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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nSpmhTkHCD8sfC5xPY5pZ7R</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300571</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190292</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190292</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Evolu&#231;&#227;o do Cen&#225;rio da Cardiogeriatria no Brasil: Novos Desafios para um Novo Mundo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2366-3371</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Caio de Assis Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Feitosa Wanderley</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jacob</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cardiogeriatria - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Caio de Assis Moura Tavares &#8226; Unidade de Cardiogeriatria do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Av. Dr En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 2&#186; andar, sala 06. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>caio.tavares@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tavares CAM, Cavalcanti AFW, Jacob Filho W; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tavares CAM, Cavalcanti AFW.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>571</fpage>
      <lpage>573</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Geriatria/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Geri&#225;trica</kwd>
        <kwd>Din&#226;mica Populacional</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologia/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso Fragilizado</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de para Idosos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A necessidade de nos preparamos para o atendimento da popula&#231;&#227;o geri&#225;trica j&#225; &#233; reconhecida mundialmente h&#225; duas d&#233;cadas. &#8220;N&#243;s exercemos cardiologia geri&#225;trica?&#8221;. Assim o Dr William W. Parmley intitulou seu editorial de 1997,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> publicado no <italic>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</italic> (JACC), e considerado, por boa parte dos norte-americanos, como o ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento da Cardiogeriatria naquele continente. Apesar da exist&#234;ncia, desde 1986, de uma sociedade (Society of Geriatric Cardiology - SGC), esta n&#227;o atuava sob a tutela de nenhuma das duas grandes associa&#231;&#245;es de Cardiologia americanas e carecia de maior relev&#226;ncia. Com o envelhecimento populacional, fen&#244;meno mundial, o encontro do cardiologista com pacientes cada vez mais longevos havia se tornado frequente. A partir desse alerta, desenvolveram-se iniciativas para suprir a nova demanda. Um curr&#237;culo online de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada, elaborado entre a American College of Cardiology (ACC) e a SGC foi disponibilizado, em 2007, aos seus membros e divulgado em novo editorial, de 2008, do JACC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em 2011, a SGC foi extinta e incorporada como Se&#231;&#227;o-Membro de Cardiologia Geri&#225;trica da ACC.</p>
    <p>Cabe ressaltar que, naquele per&#237;odo, o mundo j&#225; reconhecera a inexorabilidade do envelhecimento populacional e j&#225; percebera a import&#226;ncia de dotar os profissionais de uma capacita&#231;&#227;o superespecializada (a especialidade na faixa et&#225;ria) e de dar a essa popula&#231;&#227;o cada vez mais predisposta a envelhecer, a possibilidade de ter suas demandas atendidas, conforme suas caracter&#237;sticas individuais, mais do que pelas doen&#231;as que a acometiam.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, o pioneirismo do Prof. Dr. Lu&#237;s Gast&#227;o Costa Carvalho do Serro Azul, em 1982 (quatro anos antes da funda&#231;&#227;o da sociedade americana sobre o tema), iniciava a Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Cardiogeriatria do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), um movimento que colocou o nosso pa&#237;s em uma posi&#231;&#227;o de vanguarda na discuss&#227;o desse tema. Na d&#233;cada de 90, a Cardiogeriatria foi reconhecida pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, inicialmente, como um grupo de estudos em Cardiogeriatria (GEBRAC) e, desde 2005, como um departamento (DECAGE). Em 2006 e em 2014, dois artigos refor&#231;aram para a sociedade m&#233;dica Brasileira a import&#226;ncia da Cardiogeriatria &#8211; o primeiro, assinado pelo Prof. Dr Maur&#237;cio Wajngarten,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> elencou os desafios que estavam por vir e a necessidade de prepara&#231;&#227;o para atendimento dessa popula&#231;&#227;o idosa; o segundo, assinado pelo Prof. Roberto Franken e pelo Dr. Ronaldo Fernandes Rosa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> destacou o progresso pela cria&#231;&#227;o do DECAGE para forma&#231;&#227;o de treinamento em Cardiogeriatria, parcerias com a ACC, avan&#231;os em evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica gerada pelo departamento, bem como elencou habilidades essenciais para o atendimento pleno do idoso. Em conformidade com essa necessidade, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia publicou diretrizes espec&#237;ficas de Cardiogeriatria: a primeira em 2002;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>a segunda, em 2010,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> com sua atualiza&#231;&#227;o em 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> al&#233;m de elencar, na I Diretriz sobre Processos e Compet&#234;ncias para a Forma&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia no Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> o conte&#250;do necess&#225;rio aos profissionais em forma&#231;&#227;o para o devido atendimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no paciente idoso.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>A Ess&#234;ncia da Cardiogeriatria</title>
