,5 mm: N = 6 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 &#177; 28 dias ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Recorr&#234;ncia de FA durante o primeiro ano est&#225; associado a um grau menor de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o da VP e do AE ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Badger et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ACRF</td>
                  <td align="center">Isolamento do AVP com debulking septal e da parede posterior.</td>
                  <td align="center">Cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o de ponta irrigado Thermocool de 3.5 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Nos pacientes com termina&#231;&#227;o bem&#8209;sucedida da FA, a cicatriz m&#233;dia da parede AE total era mais alta ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o, de 16,4 &#177; 9,8% (p = 0,004) e percentagem da cicatriz AVP de 66,2 &#177; 25,4 (p = 0,01)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Akoum et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ACRF</td>
                  <td align="center">IVP de modo circular no AVP e debulking adicional e na parede posterior do AE e no septo</td>
                  <td align="center">Cateter decapolar de mapeamento circular: N = NR; Cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o Thermocool de 3,5 mm: N = NR</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Cicatriza&#231;&#227;o geral do AE ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o prediz a recorr&#234;ncia em etapas moderadas de fibrose.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">McGann et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ACRF</td>
                  <td align="center">IVP, em adi&#231;&#227;o a debulking septal e da parede posterior.</td>
                  <td align="center">Cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o Thermocool de 3,5 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">Imediatamente ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o e 3 meses ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Com 1 ano de acompanhamento, os pacientes com forma&#231;&#227;o moderada de cicatriz 3 meses ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tinham recorr&#234;ncia de FA. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, todas as recorr&#234;ncias ocorreram em pacientes com forma&#231;&#227;o leve de cicatriz 3 meses ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,02).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hunter et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ACRF e criobal&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">IVP por WACA ou abla&#231;&#227;o ostial com criobal&#227;o.</td>
                  <td align="center">Cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o irrigado de<break/>3,5 mm: N = NR<break/>Para abla&#231;&#227;o por criobal&#227;o uma bainha FlexCath 11F aplicou um criobal&#227;o de 23 ou 28 mm: N = NR</td>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o e 3 meses ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes livres de FA n&#227;o foi afetada por les&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o identificadas na imagem: 16 de 30 pacientes (53%) com les&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o identificadas permaceram livres de FA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 13 dos 20 pacientes (65%) sem les&#245;es identificadas (p = 0,560).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Akoum et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ACRF e criobal&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">IVP com abla&#231;&#227;o por CFAE, abla&#231;&#227;o linear das linhas do ICT e outras abla&#231;&#245;es no AE (linha do teto, istmo mitral, parede posterior)</td>
                  <td align="center">Criobal&#227;o: N = 12 (6,7 %); Abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia em fase de ciclo com v&#225;rios eletrodos: N = 8 (4,5 %); Cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o irrigado e de irriga&#231;&#227;o aberta: N = 157 (88,7 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Quanto mais cicatriza&#231;&#227;o est&#225; sobreposta a fibrose, melhor a sobrevida sem arritmias.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Parmar et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ACRF</td>
                  <td align="center">IVP e debulking adicional da parede posterior do AE</td>
                  <td align="center">Cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o de 3,5 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">A m&#225; forma&#231;&#227;o de cicatrizes na RM-RTG foi associada a taxas mais altas de recorr&#234;ncia de FA.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>ACRF: abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AVP: antro da veia pulmonar; EAFC: eletrograma atrial fracionado complexo; ECG: eletrocardiograma; EIC: ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; ICT: istmo cavo-tric&#250;spide IVP: isolamento das veias pulmonares; NR: n&#227;o relatado; RM-RTG: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica com realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio; VP: veia pulmonar; WACA: abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial de &#225;rea ampla</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cicatriza&#231;&#227;o total do AE ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o e recorr&#234;ncia de FA</title>
          <p>Seis dos oito estudos inclu&#237;dos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> acharam que a extens&#227;o da cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do AE foi associada a uma menor recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s AC.</p>
          <p>No estudo de Hunter et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o e a aus&#234;ncia de FA (53% dos pacientes com les&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o identificadas apresentaram aus&#234;ncia de FA vs. 65% dos pacientes sem les&#245;es identificadas, p = 0,560). O estudo tamb&#233;m realizou a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria, a qual confirmou que n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o e a aus&#234;ncia de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O estudo de Akoum et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> achou que cicatriza&#231;&#227;o induzida por abla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi um preditor estatisticamente significativo de menos recorr&#234;ncia de FA (raz&#227;o de riscos = 0,95; p = 0,097). Por&#233;m, de acordo com o mesmo estudo, ao realizar homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz, induzir les&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o em tecido fibr&#243;tico pr&#233;vio resulta em uma taxa menor de recorr&#234;ncia, porque permanece menos tecido fibr&#243;tico heterog&#234;neo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metan&#225;lise</title>
