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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tLfDFMZPBgz3prVRcrPSWsS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000400616</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190187</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190187</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico do Receptor Beta-Adren&#233;rgico Tipo 1 Ser49Gly &#233; Preditor de Morte em Pacientes Brasileiros com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8692-1115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3805-2837</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Mourilhe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1206-9489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2591-2773</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sales</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9891-676X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spineti</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Pimenta de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duque</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Salgado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6931-7474</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Rangel de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia &#8211; Arritmia,Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Felipe Neves de Albuquerque &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia - Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 77, 2&#186; andar. CEP 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>felipenalbuquerque@gmail.com</email> , <email>felipe.albuquerque@uerj.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Mourilhe-Rocha R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Albuquerque FN, Silva DA, Bittencourt MI; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Albuquerque FN, Pozzan R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Albuquerque FN; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Bittencourt MI; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Bittencourt MI, Sales ALF, Spineti PPM, Duque GS, Albuquerque D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>616</fpage>
      <lpage>624</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O papel do polimorfismo gen&#233;tico do receptor beta1-adren&#233;rgico Ser49Gly (PG-R&#946;1-Ser49Gly) como preditor de eventos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) n&#227;o est&#225; definido para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre PG-R&#946;1-Ser49Gly e desfechos cl&#237;nicos em indiv&#237;duos com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> An&#225;lise secund&#225;ria de prontu&#225;rios de 178 pacientes e identifica&#231;&#227;o das variantes do PG-R&#946;1-Ser49Gly, classificadas como Ser-Ser, Ser-Gly e Gly-Gly. Avaliar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Foi adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> As m&#233;dias da coorte foram: seguimento cl&#237;nico, 6,7 anos; idade, 64,4 anos; 63,5% de homens e 55,1% brancos. A etiologia da IC foi predominantemente isqu&#234;mica (31,5%), idiop&#225;tica (23,6%) e hipertensiva (15,7%). O perfil gen&#233;tico teve a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o: 122 Ser-Ser (68,5%), 52 Ser-Gly (28,7%), e 5 Gly-Gly (2,8%). Houve rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre esses gen&#243;tipos e a classe funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA) ao final do acompanhamento (p = 0,014) com o Gly-Gly associado a NYHA menos avan&#231;ada. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (p = 0,026) entre mortalidade e PG-R&#946;1-Ser49Gly: o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos em pacientes com Ser-Gly (12) ou Gly-Gly (1) foi menor que com Ser-Ser (54). O alelo Gly teve um efeito protetor independente mantido ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada e foi associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na chance de &#243;bito de 63% (p = 0,03; odds ratio 0,37 &#8211; IC 0,15 a 0,91).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A presen&#231;a do PG-R&#946;1 Gly-Gly associou-se a melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica avaliada pela classe funcional da NYHA e foi preditor de menor risco de mortalidade, independentemente de outros fatores, em seguimento de 6,7 anos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):616-624)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Receptores Adren&#233;rgicos beta</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Epinefrina/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; atualmente a principal causa de interna&#231;&#227;o por doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS): foram 202 mil pacientes hospitalizados em 2018 com custo de 311 milh&#245;es de reais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A estrat&#233;gia atual com par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e de imagem para prever seu progn&#243;stico &#233; limitada. Sua hist&#243;ria natural &#233; imprevis&#237;vel mesmo em pacientes fenotipicamente semelhantes.</p>
      <p>O arsenal terap&#234;utico &#233; capaz de reduzir a sua mortalidade em at&#233; 60%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> mas a resposta a esses f&#225;rmacos &#233; heterog&#234;nea. Foi demonstrado que a natureza gen&#233;tica contribui para essa variabilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na fisiopatologia da IC, o papel do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico (SNS) est&#225; bem estabelecido. O receptor card&#237;aco beta-adren&#233;rgico do tipo 1 (R&#946;1) &#233; a principal estrutura respons&#225;vel por mediar os efeitos da epinefrina. A estimula&#231;&#227;o sustentada desse sistema determinar&#225; m&#250;ltiplos efeitos delet&#233;rios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> destacando-se a cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, foram descritas algumas variantes gen&#233;ticas que modificavam a atividade desse receptor. Um polimorfismo gen&#233;tico (PG) foi identificado na posi&#231;&#227;o 145 do nucleot&#237;dio que resultava em substitui&#231;&#227;o da serina por glicina na posi&#231;&#227;o 49 do amino&#225;cido &#8211; o PG <italic>Ser49Gly</italic> do R&#946;1(PG-R&#946;1-Ser49Gly).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O PG-R&#946;1-Ser49Gly foi associado a uma interfer&#234;ncia dram&#225;tica na fun&#231;&#227;o do R&#946;1. O alelo Gly determinou maior redu&#231;&#227;o no seu n&#250;mero ( <italic>down-regulation</italic> ) quando comparado ao alelo Ser.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Na IC, pela exposi&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua &#224; epinefrina, essa disfun&#231;&#227;o poderia ser clinicamente relevante. Na pr&#225;tica, essa muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica determinaria uma dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o com um interessante bloqueio adren&#233;rgico intr&#237;nseco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, no contexto da IC, tivemos algumas publica&#231;&#245;es analisando o PG-R&#946;1-Ser49Gly em cen&#225;rios como: risco de IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> resposta a betabloqueador,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> capacidade funcional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> arritmia card&#237;aca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Esses estudos compartilham um baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes e apresentam alguns achados divergentes. Em geral, o alelo Gly foi associado a uma melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> no entanto, observou-se uma potencial influ&#234;ncia da etnia sobre esses gen&#243;tipos, invertendo esse comportamento benigno em algumas popula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Por essas raz&#245;es, o papel desse gen&#243;tipo permanece em aberto.</p>
      <p>Portanto, &#233; fundamental a an&#225;lise do comportamento desse PG em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com caracter&#237;sticas &#233;tnicas pr&#243;prias, a fim de estabelecer o padr&#227;o desse PG para essa popula&#231;&#227;o aumentando a nossa (pequena) base de dados de gen&#233;tica atual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os gen&#243;tipos do Ser49Gly e desfechos cl&#237;nicos maiores, tais como interna&#231;&#227;o por IC e &#243;bito em indiv&#237;duos com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Estudo longitudinal de uma coorte de pacientes. Coletou-se informa&#231;&#227;o do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico entre janeiro de 2015 e dezembro de 2018, desde o in&#237;cio do seu acompanhamento. Todos foram atendidos na mesma cl&#237;nica de IC de um hospital universit&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de uma s&#233;rie de casos acompanhados por 6,7 anos, sendo inclu&#237;dos de forma consecutiva 178 pacientes (113 homens e 65 mulheres) com diagn&#243;stico de IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, caracterizando-se uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes com mais de 18 anos de idade, com IC sintom&#225;tica (definida pelos Crit&#233;rios de Framingham), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8804; 50% no ecocardiograma bidimensional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes com <italic>status</italic> cl&#237;nico desconhecido no final do trabalho.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica &#233; feita por meio do programa SPSS para Mac vers&#227;o 25. Em todos os testes, fixou-se em 0,05 ou 5% (p &lt; 0,05) como n&#237;vel de rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentadas nas compara&#231;&#245;es tiveram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e as medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e dispers&#227;o foram expressas, respectivamente, como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas n (%).</p>
        <p>Foram utilizados os seguintes testes estat&#237;sticos: ANOVA One-Way, complementado pelo teste de Tukey, Chi-quadrado e Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica. Foram utilizados o teste de Levene e Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avaliar a homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias. Quando n&#227;o houve homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias, foi empregado o teste Kruskal-Wallis para comparar as m&#233;dias de tr&#234;s ou mais amostras independentes e Mann-Whitney para at&#233; duas amostras independentes.</p>