      <p>Por tratar-se de advento recente e ainda n&#227;o totalmente difundido, muitas vezes confunde-se a Cardiogeriatria com uma Geriatria praticada pelo cardiologista ou, simplesmente, como a Cardiologia aplicada ao paciente idoso, o que, apesar de constituir parte do &#226;mago dessa disciplina, n&#227;o representa a sua totalidade. Mais adequado seria defini-la como a integra&#231;&#227;o do cuidado cardiovascular com uma abordagem adequada &#224; idade e centrada no paciente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e na sua funcionalidade &#8211; conceito j&#225; exposto previamente por nossos colegas <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>, mas que, com o passar dos anos, est&#225; tomando forma, com o uso de ferramentas espec&#237;ficas e pr&#233;-determinadas.</p>
      <p>De modo objetivo, pode-se consider&#225;-la como uma pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica, integrada aos 5 Ms da Geriatria: <italic>medication</italic> (foco na prescri&#231;&#227;o do absolutamente necess&#225;rio, visando restringir a polifarm&#225;cia, reduzir intera&#231;&#245;es e efeitos adversos, respeitando os crit&#233;rios de Beers na sele&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es adequadas ao idoso), <italic>mentation</italic> (vigil&#226;ncia, preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento dos dist&#250;rbios cognitivos), <italic>mobility</italic> (valoriza&#231;&#227;o e implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias que visem manter a funcionalidade mec&#226;nica do paciente), <italic>multimorbidity</italic> (abordagem do paciente n&#227;o com o olhar apenas sobre o sistema cardiovascular, mas considerando-se que a ocorr&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades &#233; a regra, e n&#227;o a exce&#231;&#227;o, nesses indiv&#237;duos) e, por &#250;ltimo, e literalmente mais importante, <italic>matters most</italic> (sempre valorizar a opini&#227;o do paciente sobre os benef&#237;cios e fardos que o tratamento ir&#225; acarretar, sob a &#243;tica da sua biografia e valores pessoais, trazendo-o para o centro das decis&#245;es). Acrescentar&#237;amos, ainda, um sexto e &#250;ltimo M, de multidisciplinaridade, pois o cuidado desses idosos deve estar coordenado de forma horizontal por um profissional, mas nunca isolado em sua figura, sendo importante a participa&#231;&#227;o de outros especialistas e profissionais de sa&#250;de. Na Unidade de Cardiogeriatria do InCor, para todos os pacientes &#233; realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o geri&#225;trica ampla com o aux&#237;lio da ferramenta TAGA-10 (<italic>Targeted Geriatric asssesment</italic>) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>A Evolu&#231;&#227;o da Cardiogeriatria</title>
      <p>Com o passar dos anos, os avan&#231;os m&#233;dicos, cient&#237;ficos e das condi&#231;&#245;es de vida fizeram com que esses indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o somente chegassem em grande n&#250;mero a idades avan&#231;adas, mas tamb&#233;m com condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e expectativas para o futuro que excedem o que se observava no passado, mudando os conceitos do que seria &#8220;ficar velho&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>. Observamos ainda que, salvo poucas exce&#231;&#245;es, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o doen&#231;as do envelhecimento. No s&#233;culo XVII, o Dr Thomas Sydenham j&#225; havia declarado que &#8220;um homem &#233; t&#227;o velho quanto suas art&#233;rias&#8221;. De modo que o paciente t&#237;pico do atendimento cardiol&#243;gico &#233; uma pessoa mais velha que carrega consigo, al&#233;m de mais esperan&#231;as e anseios, tamb&#233;m um n&#250;mero cada vez maior de comorbidades e deteriora&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao envelhecimento que complicam o gerenciamento tradicional baseado em diretrizes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>. Sabe-se, ainda, que o envelhecimento d&#225; ao aparelho cardiovascular caracter&#237;sticas diversas da juventude <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>, tornando ainda mais peculiar o atendimento do idoso.</p>
      <p>O dogma tradicional de que &#8220;depois de certa idade, o paciente &#233; velho demais para realizar procedimentos card&#237;acos invasivos&#8221; n&#227;o tem espa&#231;o no cen&#225;rio atual. Notadamente, com o avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico vimos juntar-se ao arsenal terap&#234;utico em Cardiologia op&#231;&#245;es que permitiram avan&#231;ar no cuidado de afec&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares que acometem desproporcionalmente indiv&#237;duos idosos - o surgimento dos Anticoagulantes Orais Diretos, Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca, Dispositivos de Assist&#234;ncia Ventricular Esquerda, TAVI e Clipes Mitrais abrem novos horizontes terap&#234;uticos. Paradoxalmente, o risco das interven&#231;&#245;es (cl&#237;nicas ou cir&#250;rgicas) permanece alto nos muito idosos, trazendo a avalia&#231;&#227;o geri&#225;trica e da fragilidade como uma ferramenta &#250;til e necess&#225;ria para a decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica, podendo inclusive identificar indiv&#237;duos que se beneficiam do procedimento e aqueles nos quais o procedimento &#233; f&#250;til<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>.</p>
