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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Gfp49t8GCL8CKvxrn57634k</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300540</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.2018149</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.2018149</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Determina&#231;&#227;o do Tecido Cicatricial do Mioc&#225;rdio no Fen&#244;meno de Fluxo Coron&#225;rio Lento e a Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a Quantidade de Tecido Cicatricial e o Nt-ProBNP</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3645-3912</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Candemir</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ahinarslan</surname>
            <given-names>Asife</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yazol</surname>
            <given-names>Merve</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;ner</surname>
            <given-names>Yusuf Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boyac&#305;</surname>
            <given-names>B&#252;lent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Yozgat City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Yozgat</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Yozgat City Hospital - Department of Cardiology , Yozgat - Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gazi University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Gazi University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology , Ankara - Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">&#350;anl&#305;urfa Education and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Radiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#350;anl&#305;urfa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> &#350;anl&#305;urfa Education and Research Hospital , Department of Radiology , &#350;anl&#305;urfa - Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gazi University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Radiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Gazi University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Radiology , Ankara - Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Mustafa Candemir &#8226; Yozgat City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Yozgat, 66100, Turkey E- mail: <email>mstfcndmr@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Candemir M, &#350;ahinarslan A, Yazol M, Boyac&#305; B; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Candemir M, &#350;ahinarslan A, Yazol M, &#214;ner YA, Boyac&#305; B; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Candemir M, Boyac&#305; B; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Candemir M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: &#350;ahinarslan A, &#214;ner YA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>mar</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>540</fpage>
      <lpage>551</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A fisiopatologia e o progn&#243;stico n&#227;o est&#227;o claramente determinados nos pacientes com fen&#244;meno do fluxo coron&#225;rio lento (FCL). Esses pacientes apresentam v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, que variam desde quadro assintom&#225;tico at&#233; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar com morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os achados da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) com o realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio (RTG), como um indicador de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Tamb&#233;m buscamos determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP em pacientes com FCL na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Ao todo, 35 pacientes, entre 31 e 75 anos de idade, foram inclu&#237;dos. Os pacientes estudados (n=19) apresentaram art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas normais na angiografia, mas tinham FCL na DAE. O grupo controle de pacientes (n=16) apresentou art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas normais e n&#237;veis de escore TIMI normais na angiografia. Em ambos os grupos, os pacientes foram examinados com RMC para a detec&#231;&#227;o de presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP foram medidos. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>A taxa de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica foi significativamente maior na RMC para os pacientes com FCL (p=0.018). Uma quantidade vari&#225;vel de tecido cicatricial foi detectada no &#225;pice ventricular esquerdo em 7 pacientes e nas regi&#245;es inferior e inferolateral em 3 pacientes. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP nos pacientes com FCL. Entretanto, os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foram maiores nos pacientes com FCL, que apresentaram fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na RMC (p=0.022).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>Em suma, o RTG na RMC mostrou que a cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica isqu&#234;mica pode estar presente nos pacientes com FCL. Esses resultados indicam que o FCL pode nem sempre ser inofensivo. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):540-551)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Cardiaca</kwd>
        <kwd>Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cicatriz Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Tipo C</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="18"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