        <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria foi utilizada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos estudados. Inicialmente, para a an&#225;lise univariada, foram avaliadas as vari&#225;veis isoladamente com o objetivo de se identificar quais tinham relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Posteriormente, na an&#225;lise multivariada, essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita de forma conjunta, como covari&#225;veis. Foi considerado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 95% para escolha de entrada e de 90% para remo&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis no m&#233;todo de escolha &#8220;passo a passo".</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>As etiologias foram classificadas em cinco grupos: isqu&#234;mica, idiop&#225;tica, hipertensiva, alco&#243;lica e outras. A defini&#231;&#227;o da etiologia era responsabilidade do m&#233;dico assistente da cl&#237;nica de IC, segundo crit&#233;rios descritos previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>A cor da pele foi indicada pelo m&#233;dico assistente e classificada em branca, preta ou parda. A classe funcional foi determinada de acordo com a NYHA, no in&#237;cio e no final do acompanhamento. O registro de &#243;bito era extra&#237;do do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico e, na sua aus&#234;ncia, uma busca ativa era iniciada por meio de prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico, telefone ou bancos de dados de certid&#245;es de &#243;bito dispon&#237;veis na internet.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Foram considerados os exames laboratoriais mais recentes para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</title>
        <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a eletrocardiograma (ECG) e analisados quanto a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros avaliados foram: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico de VE, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico de VE e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE. Foram utilizados dois exames: no in&#237;cio e no final do acompanhamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Genotipagem</title>
        <p>A genotipagem foi realizada por meio da t&#233;cnica de rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase e restri&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o do fragmento (PCR-RFLP) para o gene do R&#946;1: polimorfismo 49Ser&gt;Gly. Os detalhes desses procedimentos seguiram literatura espec&#237;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram testados para a presen&#231;a dos alelos Ser (selvagem e mais comum) e Gly (recessivo). A partir desses alelos, eles foram classificados em Ser-Ser, Ser-Gly e Gly-Gly.</p>
        <p>As frequ&#234;ncias g&#234;nicas e haplot&#237;picas foram testadas para o equil&#237;brio de Hardy Weinberg<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> utilizando o <italic>software</italic> ARLEQUIN vers&#227;o 2000.</p>
        <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto em 16 de dezembro de 2009. O Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido foi assinado por todos os pacientes.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo total e pelos PG-R&#946;1</p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o expostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . &#201; poss&#237;vel destacar: m&#233;dia de idade de 64,4 &#177; 12,8 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o: 24 a 93 anos), maior preval&#234;ncia de homens, cor da pele branca e de etiologia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo total e pelos PG-R&#946;1</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel cl&#237;nica<sup>*</sup></th>
                <th rowspan="3">Total</th>
                <th colspan="4">Polimorfismo gen&#233;tico receptor 1 Ser49Gly</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Ser-Ser (n = 122)</th>
                <th>Ser-Gly (n = 51)</th>
                <th>Gly-Gly (n = 5)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens n (%)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">113 (63,5)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (64,8)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (60,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,873</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Seguimento (anos)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de IC (anos)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">64,4 &#177;12,8</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Cor da pele n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">98 (55,1)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (62,3)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (43,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Preta</td>
                <td align="center">28 (15,7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (16,4)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">52 (29,2)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (21,3)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (45,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60,0)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">Etiologia n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">DAC</td>
                <td align="center">56 (31,5)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (35,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">42 (23,6)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (22,1)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (25,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">28 (15,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (25,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#193;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">19 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (13,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Outras</td>
                <td align="center">33 (18,5)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (22,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">NYHA Inicial<sup>&#8224;</sup> n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">47 (26,6)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (29,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,334</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">70 (39,5)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (41,3)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (37,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20,0)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">47 (26,6)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">13 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">2,15 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,05 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,39 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE inicial (%)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">34,8 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">35,3 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center">33,5 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">37,4 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS n (%)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">134 (75,7)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (72,7)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (82,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,395</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM n (%)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">60 (33,7)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (32,0)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (37,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,763</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FA n (%)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">41 (24,0)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (24,8)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,492</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Lab</td>
                <td align="center">Hemoglobina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,734</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">139,8 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">139,9 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">139,8 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">139,0 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,843</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,47 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,46 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,52 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,38 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,836</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,41 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,50 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,199</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">Tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">BB n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">173 (97,2)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (96,7)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (98,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,828</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IECA n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (42,6)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (45,1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,255</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">BRA n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (30,3)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (30,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Espiro n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (46,6)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (42,6)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Digoxina n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (26,4)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (24,6)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,631</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Baixa ades&#227;o n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (46,0)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (43,0)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (54,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,405</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Furosemida (dose-mg)</td>
                <td align="center">90,8 &#177; 64,3</td>
                <td align="center">97,3 &#177; 66,8</td>
                <td align="center">81,0 &#177; 59,8</td>
                <td align="center">55,0 &#177; 30,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas est&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o; as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em [n e (%)]. PG-R&#946;1: polimorfismo gen&#233;tico receptor &#946;1 Ser49Gly; seguimento: tempo de seguimento; tempo IC: tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a desde a data do diagn&#243;stico; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; NYHA: classe funcional da New York Heart Association; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DM: diabetes melito; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; Hb: hemoglobina; BB: betabloqueador; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; Espiro: espironolactona; Lab: laborat&#243;rio. &#8224;N&#227;o havia disponibilidade de dados relativos &#224; classe NYHA inicial para 1 paciente do Grupo Ser-Ser.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O tempo de acompanhamento m&#233;dio na cl&#237;nica de IC foi 6,7 &#177; 4,4 anos.</p>
      <p>Quanto ao perfil gen&#233;tico, o alelo Ser ocorreu 295 vezes (82,8%), enquanto o Gly, 61 vezes (17,2%). Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos gen&#243;tipos, 122 (68,5%) foram classificados como o Ser-Ser, 51 (28,7%) Ser-Gly e apenas 5 (2,8%) como Gly-Gly.</p>