      <p>Vivemos na era da multimorbidade: dados do Medicare mostram que, entre seus usu&#225;rios, ela ocorre em 63% dos que t&#234;m entre 65 e 75 anos, progredindo com a idade, chegando a ocorrer em 83% dos usu&#225;rios acima de 85 anos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>. Seu impacto econ&#244;mico &#233; igualmente impressionante, pois apenas 14% dos benefici&#225;rios (os que relatam 6 ou mais condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas) consomem 46% do or&#231;amento anual do programa (mais de U$ 500 bilh&#245;es) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>.</p>
      <p>Os paradigmas atuais de tratamento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o limitados para esses pacientes. A abordagem atual para o atendimento do cardiologista &#233; amplamente impulsionada por diretrizes de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a &#250;nica - baseadas largamente em Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados que costumam excluir deliberadamente e sistematicamente idosos com multimorbidade: avaliam, predominantemente, desfechos duros e n&#227;o consideram preserva&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, cogni&#231;&#227;o ou qualidade de vida associada &#224; sa&#250;de em suas an&#225;lises, que seriam muito mais relevantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente, nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas ou anos de vida. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o para a aplica&#231;&#227;o dessas diretrizes, &#233; que o enfoque na doen&#231;a pode causar inadvertidamente efeitos prejudiciais no contexto da multimorbidade - a complexidade desse tema &#233; tanto que, frequentemente, um tratamento acarreta o surgimento de uma nova doen&#231;a ou descompensa&#231;&#227;o de outra condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-existente <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>.</p>
      <p>O conceito do fen&#244;meno das &#8220;Sliding Doors&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> foi proposto para descrever como, no modelo atual de atendimento, um paciente com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades tem desfechos diferentes, a depender da porta em que ele entra primeiro. Por exemplo, um paciente apresentando um c&#226;ncer colorretal oculto e doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, <bold>ao procurar primeiro o oncologista</bold>, tem diagnosticada a neoplasia, realiza cirurgia/quimioterapia e durante o tratamento desenvolve insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; <bold>ao procurar primeiro o cardiologista</bold>, o mesmo paciente tem diagnosticada obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana grave, &#233; submetido &#224; angioplastia, com uso de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e, ap&#243;s alguns meses, apresenta uma hemorragia digestiva significativa, sendo diagnosticado o c&#226;ncer, j&#225; em fase mais avan&#231;ada. Acreditamos, assim como Forman DE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>, em um novo modelo, no qual o idoso com multimorbidades tenha seu cuidado centrado em um profissional com olhar geri&#225;trico, que coordene de maneira horizontal os cuidados, com especialistas atuando pontualmente e sob comunica&#231;&#227;o, preferencialmente, com prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos compartilhados. Em tal modelo, o paciente hipot&#233;tico teria as duas doen&#231;as avaliadas e tratadas em momento oportuno.</p>
      <p>Trata-se, pois, de um novo olhar para as enfermidades, tendo o paciente como foco principal, n&#227;o apenas nos seus m&#250;ltiplos componentes biol&#243;gicos, mas tamb&#233;m no seu universo biogr&#225;fico, o que o transforma em &#250;nico, mas nem por isso, exclu&#237;do dos benef&#237;cios dos avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos que se mostraram eficazes em outras faixas et&#225;rias e que foram testados e comprovados tamb&#233;m nessa fase avan&#231;ada da vida.</p>
      <p>Visto que nos foi dada a inestim&#225;vel oportunidade de viver mais, seja esta tamb&#233;m uma boa op&#231;&#227;o para viver melhor.