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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PNg5FV6ZWVRmLnX74xqwLmk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300554</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180426</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180426</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito da Redu&#231;&#227;o do Sal de Adi&#231;&#227;o sobre a Press&#227;o Arterial Central e Perif&#233;rica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arantes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago de Souza Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Jeeziane Marcelino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lelis</surname>
            <given-names>Ellen de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Bernardes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coca</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Faculdade de Medicina - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Goi&#225;s</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontificia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s - Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de - Mestrado em Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de Barcelona</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Priscila Valverde de O. Vitorino &#8226; Pontificia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s - Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de - Av. Universit&#225;ria, 1069. CEP 74605-010, Setor Universit&#225;rio, Caixa Postal 86, Goiania, GO &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>pvalverde@pucgoias.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Arantes AC, Sousa ALL, Jardim PVBV, Jardim TSV, Rodrigues RB, Souza WKSB. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Arantes AC, Rodrigues RB, Souza WKSB. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Arantes AC, Sousa ALL, Vitorino PVO, Rezende JM, Rodrigues RB, Souza WKSB. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Arantes AC, Vitorino PVO, Rezende JM, Lelis ES, Souza WKSB. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Arantes AC, Sousa ALL. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Arantes AC, Sousa ALL, Vitorino PVO, Rezende JM, Souza WKSB. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Arantes AC, Vitorino PVO, Jardim PVBV, Jardim TSV, Rezende JM, Coca A, Souza WKSB.</p>
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>554</fpage>
      <lpage>561</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os efeitos da redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o do sal sobre a press&#227;o arterial (PA) casual de hipertensos j&#225; foram amplamente estudados, entretanto essa an&#225;lise ainda &#233; escassa no contexto da redu&#231;&#227;o exclusiva do sal de adi&#231;&#227;o na rigidez arterial e em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar os efeitos da redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva na ingest&#227;o do sal de adi&#231;&#227;o (de 6 para 4 g/dia) sobre os valores da press&#227;o perif&#233;rica e central, a rigidez arterial em normotensos, pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Ensaio cl&#237;nico, simples cego com 13 semanas de seguimento. Foram avaliados normotensos (&#8804;130/85 mmHg), pr&#233;-hipertensos (&#8805;130 e &lt;139/&#8805;85 e &lt;90 mmHg) e hipertensos est&#225;gio 1 (&#8805;140 e &lt;160/&#8805;90 e &lt;100 mmHg). Utilizou-se medida casual e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da PA com aparelho autom&#225;tico OMRON 705CP, medida central da PA com Sphygmocor<sup>&#174;</sup>, dosagem do s&#243;dio urin&#225;rio de 24h (colhido no intervalo entre cada visita) e mensura&#231;&#227;o de sal de adi&#231;&#227;o. Foi adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p&lt;0,05 para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram avaliados 55 participantes (18 normotensos; 15 pr&#233;-hipertensos; 22 hipertensos) com mediana 48 anos (IQ:39-54). Os grupos foram semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade e sexo. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre medidas de PA e excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio antes e depois da interven&#231;&#227;o. Os par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial tamb&#233;m n&#227;o sofreram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A redu&#231;&#227;o gradativa da ingest&#227;o de sal de adi&#231;&#227;o num seguimento de 13 semanas n&#227;o foi capaz de reduzir de maneira significativa os valores perif&#233;ricos e centrais da PA. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):554-561)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares, Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#233;-Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cloreto de S&#243;dio</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta Hiposs&#243;dica, Pol&#237;ticas de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; um dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares mais prevalentes. Atinge cerca de 970 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos em todo o mundo. &#201; a causa, direta ou indireta, de mais de 9 milh&#245;es de &#243;bitos todos os anos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> respons&#225;vel por 62% dos casos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) e 49% de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o (PH) tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada com aumento na incid&#234;ncia das DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentre as ferramentas capazes de avaliar a press&#227;o arterial (PA) a medida casual, comparada com os outros m&#233;todos, apresenta inferioridade na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular e na acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA) apresenta excelente acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e rela&#231;&#227;o custo benef&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> J&#225; a medida central da press&#227;o arterial (PAC), por avaliar a PA em grandes art&#233;rias, mais el&#225;sticas, apresenta valores mais baixos que a press&#227;o casual e melhor associa&#231;&#227;o com as les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os alvo. &#201; portanto, melhor preditora de eventos cardiovasculares<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e permite analisar par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial e resist&#234;ncia vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A etiologia do aumento da PA &#233; multifatorial, entretanto a ingest&#227;o excessiva de sal &#233; frequente e importante. Ocasiona aumento dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Desta forma, a restri&#231;&#227;o de sal &#233; uma ferramenta importante para a preven&#231;&#227;o e o controle da HAS e das DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A m&#233;dia recomendada de consumo &#233; de 5 g de sal/dia/pessoa, ou &lt; 2 g de s&#243;dio/dia/pessoa. Todavia, o consumo m&#233;dio di&#225;rio de sal dos brasileiros est&#225; acima do recomendado, alcan&#231;ando at&#233; 12g/dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Hoje, v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses definiram como pol&#237;tica de governo a redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 30% na ingest&#227;o m&#233;dia de sal da popula&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o ano 2025 com o objetivo de diminuir os valores de PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia em se avaliar o consumo do sal, estimular a sua restri&#231;&#227;o na dieta e utilizar ferramentas capazes de identificar essa redu&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante na estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria das DCV.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, este artigo avaliou o efeito da redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o do sal de adi&#231;&#227;o na PA central e perif&#233;rica em normotensos, pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos ap&#243;s 13 semanas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um sub-estudo realizado a partir da fase II do ensaio cl&#237;nico, simples cego, controlado com diferentes dosagens de ingest&#227;o de sal de adi&#231;&#227;o em grupos categorizados segundo a PA. Para a amostra inicial foram recrutados, no pr&#243;prio local de trabalho, 1.000 servidores de uma universidade p&#250;blica brasileira. Em toda essa amostra foram aplicados question&#225;rios sobre h&#225;bitos alimentares, realizadas medidas antropom&#233;tricas e casual da PA. Ap&#243;s o recrutamento foram identificados 678 servidores que aceitaram participar da fase II do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 01</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma Fase II do Ensaio cl&#237;nico. TCLE: termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0554-80426-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o, Protocolo CAEE: 00790712.3.0000.5078 e todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido antes de qualquer procedimento do estudo.</p>
      <p>A amostra foi de conveni&#234;ncia e incluiu participantes com idade entre 20 a 60 anos, ambos os sexos e que, realizavam no m&#237;nimo quatro refei&#231;&#245;es principais (almo&#231;o e/ou jantar) por semana preparadas em seus domic&#237;lios.</p>
      <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os participantes com PA casual &#8805; 160/100 mmHg, diab&#233;ticos, com hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica e hipertensos em uso de dois ou mais anti-hipertensivos.</p>
      <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo consistiu na realiza&#231;&#227;o de 5 visitas com intervalo de 30&#177;7 dias entre elas. A visita inicial foi dividida em dois momentos: Visita 1A (V1A) e Visita 1B (V1B). Em todas as visitas, foram realizadas: medida casual da PA, PAC, MRPA, medidas antropom&#233;tricas, c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), solicita&#231;&#227;o de urina tipo I (EAS), creatinina urin&#225;ria e s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio urin&#225;rio de 24 horas. Na V1A, al&#233;m dos procedimentos mencionados os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, foram avaliados quanto aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e foi solicitado o exame de creatinina s&#233;rica.</p>
