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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VWBWyCJ3Dr36V54TTLqhL6g</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300562</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200155</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200155</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o de Sal na Dieta: Ilus&#227;o ou Realidade?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7139-8883</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Nereida Kilza da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Campus de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Campus de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Nereida Kilza da Costa Lima &#8226; Rua Mariano Casadio, 275. CEP 14024360, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>nereida@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>562</fpage>
      <lpage>563</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Pa&#237;ses em Desenvolvimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o a Medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cloreto de S&#243;dio na Dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Apesar do amplo conhecimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica como principal fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, as taxas de controle apresentam modesto aumento progressivo, especialmente no Brasil. Estudos brasileiros evidenciam que 50% a 60% dos hipertensos est&#227;o sob tratamento e apenas 20% a 30% do total de hipertensos est&#227;o controlados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A maior dificuldade em controlar a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica est&#225; em conseguir a ades&#227;o dos pacientes a longo prazo, pois a maioria &#233; assintom&#225;tica e, eventualmente, inicia sintomas decorrentes do uso de medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas.</p>
    <p>Se a ades&#227;o aos medicamentos &#233; baixa, menor ainda &#233; a ades&#227;o &#224;s mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida. Entre estas mudan&#231;as, reduzir o sal na dieta tem se apresentado como um grande desafio. &#201; indiscut&#237;vel o benef&#237;cio da redu&#231;&#227;o moderada do sal na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, especialmente para hipertensos, al&#233;m dos efeitos na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, ainda que esta redu&#231;&#227;o seja de pelo menos um ter&#231;o do sal ingerido habitualmente ou almejando o total de 5 gramas de sal por dia, segundo a OMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O consumo de sal atual &#233; muito elevado, principalmente entre os hipertensos, variando de 9 a 12 gramas por dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entre as diferentes estrat&#233;gias para que se consiga a redu&#231;&#227;o de sal na dieta, a mais comumente empregada pela equipe multidisciplinar, incluindo o m&#233;dico, consiste na orienta&#231;&#227;o para evitar alimentos industrializados (embutidos, enlatados, etc.), preferindo os alimentos n&#227;o processados, associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do sal no preparo das refei&#231;&#245;es e &#224; retirada do saleiro da mesa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m &#233; frequente a orienta&#231;&#227;o do uso de temperos como alho, cebola e or&#233;gano, que podem melhorar o paladar dos alimentos, havendo menor necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o do sal. Em estudo recente, verificou-se que o uso de or&#233;gano associado &#224; massa do p&#227;o comum mudou a prefer&#234;ncia de hipertensos e normotensos, jovens ou idosos, para consumo de p&#227;es com menor teor de s&#243;dio, por melhorar o paladar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, manter esta prefer&#234;ncia por longo tempo &#233; um grande desafio e esta interven&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foi testada. Indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade que utilizaram de forma randomizada e cruzada p&#227;es com sal reduzido (0,3 g de sal por 100 g) ou p&#227;es com sal habitual (1,2 g de sal por 100 g) apresentaram queda da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e queda da excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de s&#243;dio ap&#243;s 5 semanas de consumo de p&#227;es com sal reduzido, quando comparados ao momento ap&#243;s 5 semanas de p&#227;o habitual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O que se observa, em geral, quando s&#227;o orientadas as mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida, &#233; que a ades&#227;o inicial &#233; boa, mas as mudan&#231;as n&#227;o permanecem ao longo do tempo. Acreditar que o paciente &#233; o &#250;nico respons&#225;vel pela m&#225; ades&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; correto. A vida moderna trouxe o h&#225;bito das refei&#231;&#245;es fora de casa, com pouco tempo dispon&#237;vel, al&#233;m do sal, atualmente, ser o conservante mais utilizado pela ind&#250;stria aliment&#237;cia. Mesmo com orienta&#231;&#227;o individualizada, dentro de um protocolo de pesquisa bem estruturado, onde todo sal de ades&#227;o era entregue embalado, Arantes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>n&#227;o observaram redu&#231;&#227;o da quantidade total de sal ingerida por volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade, todos funcion&#225;rios de uma universidade p&#250;blica, ao longo de tr&#234;s meses de seguimento. Apesar da orienta&#231;&#227;o de que no m&#237;nimo quatro refei&#231;&#245;es principais fossem feitas em domic&#237;lio, al&#233;m da import&#226;ncia de escolher alimentos com menos sal, provavelmente a quantidade total de s&#243;dio excretada em 24 horas, que estima a quantidade de sal ingerido no mesmo per&#237;odo, n&#227;o foi reduzida por ter ocorrido consumo de alimentos mais salgados em refei&#231;&#245;es realizadas fora da casa dos volunt&#225;rios ou mesmo por escolha de alimentos mais salgados no pr&#243;prio domic&#237;lio. Foi poss&#237;vel verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre maior excre&#231;&#227;o de sal nos hipertensos com maior press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central e na medida casual.</p>
    <p>As a&#231;&#245;es at&#233; agora implementadas para a redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de sal em alimentos industrializados propiciaram redu&#231;&#227;o de 17 toneladas de sal nos alimentos entre 2011 e 2016, principalmente nas misturas para sopas ou nas sopas instant&#226;neas, lingui&#231;as, queijos e requeij&#245;es. Em 2017, um novo acordo entre o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e as ind&#250;strias aliment&#237;cias teve como alvo a redu&#231;&#227;o de sal em p&#227;es e massas instant&#226;neas.</p>