      <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel destacar a diferen&#231;a significativa (p = 0,003) entre os PG-R&#946;1 e a cor da pele observada: houve maior preval&#234;ncia de brancos entre aqueles com genotipagem Ser-Ser e praticamente um equil&#237;brio entre brancos e pardos com Ser-Gly como destacado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estava em equil&#237;brio gen&#233;tico segundo o teorema de Hardy-Weinberg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os gen&#243;tipos para as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, da classe funcional NYHA inicial, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais ou do tratamento medicamentoso conforme representado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Os dados sobre os desfechos cl&#237;nicos est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desfechos cl&#237;nicos caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo total e pelos PG-R&#946;1</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel cl&#237;nica<sup>*</sup></th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Total</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Polimorfismo gen&#233;tico receptor 1 Ser49Gly</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Ser-Ser (n = 122)</th>
                  <th>Ser-Gly (n = 51)</th>
                  <th>Gly-Gly (n = 5)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="9">NYHA Final</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">I</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,014</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">38,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">34,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">47,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0%</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">II</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">32,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">36,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">17,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0%</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">III</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">19,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">15,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">31,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">10,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia</td>
                  <td align="center">2,02 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">2,07 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,92 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,420</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">FEVE Final (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,4 &#177; 13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">35,1 &#177; 13,2</td>
                  <td align="center">35,8 &#177; 13,4</td>
                  <td align="center">39,6 &#177; 16,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,751</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">n</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">%</td>
                  <td align="center">41,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">44,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">35,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0%</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">n</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,026</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">%</td>
                  <td align="center">37,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">44,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">23,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">20,0%</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Interna&#231;&#227;o + &#243;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">n</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,197</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">%</td>
                  <td align="center">56,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">60,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">47,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0%</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>*As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas est&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o; as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em [n (%)]. PG-R&#946;1: polimorfismo gen&#233;tico receptor &#946;1 Ser49Gly; NYHA: classe funcional da New York Heart Association; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O gen&#243;tipo do R&#946;1 apresentou uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com a classe funcional da NYHA final (p = 0,014), com o Ser-Ser associado &#224; classe funcional mais avan&#231;ada. Dos dezoito pacientes em NYHA IV, o Ser-Ser foi observado em 88,9% dos casos. O PG Ser-Gly foi respons&#225;vel pelos outros dois casos. Todos os cinco pacientes com gen&#243;tipo Gly-Gly evolu&#237;ram com NYHA I ou II ao final do seguimento.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia da classe funcional NYHA final foi menor que a inicial (2,15 &#177; 0,9 &#8594; 2,02 &#177; 1,0). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao car&#225;ter evolutivo, 24,9% evolu&#237;ram com melhora de classe funcional, 38,4% permaneceram est&#225;veis e 36,7% com piora da NYHA. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os PG-R&#946;1 e os valores m&#233;dios da NYHA ou da mudan&#231;a de classe funcional durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos: &#243;bitos e interna&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Foram pesquisados desfechos cl&#237;nicos &#8211; interna&#231;&#227;o por IC e &#243;bito &#8211; combinados e isoladamente.</p>
        <p>O desfecho combinado &#8220;interna&#231;&#227;o por IC + &#243;bito&#8221; ocorreu em 100 pacientes (56,2%). Ele foi mais frequente no grupo Ser-Ser (60,7%) sem diferen&#231;a significativa quando comparado ao Ser-Gly (47,1%) ou Gly-Gly (40,0%).</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es isoladamente, observou-se um total de 182 eventos em 74 pacientes, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os PG-R&#946;1.</p>
        <p>Por &#250;ltimo, foram analisados apenas os &#243;bitos: 67 eventos &#8211; uma taxa de mortalidade global de 37,6%. O gen&#243;tipo Ser-Ser correspondeu a 80,5% desse total e apenas 1,5% dos pacientes que morreram foram genotipados com Gly-Gly. Na an&#225;lise comparativa da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos pelos PG, houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa (p = 0,026) entre os gen&#243;tipos Ser-Ser, Ser-Gly e Gly-Gly, com taxas de mortalidade de 44,3%, 23,5% e 20,0%, respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> reproduzem esses achados.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; N&#250;mero de &#243;bitos de acordo com os polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos do receptor &#946;1 Ser49Gly. Os dados foram expressos em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os gen&#243;tipos Ser-Ser &#215; Ser-Gly &#215; Gly-Gly: *p = 0,026, teste qui-quadrado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0616-90187-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O impacto do PG-R&#946;1 na mortalidade desses pacientes foi demonstrado atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise multivariada: o alelo Gly teve um efeito protetor independente de outros fatores, ap&#243;s o ajuste para NYHA final, FEVE final, creatinina, baixa ades&#227;o e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca final. A presen&#231;a de cada c&#243;pia do alelo Gly foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na chance de &#243;bito de 63% (p = 0,03; odds ratio 0,37 &#8211; IC 0,15 a 0,91). Esses dados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise multivariada: fatores preditores de &#243;bito</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>odds ratio</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>C&#243;pia do Alelo Gly</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37 (0,15 a 0,91)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA final</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">2,14 (1,32 a 3,45)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE final</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 (0,91 a 0,98)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,051</td>
                  <td align="center">1,52 (1,00 a 2,31)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixa ades&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,346</td>
                  <td align="center">1,50 (0,65 a 3,46))</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC final</td>
                  <td align="center">0,124</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (0,99 a 1,07)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>NYHA: classe funcional da New York Heart Association; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Foi poss&#237;vel apurar a causa <italic>mortis</italic> em 56% (34) dos casos: 61,8% foram relacionadas com a piora da IC; 29,4%, morte s&#250;bita; e 8,8%, outras causas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os gen&#243;tipos para a causa da morte.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este trabalho descreve a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os gen&#243;tipos do polimorfismo gen&#233;tico do receptor beta1 &#8211; Ser49Gly e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em 178 pacientes com IC, com seguimento m&#233;dio de 6,7 anos. Trata-se de trabalho com genotipagem do Ser49Gly no contexto da IC com maior tempo de seguimento j&#225; publicado. Seu principal achado foi a associa&#231;&#227;o do PG-R&#946;1 Gly-Gly com um efeito protetor para desfechos cl&#237;nicos, com melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica avaliada pela classe funcional NYHA e menor risco de &#243;bitos.</p>
      <p>Ao fazer a compara&#231;&#227;o com outras popula&#231;&#245;es brasileiras, encontramos uma distribui&#231;&#227;o al&#233;lica relativamente semelhante: o alelo Gly esteve presente em 13 a 17% dos casos de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos gen&#243;tipos, houve grande semelhan&#231;a com o trabalho de 201 pacientes do Rio Grande do Sul,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> mas uma diferen&#231;a com a coorte com 146 pacientes de Niter&#243;i, no Rio de Janeiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que com a intensa miscigena&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, a cor da pele n&#227;o seja um bom fator determinante do perfil gen&#233;tico, pois, apesar da similaridade no percentual de brancos entre o presente estudo e o de Pereira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> h&#225; diferen&#231;a do seu perfil gen&#233;tico. Assim, a etnia avaliada pela cor da pele isoladamente n&#227;o explicaria o alto percentual do gen&#243;tipo Gly-Gly observado por esses autores. Refor&#231;ando esse ponto, estudos internacionais mostraram acentuada semelhan&#231;a com a presente coorte quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica do PG-R&#946;1:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> 63 a 73% de indiv&#237;duos Ser-Ser, 27 a 35% Ser-Gly e 0 a 3% Gly-Gly, embora tenham sido realizados com outras etnias. O desenvolvimento de mais estudos nacionais pode ser interessante para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica desse polimorfismo gen&#233;tico na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Outro aspecto ainda mais relevante &#233; a interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desse PG. Nesse caso, foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar que o Gly-Gly teve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com um marcador cl&#237;nico substituto: NYHA final (p=0,014). Indiv&#237;duos portadores desse gen&#243;tipo tiveram melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica: nenhum paciente desse grupo apresentou uma classe funcional avan&#231;ada no final do seguimento. Apesar de ser relativamente pequeno (cinco indiv&#237;duos), o maior tempo de seguimento em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais trabalhos permitiu a distin&#231;&#227;o de comportamentos cl&#237;nicos entre os gen&#243;tipos.</p>