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Cardiogeriatria &#233; um campo em evolu&#231;&#227;o, ainda em processo de forma&#231;&#227;o de sua identidade e defini&#231;&#227;o do treinamento fundamental e mandat&#243;rio. Em apenas duas d&#233;cadas, evolu&#237;mos muito: identificamos gaps no conhecimento do idoso, demos os primeiros passos em dire&#231;&#227;o ao estabelecimento de um curr&#237;culo em cardiogeriatria, bem como desenvolvemos ferramentas espec&#237;ficas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do idoso com doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#8211; passos iniciais para uma subespecilidade ainda em forma&#231;&#227;o. Programas de forma&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na &#225;rea ainda s&#227;o raros &#8211; ao nosso conhecimento, na Am&#233;rica do Norte, apenas na New York University, Vanderbilt University, University of Pittsburgh - nos Estados Unidos - e McGill University - no Canad&#225;. No Brasil, existem no InCor, Instituto Dante Pazzanese e Escola Paulista de Medicina, abertos a Cardiologistas e Geriatras. Felizmente, esse ano, temos 6 profissionais em treinamento na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o &#8211; maior n&#250;mero desde a abertura do programa. Que seja uma representa&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o da cardiogeriatria e um incentivo para a longa jornada que ainda temos a frente, afinal os desafios n&#227;o s&#227;o poucos: i) estreitar os gaps de conhecimento para os idosos; ii) ampliar a participa&#231;&#227;o dos idosos inclu&#237;dos nos estudos cl&#237;nicos; iii) avaliar desfechos que sejam relevantes para o paciente &#8211; cogni&#231;&#227;o e qualidade de vida; iv) ampliar a capacidade de formar profissionais com treinamento espec&#237;fico em cardiogeriatria.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Parmley WW. Do we practice geriatric cardiology? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29(1):217-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Parmley</surname>
              <given-names>WW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Do we practice geriatric cardiology?</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>217</fpage>
          <lpage>218</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <mixed-citation>2. Dove JT, Zieman SJ, Alexander K, Miller A. President&#8217;s page: Cardiovascular care in older adults: the ACC and SGC partnership builds new curriculum. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(6):672-3.</mixed-citation>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dove</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zieman</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>President&#8217;s page: Cardiovascular care in older adults: the ACC and SGC partnership builds new curriculum</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
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          <lpage>25</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento. O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Evolving Landscape of the Geriatric Cardiology Field in Brazil: New Challenges for a New World</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2366-3371</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Caio de Assis Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Feitosa Wanderley</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jacob</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cardiogeriatria - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailling Address: Caio de Assis Moura Tavares &#8226; Unidade de Cardiogeriatria do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Av. Dr En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 2&#186; andar, sala 06. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazi E-mail: caio.tavares@usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tavares CAM, Cavalcanti AFW, Jacob Filho W; Writing of the manuscript: Tavares CAM, Cavalcanti AFW.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Geriatrics/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Geriatric Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Population Dynamics</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiology/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Delivery of Health Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Frail Elderly</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Services for the Aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>&#8220;Do we practice Geriatric Cardiology?&#8221;. It was with this editorial, published in the <italic>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</italic> (JACC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> in 1997, that Dr. William W. Parmley highlighted the need to develop specialized care for the geriatric population worldwide. Two decades later, it is considered by some as the starting point for the growth of Geriatric Cardiology in America. Even though the Society of Geriatric Cardiology was founded in 1986, it was not bonded to either the American College of Cardiology or the American Heart Association, and it lacked major impact in the field. With the global phenomenon of aging, cardiologists were involved in the care of elderly patients more frequently, thus initiatives were developed to fulfill their needs. For instance, in 2007, an online curriculum of continuing medical education (CME) was developed by the ACC/SGC and provided for its members, as well as published in a new editorial in the JACC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In 2011, the SGC was extinguished and added to the Geriatric Cardiology chapter of the ACC.</p>