    <p>Reduzir o sal dos alimentos processados, sem comprometer o sabor e sem prejudicar a conserva&#231;&#227;o deles, torna o trabalho da ind&#250;stria complexo. Mas a redu&#231;&#227;o de sal nos alimentos industrializados precisa avan&#231;ar, assim como a educa&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o. H&#225; que se considerar que os indiv&#237;duos j&#225; habituados ao maior consumo de sal possam adicionar sal aos alimentos industrializados se considerarem que eles fiquem mais saborosos desta forma e n&#227;o estiverem cientes dos riscos associados a esta pr&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Um interessante estudo holand&#234;s realizou uma simula&#231;&#227;o de duas estrat&#233;gias diferentes para a redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de sal, com alvo em at&#233; 6 gramas de sal por dia, baseada em dados da popula&#231;&#227;o nacional. Uma das estrat&#233;gias seria a substitui&#231;&#227;o de alimentos com mais sal por outros similares, mas com menos sal, j&#225; existentes no mercado, enquanto a outra pressupunha a mudan&#231;a do conte&#250;do de sal de alimentos processados dentro do que seria poss&#237;vel. Foi observado que a redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de sal, com qualquer uma destas estrat&#233;gias, seria de cerca de 30%, com queda da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de 1,6 mmHg e potencial redu&#231;&#227;o de incid&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio de 4,8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#201; importante a educa&#231;&#227;o para a valoriza&#231;&#227;o das medidas saud&#225;veis. Ainda temos, infelizmente, uma dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre o que &#233; bom para a sa&#250;de e o que &#233; melhor aceito pela sociedade, principalmente quando observamos o comportamento de jovens em festas ou finais de semana, quando ainda se deparam com a dificuldade em ingerir menor quantidade de bebidas alco&#243;licas e preferir alimentos mais saud&#225;veis, sem sofrer discrimina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Um estudo italiano identificou que tanto o conhecimento sobre a ingest&#227;o de sal (alimentos com mais sal, habilidade de ler r&#243;tulos, etc.) como a pr&#225;tica deste conhecimento eram reduzidos principalmente em adolescentes e indiv&#237;duos com escolaridade mais baixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A educa&#231;&#227;o para o menor consumo de sal ter&#225; que receber amplo apoio de inst&#226;ncias governamentais, ind&#250;strias, escolas, profissionais da sa&#250;de e publicit&#225;rios, para que seja criada uma cultura diferente da atual. Este processo tem que come&#231;ar na inf&#226;ncia, mas toda a fam&#237;lia precisa ser integrada e os idosos de uma comunidade podem ser importantes veiculadores de mudan&#231;as de h&#225;bitos.</p>
    <p>Avaliando as estrat&#233;gias para redu&#231;&#227;o do sal em pa&#237;ses de todas as regi&#245;es do mundo, um estudo identificou que as regi&#245;es com menores iniciativas eram a &#193;frica, o sudeste asi&#225;tico e o Mediterr&#226;neo oriental.10 Somente a implementa&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias para a redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de sal, de forma concomitante e organizada, com monitoramento dos efeitos, poder&#225; ter impacto real na redu&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>Portanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o de sal na dieta &#233; poss&#237;vel se realmente for um objetivo das pol&#237;ticas nacionais e regionais de sa&#250;de e educa&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, quando a realidade ainda parece distante, apesar dos esfor&#231;os serem crescentes, o que permanece &#233; a sensa&#231;&#227;o de algo ilus&#243;rio.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Sabino</surname>
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              <surname>Scalfi</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Garbagnati</surname>
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            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
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        <mixed-citation>10. Trieu K, Neal B, Hawkes C, Dunford E, Campbell N, Rodriguez-Fernandez R, et al. Salt Reduction Initiatives around the World. A Systematic Review of Progress towards the Global Target. PLoS One. 2015; e0130247.</mixed-citation>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Efeito da Redu&#231;&#227;o do Sal de Adi&#231;&#227;o sobre a Press&#227;o Arterial Central e Perif&#233;rica</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dietary Salt Reduction: Illusion or Reality?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7139-8883</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Nereida Kilza da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Campus de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Nereida Kilza da Costa Lima &#8226; Rua Mariano Casadio, 275. Postal Code 14024360, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: nereida@fmrp.usp.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Developing Countries</kwd>
        <kwd>Medication Adherence</kwd>
        <kwd>Sodium Chloride, Dietary</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In spite of ample knowledge regarding systemic arterial hypertension as the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, the rates of control have shown a modest progressive increase, especially in Brazil. Brazilian studies have provided evidence that 50% to 60% of people with hypertension are receiving treatment, while only 20% to 30% of all people with hypertension are controlled.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The main difficulty in controlling systemic arterial hypertension lies in managing long-term patient adherence, given that the majority of patients are asymptomatic, and they eventually begin to have symptoms as a result of antihypertensive medication use.</p>