      <p>Na V1B os grupos foram divididos, de acordo com a m&#233;dia da medida casual, em grupo normotenso (GN) (PA &lt; 130/85 mmHg), grupo pr&#233;-hipertenso (GPH) (&#8805;130 &lt; 140/&#8805;85 &lt; 90 mmHg) e grupo hipertenso est&#225;gio 1 (GH) (&#8805;140 e &lt;160/&#8805; 90 e &lt; 100 mmHg) sem uso de medica&#231;&#227;o ou qualquer valor de PA com uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para a medida casual foram realizadas tr&#234;s medidas da PA com intervalo m&#237;nimo de um minuto entre elas. Quando havia diferen&#231;a maior que 4 mmHg entre as medidas foram realizadas medidas complementares at&#233; que fossem obtidos valores com diferen&#231;a inferior. Para fins de an&#225;lise foi utilizada a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas.</p>
      <p>Tanto para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da medida casual da PA, quanto para a MRPA, foram utilizados aparelhos semi-autom&#225;ticos da marca OMRON, modelo HEM-711 ACINT, com bra&#231;adeiras adequadas &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. A PA foi aferida na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, ap&#243;s o repouso do indiv&#237;duo de pelo menos cinco minutos, em ambiente calmo, no bra&#231;o com maior valor da PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A medida de MRPA foi realizada de acordo com o protocolo estabelecido pelas III Diretrizes Brasileiras de Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O aparelho de MRPA foi entregue aos participantes em todas as visitas. Eles foram orientados a realizar as medidas da PA conforme protocolo, anotar os valores em ficha espec&#237;fica para esse fim e devolver o aparelho no retorno agendado para a visita subsequente.</p>
      <p>Para a medida da PAC foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o com aparelho Sphygmocor<sup>&#174;</sup>, calibrado e validado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O paciente permaneceu em repouso por cinco minutos, sem ter ingerido bebida alco&#243;lica, caf&#233; e nem ter fumado nas horas que antecedem o exame e tamb&#233;m deveria estar com a bexiga vazia. As vari&#225;veis avaliadas a partir da medida da PAC foram: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central (PASc), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central (PADc), press&#227;o de pulso central (PPc) e augmentation &#237;ndex (AIx).</p>
      <p>A metodologia para a coleta de urina de 24 horas foi orientada por meio de folheto explicativo e realizada no laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s com a t&#233;cnica membrana-&#237;on-seletiva para quantificar o s&#243;dio urin&#225;rio no in&#237;cio, antes da interven&#231;&#227;o do estudo, e nos intervalos entre todas as visitas totalizando quatro coletas.</p>
      <p>Na V1B os grupos, GN, GPH e GH receberam a mesma orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre ingest&#227;o do sal de adi&#231;&#227;o e 6g/dia/pessoa. Na Visita 2 (V2) e visita 3 (V3) foram fornecidos 5 e 4g/dia/pessoa, respectivamente. Os intervalos entre essas visitas foi de 30 &#177; 7 dias.</p>
      <p>O quantitativo sal para o uso di&#225;rio foi calculado de acordo com o n&#250;mero de moradores em cada resid&#234;ncia considerando o preparo das refei&#231;&#245;es no almo&#231;o e jantar e, dispensados devidamente embalados e sem identifica&#231;&#227;o do peso. Tamb&#233;m foram dispensados 10% a mais da quantidade de sal calculada, para utiliza&#231;&#227;o em casos excepcionais, como por exemplo em dias com maior quantidade de pessoas em casa (visitas).</p>
      <p>Nos retornos da V2, V3 e visita 4 (V4) foram recolhidas as embalagens de sal utilizadas e dispensadas novas embalagens com a quantidade de sal programada para o per&#237;odo subsequente, al&#233;m das coletas dos exames programados. Em todas as visitas eram enfatizadas as orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre a import&#226;ncia, para a sa&#250;de cardiovascular, da ingest&#227;o de alimentos com pouco s&#243;dio e que, o consumo de sal de adi&#231;&#227;o nos dias programados fosse apenas aquele dispensado pelo protocolo.</p>
      <p>As embalagens devolvidas (vazias e cheias) foram pesadas e utilizadas para a an&#225;lise de ades&#227;o ao protocolo. Tamb&#233;m foi utilizado para esse fim a an&#225;lise da excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio urin&#225;rio de 24 horas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados com o programa Stata, vers&#227;o 12. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar, desta forma para os participantes que abandonaram o estudo antes da visita 4 foram considerados os dados da &#250;ltima visita realizada. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas com m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o e aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, atrav&#233;s de mediana e intervalos interquartis. J&#225; as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foram apresentadas com frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa. Para verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados das vari&#225;veis foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
        <p>Para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos na V1A utilizou-se o Teste de Kruskal-Wallis e o Teste Exato de Fisher. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es intra grupo antes (V1B) e ap&#243;s (V4) a interven&#231;&#227;o foram aplicados os testes de Wilcoxon ou teste t-Student pareado. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o do delta da excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio foi aplicada ANOVA com pos hoc de Bonferroni. O delta da excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio foi calculado mediante a subtra&#231;&#227;o do valor desse exame obtido na V4 com aquele da V1b. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de PA (MRPA, casual e central) e com os n&#237;veis de s&#243;dio urin&#225;rio foi realizada com o teste de Spearman. Considerou-se como significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram avaliados 55 participantes, 32 (58,2%) do sexo masculino, com a mediana da idade de 48 anos (IQ:39-54); 18 (32,7%) eram normotensos (GN), 15 (27,3%) pr&#233;-hipertensos (GPH) e 22 (40,0%) hipertensos (GH). Os grupos eram semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade e distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo. Houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC (p = 0,03) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 01</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra segundo vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, 2014, n = 55</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="13%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Normotenso (n = 18)</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Pr&#233;-hipertensos (n = 15)</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Hipertenso (n = 22)</th>
                <th rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">p*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Mediana</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IQ</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Mediana</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IQ</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Mediana</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IQ</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">45,0</td>
                <td align="center">30-52</td>
                <td align="center">46,0</td>
                <td align="center">43-54</td>
                <td align="center">52,0</td>
                <td align="center">41-56</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">25,1</td>
                <td align="center">23,5-27,2</td>
                <td align="center">27,6</td>
                <td align="center">25,7-31,1</td>
                <td align="center">28,4</td>
                <td align="center">25,6-31,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">%</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">%</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">%</td>
                <td align="center">p<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">09</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">73,3</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">54,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,424</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">09</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">04</td>
                <td align="center">26,7</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">45,5</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>*Teste de Kruskal-Wallis; <sup>&#8224;</sup> Teste de Fisher; valor de p significativo &lt; 0,05; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>); IQ: intervalo interquatil. Fonte: os autores.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas medidas de press&#227;o central e rigidez arterial entre as visitas V1B e V4 em nenhum dos grupos, entretanto houve uma tend&#234;ncia a redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores centrais da PA tanto sist&#243;lica quanto diast&#243;lica em todos os grupos de V1B para a V4 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 02</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o intra grupo (V1B e V4) das vari&#225;veis referentes a press&#227;o arterial central, Goi&#225;s, 2014, n = 55</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Normotenso (n = 18)</th>
                <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Pr&#233;-hipertensos (n = 15)</th>
                <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Hipertenso (n = 22)</th>