      <p>Como n&#227;o havia diferen&#231;a das caracter&#237;sticas basais entre os tr&#234;s PG, inclusive de tratamento, a diferen&#231;a da NYHA final observada nesse estudo sugere a contribui&#231;&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica na fisiopatologia da cardiopatia. Assim, a genotipagem poderia indicar um subgrupo de pacientes com IC com pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Esse achado &#233; in&#233;dito na literatura, uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; publica&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com IC relacionando o PG-R1-Ser49Gly a vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas evolutivas como a classe funcional pela NYHA. Por isso, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel confrontar esse resultado com outras popula&#231;&#245;es, o que seria interessante para valida&#231;&#227;o desse achado.</p>
      <p>Apesar do seu reconhecido valor progn&#243;stico, a classe funcional da NYHA &#233; um marcador inexato da gravidade da IC. A falta de reprodutibilidade interexaminador j&#225; foi descrita e pode limitar sua acur&#225;cia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Ela tamb&#233;m traduz apenas um aspecto cl&#237;nico da s&#237;ndrome. &#201; poss&#237;vel que, no futuro, seja mais interessante estudar a rela&#231;&#227;o do gen&#243;tipo com escores cl&#237;nicos mais completos como o MAGGIC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> no qual h&#225; a combina&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a elevada taxa de mortalidade observada, 37,6%, deve-se provavelmente ao tempo de acompanhamento prolongado. Para efeito de compara&#231;&#227;o, Biolo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> registraram 27,9% de &#243;bitos no Rio Grande do Sul, e Pereira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> 12,3% de mortalidade no Rio de Janeiro. Apesar da disparidade dessas taxas, notam-se semelhan&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas basais dessas popula&#231;&#245;es: uma FEVE em torno de 30 a 35%, a maioria (65 a 75%) dos pacientes em NYHA I ou II e uma excelente terap&#234;utica adotada. A diferen&#231;a mais significativa entre os tr&#234;s trabalhos reside no seu tempo de acompanhamento: 80,4 meses no presente estudo, 39,8 meses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e 23 meses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> nos estudos citados, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o do PG-R&#946;1 com &#243;bitos mostrou que o tipo selvagem Ser-Ser concentrou a maioria desses eventos e o alelo Gly foi consistentemente associado a um efeito protetor. A presen&#231;a de cada c&#243;pia do alelo Gly foi relacionada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 63% na chance de morte. Esse efeito protetor se manteve mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste rigoroso para as principais vari&#225;veis utilizadas para estratificar o progn&#243;stico em IC. Assim, em um modelo h&#237;brido que incorporou vari&#225;veis gen&#233;ticas, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, de tratamento e de exame f&#237;sico, o Gly-Gly permaneceu com alto valor preditivo para a menor ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos.</p>
      <p>Na revis&#227;o da literatura, os resultados s&#227;o diversos, mas, em sua maioria, compat&#237;veis com o atual. S&#227;o trabalhos em que n&#227;o se observou a associa&#231;&#227;o PG-R&#946;1-Ser49Gly e desfechos cl&#237;nicos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> estudos com o mesmo padr&#227;o protetor do alelo Gly<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e at&#233; mesmo uma publica&#231;&#227;o associando paradoxalmente o Gly a mau progn&#243;stico na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em sintonia com nossos achados, os trabalhos iniciais de Borjesson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (a primeira descri&#231;&#227;o desse PG-R&#946;1-Ser49Gly), Forleo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e Magnusson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> destacam o perfil protetor do alelo Gly: significativamente menos &#243;bitos nos portadores dos gen&#243;tipos Ser-Gly ou Gly-Gly, inclusive ap&#243;s ajuste para outras vari&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>No entanto, h&#225; um trabalho indicando o oposto: o alelo Gly associado a mau progn&#243;stico. A publica&#231;&#227;o de Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> descreve o PG-R&#946;1-Ser49Gly em uma popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa de 430 pacientes com IC e caracter&#237;sticas basais similares &#224;s do presente trabalho. Os autores relacionaram o alelo Gly a piores desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e maior mortalidade.</p>
      <p>O contraste entre esses resultados pode estar relacionado a um diferente impacto gen&#233;tico entre as etnias. Duas evid&#234;ncias embasam essa teoria. Primeiro, Pereira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> identificaram, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o miscigenada do munic&#237;pio de Niter&#243;i, o Ser-Ser como um fator de mau progn&#243;stico. Esse padr&#227;o, no entanto, foi observado apenas para pacientes com cor da pele preta . Esse resultado tamb&#233;m foi reproduzido na metan&#225;lise de Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise de 2.979 pacientes genotipados para os PG-R1 tipo Ar389Gly e Ser49Gly identificou um padr&#227;o espec&#237;fico do alelo Gly389 para cada etnia: associa&#231;&#227;o a maior risco de IC em pacientes asi&#225;ticos, enquanto, em brancos, associou-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o desse risco.</p>
      <p>Nessa mesma dire&#231;&#227;o, o estudo A-HEFT descreveu uma melhor resposta &#224; combina&#231;&#227;o nitrato e hidralazina para pacientes afro-americanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Posteriormente, McNamara et al. relacionaram esse benef&#237;cio a um determinado PG da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase, mais frequente em afro-americanos em compara&#231;&#227;o a brancos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em comum, a metan&#225;lise de Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e a publica&#231;&#227;o de McNamara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> destacam a variedade de efeitos cl&#237;nicos entre etnias diferentes no contexto da IC. Isso refor&#231;a a necessidade de estudos espec&#237;ficos para o Brasil, uma vez que o comportamento desses PG para uma popula&#231;&#227;o reconhecidamente miscigenada &#233; imprevis&#237;vel.</p>
      <p>Esses exemplos reafirmam a influ&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica na hist&#243;ria natural da IC. De maneira abrangente, reconhecemos a resposta fisiopatol&#243;gica da s&#237;ndrome como resultado da ativa&#231;&#227;o de sistemas hormonais. No entanto, em n&#237;vel molecular, receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos e enzimas como a &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase s&#227;o alguns dos fatores importantes envolvidos no remodelamento card&#237;aco. A altera&#231;&#227;o funcional desses e de outros agentes em decorr&#234;ncia de polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos pode explicar essa multiplicidade de evolu&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em pacientes fenotipicamente semelhantes.</p>
      <p>O processo de resposta neuro-humoral envolve uma infinidade de elementos, cada um potencialmente sens&#237;vel a muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas diversas. Assim, &#233; prov&#225;vel que um painel gen&#233;tico englobando os principais eixos (SNS, renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e pept&#237;dio natriur&#233;tico atrial) seja mais interessante que um polimorfismo espec&#237;fico isolado. O primeiro passo &#233; identificar quem s&#227;o os principais marcadores gen&#233;ticos para cada eixo. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao SNS e o receptor beta-adren&#233;rgico, esse trabalho refor&#231;a o papel destacado do PG Ser49Gly.</p>
      <p>No futuro, a constru&#231;&#227;o de um escore gen&#233;tico multissist&#234;mico poder&#225; se demonstrar um poderoso preditor progn&#243;stico. Possivelmente, um escore capaz de identificar indiv&#237;duos de alto risco, mesmo no in&#237;cio da evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, quando muitas vezes os achados cl&#237;nicos e de exames complementares ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o relevantemente alterados.</p>
      <p>O n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes (178) &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo e pode ter influenciado nos resultados, principalmente pelo baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes com gen&#243;tipo Gly-Gly. No entanto, o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica observado foi o mesmo da maioria dos estudos, e &#233; o estudo com o maior tempo de acompanhamento com PG-R&#946;1 no contexto da IC. Destaca-se tamb&#233;m que, mesmo com esse n&#250;mero reduzido, foi poss&#237;vel encontrar resultados com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o refere-se &#224; coleta de dados em registros de prontu&#225;rios. No entanto, como todos os indiv&#237;duos s&#227;o acompanhados em cl&#237;nica de IC, a padroniza&#231;&#227;o das rotinas de atendimento e o registro das informa&#231;&#245;es, bem como o atendimento realizado por m&#233;dicos dedicados ao tratamento e o acompanhamento dessa s&#237;ndrome, garantiram maior qualidade nas informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas. Contudo, se houvesse interna&#231;&#227;o em outra institui&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o havia acesso &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es, e at&#233; mesmo o n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es pode estar subestimado. Isso pode ter determinado a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os gen&#243;tipos e limitado a avalia&#231;&#227;o desse desfecho cl&#237;nico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em indiv&#237;duos com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, a presen&#231;a do PG-R&#946;1 Gly-Gly associou-se a melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica avaliada pela classe funcional da NYHA e foi preditor de menor risco de mortalidade, independentemente de outros fatores, em seguimento de 6,7 anos.</p>