      <p>By that time, the world had already recognized the inevitability of population aging and had already realized the importance of both giving professionals a super specialized competence (specialization in this age group) and of providing the potentially aging population with the possibility of having their demands answered by taking into account their individual characteristics, rather than the conditions they suffered from.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, under Prof. Dr. Lu&#237;s Gast&#227;o Costa Carvalho do Serro Azul&#8217;s pioneering leadership, the Heart Institute (InCor) Cardio Geriatric Clinical Unit was founded in 1982 (4 years before the foundation of the American Society of Geriatric Cardiology), a movement that placed our country at the forefront of this issue. In the 90s, Geriatric Cardiology was recognized by the Brazilian Cardiology Society, initially as a study group in Cardiogeriatrics (GEBRAC) and, since 2005, as a department (DECAGE). In 2006 and 2014, two articles were published which reinforced the importance of Geriatric Cardiology among the Brazilian medical society. The first article, by Prof Dr. Maur&#237;cio Wajngarten,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> listed the challenges ahead and the need for preparing for the elderly population care. The second article, by Prof Roberto Franken and Dr. Ronaldo Fernandes Rosa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> highlighted the contribution of the DECAGE for the education and training in Geriatric Cardiology, by means of a partnership with the ACC, as well as the advances in scientific evidence generated by the department. In addition, it listed essential abilities for full care of the elderly. Due to those needs, the Brazilian Cardiology Society published specific Geriatric Cardiology guidelines: the first, in 2002,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and the second, in 2010,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> which was updated in 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The necessary contents of training professionals for due care of cardiovascular disease in elderly patients were also listed in the 1st Guidelines on Processes and Competences for Cardiology Training in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>The essence of geriatric cardiology</title>
        <p>Because it is a recent and not widespread specialty, Geriatric Cardiology is often confused with Geriatrics that is practiced by a cardiologist or simply with Cardiology that is applied to elderly patients. Although this is part of the discipline&#8217;s core, it does not represent the whole picture. It would be more adequate to define it as integrated and age-adequate cardiovascular care, centered on the patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and their functionalities &#8211; a concept previously presented by our colleagues<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>- that has been evolving and taking shape, as a result of the use of specific and predetermined tools.</p>
        <p>Objectively, one could consider it as cardiology practice integrated with the Geriatric&#8217;s 5 Ms: medication (focusing on prescribing the absolutely necessary, targeting at reducing polypharmacy, minimizing interactions and adverse reactions; following Beers criteria to select appropriate medication for the elderly), mentation (vigilance, prevention and treatment of cognitive disturbances), mobility (valuing and implementing strategies that seek to maintain the patient&#8217;s mechanical functionality), multimorbidity (approaching the patient not only by looking up the cardiovascular system, but also by considering the occurrence of multiple comorbidities to be the rule, not the exception, in these individuals), and last, but literally not least is matters most (always consider the patient&#8217;s opinion regarding the benefits and burdens of the treatment, taking into account the biography and personal values, bringing the patient into the center of decision making). We would also add a sixth and last M, multidisciplinary, for the care of the elderly, remembering it must be coordinated in a horizontal fashion by a professional, but never concentrated in only one person, giving due importance to the participation of other specialists and healthcare professionals. At our institute, in the Geriatric Cardiology Unit, we perform in all patients a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment with the aid of the 10-TaGA (10-Minute Targeted Geriatric Assessment) tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Trends in geriatric cardiology</title>
        <p>Over the years, medical, scientific and life conditions advances have caused individuals to reach advanced ages in large numbers, in physical conditions and future expectations that exceed what was once observed, changing concepts of what &#8220;getting old&#8221; means.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> We observe that, save for a few exceptions, cardiovascular diseases are aging-related diseases. In the 17th century, Dr Thomas Sydenham had already declared that &#8220;a man is as old as his arteries&#8221;. Therefore, the typical cardiology patient is an older person who has, beyond more expectations and aspirations, also an increasingly number of comorbidities and age-related deteriorations that complicate traditional guideline directed management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> It is also known that aging provides the cardiovascular system with characteristics diverse from those of young people,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>which makes the care of the elderly even more unique.</p>