        <page-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>H&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o na literatura em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico do fen&#244;meno do fluxo coron&#225;rio lento (FCL). Dados preexistentes indicam que a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica relacionada ao fluxo lento pode causar angina e o progn&#243;stico &#233; pior nesses pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m relatou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita e arritmia ventricular maligna e o FCL. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A ocorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios recorrentes de dor tor&#225;cica ou dor tor&#225;cica em repouso, bem como elevadas taxas de interna&#231;&#245;es de emerg&#234;ncia e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, foram relatadas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Desse modo, esse fen&#244;meno n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o inofensivo como parece mas, ao contr&#225;rio, possui potencial para causar s&#233;ria deteriora&#231;&#227;o na qualidade de vida. N&#227;o se sabe ao certo atualmente se h&#225; les&#245;es org&#226;nicas nesses pacientes, devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de investiga&#231;&#245;es e resultados mais aprofundados.</p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de N-terminal do pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (NT-proBNP) aumentaram ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio nos pacientes com fluxo coron&#225;rio lento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> H&#225; uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a isquemia ou o tamanho do infarto na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RMI), e essa correla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode ser observada nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Com os avan&#231;os na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC), a isquemia microvascular e a fibrose card&#237;aca podem ser demonstradas atrav&#233;s dessa t&#233;cnica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a extens&#227;o da fibrose e os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP nesses pacientes j&#225; foi revelada em v&#225;rios exames de RMI realizados em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome aguda coronariana. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos na literatura que tenham avaliado pacientes com FCL para detec&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de fibrose no tecido do mioc&#225;rdio, de acordo com os resultados do realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio (RTG) na RMC. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com fluxo lento na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda por meio da t&#233;cnica do realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio na RMC, bem como avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
        <p>Dentre os pacientes que foram admitidos no nosso departamento entre janeiro de 2015 e agosto de 2016, e submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria devido a dores tor&#225;cicas, 19 pacientes com o fen&#244;meno do fluxo coron&#225;rio lento na DAE foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo de coorte prospectivo. O grupo controle incluiu dezesseis pacientes cujas art&#233;rias epic&#225;rdicas estavam completamente normais com fluxo coron&#225;rio normal.</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Gazi e conduzido em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios da declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de Exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os seguintes pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo: pacientes com ectasia de art&#233;ria coronariana ou les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias esquerda e descendente anterior esquerda; pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; pacientes com interven&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria agendada; pacientes com estenose &gt;50% em qualquer art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; pacientes com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IM; pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt;50%; pacientes com claustrofobia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar, extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares ou anormalidades da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e bloqueio de ramo ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; pacientes com teste de esfor&#231;o positivo; pacientes com cardiomiopatias restritiva, hipertr&#243;fica ou dilatada; pacientes com doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica conhecida (hipertireoidismo, hipotireoidismo, malignidade, doen&#231;a autoimune, infec&#231;&#227;o ou quaisquer dist&#250;rbios pulmonares, hep&#225;ticos, renais, hematol&#243;gicos); pacientes com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de miocardite, com TFG &lt;80 ml/min, e pacientes que se recusaram a participar do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados dos Pacientes</title>
        <p>Foram medidos a altura, o peso e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) dos pacientes do estudo. A idade, o g&#234;nero, os fatores de risco cardiovascular (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia, tabagismo e hist&#243;rico familiar), caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e comorbidades foram registrados. Foi obtido eletrocardiograma (ECG) de todos os pacientes e todos eles apresentaram ritmo sinusal. Todos os pacientes do estudo foram examinados na posi&#231;&#227;o dec&#250;bito lateral direita, utilizando um sistema de ultrassom Vivid 7-Pro (GE Vingmed, Horten, Noruega), equipado com um transdutor de 2,5 MHz, atrav&#233;s do registro simult&#226;neo pelo ECG de 1 deriva&#231;&#227;o. Medi&#231;&#245;es em modo-M e Doppler foram realizadas em conformidade com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Ecocardiografia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O teste de esfor&#231;o foi realizado em m&#233;dia 3 dias antes da angiografia em todos os pacientes (GE medical system, Milwaukee, EUA), de acordo com o protocolo padr&#227;o de Bruce, sendo o ECG convencional, al&#233;m das medi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca realizadas em per&#237;odos de tempo pr&#233;-definidos, conforme dizetrizes relevantes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para dosagem de NT-proBNP, atrav&#233;s da bainha vascular, imediatamente antes da sua retirada. Ap&#243;s a coleta, elas foram centrifugadas por 10 minutos a 4500 RPM e armazenadas a -20 &#186;C at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes sorol&#243;gicos. No dia da an&#225;lise, ap&#243;s as amostras atingirem a temperatura ambiente, um imunoensaio eletroquimioluminescente foi realizado com o Analisador Cobas e 411 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Alemanha). Os resultados foram apresentados em picogramas por ml (pg/ml). O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP, atrav&#233;s desse m&#233;todo, foi inferior a 5%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria e Contagem de Quadros TIMI</title>