      <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Mourilhe-Rocha R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Albuquerque FN, Silva DA, Bittencourt MI; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Albuquerque FN, Pozzan R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Albuquerque FN; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Bittencourt MI; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Bittencourt MI, Sales ALF, Spineti PPM, Duque GS, Albuquerque D.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Felipe neves de Albuquerque pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FCM-UERJ).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 0176.0.228-000-09. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPERJ (Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ser49Gly Beta1-Adrenergic Receptor Genetic Polymorphism as a Death Predictor in Brazilian Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8692-1115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3805-2837</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Mourilhe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1206-9489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2591-2773</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sales</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9891-676X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spineti</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Pimenta de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6931-7474</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Rangel de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duque</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Salgado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia &#8211; Arritmia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Felipe Neves de Albuquerque Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia - Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 77, 2&#186; andar. Postal Code 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: felipenalbuquerque@gmail.com, felipe.albuquerque@uerj.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Mourilhe-Rocha R; Acquisition of data: Albuquerque FN, Silva DA, Bittencourt MI; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA; Statistical analysis: Albuquerque FN, Pozzan R; Obtaining financing: Albuquerque FN; Writing of the manuscript Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Bittencourt MI; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Albuquerque FN, Brand&#227;o AA, Bittencourt MI, Sales ALF, Spineti PPM, Duque GS, Albuquerque D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The role of Ser49Gly beta1-adrenergic receptor genetic polymorphism (ADBR1-GP-Ser49Gly) as a predictor of death in heart failure (HF) is not established for the Brazilian population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association between ADBR1-GP-Ser49Gly and clinical outcomes in individuals with HF with reduced ejection fraction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Secondary analysis of medical records of 178 patients and genotypes of GPR&#946;1-Ser49Gly variants, classified as Ser-Ser, Ser-Gly and Gly-Gly. To evaluate their association with clinical outcome. A significance level of 5% was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Cohort means were: clinical follow-up 6.7 years, age 63.5 years, 64.6% of men and 55.1% of whites. HF etiologies were predominantly ischemic (31.5%), idiopathic (23.6%) and hypertensive (15.7%). The genetic profile was distributed as follows: 122 Ser-Ser (68.5%), 52 Ser-Gly (28.7%) and 5 Gly-Gly (2.8%). There was a significant association between these genotypes and mean NYHA functional class at the end of follow-up (p = 0.014) with Gly-Gly being associated with less advanced NYHA. In relation to the clinical outcomes, there was a significant association (p = 0.026) between mortality and GPR&#946;1-Ser49Gly: the number of deaths in patients with Ser-Gly (12) or Gly-Gly (1) was lower than in those with Ser-Ser (54). The Gly allele had an independent protective effect maintained after multivariate analysis and was associated with a reduction of 63% in the risk of death (p = 0.03; Odds Ratio 0.37 &#8211; CI 0.15&#8211;0.91).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The presence of &#946;1-AR-GP Gly-Gly was associated with better clinical outcome evaluated by NYHA functional class and was a predictor of lower risk of mortality, regardless of other factors, in a 6.7-year of follow-up. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):613-615)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorfism, Geetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Receptors,Adreneic, beta</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular Dieases</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Epinephrine/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is currently the main cause of hospital admissions due to circulatory diseases in the Brazilian public healthcare system: 202,000 patients were admitted in 2018, costing BRL 311 million.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The current strategy with clinical, laboratory and imaging parameters to predict prognosis is limited. The natural history of HF is unpredictable, even in phenotypically similar patients.</p>
        <p>The therapies available are capable of reducing mortality by up to 60%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> but response to these medical treatments is heterogeneous. It has been demonstrated that genetic nature influences this variability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the pathophysiology of HF, the role of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is well established. Cardiac beta1-adrenergic receptor (R&#946;1) is the main structure responsible for mediating the effects of adrenaline. Sustained stimulation of this system determines multiple deleterious effects,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> especially cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Accordingly, some genetic variants that modified the activity of this receptor have been described. A genetic polymorphism (GP) was identified at position 145 of the nucleotide that resulted in the substitution of Serine for Glycine at position 49 of the amino acid &#8211; GPR&#946;1-Ser49Gly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>GPR&#946;1-Ser49Gly was associated with a dramatic interference with R&#946;1 function. The Gly allele determined greater reduction in its number (down-regulation) compared with the Ser allele.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Because of the continuous exposure to adrenaline, this dysfunction could be clinically relevant in HF. In practice, this genetic mutation would determine desensitization with a relevant intrinsic adrenergic block.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Accordingly, in the context of HF, some publications analyzed GPR&#946;1-Ser49Gly in scenarios that included: risk of HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> beta-blocker response,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> echocardiographic outcomes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> functional capacity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> cardiac arrhythmia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> These studies include a small number of patients and present some inconsistent findings. In general, the Gly allele was associated with better clinical outcome;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> however, a potential influence of ethnicity on these genotypes was observed, inverting this benign behavior in some populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> For these reasons, the role of this genotype is still unknown.</p>
        <p>Therefore, it is of paramount importance to analyze the behavior of this GP in a Brazilian population with its own ethnic characteristics, in order to establish the pattern of this GP for our population, increasing our (small) current genetic database.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between the Ser49Gly genotypes and major clinical outcomes, such as hospital admissions due to HF and death in individuals with HF with reduced ejection fraction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>Longitudinal study of a cohort of patients. Information was collected from medical records dated between January 2015 and April 2018, since the beginning of follow-up. All patients were seen at the same HF clinic of a university hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This is a series of cases followed for 6.7 years, which consecutively included 178 patients (113 men and 65 women) diagnosed with HF with reduced ejection fraction, being characterized as a convenience sampling.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Patients aged 18 or older, with symptomatic HF (defined by the Framingham criteria), systolic ventricular dysfunction and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 50% on two-dimensional echocardiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Patients with unknown clinical status at the end of the study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Mac, version 25. For all of the tests, 0.05 or 5% (p &lt; 0.05) was defined as the rejection level of the null hypothesis and 95% confidence interval (CI). The measures of central tendency were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical variables were expressed in absolute and relative frequencies n(%).</p>
          <p>The following statistical tests were used: One-way ANOVA complemented by Tukey&#8217;s test, chi-square test and logistic regression. To evaluate the homogeneity of variances, Levene&#8217;s test was used. When there was no homogeneity of variances, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the means of three or more independent samples and Mann-Whitney test was used for up to two independent samples.</p>
          <p>Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate the clinical outcomes studied. Initially, the variables were evaluated separately in order to identify which ones were statistically relevant. Subsequently, they were evaluated together as covariables. A 95% significance level was considered for entry in the model and 90% for the removal of variables in the stepwise method of choice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Heart failure etiology</title>
          <p>The etiologies were classified into five groups: ischemic, idiopathic, hypertensive, alcoholic and others. The attending physician at the HF service was in charge of defining the etiology according to previously established criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic parameters</title>