                <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">V1b</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">V4</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">V1b</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">V4</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">V1b</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">V4</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PASc</td>
                <td align="center">107,2 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">103,4 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">119,2 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">115,0 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">119,012,6</td>
                <td align="center">113,4 &#177; 9,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PADc</td>
                <td align="center">73,34,7</td>
                <td align="center">70,6 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">82,3 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">74,7 &#177; 19,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">83,3 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">78,5 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PPc</td>
                <td align="center">34,16,6</td>
                <td align="center">32,3 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">36,9 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">35,1 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">35,6 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td align="center">34,9 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIx 75%</td>
                <td align="center">22,5 &#177; 15,3</td>
                <td align="center">21,8 &#177; 13,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">23,4 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">19,7 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">25,010,5</td>
                <td align="center">23,3 &#177; 10,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; *Teste T &#8211; Student para amostra pareada ou Teste Wilcoxon; PASc:press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central (mmHg); PADc: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central (mmHg); PPc: press&#227;o de pulso central (mmHg); ALx 75%: augmentation &#237;ndex 75%. Fonte: os autores.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto ao delta da excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o do delta de excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio entre os grupos normotensos, pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos, Goi&#226;nia, 2014. ANOVA com pos hoc Bonferroni.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0554-80426-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as entre as medidas da V1B e V4 referentes a MRPA, press&#227;o casual e s&#243;dio. Entretanto, houve uma tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS e PAD casual e s&#243;dio urin&#225;rio de V1B para a V4 nos grupos de normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 03</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o intra grupo (V1B e V4) das vari&#225;veis referentes a MRPA, medida casual da PA, creatinina s&#233;rica e s&#243;dio urin&#225;rio. Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, 2014, n = 55</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Normotensos n = 18</th>
                <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Pr&#233;-hipertensos n = 15</th>
                <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Hipertensos n = 22</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">DP</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">DP</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">DP</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>MRPA PAS V1b</td>
                <td align="center">115,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,87*</td>
                <td align="center">125,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,88*</td>
                <td align="center">128,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,63*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MRPA PAS V4</td>
                <td align="center">115,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">125,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">127,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,6</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MRPA PAD V1b</td>
                <td align="center">69,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,86*</td>
                <td align="center">76,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,72*</td>
                <td align="center">80,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,81*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MRPA PAD V4</td>
                <td align="center">69,7</td>
                <td align="center">7.2</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">77,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">79,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS casual V1B</td>
                <td align="center">116,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,44*</td>
                <td align="center">125,9</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,94*</td>
                <td align="center">128,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,18*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS casual V 4</td>
                <td align="center">113,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,3</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">126,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">124,2</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD casual V1B</td>
                <td align="center">71,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,58*</td>
                <td align="center">79,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,87*</td>
                <td align="center">81,4</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,10*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD casual V 4</td>
                <td align="center">69,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,44*</td>
                <td align="center">78,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">77,3</td>
                <td align="center">73,8</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio V1B</td>
                <td align="center">163,2</td>
                <td align="center">71,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,20*</td>
                <td align="center">158,4</td>
                <td align="center">68,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,60*</td>
                <td align="center">156,8</td>
                <td align="center">52,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,63*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio V4</td>
                <td align="center">135,2</td>
                <td align="center">58,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,20**</td>
                <td align="center">172,7</td>
                <td align="center">80,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,60**</td>
                <td align="center">147,3</td>
                <td align="center">75,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,63**</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; *Teste T &#8211; Student para amostra pareada; **Teste Wilcoxon; MRPAS: monitoramento residencial da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg); MRPAD: monitoramento residencial da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg); PAS casual: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica casual (mmHg); PAD casual: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica casual (mmHg); V 1b: visita 1b; V2: visita 2; V3: visita 3; V4: visita 4. Fonte: os autores.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O s&#243;dio urin&#225;rio correlacionou-se com a PADc e perif&#233;rica no grupo de hipertensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis de press&#227;o arterial com os valores de excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio de 24 horas na visita final, Goi&#226;nia, 2014</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Normotensos n = 18</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Pr&#233;-hipertensos n = 15</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Hipertensos n = 22</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">R</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">R</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p*</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">R</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PASc x s&#243;dio V4</td>
                <td align="center">0,208</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,282</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,276</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PADc x s&#243;dio V4</td>
                <td align="center">0,397</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,328</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,458</td>
                <td align="center">0,03*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PPc x s&#243;dio V4</td>
                <td align="center">-0,024</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
                <td align="center">-0,174</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIx 75% x s&#243;dio V4</td>
                <td align="center">0,201</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,116</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MRPA PAS x s&#243;dio V4</td>
                <td align="center">0,241</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,216</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,298</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MRPA PAD x s&#243;dio V4</td>
                <td align="center">0,188</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,205</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,369</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS casual x s&#243;dio V4</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,294</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD casual x s&#243;dio V4</td>
                <td align="center">0,156</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,480</td>
