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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">55KX4rrQBh94BJkqJDvKghh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300552</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200187</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200187</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fen&#244;meno de Fluxo Lento Coronariano - Adicionando Fibrose Mioc&#225;rdica &#224; Equa&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6377-8069</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe Penna de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9493-0687</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#233;rio Francisco de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Am&#233;ricas Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Am&#233;ricas Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Duke University Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Durham</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">North Carolina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke University Hospital - Medicine/Cardiology, Durham, North Carolina &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Filipe P. Carvalho &#8226; Centro Integrado de Diagn&#243;stico do Leblon, CDPI Cardiologia - 2<sup>o</sup> andar &#8211; Av. Ataulfo de Paiva, 669. CEP 22440-032, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>filipepenna@me.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>552</fpage>
      <lpage>553</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Cicatriz Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Tipo C</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Inicialmente descrito h&#225; mais de 40 anos por Tambe et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>o fen&#244;meno de fluxo lento coronariano (FLC) &#233; caracterizado por retardo da progress&#227;o do meio de contraste na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a epic&#225;rdica coronariana obstrutiva durante angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva (ACI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O FLC afeta tipicamente jovens fumantes do sexo masculino, que frequentemente apresentam s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) ou angina de repouso refrat&#225;ria recorrente que requer interna&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, arritmias potencialmente fatais e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m foram associadas ao FLC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar do aumento da conscientiza&#231;&#227;o e da pesquisa, o FLC permanece uma condi&#231;&#227;o dif&#237;cil de descrever e pouco compreendida, com muitos mecanismos patog&#234;nicos propostos, incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, vasomotora e microvascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> De fato, uma regula&#231;&#227;o anormal do t&#244;nus microvascular que ocorre apenas durante condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso, enquanto a reserva de fluxo coronariano est&#225; dentro da faixa normal, foi descrita no FLC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nessa edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Candemir et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> d&#227;o uma contribui&#231;&#227;o importante a esse campo do conhecimento. Os autores estudaram 35 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica encaminhados para uma angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva (ACI) diagn&#243;stica. Todos tinham n&#237;veis negativos de troponina e nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de isquemia no teste ergom&#233;trico. Foi feita uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes que apresentaram FLC na art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (n = 19) e os controles pareados com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais e sem anormalidades do fluxo coronariano (n = 16). Eles procuraram investigar se as cicatrizes no mioc&#225;rdio identificadas por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) e / ou se os n&#237;veis do fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-ProBNP) eram mais frequentes no grupo com FLC. &#201; importante ressaltar que, pelo que sabemos, este foi o primeiro estudo a utilizar a RMC para avaliar a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na popula&#231;&#227;o com FLC.</p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar que a RMC utilizando a t&#233;cnica de realce tardio &#233; agora uma ferramenta amplamente dispon&#237;vel e poderosa que permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o precisa da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, com v&#225;rios estudos demonstrando sua utilidade no diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatias tanto isqu&#234;micas quanto n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Curiosamente, os autores demonstram que o realce tardio estava presente em at&#233; 52,5% (n = 10) dos pacientes com FLC, em oposi&#231;&#227;o a nenhum no grupo controle. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o FLC pode resultar em altera&#231;&#245;es irrevers&#237;veis no tecido mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, n&#227;o acreditamos que os dados apresentados possam ser utilizados para estabelecer causalidade entre FLC e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Por exemplo, em um subgrupo de pacientes (n = 3), a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi observada nas paredes inferior e &#237;nfero-lateral, e n&#227;o no territ&#243;rio t&#237;pico da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda, onde estava presente o FLC. Al&#233;m disso, os autores n&#227;o descrevem se o padr&#227;o de realce tardio observado em seu estudo era predominantemente isqu&#234;mico (por exemplo, subendoc&#225;rdico ou transmural) ou n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mico (mesoc&#225;rdico ou epic&#225;rdico). Mais importante ainda, como os autores apontam durante a discuss&#227;o, eles realizaram um estudo transversal e, portanto, nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o temporal pode ser estabelecida entre o FLC e a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Uma das muitas explica&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis &#233; que esses pacientes com fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na RMC podem ter apresentado anteriormente um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais (MINOCA, do ingl&#234;s <italic>myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries</italic>) e o FLC &#233; apenas uma consequ&#234;ncia desse evento anterior. Embora os autores tenham encontrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o FLC e a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, acreditamos que s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para determinar se existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre eles.</p>
    <p>Curiosamente, n&#237;veis mais altos de NT-pro-BNP, um conhecido marcador progn&#243;stico na SCA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m foram observados em pacientes com FLC quando as cicatrizes mioc&#225;rdicas foram detectadas por RMC, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o FLC sem evid&#234;ncia de fibrose na RMC (NT-pro- BNP = 147,10 pg / mL vs. 28,0 pg / mL, p = 0,03).</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que, em um estudo publicado anteriormente por Yurtda&#351; et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> demonstrou-se que n&#237;veis elevados de NT-pro-BNP se correlacionaram com angina e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST em pacientes com FLC durante testes em esteira. No entanto, nenhuma anormalidade foi observada durante o teste ergom&#233;trico em nenhum paciente deste estudo. Novamente, embora os autores demonstrem uma associa&#231;&#227;o de NT-pro-BNP com FLC e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, acreditamos que nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o causal definitiva possa ser estabelecida com base nos dados apresentados.</p>
    <p>Em geral, este &#233; um trabalho interessante de Candemir et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> utilizando a RMC para estudar uma condi&#231;&#227;o ainda obscura. Achamos muito interessante que a RMC tenha permitido a detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em um subgrupo de pacientes com FLC sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de cicatrizes mioc&#225;rdicas utilizando imagens de realce tardio &#233; uma poderosa ferramenta progn&#243;stica em m&#250;ltiplas cardiomiopatias, isqu&#234;micas e n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas. Embora pequeno em tamanho, este estudo de Candemir et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> abre novas possibilidades de pesquisa para responder se h&#225; causalidade na associa&#231;&#227;o entre FLC e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e se a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica nesses pacientes tem alguma implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica ou se, por exemplo, est&#225; associada a uma maior probabilidade de arritmias malignas. Por outro lado, pesquisas futuras utilizando novas t&#233;cnicas de RMC para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de tecidos, incluindo o mapeamento de T1 e T2, tamb&#233;m podem ajudar a esclarecer essa condi&#231;&#227;o ainda pouco compreendida.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Determina&#231;&#227;o do Tecido Cicatricial do Mioc&#225;rdio no Fen&#244;meno de Fluxo Coron&#225;rio Lento e a Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a Quantidade de Tecido Cicatricial e o Nt-ProBNP</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Slow Flow Phenomenon - Adding Myocardial Fibrosis to the Equation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6377-8069</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe Penna de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9493-0687</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#233;rio Francisco de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica SA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Am&#233;ricas Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke University Hospital - Medicine/Cardiology, Durham, North Carolina &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Filipe P. Carvalho &#8226; Centro Integrado de Diagn&#243;stico do Leblon, CDPI Cardiologia &#8211; 2<sup>o</sup> andar &#8211; Av. Ataulfo de Paiva, 669. Postal Code 22440-032, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: filipepenna@me.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Fractional Flow Reserve</kwd>
        <kwd>Cicatrix, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic-Peptide C-Type</kwd>