        <p>The traditional dogma that &#8220;after a certain age, the patient is too old for being submitted to invasive cardiac procedures&#8221; has no longer room in the current scenario. Notably, with the technological progress, we have seen the joining of the cardiologist&#8217;s therapeutic arsenal options that have allowed for the care of cardiovascular affections that disproportionally affect the elderly. The forthcoming of Direct Oral Anticoagulants, Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy, Left Ventricular Assist Devices, TAVR and Mitral Clips open up new therapeutic horizons. Paradoxically, interventional risks (clinical or surgical) remain high in the very elderly, making geriatric and frailty evaluation useful and necessary tools for therapeutic decision making, including distinguishing those individuals who might benefit from a certain procedure from those who will not.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We live in a multimorbidity age: Medicare data shows that, among its users, it occurs in 63% of those between 65 and 75 years old, progressing with age until it occurs in 83% of users over 85 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Its economic impact is equally impressive, for only 14% of beneficiaries (those who report 6 or more chronic conditions) consume 46% of the programs annual budget (over $500 billion).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Current treatment paradigms for treating cardiovascular disease are limited for elderly patients. Usual approach for cardiological care is widely driven by clinical practice single disease guidelines &#8211; largely based on Randomized Clinical Trials that often deliberately and systematically exclude elderly patients with multimorbidity; they evaluate predominantly hard endpoints and do not consider physical preservation, cognition or life quality associated with health in their analysis, which would be much more relevant for evaluating the patients in their last decades or years of life. Another limitation for applying those guidelines is that focus on disease may inadvertently cause harmful effects in the multimorbidity context &#8211; this issue is extremely complex, since a treatment often entails the emergence of a new disease or decompensation of another preexisting condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The Sliding Doors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> phenomenon was proposed to describe how, in the current model of care, patients with multiple comorbidities may have different outcomes, depending on the door through which they go first. For example, a patient with an occult colorectal cancer and coronary artery disease, by going first to an Oncologist, is diagnosed with neoplasia, goes under surgery/chemotherapy and during treatment develops heart failure; by going first to a Cardiologist, the same patient has a severe coronary obstruction diagnosed, has an angioplasty made, uses dual antiplatelet therapy and, after a few months, presents significant gastrointestinal bleeding, and is diagnosed with cancer at a more advanced stage. We believe, as Forman DE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> in a new model: in which multimorbidity elderly patients care is centered on one professional with a geriatric point of view, who coordinates the care in a horizontal fashion, with specialists acting punctually and under communication, preferably with shared electronic medical records. In such model, our hypothetical patient would have had both diseases evaluated and treated in an opportune moment.</p>
        <p>It is, indeed, a new look on illness, with the patients as the primary focus, not only with their multiple biological components, but also within their biography, which makes each of them unique, but not really excluded from the benefits of technological advances that have proven effective for other age groups and were also tested and proven in this advanced life stage.</p>
        <p>Since we were given the invaluable opportunity of living longer, may it also be an option for a better life.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Geriatric Cardiology is an evolving field, still in the process of forming its identity and defining which training is mandatory and fundamental. In a couple of decades only, we have evolved a lot. Gaps within the knowledge of the elderly were identified, we took the first steps to establish a Geriatric Cardiology curriculum and develop specific tools for evaluating the eldery with cardiovascular diseases &#8211; initial steps for a subspecialty that is still in the making. Formal clinical training is still rare &#8211; to our knowledge, in North America, it is only offered in New York University, Vanderbilt University, University of Pittsburgh &#8211; in the United States &#8211; and McGill University &#8211; in Canada. In Brazil, we have fellowships at the InCor (Heart Institute), Instituto Dante Pazzanese and Escola Paulista de Medicina, open to Cardiologists and Geriatricians. Gladly, this year we have 6 professionals under training in our institution &#8211; the greatest number since the program was opened. We expect that this represents the evolution of Geriatric Cardiology and an incentive on the long journey we have ahead. After all, the challenges are not few: i) narrowing the gaps on the knowledge of the elderly; ii) increase the participation of the elderly included in clinical trials; iii) evaluate endpoints that are relevant for our patients &#8211; cognition and quality of life; iv) increase the ability to form professionals with specific training in Geriatric Cardiology.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding. There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