          <p>A presente metan&#225;lise demonstra que a cicatriza&#231;&#227;o total do AE ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada a uma menor recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s CA (SMD = 0,52; IC 95% 0,27 - 0,76; p &lt; 0,0001), conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>. O teste de heterogeneidade demonstrou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os estudos (p = 0,4, I<sup>2</sup> = 0%). O gr&#225;fico de funil (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>) foi utilizado para verificar a exist&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve assimetria &#243;bvia, sugerindo que n&#227;o houve vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de floresta demonstrando que a extens&#227;o de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo est&#225; associada a menor recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.</title>
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; VI: vari&#226;ncia inversa.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0627-80378-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de funil mostrando nenhum vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0627-80378-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia da AC para corre&#231;&#227;o da FA tem aumentado desde a sua introdu&#231;&#227;o. Uma metan&#225;lise recente de Kheiri et al., que incluiu sete ensaios controlados randomizados, demonstrou que AC foi associada a desfechos melhores em pacientes com FA e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento medicamentoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Portanto, estrat&#233;gias de abla&#231;&#227;o que reduzem a recorr&#234;ncia de FA e os riscos procedurais precisam ser buscadas por cardiologistas intervencionais. Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise demonstrou que a extens&#227;o de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do AE ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o est&#225; possivelmente associada com menor recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s CA, abrindo caminhos para pesquisas futuras sobre m&#233;todos de abla&#231;&#227;o com menores chances de recorr&#234;ncia p&#243;s-procedimento.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Modifica&#231;&#227;o do substrato</title>
          <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios em modelos animais t&#234;m estabelecido o conceito que &#8220;FA gera FA&#8221; por meio de remodelamento atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Desta maneira, FA estimula altera&#231;&#245;es fibr&#243;ticas atriais que mant&#234;m e aumentam a carga de FA, resultando no ciclo vicioso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Al&#233;m disso, apesar de algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, estudos em humanos t&#234;m demonstrado que pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica apresentam um aumento na rigidez do AE, possivelmente devido a um aumento na fibrose do AE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Em adi&#231;&#227;o a isso, estudos em animais t&#234;m demonstrado que 80% dos gatilhos da FA localizam-se na parede posterior, incluindo a regi&#227;o das veias pulmonares (VP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Uma metan&#225;lise pr&#233;via demonstrou que o isolamento de uma parte do AE posterior reduz a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s CA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Portanto, um aumento na extens&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o do AE pode proporcionar mais modifica&#231;&#227;o do substrato, diminuindo a quantidade do tecido do AE vi&#225;vel capaz de abrigar FA pela sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de gatilhos VP e n&#227;o-VP com les&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cicatriza&#231;&#227;o da VP</title>
          <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da RM em tempo real pode tornar poss&#237;vel a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do AE durante o procedimento, tornando cicatriza&#231;&#227;o mais f&#225;cil de realizar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Por&#233;m, visto que a RM em tempo real ainda &#233; um m&#233;todo de imagem dispendioso e novo, alternativas como CA guiada por mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico para visualizar cicatrizes do AE podem ser uma op&#231;&#227;o para otimizar os desfechos. Uma metan&#225;lise recente de Ramirez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> relatou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a CA guiada para FA e o aumento no n&#250;mero de pacientes livres de FA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com as estrat&#233;gias convencionais. Por&#233;m, essa metan&#225;lise incluiu principalmente estudos n&#227;o randomizados de qualidade moderada. Futuros estudos observacionais podem ajudar a construir evid&#234;ncias para comprovar se o mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico pode assistir na cria&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;guas ao redor da VP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Riscos de tentar mais cicatriza&#231;&#227;o no AE</title>
          <p>Embora esta metan&#225;lise demonstre que a maior extens&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o reduz o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de FA, esta estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o est&#225; livre de riscos, considerando que o procedimento pode diminuir a complac&#234;ncia atrial esquerda, o volume do AE e a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do AE, que pode induzir o desenvolvimento da s&#237;ndrome do &#225;trio esquerdo r&#237;gido (SAER).