        <p>A angiografia coron&#225;ria foi realizada utilizando-se a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o de Judkins com acesso femoral e a 30 imagens por segundo, atrav&#233;s do sistema de angiografia Infinix (Toshiba Corporation, Tochigi, Jap&#227;o). A iopromida (Ultravist-370; Bayer Pharma AG, Berlim, Alemanha) foi utilizada como agente de contraste durante a angiografia coron&#225;ria. Uma m&#233;dia de 6 a 8 ml do agente de contraste foi injetada manualmente para cada exposi&#231;&#227;o. As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram visualizadas em proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua esquerda e direita no &#226;ngulo cranial-caudal apropriado. A velocidade do fluxo na DAE foi avaliada nas proje&#231;&#245;es obl&#237;quas anterior direita e esquerda, frequentemente com &#226;ngulo caudal. As imagens foram avaliadas por dois especialistas cl&#237;nicos cegos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa do fluxo coron&#225;rio foi realizada de acordo com o estudo TIMI-4, atrav&#233;s da contagem de quadros angiogr&#225;ficos, a partir do momento da administra&#231;&#227;o do agente de contraste, at&#233; a sua chegada a um determinado ponto distal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A metodologia da contagem de quadros foi padronizada para cada vaso epic&#225;rdico. A contagem de quadros TIMI come&#231;ou com o primeiro quadro no qual o contraste preencheu completamente a art&#233;ria. O preenchimento completo da art&#233;ria foi determinado pelo cumprimento dos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios a seguir: (1) Uma coluna de contraste total ou quase totalmente concentrado deve se estender ao longo de toda a origem da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; (2) O contraste toca ambas as bordas de origem da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; e (3) Deve haver um um fluxo anter&#243;grado de contraste. O &#250;ltimo quadro a ser contado foi aquele no qual o contraste preencheu inicialmente o ramo distal da art&#233;ria alvo. A opacifica&#231;&#227;o completa do segmento distal n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>O escore TIMI para a DAE foi 1,7 vez mais elevado do que a contagem m&#233;dia da ACD e da ACx. Consequentemente, a contagem do escore TIMI para a DAE foi dividida por 1,7 para calcular a contagem quadro a quadro TIMI corrigida (CTFC).</p>
        <p>No nosso estudo, o fluxo coron&#225;rio para a DAE foi considerado normal se a contagem do escore TIMI &lt;23 e foi definida como lenta se a contagem do escore TIMI &#8805; 23. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>T&#233;cnica da Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</title>
        <p>A RMC foi realizada ap&#243;s uma mediana de 8 dias (0-21 dias) ap&#243;s a angiografia coron&#225;ria. Sequ&#234;ncias padronizadas de estudos sobre perfus&#227;o pela RMC foram utilizadas em todos os pacientes. A veia antecubital esquerda foi usada para inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste intravenoso. Os dados de RM dos pacientes foram adquiridos utilizando um sistema de IRM 3T (Siemens MAGNETOM&#174; Verio, Erlangen, Alemanha) equipado com gradiente de pot&#234;ncia de 45 mT/m. Uma bobina de 6 canais foi colocada na parede tor&#225;cica frontal enquanto o paciente estava deitado em dec&#250;bito dorsal com as almofadas de ECG posicionadas corretamente. Foram obtidas aquisi&#231;&#245;es multiplanares com uma sequ&#234;ncia turbo-FLASH de invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o sens&#237;vel &#224; fase (PSIR) em m&#250;ltiplas apneias expirat&#243;rias. As imagens padr&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o de eixo longo, 2 c&#226;maras, 4 c&#226;maras e eixo curto foram obtidas alinhando a v&#225;lvula mitral e o &#225;pice. Os par&#226;metros de imagem foram: TR (tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o): 800; TE (tempo de eco) 6,66 ms; espessura das fatias: 8 mm; matriz: 128x256; FOV (campo de vis&#227;o): 400 mm. Imagens ponderadas em T1 e T2 acompanhadas de sequ&#234;ncia de pulsos &#8220;invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o&#8221; para atenua&#231;&#227;o de sinais de sangue (sangue escuro) e de sequ&#234;ncia-SPIN ECO foram adquiridas para avaliar a morfologia do mioc&#225;rdio (TR/TE/ espessura/ matriz/ FOV: 698/6,6/ 8 mm/ 128x256, 360 mm). Foram adquiridas imagens de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica din&#226;mica de primeira passagem uilizando-se a sequ&#234;ncia de pulso SR Turbo FLASH (TfI), ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de uma dose de 0,025 mmol/kg de Gd-DTPA intravenoso (Magnevist; Bayer Healthcare, Wayne NJ, EUA). Em intervalos de oito minutos de repouso, uma s&#233;rie de imagens de &#8220;gradiente-eco&#8221; (cine-RM) no plano de eixo curto foram adquiridas para avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional dos ventr&#237;culos ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco, utilizando-se a apneia (TR/TE/ espessura/ matriz/ FOV: 40.24/ TE/ 8 mm/128x256/ 360 mm). Imagens ponderadas em T1, de eixo curto e 4 c&#226;maras, foram obtidas na sequ&#234;ncia PSIR, aproximadamente 8 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do contraste (TR/TE/ espessura/ matriz/ FOV: 756/ TE: 1,15/ 6 mm/ 128x256/360 mm). O tempo total de dura&#231;&#227;o do exame foi de 35 minutos em m&#233;dia.</p>