      <p>While adherence to medical treatment is low, adherence to lifestyle changes is even lower. Among these changes, dietary salt reduction has posed a major challenge. The benefits of moderate salt reduction to blood pressure, especially for patients with hypertension, are undeniable, as are its effects on preventing cardiovascular events, even if the reduction is by at least one third of the salt regularly ingested or a goal of no more than 5 grams of salt daily, according to the World Health Organization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Current salt consumption is very high, especially among patients with hypertension, ranging from 9 to 12 grams daily.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Among different strategies for successfully reducing dietary salt, the one most commonly employed by multidisciplinary teams, which include a physician, consists of advising patients to avoid processed foods (sausages, canned foods, etc.), giving preference to unprocessed foods, in combination with reducing salt when preparing meals and removing the salt shaker from the table.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The use of spices such as garlic, onion, and oregano is also frequently recommended, given that they may enhance the taste of food, thus lowering the need to use salt. A recent study found that the use of oregano in common bread dough changed the preferences of young and elderly hypertensive and normotensive individuals with respect to consumption of reduced-sodium bread, by improving the flavor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Maintaining this preference over a long time, however, is a major challenge, and this intervention has not yet been tested. Middle-aged individuals who, in a randomized cross-over manner, used low-salt bread (0.3 g of salt per 100 g) or bread with the conventional level of salt (1.2 g of salt per 100 g) showed a decrease in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in urine excretion of sodium after 5 weeks of consuming the low-salt bread, when compared to the moment 5 weeks after consuming the conventional bread.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>When patients are advised to make lifestyle changes, what is generally observed is that initial adherence is good, but the changes do not continue over time. It is not correct to assume that patients are the only ones responsible for poor adherence. Modern life has led to habits of eating meals outside of the home, with little time available; salt is, furthermore, the preservative most widely used by the food industry. Even with individualized advice within a well structured protocol, where all the salt for adherence was given in a package, Arantes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> did not observe a reduction in the total quantity of salt ingested by middle-aged volunteers, all of whom were employs of a public university, over three months of follow-up. Notwithstanding advice to prepare at least four main meals at home, in addition to advice regarding the importance of choosing foods with less salt, the total quantity of sodium excreted in 24 hours, which estimates the quantity of salt ingested during the same period, was probably not reduced due to the consumption of saltier foods outside of the house or even due to the choice of saltier foods at home. It was possible to verify an association of greater salt excretion in hypertensive patients with higher central diastolic blood pressure and casual measurement.</p>
      <p>The actions implemented to reduce salt intake in processed foods so far have promoted the reduction of 17 tons of salt in foods between 2011 and 2016, especially in mixtures for soup, instant soup, sausage, cheese, and cottage cheese. In 2017, the target of a new agreement between the Ministry of Health and the food industries was to reduce salt in bread and instant pasta.</p>
      <p>Reducing the quantity of salt in processed foods, without compromising their taste or jeopardizing their preservation, makes the industry&#8217;s work complex, but the reduction of salt in processed foods needs to advance, as does the education of the population. It is necessary to consider that individuals who are already used to higher salt consumption may add salt to processed foods if they consider that doing so makes these foods taste better and if they are unaware of the risks associated with this practice.</p>
      <p>An interesting Dutch study performed a simulation of two different strategies for reducing salt consumption, with a goal of up to 6 grams of salt daily, based on data from the Dutch population. One of the strategies would be substituting high-salt foods with similar low-salt foods that are already commercially available, while the other proposed reducing the salt content of processed foods to the extent that it was possible. They observed that the reduction in salt consumption, with either of these strategies, would be approximately 30%, decreasing systolic blood pressure by 1.6 mmHg, with a potential 4.8% reduction in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Education that promotes healthy measures is important. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of association between what is good for our health and what is most accepted by society, especially when we observe young people&#8217;s behavior at parties or on weekends, when they further face the difficulty of ingesting lower amounts of alcoholic beverages or giving preference to healthier foods without suffering discrimination.</p>
      <p>An Italian study found that both knowledge regarding salt ingestion (foods with more salt, the habit of reading labels, etc.) and behavior based on this knowledge were primarily lower in adolescents and individuals with lower levels of schooling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Education for lower salt consumption will have to be widely supported by government agencies, industries, schools, healthcare professionals, and the advertising industry, in order to create a culture different from the current one. This process will have to start in early childhood, but the whole family will need to be integrated, and elderly people may be important agents of habit change within their communities.</p>
      <p>Evaluating strategies for salt reduction in different countries in all world regions, one study identified that the regions with the fewest initiatives were Africa, South East Asia, and the Eastern Mediterranean.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Only the implementation of diverse strategies for reducing salt conception, in a concomitant and organized manner, as well as the monitoring of their effects, will be able to have a real impact on the reduction of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>Dietary salt reduction will therefore be possible when it truly becomes the objective of national and regional health and education policies. As long as this reality, however, appears to be far off, even though efforts are growing, what remains is the impression of an illusion.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Effects of added salt reduction on central and peripheral blood pressure</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