          <p>Skin color was determined by the attending physician and classified as white, black or other. Functional class was determined according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) at the beginning and at the end of follow-up. Death registries were taken from the medical records and, if no records were available, an active search was conducted on the electronic medical records, by phone call or on death certificate databases available on the Internet.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The most recent laboratory tests were considered for statistical analysis.</title>
          <p>All individuals had their electrocardiograms (ECG) analyzed for QRS duration, presence of left bundle branch block and atrial fibrillation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic variables</title>
          <p>The parameters evaluated were: LV systolic diameter, LV diastolic diameter and LV ejection fraction. Two tests were used: one at the beginning and another at the end of follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genotyping</title>
          <p>Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for the R&#946;1 gene: 49Ser&gt;Gly polymorphism. The details of these procedures followed specific literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>All individuals were tested for the presence of Ser (wild and most common) and Gly (recessive) alleles. Based on the presence of these alleles, the individuals were classified into Ser-Ser, Ser-Gly and Gly-Gly.</p>
          <p>Gene and haplotype frequencies were tested for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> using the software ARLEQUIN version 2000.</p>
          <p>The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto on 12/16/2009. An Informed Consent Form (ICF) was signed by all patients.</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by FAPERJ (Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of the sample population and GP-R&#946;1</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the general characteristics of the study population. Mean age of 64.4 &#177; 12.8 years (variation: 24&#8211;93 years), a higher prevalence of males, white skin color and ischemic etiology were observed.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8212; Baseline characteristics of the population according to the genetic polymorphisms of Ser49Gly &#946;1-adrenergic receptor</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">Clinical Variable*</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">Total</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Ser49Gly &#946;1 Genetic Polymorphism</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Ser-Ser (n = 122)</th>
                    <th>Ser-Gly (n = 51)</th>
                    <th>Gly-Gly (n = 5)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Men n %</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">113 (63.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">79 (64.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (60.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (60.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.873</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Follow-up (years)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 4.4</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Duration of HF (months)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">8.9 &#177; 6.1</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">64.4 &#177; 12.8</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Skin Color</td>
                    <td align="center">White</td>
                    <td align="center">98 (55.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (62.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (43.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Black</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (15.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (16.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (11.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Other</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (29.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (24.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (45.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (60.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="5">Etiology</td>
                    <td align="center">CAD</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (31.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (35.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (23.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (20.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="5">0.093</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Idiopathic</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (23.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (22.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (25.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Hypert</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (15.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (10.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (25.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Alcohol</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (10.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (9.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (13.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Other</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (18.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (22.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (11.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="5">Baseline NYHA<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (26.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (29.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (17.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.334</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">II</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (39.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (41.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (37.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (20.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">III</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (26.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (23.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (33.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">IV</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (7.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (5.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (11.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Mean</td>
                    <td align="center">2.15 &#177; 0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">2.05 &#177; 0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">2.39 &#177; 0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0 &#177; 1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.068</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">34.8 &#177; 10.7</td>
                    <td align="center">35.3 &#177; 11.2</td>
                    <td align="center">33.5 &#177; 8.1</td>
                    <td align="center">37.4 &#177; 2.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypert</td>
                    <td align="center">n %</td>
                    <td align="center">134 (75.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (72.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (82.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (80.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.395</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DM</td>
                    <td align="center">n %</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (33.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (32.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (37.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.763</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AF</td>
                    <td align="center">n %</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (24.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (24.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (24.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.492</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">Lab</td>
                    <td align="center">Hemoglobin (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 1.9</td>
                    <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 1.7</td>
                    <td align="center">13.8 &#177; 2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.734</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">139.8 &#177; 3.4</td>
                    <td align="center">139.9 &#177; 3.4</td>
                    <td align="center">139.8 &#177; 3.3</td>
                    <td align="center">139.0 &#177; 4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.843</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.47 &#177; 0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">4.46 &#177; 0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">4.52 &#177; 0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">4.38 &#177; 0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.836</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.41 &#177; 1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1.50 &#177; 1.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23 &#177; 0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06 &#177; 0.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.199</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="7">Treatment</td>
                    <td align="center">BB n %</td>
                    <td align="center">173 (97.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">118 (96.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (98.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (100.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.828</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">ACEI n %</td>
                    <td align="center">79 (44.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (42.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (45.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (80.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.255</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">ARB n %</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (30.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (30.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (31.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (20.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Spiro n %</td>
                    <td align="center">83 (46.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (42.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (52.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (80.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.147</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Digox n %</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (26.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (24.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (29.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.631</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Low adherence n %</td>