                <td align="center">0,02*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Teste de Spearman; r: valor de rho; * &#8804; 0,005; PASc: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central (mmH; PADc: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central (mmHg) (mmHg); PPc: press&#227;o de pulso central (mmHg); ALx75%: augmentation &#237;ndex 75%; MRPA: monitoramento residencial da press&#227;o arterial; PAS casual: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica casual (mmHg); PAD casual: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica casual (mmHg); V1b: visita 1b; V2: visita 2; V3: Visita 3; V4: visita 4. Fonte: os autores</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em todas as metodologias utilizadas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da PAS e PAD, n&#227;o se observou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas com a redu&#231;&#227;o gradual do s&#243;dio. Havia uma expectativa dos pesquisadores que os valores centrais da PA, por avaliarem o comportamento em art&#233;rias mais el&#225;sticas, pudesse apresentar uma sensibilidade maior na detec&#231;&#227;o de pequenas redu&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis tensionais, o que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o ocorreu.</p>
      <p>Dados da literatura associam a diminui&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de sal com redu&#231;&#227;o da PA tanto em hipertensos quanto em normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos e descrevem maior sensibilidade da medida central da PA para detectar essas altera&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto boa parte dessas publica&#231;&#245;es interviu ou avaliou redu&#231;&#245;es principalmente no sal de alimentos industrializados ou o sal total ingerido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 4,4 g de sal/dia diminuiu a PA em normotensos em 2,4 mmHg na PAS e 1,0 mmHg na PAD e em hipertensos 5,4 mmHg na PAS e 2,8 mmHg na PAD. Isso indicou que, para cada grama reduzida por dia de sal, houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 0,72 mmHg nos valores press&#243;ricos de normotensos e 1,8 mmHg em hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o dos valores press&#243;ricos implica em redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, inclusive a mortalidade cardiovascular, fato que refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas efetivas na redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de sal. Estudo realizado na Inglaterra, entre 2003 e 2011, avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de sal total com a PA e a mortalidade por acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e registrou que, a diminui&#231;&#227;o de 1,4g de sal di&#225;ria levou a uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PAS de 2,7 mmHg e na PAD de 1,1 mmHg. Desta forma, estimou-se que a redu&#231;&#227;o de 2,7 na PAS mmHg provoca uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 11% de AVC e de 6% de IAM. Isso corresponde a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade por AVC em 42% e IAM em 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No nosso estudo, as vari&#225;veis PPc e Alx75%, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em suas redu&#231;&#245;es. Pelos motivos j&#225; descritos anteriormente, como essas vari&#225;veis se relacionam com resist&#234;ncia vascular e rigidez arterial, tamb&#233;m havia a expectativa de redu&#231;&#245;es significativas, o que n&#227;o ocorreu. Da mesma forma, acreditamos que uma interven&#231;&#227;o em todo o conte&#250;do de sal ingerido poderia ter sido exitosa, conforme outras publica&#231;&#245;es demonstraram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em estudo realizado com popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa sul-africana, que avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de sal total a partir da excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de s&#243;dio 24 horas com hemodin&#226;mica central, encontrou correla&#231;&#227;o com os par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial: PPc, AIx75%, PASc e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia central (PAMC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudo realizado na China com hipertensos n&#227;o tratados, avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre aumento na ingest&#227;o de sal, por meio da excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de 24 horas, com a PAC em tr&#234;s grupos. Grupo A: Excre&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de s&#243;dio de 76,9 mmol, Grupo B de 146,6 mmol e no Grupo C de 258,6 mmol, equivalentes respectivamente a 4,7g, 9,6 g e 15,8 g de ingest&#227;o de sal por dia. A m&#233;dia de excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio de todos os indiv&#237;duos foi de 166,6 mmol, equivalente a 10,1 g de ingest&#227;o de sal por dia. Houve piora progressiva nos par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial (PASc, PADc e AIx75%) do grupo A para o grupo C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma metan&#225;lise, que avaliou o efeito da redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio em rela&#231;&#227;o a v&#225;rios desfechos intermedi&#225;rios, dentre eles a PA, identificou que, ap&#243;s 03 semanas, j&#225; se observava redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias na PAS de 3,39 mmHg e de 1,54 mmHg da PAD. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o foi maior em hipertensos (4,06 mmHg de PAS e 2,26 mmHg de PAD) que em normotensos (1,38 mmHg de PAS e 0,58 mmHg de PAD). Observou-se ainda que, comparando os grupos com ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de sal &#8805; 2 g/dia versus &lt; 2 g/dia, ou aqueles que reduziram em &#8805; 1/3 do consumo di&#225;rio de sal versus &lt; 1/3 desse consumo, os primeiros sempre apresentaram maiores redu&#231;&#245;es nos valores da PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma interven&#231;&#227;o controlada na dieta, suplementando a ingest&#227;o de sal em 7,6 g por dia versus grupo placebo (sem suplementa&#231;&#227;o), provocou aumento significativo nos valores centrais da PA, PASc em 8,5 mmHg, PADc em 3,6 mmHg e PPa em 4,8 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Fica claro, portanto, que estrat&#233;gias voltadas para redu&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de sal ingerida em alimentos industrializados ou que atuem no sal total consumido s&#227;o eficazes como medidas n&#227;o medicamentosas na preven&#231;&#227;o e no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
      <p>A nossa op&#231;&#227;o em atuar apenas no sal de adi&#231;&#227;o teve como objetivo avaliar se essa estrat&#233;gia, comum nas orienta&#231;&#245;es dos profissionais de sa&#250;de, e por um curto per&#237;odo de tempo, seria efetiva em reduzir a PA. Vale ressaltar que a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da OMS &#233; para uma redu&#231;&#227;o para 5 g ao dia no total de sal da dieta, eficaz em reduzir os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que uma interven&#231;&#227;o no sal de adi&#231;&#227;o em um n&#250;mero maior de refei&#231;&#245;es assim como, por um per&#237;odo mais longo, apresente maior efic&#225;cia que a encontrada em nossos resultados. Uma metan&#225;lise de estudos que avaliaram interven&#231;&#245;es para redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o de sal, demonstrou que, um per&#237;odo de at&#233; cinco semanas para indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e at&#233; quatro semanas para normotensos &#233; insuficiente para obter o efeito m&#225;ximo da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> No nosso estudo, a op&#231;&#227;o de quatro semanas de intervalo entre cada n&#237;vel de redu&#231;&#227;o do sal de adi&#231;&#227;o teve o prop&#243;sito de manter uma boa ades&#227;o &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o proposta.</p>
      <p>Baseados nas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas, pa&#237;ses europeus t&#234;m realizado recomenda&#231;&#245;es populacionais para manter o consumo de sal total abaixo de 5g/dia. No Reino Unido e na Finl&#226;ndia definiu-se como pol&#237;tica de governo, atingir uma meta de redu&#231;&#227;o no consumo de sal para menos de 3 g/dia at&#233; o ano de 2025.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Essas medidas governamentais s&#227;o fundamentais na preven&#231;&#227;o de milh&#245;es de doen&#231;as relacionadas aos danos desencadeados pelo excesso de s&#243;dio na dieta. A redu&#231;&#227;o no consumo de s&#243;dio em at&#233; 2.300 mg/dia pode prevenir 11 milh&#245;es de casos de HAS e economizar bilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares em gastos na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise demonstrou que, a redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada do consumo de sal, limitando a ingest&#227;o para 3g sal/dia, foi eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o das DCV. Grande parte dessa preven&#231;&#227;o decorre da redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, que ocorre tanto em hipertensos quanto em pr&#233;-hipertensos e normotensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outra estrat&#233;gia interessante pode ser a substitui&#231;&#227;o do sal de adi&#231;&#227;o pelo sal light. Estudo randomizado com hipertensos n&#227;o controlados, identificou redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores de PA e na excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de s&#243;dio no grupo que recebeu 3 g/dia de sal light em detrimento do que recebeu sal de adi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Todas essas estrat&#233;gias s&#227;o importantes, mas, de forma isolada, s&#227;o insuficientes. Os nossos resultados refor&#231;am a necessidade de atuar de forma incisiva na redu&#231;&#227;o do teor de sal principalmente nos alimentos industrializados, que habitualmente cont&#233;m elevadas quantidades de s&#243;dio. Os alimentos processados, presentes em grandes quantidades na dieta p&#243;s-moderna, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela maior parte do s&#243;dio consumido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante a ado&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es mais claras e objetivas, nos diversos produtos, sobre o teor de sal, de forma que os consumidores possam, de forma consciente, adotar mudan&#231;as ou adequa&#231;&#245;es nos seus h&#225;bitos alimentares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro aspecto interessante &#233; que a dosagem do s&#243;dio urin&#225;rio, apesar de ser o padr&#227;o ouro, apresenta sensibilidade de 86% na detec&#231;&#227;o do s&#243;dio excretado e a interven&#231;&#227;o no sal de adi&#231;&#227;o representa uma a&#231;&#227;o em apenas 15% do sal total ingerido, ou seja, a sensibilidade do m&#233;todo em detectar altera&#231;&#245;es na excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio nesse modelo de interven&#231;&#227;o tende a ser baixa, exatamente o que acreditamos ter ocorrido em nossa amostra. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; que se considerar que a ades&#227;o a esse tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o sofre varia&#231;&#245;es de indiv&#237;duo para indiv&#237;duo e pode ser baixa. Na nossa amostra n&#227;o observamos redu&#231;&#227;o do s&#243;dio excretado em nenhum dos grupos.</p>