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> O SAER, que foi descrito em 1988 por Pilote et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> caracteriza-se por uma redu&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do AE e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Embora isto possa representar uma consequ&#234;ncia grave de ACRF, em um estudo de s&#233;rie de caso de Gibson et al., a condi&#231;&#227;o foi relatada em apenas 1,4% dos pacientes que foram submetidos a ACRF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, os estudos pr&#233;vios acharam que o volume das cicatrizes do AE ap&#243;s AC estava associado &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica deprimida do AE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Cicatrizes de abla&#231;&#227;o na parede posterior do AE, por&#233;m, tiveram menos efeito na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do AE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Outro risco de AC que pode ser aumentado por abla&#231;&#227;o extensiva &#233; a possibilidade de les&#227;o esof&#225;gica, devido &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica entre o es&#244;fago e a parede posterior do AE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> O es&#244;fago est&#225; separado do AE posterior por uma camada fina de gordura, sendo propenso a les&#245;es durante abla&#231;&#227;o de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Poss&#237;veis les&#245;es do es&#244;fago incluem perfura&#231;&#227;o, forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula &#225;trio-esof&#225;gica e les&#227;o do nervo periesof&#225;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Para minimizar os riscos potenciais das les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas, devem ser adotadas algumas estrat&#233;gias, por exemplo, reduzir a pot&#234;ncia na parede posterior do AE, monitorar a temperatura do es&#244;fago, irrigar o es&#244;fago com &#225;gua fria e utilizar imagem pr&#233;-procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reprodutibilidade</title>
          <p>Um estudo pr&#233;vio de Chubb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> o qual investigou RM-RTG da cicatriz atrial ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o em 50 indiv&#237;duos submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA pela primeira vez, demonstrou que visualiza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o das cicatrizes induzidas no AE &#233; reprodut&#237;vel. Al&#233;m disso, os autores conclu&#237;ram que a imagem deve ser realizada pelo menos 20 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do contraste &#224; base de gadol&#237;nio para melhor reprodutibilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Por&#233;m, o estudo de Hunter et al. analisado na presente revis&#227;o, o qual incluiu 50 pacientes, concluiu que imagem com realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio da cicatriz atrial ainda n&#227;o est&#225; suficientemente precisa para identificar les&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o ou determinar distribui&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es de maneira confi&#225;vel. Um consenso publicado pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Ritmo Card&#237;aco afirmou que ainda n&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#227;o nem consenso de especialistas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao papel de RM-RTG para auxiliar procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA. No entanto, o consenso afirma que os dados dispon&#237;veis s&#227;o interessantes o suficiente para justificar pesquisas futuras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>STAR AF II e DECAAF II</title>
          <p>Embora estudos pr&#233;vios tenham demonstrado o impacto positivo de buscar estrat&#233;gias de abla&#231;&#227;o al&#233;m do isolamento circunferencial de veias pulmonares (ICVP), o ensaio STAR FA II demonstrou um cen&#225;rio diferente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> O STAR AF II foi um estudo multic&#234;ntrico randomizado, que comparou apenas ICVP, ICVP mais abla&#231;&#227;o linear pelo teto do &#225;trio esquerdo e o istmo mitral e ICVP mais abla&#231;&#227;o de eletrogramas fracionados complexos. N&#227;o foi encontrada redu&#231;&#227;o na recorr&#234;ncia de FA, quando estrat&#233;gias adicionais &#224; ICVP foram realizadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O estudo DECAAF demonstrou que a fibrose do AE visualizada por meio de RM-RTG foi um forte preditor dos desfechos de abla&#231;&#227;o, e quanto mais a cicatriza&#231;&#227;o induzida por abla&#231;&#227;o foi sobreposta ao tecido fibr&#243;tico, melhor o desfecho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Dessa maneira, o estudo DECAAF II ir&#225; randomizar pacientes com FA persistente para receberem abla&#231;&#227;o convencional por IVP ou IVP guiado por RM-RTG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudos futuros</title>
          <p>O uso aumentado de AC para corre&#231;&#227;o da FA na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica requer estrat&#233;gias melhores para reduzir falhas ap&#243;s o procedimento. &#201; necess&#225;rio realizar ensaios controlados randomizados que comparem AC guiada por mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico e m&#233;todos de abla&#231;&#227;o tradicionais. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante padronizar RM-RTG para detectar cicatrizes no AE com a finalidade de garantir a sua reprodutibilidade. Al&#233;m disso, o desenvolvimento de RM em tempo real pode reduzir os seus custos, assim tornando poss&#237;vel o seu uso no futuro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Embora a presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise forne&#231;a um aumento significativo no n&#250;mero de pacientes analisados, o n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos continua limitado. Al&#233;m disso, apenas quatro estudos foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise quantitativa, todos os quais eram observacionais. Embora RM-RTG seja vi&#225;vel para detectar cicatriza&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o, a sua reprodutibilidade ainda precisa ser estudada.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presente revis&#227;o demonstra que a extens&#227;o de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o est&#225; possivelmente associada a menos recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s AC (SMD = 0,52; IC 95% 0.27 - 0,76; p &lt; 0,0001), o qual abre o caminho para estrat&#233;gias de abla&#231;&#227;o guiadas por cicatriza&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, a reprodutibilidade deste m&#233;todo de imagem precisa ser estudada mais e melhorada. &#201; necess&#225;rio realizar ensaios controlados randomizados, como o ensaio DECAAF II, que investiguem os m&#233;todos de abla&#231;&#227;o baseados nesta associa&#231;&#227;o com a finalidade de proporcionar aos pacientes a melhor op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento, com risco m&#237;nimo de recorr&#234;ncia de FA e complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