                    <td align="center">81 (46.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (43.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (54.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.405</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Furosemide (dose-mg)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.8 &#177; 64.3</td>
                    <td align="center">97.3 &#177; 66.8</td>
                    <td align="center">81.0 &#177; 59.8</td>
                    <td align="center">55.0 &#177; 30.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*Numerical variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; categorical variables expressed as [n e (%)]. Follow-up: follow-up time (in years); duration of HF: duration of disease course since the date of diagnosis (in years); CAD: Coronary Artery Disease; Hypert: Systemic Arterial Hypertension; NYHA: New York Heart Association Functional Class; LVEF: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; AF: Atrial Fibrillation; LBBB: Left Bundle Branch Block; Hb: Hemoglobin (in mg/dL); BB: Betablocker; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; Spiro: Spironolactone; Digox: Digoxin.<sup>&#8224;</sup>Baseline NYHA class data were not available for 1 patient from the Ser-Ser group.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The mean follow-up time at the HF clinic was 6.7 &#177; 4.4 years.</p>
          <p>As for the genetic profile, the Ser allele occurred 295 times (82.8%) whereas the Gly allele occurred 61 times (17.2%). In relation to the genotypes, 122 (68.5%) were classified as Ser-Ser, 51 (28.7%) as Ser-Gly and only 5 (2.8%) as Gly-Gly.</p>
          <p>A significant difference (p = 0.003) was found between GP-R&#946;1 and skin color: there was a higher prevalence of whites among those with Ser-Ser genotype and virtually an equilibrium between Ser-Gly individuals with white skin and others, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>The population was in genetic equilibrium, according to the Hardy-Weinberg theorem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>There were no significant differences between the genotypes regarding clinical characteristics, baseline NYHA functional class, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and laboratory characteristics or medical treatment, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical outcome</title>
          <p>Clinical outcome data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical outcomes according to the genetic polymorphisms of Ser49Gly &#946;1-adrenergic receptor</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">Clinical Variable<sup>*</sup></th>
                    <th rowspan="3">Total</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Ser49Gly &#946;1 Genetic Polymorphism</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Ser-Ser (n = 122)</th>
                    <th>Ser-Gly (n = 51)</th>
                    <th>Gly-Gly (n = 5)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="9">Final NYHA</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">I</td>
                    <td align="center">68</td>
                    <td align="center">42</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.014</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">38.2%</td>
                    <td align="center">34.4%</td>
                    <td align="center">47.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">40.0%</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">II</td>
                    <td align="center">57</td>
                    <td align="center">45</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">32.0%</td>
                    <td align="center">36.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">17.6%</td>
                    <td align="center">60.0%</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">III</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td align="center">19</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">19.7%</td>
                    <td align="center">15.6%</td>
                    <td align="center">31.4%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">IV</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">10.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">13.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">3.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Mean</td>
                    <td align="center">2.02 &#177; 1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">2.07 &#177; 1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1.92 &#177; 1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.420</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Final LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.4 &#177; 13.3</td>
                    <td align="center">35.1 &#177; 13.2</td>
                    <td align="center">35.8 &#177; 13.4</td>
                    <td align="center">39.6 &#177; 16.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.751</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Hospital admission</td>
                    <td align="center">n</td>
                    <td align="center">74</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">%</td>
                    <td align="center">41.6%</td>
                    <td align="center">44.3%</td>
                    <td align="center">35.3%</td>
                    <td align="center">40.0%</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Death</td>
                    <td align="center">n</td>
                    <td align="center">67</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.026</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">%</td>
                    <td align="center">37.6%</td>
                    <td align="center">44.3%</td>
                    <td align="center">23.5%</td>
                    <td align="center">20.0%</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Hospital admission + Death</td>
                    <td align="center">n</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">74</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.197</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">%</td>
                    <td align="center">56.2%</td>
                    <td align="center">60.7%</td>
                    <td align="center">47.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">40.0%</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*Numerical variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; categorical variables expressed as [n e (%)]. NYHA: New York Heart Association Functional Class;</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The R&#946;1 genotype showed a significant association with the final NYHA functional class (p = 0.014), with Ser-Ser being associated with the most advanced functional class. Of the eighteen NYHA IV patients, Ser-Ser was found in 88.9% of the cases. The Ser-Gly GP was responsible for the other two cases. All five patients with Gly-Gly genotype progressed with NYHA I or II at the end of the follow-up.</p>
          <p>Mean NYHA functional class was lower than baseline (2.15 &#177; 0.9 &#8594; 2.02 &#177; 1.0). As for outcomes, 24.9% showed improved functional class, 38.4% remained stable and 36.7% showed NYHA worsening. There was no significant difference between GP-R&#946;1 and NYHA mean values or change in functional class during clinical follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes: Deaths and hospital admissions due to HF</title>
          <p>The clinical outcomes of hospital admission due to HF and death were investigated both separately and in association.</p>
          <p>Combined outcome of admission due to HF+Death occurred in 100 patients (56.2%). It was more frequent in the Ser-Ser group (60.7%) with no significant difference when comparing Ser-Gly (47.1%) with Gly-Gly (40.0%) cases.</p>
          <p>In relation to the number of hospitalizations alone, 182 events were observed in 74 patients, with no significant difference between GP-R&#946;1 types.</p>
          <p>Finally, deaths only were analyzed: 67 events &#8211; an overall mortality rate of 37.6%. The Ser-Ser genotype accounted for 80.5% of these deaths and only 1.5% of patients who died had the Gly-Gly genotype. In the comparative analysis of the distribution of deaths by GP, there was a significant difference (p = 0.026) between the genotypes Ser-Ser, Ser-Gly and Gly-Gly, with mortality rates of 44.3%, 23.5% and 20.0%, respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> depict these findings.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of number of deaths according to Ser49Gly&#946;1 genetic polymorphism. Data were expressed in absolute and relative frequencies. In the comparison of Ser-Ser x Ser-Gly x Gly-Gly genotypes: *p = 0.026, chi-square test.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-04-0616-90187-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The impact of GP-R&#946;1 on the mortality of these patients was shown through multivariate analysis: the Gly allele had a protective effect independent of other factors after adjustment for final NYHA, final LVEF, creatinine, low adherence and final heart rate. The presence of each copy of the Gly allele was associated with risk of death reduced by 63% (p = 0.03; Odds Ratio 0.37 &#8211; CI 0.15&#8211;0.91). These data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariate Analysis: Predictors of death</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>Odds ratio</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Copy of Gly allele</td>
                    <td align="center">0.030</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37 (0.15&#8211;0.91)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Final NYHA</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">2.14 (1.32&#8211;3.45)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Final LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94 (0.91&#8211;0.98)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine</td>
                    <td align="center">0.051</td>
                    <td align="center">1.52 (1.00&#8211;2.31)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low adherence</td>
                    <td align="center">0.346</td>
                    <td align="center">1.50 (0.65&#8211;3.46))</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Final HR</td>
                    <td align="center">0.124</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03 (0.99&#8211;1.07)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association Functional Class; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HR: heart rate</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The cause of death was determined in 56% (34) of the cases: 61.8% were related to HF worsening, 29.4% of sudden deaths and 8.8% due to other causes. There was no difference between the genotypes regarding the cause of death.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study describes the association between the Beta-1 Genetic Polymorphism Ser49Gly genotypes and clinical outcome in 178 patients with HF, with mean follow-up of 6.7 years. Of all the studies published on Ser49Gly genotyping in the context of HF, this one has the longest follow-up time. Its main finding was the association of Gly-Gly GP-R&#946;1 with a protective effect for clinical outcomes, with better clinical outcome evaluated by NYHA functional class and lower risk of death.</p>