      <p>Outro aspecto a ser considerado &#233; que n&#227;o h&#225; como assegurar a correta realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame pois n&#227;o verificamos se o armazenamento e a coleta urin&#225;ria durante as 24 horas foram adequados. De qualquer modo esse &#233; o m&#233;todo utilizado por diversos pesquisadores no Brasil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A metan&#225;lise que avaliou estudos que realizaram interven&#231;&#245;es de quatro semanas a tr&#234;s anos com redu&#231;&#227;o moderada da ingest&#227;o de sal para avaliar os efeitos na excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio urin&#225;rio de 24 horas e na PA identificou que a redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do consumo de sal foi 4,4 g/dia e produziu uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 5,4 mmHg na PAS e 2,4 mmHg na PAD em hipertensos e, 2,4 mmHg na PAS e 1,0 mmHg na PAD em normotensos. Dessa forma, uma redu&#231;&#227;o moderada na ingest&#227;o de sal por per&#237;odos mais longos se mostrou eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis tensionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo foi a dificuldade de controlar, de forma efetiva, que os participantes realizassem pelo menos quatro refei&#231;&#245;es principais em suas resid&#234;ncias semanalmente e que utilizassem somente o sal de adi&#231;&#227;o entregue pelo estudo no preparo dos alimentos. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve controle das refei&#231;&#245;es realizadas fora do domic&#237;lio. A estrat&#233;gia que utilizamos foi envolver toda a fam&#237;lia na redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de sal de adi&#231;&#227;o e refor&#231;ar a orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre alimentos com alto teor de s&#243;dio oferecidos em restaurantes, assim como a escolha de alimentos com baixo teor de s&#243;dio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O modelo de interven&#231;&#227;o proposto com redu&#231;&#227;o gradativa do sal de adi&#231;&#227;o de 6 para 4 g/dia por um per&#237;odo de 13 semanas, n&#227;o foi capaz de demonstrar redu&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de sal excretado na urina de 24 horas, entretanto, o s&#243;dio final excretado apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e moderada com a PADc e PAD casual no grupo de hipertensos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Mestrado de Ana Carolina Arantes pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s sob o n&#250;mero de CAEE: 00790712.3.0000.5078. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento. O presente estudo foi financiado por Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of added salt reduction on central and peripheral blood pressure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arantes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago de Souza Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Jeeziane Marcelino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lelis</surname>
            <given-names>Ellen de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Bernardes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coca</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Faculdade de Medicina - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontificia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s - Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de - Mestrado em Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Priscila Valverde de O. Vitorino &#8226; Pontificia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s - Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de - Av. Universit&#225;ria, 1069. Postal Code 74605-010, Setor Universit&#225;rio, Caixa Postal 86, Goiania, GO &#8211; Brazil E-mail: pvalverde@pucgoias.edu.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Arantes AC, Sousa ALL, Jardim PVBV, Jardim TSV, Rodrigues RB, Souza WKSB. Acquisition of data: Arantes AC, Rodrigues RB, Souza WKSB. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Arantes AC, Sousa ALL, Vitorino PVO, Rezende JM, Rodrigues RB, Souza WKSB. Statistical analysis: Arantes AC, Vitorino PVO, Rezende JM, Lelis ES, Souza WKSB. Obtaining financing: Arantes AC, Sousa ALL. Writing of the manuscript: Arantes AC, Sousa ALL, Vitorino PVO, Rezende JM, Souza WKSB. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Arantes AC, Vitorino PVO, Jardim PVBV, Jardim TSV, Rezende JM, Coca A, Souza WKSB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Although the effects of salt intake reduction on casual blood pressure have been extensively studied in hypertensive individuals, data on reductions of added salt on arterial stiffness in both normotensive and prehypertensive subjects are scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the effects of progressive reduction in added salt intake (from 6 grams to 4 grams per day) on peripheral and central blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This was a single-blinded clinical trial with 13 weeks of follow-up. Normotensive (&#8804; 130/85 mmHg), prehypertensive (&#8805; 130 e &lt; 139/&#8805; 85 e &lt; 90 mmHg) and stage 1 hypertensive individuals (&lt; 139/&#8805; 85 and &lt; 90 mmHg) were assessed. Casual blood pressure measurements and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were performed using the automated OMRON 705CP device, and central blood pressure was measured using the Sphygmocor<sup>&#174;</sup>. Twenty-four-hour urinary sodium excretion and the amounts of added salt consumed were measured. Statistically significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05 for all analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 55 participants (18 normotensive, 15 prehypertensive and 22 hypertensive), median age 48 years (IQR:39-54) were studied. The groups were not different in age or sex. No difference was observed in blood pressure or sodium excretion levels before and after the intervention. No significant changes in arterial stiffness parameters were observed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The progressive reduction in added salt intake during a period of 13 weeks did not cause significant reductions in peripheral and central blood pressure. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):554-561)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Prehypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Sodium Chloride</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet, Sodium-Restricted</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Policies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Systemic arterial hypertension is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors, affecting nearly 970 million people in the world. It is the (direct or indirect) cause of more than nine million deaths every year,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> accounting for 62% of the cases of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and 49% of ischemic heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Prehypertension (PH) is also associated with increased incidence of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Compared with other methods of blood pressure (BP) measurement, casual BP measurement is inferior in predicting cardiovascular risk and shows lower diagnostic accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has high diagnostic accuracy and excellent cost-benefit relationship.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Central blood pressure (CBP) provides information of more elastic, central arteries; it has lower values compared with casual pressure and is better associated with lesions in target organs. Therefore, CPB is the best predictor of cardiovascular events,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> in addition to allowing the analysis of arterial stiffness and vascular resistance parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although the etiology of increased BP is multifactorial, excessive salt intake is a common and important factor. It causes elevations of BP levels and cardiovascular complications. Therefore, salt restriction is an important strategy for prevention and control of systemic arterial hypertension and CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mean daily amount of salt intake recommended is 5 g, or 2 g of sodium. However, Brazilians eat on average up to 12 g/day, i.e., more than the daily amount recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Government policies of many countries have been implemented to reduce salt intake by 30% by the year of 2025 with the aim to reduce BP values in the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Assessment of salt intake, interventions for its reduction, and the use of instruments capable of identifying this reduction are important strategies in primary prevention of CVD.</p>