        <kwd>Endomyocardial Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Initially described more than 40 years ago by Tambe et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) is characterized by delayed contrast medium progression in the absence of obstructive coronary epicardial disease during invasive coronary angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CSFP typically affects young male smokers, who often presents with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or recurrent refractory resting angina requiring hospital admission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Moreover, life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death have also been associated with CSFP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite increased awareness and research, CSFP remains an elusive and poorly understood condition, with many proposed pathogenic mechanisms including endothelial, vasomotor and microvascular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Indeed, an abnormal regulation of microvascular tone that occurs only during resting conditions, while coronary flow reserve is within normal range, has been described in CSFP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Candemir et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> add an important contribution to this field of knowledge. The authors studied 35 patients with chest pain referred for a diagnostic invasive coronary angiography (ICA). All had negative troponin levels and no evidence of ischemia on exercise stress testing. A comparison was made between patients who presented with CSFP in the left anterior descendant artery (n=19) and matched controls with normal coronary arteries and no coronary flow abnormalities (n = 16). They sought to investigate if myocardial scarring identified using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and/or if N-terminal Pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-Pro-BNP) levels elevation were more frequent in the CSFP group. Importantly, to the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to use CMR to evaluate the presence of myocardial fibrosis in the CSFP population.</p>
      <p>Noteworthy, CMR using the delayed enhancement (or late gadolinium enhancement) technique is now a widely available and a powerful tool that allows the precise identification and quantification of myocardial fibrosis, with multiple studies demonstrating its utility in the diagnosis and prognosis of both ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Interestingly, the authors demonstrate that delayed enhancement was present in up to 52.5% (n = 10) of the patients with CSFP as opposed to none in the control group. The authors thus concluded that CSFP may result in irreversible changes in the myocardial tissue.</p>
      <p>However, we do not believe the presented data can be used to establish causality between CSFP and myocardial fibrosis. For instance, in a subset of patients (n = 3) the myocardial injury was seen in the inferior and inferolateral walls, and not in the typical left anterior descendant coronary artery territory where CSFP was present. Moreover, the authors do not describe whether the delayed enhancement pattern observed in their study was predominantly ischemic (e.g., subendocardial or transmural) or non-ischemic (midwall or epicardial). Most importantly, as the authors point out during the discussion, they performed a transversal study and, thus, no temporal relationship between CSFP and myocardial fibrosis can be established. One of the many possible explanations is that these patients with myocardial fibrosis by CMR might have previously presented with a myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries (MINOCA) and the CSFP is but a consequence of this previous event. Although the authors did find an association between CSFP and myocardial fibrosis, we believe that further research is needed to determine whether there is a causal relationship between them.</p>
      <p>Interestingly, higher NT-pro-BNP levels, a well-known marker of prognosis in ACS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> were also seen in patients with CSFP when myocardial scarring was detected by CMR, as compared to CSFP without evidence of fibrosis by CMR (NT-pro-BNP = 147.10 pg/ml vs . 28.0 pg/ml, p = 0,03).</p>
      <p>Importantly, in a previously published study by Yurtda&#351; et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> elevated NT-pro-BNP levels were shown to correlate with angina and ST-segment depression in patients with CSFP during exercise treadmill testing. However, no abnormalities were seen during exercise testing in any patient of this study. Again, although the authors demonstrate an association of NT-pro-BNP with CSFP and myocardial fibrosis, we believe that no definitive causal relationship can be established based on the presented data.</p>
      <p>Altogether, this an interesting work by Candemir et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>using CMR to study a still obscure condition. We find it very interesting that CMR allowed the detection of myocardial fibrosis in a subgroup of patients with CSFP without history of prior myocardial infarction. Myocardial scarring identification using delayed enhancement imaging is a powerful prognostic tool in multiple cardiomyopathies, both ischemic and nonischemic. Although small in size, this study by Candemir et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> opens up new research possibilities to answer whether there is causality in the association between CSFP and myocardial fibrosis and if the presence of myocardial fibrosis in these patients have any prognostic implication or, for instance, is associated with a higher likelihood of malignant arrhythmias. Conversely, future research using novel CMR techniques for tissue characterization, including T1 and T2 mapping, may also help shed light into this still poorly understood condition.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Determination of Myocardial Scar Tissue in Coronary Slow Flow Phenomenon and The Relationship Between Amount of Scar Tissue and Nt-ProBnpBNP</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