        <p>When we compared with other Brazilian populations, we found a relatively similar allelic distribution: the Gly allele was present in 13 to 17% of the HF cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In relation to the genotypes, it was largely similar to a study including 201 patients from the state of Rio Grande do Sul<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> but different from the cohort of 146 patients from the municipality of Niter&#243;i, in the state of Rio de Janeiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to the intense miscegenation of the Brazilian population, skin color is probably not a good determinant of the genetic profile, as despite the similarity in the percentage of whites between this study and that of Pereira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> there is a difference in their genetic profile. Thus, ethnicity assessed by skin color alone could not explain the high percentage of the Gly-Gly genotype found by Pereira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Stressing this point, international studies have shown a strong similarity with this cohort, as to the genotypic distribution of GP-R&#946;1:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> 63 to 73% of Ser-Ser, 27 to 35% of Ser-Gly and 0 to 3% of Gly-Gly individuals, although the studies included other ethnicities. It may be worth conducting other national studies in order to evaluate the genotypic distribution of this genetic polymorphism in our population.</p>
        <p>Another even more relevant aspect is the clinical interpretation of this GP. In this case, it was possible to demonstrate that Gly-Gly had a significant association with a surrogate clinical marker: final NYHA (p = 0.014). Individuals with this genotype had a better clinical outcome: no patient in this group showed advanced functional class at the end of the follow-up. Although it is a relatively small number of patients (five individuals), the longer follow-up time compared with other studies allowed the distinction of clinical behaviors among the genotypes.</p>
        <p>Considering that there were no baseline clinical differences among the three GPs, including treatment, the difference in the final NYHA found in this study suggests that genetic variations could influence the pathophysiology of heart disease. Therefore, genotyping could identify a subgroup of patients with HF with worse clinical outcome.</p>
        <p>This finding is an original one in the literature, as there are no publications on patients with HF correlating GPR&#946;1-Ser49Gly to clinical outcomes, such as NYHA functional class. Because of that, it is not possible to compare this result with other populations, which would be appropriate to validate this finding.</p>
        <p>Despite its recognized prognostic value, NYHA functional class is an inaccurate marker of HF severity. The lack of inter-examiner reproducibility has been described and may limit its accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> It also translates only one clinical aspect of the syndrome. In the future, it may be more appropriate to study the association of the genotype with more complete clinical scores, such as MAGGIC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> in which there is a combination of clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic variables.</p>
        <p>The high mortality rate found in this study &#8211; 37.6% &#8211; is probably due to the long follow-up time. For comparison purposes, Biolo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> found a mortality rate of 27.9% in Rio Grande do Sul and Pereira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> found 12.3% in Rio de Janeiro. Despite the disparity between these rates, there are similarities in the baseline characteristics of these populations: LVEF of approximately 30&#8211;35%, the majority (65&#8211;75%) of patients in NYHA I or II and an optimized therapy adopted. The most significant difference between the three studies is their follow-up time: 80.4 months in this study, and 39.8 months<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and 23 months<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> in the abovementioned studies, respectively.</p>
        <p>Assessment of the association of GP-R&#946;1 with mortality showed that the wild Ser-Ser allele concentrated most of these events and the Gly allele was consistently associated with a protective effect. The presence of each copy of the Gly allele was associated with a 63% reduction in the risk of death. This protective effect was maintained even after strict adjustment for the main variables used to stratify HF prognosis. Accordingly, in a hybrid model that incorporated genetic, clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic, treatment and physical examination variables, Gly-Gly remained with a high predictive value for the lower occurrence of deaths.</p>
        <p>In the literature review, the results are diverse, but mostly consistent with the current one. Those include studies that have found no association between GPR&#946;1-Ser49Gly and clinical outcomes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> studies with the same protective pattern as the Gly allele<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and even a paper paradoxically associating Gly with poor prognosis in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In line with our findings, the first studies of Borjesson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (the first description of this GPR&#946;1-Ser49Gly), Forleo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and Magnusson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> describe the protective profile of the Gly allele: significantly fewer deaths were observed with the genotypes Ser-Gly or Gly-Gly, even after adjusting for other variables.</p>
        <p>However, there is a study describing the opposite, i.e., the Gly allele associated with poor prognosis. Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> described GPR1-Ser49Gly in a Chinese population of 430 patients with HF and baseline characteristics similar to those of this study. The authors associated the Gly allele to worse echocardiographic outcomes and higher mortality.</p>
        <p>The contrast between these findings may be related to a different genetic impact on the ethnicities. Two pieces of evidence underlie this theory. Firstly, Pereira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> identified Ser-Ser as a factor of poor prognosis in a multi-ethnic population from the city of Niter&#243;i, state of Rio de Janeiro. Nevertheless, this pattern was only found in patients with black skin. This finding was also reproduced in the meta-analysis of Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The analysis of 2,979 patients genotyped for Ar389Gly and Ser49Gly GP-R&#946;1 identified a specific pattern of the Gly389 allele for each ethnicity: association with higher risk of HF in Asian patients, while in whites, it was associated with a reduction of this risk.</p>
        <p>Along the same lines, the A-HEFT study described better response to nitrate and hydralazine combination for African-American patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Subsequently, McNamara et al. associated this benefit to a particular GP of Nitric Oxide Synthase, more frequent in African Americans compared to whites.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Likewise, the meta-analysis of Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and the study by McNamara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> describe the variety of clinical effects among different ethnicities in the context of HF. This reinforces the need for specific studies targeted at Brazilian patients, as the behavior of these GPs for a population that is recognized as miscegenated is unpredictable.</p>
        <p>These examples reaffirm the genetic influence on the natural history of HF. Generally speaking, we acknowledge the pathophysiological response of the syndrome as a result of the activation of hormonal systems. However, at the molecular level, beta-adrenergic receptors and enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase, are some of the important factors implicated in cardiac remodeling. The functional modification of these and other agents due to genetic polymorphisms may explain these multiple clinical outcomes in phenotypically similar patients.</p>
        <p>The process of neurohumoral response involves a multitude of elements, each potentially sensitive to diverse genetic mutations. In view of that, a genetic panel including the main systems (sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and atrial natriuretic peptide) is likely to be more appropriate than a specific isolated polymorphism. The first step is to identify the main genetic markers for each system. In relation to the sympathetic nervous system and the beta-adrenergic receptor, this study stresses the prominent role of the Ser49Gly GP.</p>
        <p>In the future, the construction of a multisystemic genetic score may prove to be a powerful prognostic predictor. Possibly, a score capable of identifying high-risk individuals, even at the onset of disease, when clinical findings and complementary tests are not yet significantly abnormal.</p>
        <p>The relatively small number of patients (178) is a limitation in this study and may have influenced the results, especially due to the low number of patients with the Gly-Gly genotype. However, the genotypic distribution pattern observed was the same in most studies and this is the study with the longest follow-up time with GP-R&#946;1 in the context of HF. It is also worth noting that, despite this reduced number, it was possible to find results with statistical significance.</p>
        <p>Another limitation refers to the collection of data from medical records. However, since all individuals are followed at a HF clinic, standardization of care routines and information records, as well as the care provided by the doctors involved with the treatment and follow-up of this syndrome, ensured higher quality of the information obtained. Nevertheless, if hospitalization occurred in another institution, there was no access to information and even the number of hospitalizations may be underestimated. This may have determined the absence of statistical differences between the genotypes and limited the evaluation of this clinical outcome.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction, the presence of Gly-Gly GP-R&#946;1 was associated with better clinical outcome assessed by NYHA functional class and was a predictor of lower risk of mortality, regardless of other factors in 6.7 years of follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Felipe neves de Albuquerque, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FCM-UERJ)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Pedro Ernesto under the protocol number CAAE: 0176.0.228-000-09. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by FAPERJ (Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