        <p>Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of reducing the intake of added salt on central and peripheral BP in normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals after 13 weeks of follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a substudy of the phase II, single-blinded, controlled clinical trial with different amounts of added salt in individuals grouped by BP levels. For the initial sample, a total of 1,000 workers were recruited at a Brazilian public university. A questionnaire on dietary habits was administered, and anthropometric and casual BP measurements were performed. Of the subjects recruited, 678 agreed to participate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 01</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Flowchart of the phase II clinical trial.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0554-80426-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The study was approved by the ethics committee (CAEE: 00790712.3.0000.5078) and all participants signed an informed consent form.</p>
        <p>The study population was a convenience sample and was composed of men and women aged between 20 and 60 years. All participants had at least four main meals (lunch and/or dinner) a week at home.</p>
        <p>Individuals with casual BP &#8805; 160/100 mmHg, diabetes, history of chronic disease and hypertension taking two or more antihypertensive were excluded.</p>
        <p>Participation of the study consisted of five visits with an interval of 30 &#177; 7 days between them. The first visit was divided into two parts, Visit 1A (V1A) and Visit 1B (V1B). In all visits, measurements of casual BP, CBP, ABPM and BMI were performed, and request for urinalysis, and 24-hour urine creatinine, sodium and potassium was made. In V1A, in addition to these procedures, participants also signed the informed consent form, were evaluated for eligibility criteria and a request for serum creatinine was made.</p>
        <p>In V1B, participants were grouped according to mean casual BP, in normotensive (NG) (BP &lt; 130/85 mmHg), prehypertensive (PHG) (BP &#8805; 130 &lt; 140/&#8805;85 &lt; 90 mmHg) and stage 1 hypertensive (HG) (BP &#8805; 140 and &lt; 160/&#8805; 90 and &lt; 100 mmHg) not using antihypertensive medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>For casual BP, three measurements were taken with a minimum interval of one minute between them. When a difference greater than 4 mmHg was found between the measurements, further measures were taken until the differences between them were smaller.</p>
        <p>Both casual BP and ABPM were measured using a semiautomated device (OMRON, model HEM-711 ACINT), with a cuff size according to the arm circumference. BP was measured in the sitting position after a resting period of five minutes, in a calm environment in the arm with the highest BP value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ABPM was performed according to the II Brazilian Guidelines for Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In each visit, the ABPM device was given to each participant, who was instructed to obtain BP measures following specific protocol, to write down the values in a proper document and to return the device at the next visit.</p>
        <p>CBP measurements were obtained by applanation tonometry, using a calibrated and validated device (Sphygmocor&#174;).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Each patient refrained from alcohol, coffee and tobacco use for some hours before the exam, which was performed with empty bladder, after a five-minute rest. The variables analyzed from CBP were central systolic blood pressure (cSBP), central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP), central pulse pressure (cPP) and augmentation index (AIx).</p>
        <p>Collection of the 24-hour urine sample was conducted following the information contained in an explanatory leaflet. The 24-hour urine test was performed at the laboratory of the Federal University of Goias, and an ion-selective membrane was used to quantify urinary sodium at baseline, before the intervention and in the intervals between the visits (total of four collections).</p>
        <p>During V1B, the NG, PHG and HG received the same instructions regarding the amount of salt intake (6g/day). In visits 2 (V2) and 3 (V3), 5 g/day and 4 g/day of salt, respectively, were given to each participant. Interval between the visits was of 30 &#177; 7 days.</p>
        <p>The amount of salt given to each participant was estimated based on the number of people living in the residence and the meals (lunch and dinner) prepared. The salt was delivered properly packed, without weight identification. Also, an additional 10% of salt was given to each participant, to be used in exceptional cases (e.g. visitors at home).</p>
        <p>In the return visits (V2, V3 and visit 4, V4), all packages of salt were collected and other packages containing the amount of salt planned for the subsequent period were given. In all visits, it was emphasized to participants the importance of cardiovascular health and of a low-sodium diet, and that the amount of added salt consumed by participants should be limited to that established in the study protocol.</p>
        <p>The salt packages (empty or full) returned were weighed and used for assessment of adherence to the protocol, which was also evaluated by 24-hour urinary excretion.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using Stata, version 12. An intention-to-treat analysis was used, and for those who dropped out the study before V4, the data of the last visit were considered for analysis. Continuous variables with normal distribution were presented as mean and standard deviation, and those with a non-normal distribution were presented as median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were presented as absolute and relative frequency. Normal distribution of data was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test.</p>
          <p>Between-group comparisons in V1A were made using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Within-group comparisons before (V1B) and after (V4) intervention were performed by Wilcoxon test or the paired Student&#8217;s t-test. Comparison of delta sodium excretion was made by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Delta sodium excretion was calculated by subtracting sodium excretion at V4 from that obtained in V1B. Correlation between BP (ABPM, and casual and central BP) and the levels of urinary sodium was performed by Spearman&#8217;s test. A p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Fifty-five individuals participated in the study, 32 (58.2%) were male, median age of 48 years (IQ:39-54). Eighteen (32.7%), 15 (27.3%) and 22 (40.0%) individuals were included in the NG, PHG and HG, respectively. There was no difference in age and sex between the groups, but a significant difference was observed in BMI (p = 0.03) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 01</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample (n = 55), Goi&#226;nia, Brazil, 2014</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Normotensive (n = 18)</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Prehypertensive (n = 15)</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Hypertensive (n = 22)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">p*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Median</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">IQ</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Median</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">IQ</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Median</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">IQ</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">45.0</td>
                  <td align="center">30-52</td>
                  <td align="center">46.0</td>
                  <td align="center">43-54</td>
                  <td align="center">52.0</td>
                  <td align="center">41-56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">25.1</td>
                  <td align="center">23.5-27.2</td>
                  <td align="center">27.6</td>
                  <td align="center">25.7-31.1</td>
                  <td align="center">28.4</td>
                  <td align="center">25.6-31.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">%</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">%</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">%</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">09</td>
                  <td align="center">50.0</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">73.3</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">54.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.424</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">09</td>
                  <td align="center">50.0</td>
                  <td align="center">04</td>
                  <td align="center">26.7</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">45.5</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Kruskal-Wallis test; <sup>&#8224;</sup> Fisher&#8217;s exact test; p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant; BMI: body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>); IQR: interquartile range.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>No difference was observed in CBP and AS between V1 and V4 in any of the groups. However, there was a trend of reduction in both cSBP and cDBP from V1 to V4 in all groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). There was no difference in delta sodium excretion between the groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 02</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Within-group comparisons (Visits 1B and 4) of central blood pressure parameters (n = 55)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="10%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Normotensive group (n = 18)</th>
                  <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Prehypertensive group (n = 15)</th>
                  <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Hypertensive group (n = 22)</th>
                  <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">V1b</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">V4</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">V1b</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">V4</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">V1b</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">V4</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  <th>Mean&#177; SD</th>
                  <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>cSBP</td>
                  <td align="center">107.2 &#177; 9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">103.4 &#177; 10.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  <td align="center">119.2 &#177; 8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">115.0 &#177; 9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">119.0 &#177; 12.6</td>
                  <td align="center">113.4 &#177; 9.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cDBP</td>
                  <td align="center">73.3 &#177; 4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">70.6 &#177; 7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">82.3 &#177; 8.9</td>
                  <td align="center">74.7 &#177; 19.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">83.3 &#177; 11.6</td>
                  <td align="center">78.5 &#177; 8.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cPP</td>
                  <td align="center">34.1 &#177; 6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">32.3 &#177; 7.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">36.9 &#177; 6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">35.1 &#177; 4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">35.6 &#177; 6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">34.9 &#177; 6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIx 75%</td>
                  <td align="center">22.5 &#177; 15.3</td>
                  <td align="center">21.8 &#177; 13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87</td>
                  <td align="center">23.4 &#177; 10.4</td>
                  <td align="center">19.7 &#177; 11.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  <td align="center">25.0 &#177; 10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">23.3 &#177; 10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SD: standard deviation; *paired Student&#8217;s t-test or Wilcoxon test; cSBP: central systolic blood pressure (mmHg); cDBP: central diastolic blood pressure (mmHg); cPP: central pulse pressure (mmHg); ALx 75%: augmentation index 75%.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Comparison of delta sodium excretion between normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive groups; ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0554-80426-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In addition, no differences were found in ABPM, casual BP or urinary sodium from V1B to V4 in NG and PHG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 03</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Within-group comparison (Visits 1B and V4) of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, casual blood pressure, serum creatinine and urinary sodium (n = 55)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="10%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Normotensive group n = 18</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Prehypertensive group n = 15</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Hypertensive group n = 22</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Mean</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">SD</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Mean</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">SD</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Mean</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">SD</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASBPM V1b</td>
                  <td align="center">115.7</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87*</td>
                  <td align="center">125.0</td>
                  <td align="center">8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88*</td>
                  <td align="center">128.6</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASBPM SBP V4</td>
                  <td align="center">115.1</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">125.5</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">127.0</td>
                  <td align="center">11.6</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADBPM V1b</td>
                  <td align="center">69.3</td>
                  <td align="center">6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86*</td>
                  <td align="center">76.1</td>
                  <td align="center">7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72*</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADBPM V4</td>
                  <td align="center">69.7</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">77.3</td>
                  <td align="center">10.8</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">79.5</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>casual SBP V1B</td>
                  <td align="center">116.3</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44*</td>
                  <td align="center">125.9</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94*</td>
                  <td align="center">128.5</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>casual SBP V4</td>
                  <td align="center">113.8</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">126.1</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">124.2</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Casual DBP V1B</td>
                  <td align="center">71.1</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58*</td>
                  <td align="center">79.3</td>
                  <td align="center">8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87*</td>
                  <td align="center">81.4</td>
                  <td align="center">8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Casual DBP V 4</td>
                  <td align="center">69.8</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44*</td>
                  <td align="center">78.8</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">77.3</td>
                  <td align="center">73.8</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium V1B</td>
                  <td align="center">163.2</td>
                  <td align="center">71.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20*</td>
                  <td align="center">158.4</td>
                  <td align="center">68.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60*</td>
                  <td align="center">156.8</td>
                  <td align="center">52.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium V4</td>
                  <td align="center">135.2</td>
                  <td align="center">58.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20**</td>
                  <td align="center">172.7</td>
                  <td align="center">80.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60**</td>
                  <td align="center">147.3</td>
                  <td align="center">75.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63**</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SD: standard deviation; *paired Student&#8217;s t-test; **Wilcoxon test; ASBPM: ambulatory systolic blood pressure monitoring (mmHg); ADBPM: ambulatory diastolic blood pressure monitoring (mmHg); SBP: systolic blood pressure (mmHg); DBP: diastolic blood pressure (mmHg); V1b: visit 1b; V2: visit 2; V3: visit 3; V4: visit 4.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Urinary sodium correlated with CPB and peripheral BP in the HG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation of blood pressure parameters with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, n = 55</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Normotensive group n = 18</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Prehypertensive group n = 15</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Hypertensive group n = 22</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">r</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">r</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p*</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">r</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>cSBP x sodium V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,208</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,282</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,276</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cDBP x sodium V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,397</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,328</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,458</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPc x sodium V4</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,024</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,174</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIx 75% x sodium V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,201</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,116</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASBPM x sodium V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,241</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,216</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,298</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADBPM x sodium V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,188</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,205</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,369</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>casual SBP x sodium V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,294</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Casual DBP x sodium V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,156</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,413</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,480</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Spearman test; r: rho value; * &#8804; 0.005; ASBPM: ambulatory systolic blood pressure monitoring (mmHg); ADBPM: ambulatory diastolic blood pressure monitoring (mmHg); SBP: systolic blood pressure (mmHg); DBP: diastolic blood pressure (mmHg); V4: visit 4.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Based on the methods used for SBP and DBP assessment in the study, the progressive reduction of salt intake was not associated with significant changes in SBP. Also, the authors expected to find a higher sensitivity of CBP in detecting small changes in tension, since this parameter reflects the behavior of more elastic arteries, which did not occur.</p>
        <p>Data from the literature have associated the reduction in salt intake with a reduction in BP in hypertensive, normotensive and prehypertensive individuals and have shown a higher sensitivity of CBP to detect these changes. However, a large part of these studies was based on interventions or evaluated reductions in the consumption of salt in packaged food and total intake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a systematic review, a mean reduction of 4.4 g/day was associated with a reduction by 2.4mmHg in SBP and 1.0 mmHg in DBP in normotensive subjects, and by 5.4 mmHg in SBP and 2.8 mmHg in DBP in hypertensive subjects. These findings indicated a reduction of 0.72 mmHg ad 1.8 mmHg in BP levels in normotensive and hypertensive individuals, respectively, for each gram of salt reduction daily.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Improvements in BP levels lead to lower cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular mortality, which reinforces the importance of adopting effective measures to reduce salt consumption. A study conducted in England between 2003 and 2011 evaluated the relationship of reductions in total salt intake with BP and mortality for stroke and acute myocardial infarction and showed a reduction by 2.7 mmHg in SBP and 1.1 mmHg in DBP. Therefore, a fall of BP of 2.7 mmHg led to a decrease in mortality for stroke by 42% and acute myocardial infarction by 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, the variables cPP and AIx75% did not show statistically significant reductions, which is in contrast to what the authors expected, since these variables are also related to vascular resistance and arterial stiffness. Again, in our opinion, this may be achieved by an intervention aimed at reducing total salt intake, as previous studies have already demonstrated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a study conducted with South African hypertensive individuals, the authors evaluated the relationship between salt intake (assessed by 24-hour urinary sodium) and central dynamics and found a correlation with arterial stiffness parameters &#8211; cPP, AIx75%, cSBP and central mean arterial pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A study conducted in China evaluated the association between salt intake (24-hour urinary excretion) with CBP in three groups of untreated hypertensive patients divided into three groups according to mean urinary sodium excretion &#8211; group A, 76.9 mmol, group B, 146.6 mmol and group C 258.6 mmol, corresponding respectively to 4.7 g, 9.6 g and 15.8 g of salt per day. The mean 24-h urinary sodium of all patients was 166.6 mmol, or 10.1g of salt. Parameters of arterial stiffness (cSBP, cDBP and AIx75%) worsened from group A to group C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A meta-analysis evaluating the effect of salt intake reduction on intermediate outcomes, including BP, detected mean BP reductions of 3.39 mmHg in SBP and 1.54 mmHg in DBP. Such effect was greater in hypertensive (4.06 mmHg in SBP and 2.26 mmHg in DBP) than normotensive individuals (1.38 mmHg in SBP and 0.58 mmHg in DBP). In addition, greater reductions in BP was observed in individuals with sodium intake &lt; 2 g/day versus &#8805; 2 g/day, and in those with a reduction in daily salt intake &#8805; 1/3 versus &lt; 1/3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A controlled dietary intervention consisting of 7.6 g/day sodium supplementation versus placebo (no supplementation) caused a significant increase in CBP measurements &#8211; 8.5 mmHg in SBP, 3.6 mmHg in cDBP and 4.8 mmHg in PPa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is therefore clear that strategies towards reductions in salt intake (salt in packaged foods or total salt consumption) are an effective nonpharmacological approach for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.</p>
        <p>Since reducing the amount of added salt in the diet is commonly recommended by healthcare professionals, we decided to investigate whether such strategy, adopted for a short period of time, would be effective in reducing BP levels. It is worth pointing out that the World Health Organization recommends the reduction in salt intake to less than 5 grams per day to reduce BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is possible that an intervention towards lowering added salt intake in more meals and for a longer period would lead to more effective results than those obtained in this study. A meta-analysis of studies on interventions of salt intake reduction showed that reductions in salt intake for up to five weeks in hypertensive individuals and for up to four weeks in normotensive individuals are ineffective to cause significant falls in BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In our study, intervals between the different levels of salt reduction were of four weeks, aiming to achieve good adherence to the intervention proposed.</p>
        <p>Based on scientific evidence, European countries have established population-wide recommendations to lower salt intake to less than 5 grams per day. In the United Kingdom and Finland, there are government policies focusing on reducing salt intake to less than 3 grams per day by the year of 2025.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These governmental measures are crucial for preventing many diseases related to excessive salt intake. Lowering salt intake to up to 2,300mg per day could prevent 11 million cases of systemic arterial hypertension and save billions of dollars in health care costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A meta-analysis showed that a drastic reduction in salt intake (up to 3g/day) was effective in preventing CVD. A major part of this prevention is explained by reductions of BP that occur in both hypertensive and prehypertensive individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another interesting strategy may be the replacement of conventional salt with low-sodium salt. A randomized trial with patients with uncontrolled hypertension showed reductions in BP and urinary sodium in the group of individuals that received 3 grams of light salt compared with the group that received regular salt.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>All these strategies are important, but ineffective if used alone. Our results reinforce the need to sharply reduce the amount of salt intake, especially through packaged foods that usually contain great amounts of sodium. Processed foods are very present in post-modern society and the main sources of salt in the diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is also important the use of clear and objective information about salt content in packaged foods, so that consumers can deliberately change or make adaptations in their habitual diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Also, although quantification of urinary sodium is the gold standard method to estimate sodium intake, it has a sensitivity of 86% in detecting urinary sodium excretion. Considering that interventions towards lowering added salt affect only 15% of total salt intake, the sensitivity of the method to detect changes in sodium excretion in these interventions is probably low, as may have occurred in our study. Besides, adherence to interventions like this varies between individuals and may be low. In our sample, we did not detect significant reductions in urinary sodium excretion in any of participants.</p>
        <p>Another factor to be considered is that we cannot assure that the 24-hour urinary excretion test was performed correctly, since we did not verify how urine sample was collected and stored. However, this method has been used by different researchers in Brazil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and in the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The meta-analysis of trials with a modest reduction in salt intake and duration of four weeks to three years evaluating the effects on 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and BP showed that a reduction of 4.4g per day of salt was associated with a fall in SBP of 5.4 mmHg in normotensive individuals. Therefore, a moderate reduction in salt intake for longer periods was effective in reducing BP levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One of the limitations of our study was the difficulty in ensuring that participants had at least four main meals at home per week and that the salt added during food preparation was only that received during the study. Out-of-home meals were not controlled also. The strategy used was to involve the whole family in lowering the amounts of added salt and to emphasize the importance of identifying high-sodium foods in restaurant and of choosing low-sodium foods.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The intervention proposed, to gradually reduce the amount of added salt from 6 grams to 4 grams per day for 13 weeks, did not show significant reductions in the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. However, the amount of sodium excretion showed a positive, moderate correlation with CBP and casual DBP in the HG.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Master submitted by Ana Carolina Arantes, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s CAEE: 00790712.3.0000.5078. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding. This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