        <p>Os custos da RMC e da dosagem plasm&#225;tica do NT-proBNP foram cobertos pela Unidade de Projetos de Pesquisa Cient&#237;fica da Universidade de Gazi.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</title>
        <p>Todas as imagens da RMC foram transferidas para a esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho para an&#225;lise (Siemens, Leonardo multimodality workplace, Siemens Healthcare). Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas visualmente. Os exames de RMC foram avaliados retrospectivamente por um radiologista com mais de 15 anos de experi&#234;ncia em imagem card&#237;aca, de forma cega aos resultados da ecocardiografia e da angiografia coron&#225;ria. Ao se observar quaisquer defeitos de perfus&#227;o ou realce tardio durante essas avalia&#231;&#245;es, os mesmos eram registrados de forma precisa. O realce do contraste nas sequ&#234;ncias de perfus&#227;o foi definido como o cumprimento de todas as 5 fases ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de sinal mais alta no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os resultados da RMC foram ent&#227;o comparados com os resultados da ecocardiografia e da angiografia coron&#225;ria dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Utilizou-se o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS (vers&#227;o 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA) para a an&#225;lise de dados do estudo. Foram utilizados m&#233;todos visuais (histogramas, gr&#225;ficos de probabilidade) e anal&#237;ticos (teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov) para determinar a normalidade das vari&#225;veis. Nas an&#225;lises descritivas, as vari&#225;veis distribu&#237;das normalmente foram apresentadas como valor e desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto que as n&#227;o normais foram apresentadas como mediana (intervalo interquartil). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como percentuais. Amostras independentes do Teste-t e Mann-Whitney U foram usadas para comparar as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. A an&#225;lise do qui-quadrado de Pearson foi utilizada para comparar os dados categ&#243;ricos, mas o teste exato de Fisher foi realizado quando dois dos valores esperados ficavam abaixo de 5 ou um dos valores esperados fosse menor que 2. Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Ao todo, 35 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: o grupo de pacientes e o grupo controle. Dezenove pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo com fluxo lento na DAE, e 16 pacientes com fluxo coron&#225;rio normal foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo controle ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Os pacientes do grupo controle foram comparados, quanto aos fatores de risco, aos indiv&#237;duos dos grupos de pacientes. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes era de 50,3 &#177; 10,7, e 6 dos 35 pacientes (17%) eram mulheres. Onze pacientes (31%) eram diab&#233;ticos, 9 pacientes (25%) eram hipertensos, 5 pacientes (14%) eram dislipid&#234;micos, 18 pacientes (51%) eram tabagistas e 8 pacientes (22%) tinham hist&#243;rico familiar positivo ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. RMC: imagem por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de ambos os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Total (N=35)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Fluxo Lento (N= 19)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Controle (N= 16)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, m&#233;dia (DP), anos</td>
                <td align="center">50,3 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">51,3 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">49,44 &#177; 12,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (Masculino), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (82)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (78,9)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (31,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (31,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (31,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagista, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (51)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (47,4)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (56,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (21,1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, m&#233;dia (DP) (kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                <td align="center">27,7 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">29,5 (17,7-66,2)</td>
                <td align="center">47,8 (22,6-121,5)</td>
                <td align="center">26,0 (10,9-58,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,246</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>cTFC (quadro/segundo)</td>
                <td align="center">34,6 &#177; 16,2</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>METs, mL/kg/dk</td>
                <td align="center">10,38 &#177; 1,91</td>
                <td align="center">9,74 &#177; 2,05</td>
                <td align="center">11,15 &#177; 1,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resultados positivos da IMR n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (52,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; cTFC: TIMI corrigido; METs: equivalentes metab&#243;licos; RMI: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica por imagem.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A principal queixa de todos os pacientes era dor tor&#225;cica. O ECG de todos os pacientes mostrou ritmo sinusal. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca variou entre 64 e 92 bpm. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia foi 74 bpm. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve sinal de isquemia, hipertrofia ou arritmia ao ECG. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e outros achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes estavam normais. Adicionalmente, os testes de esfor&#231;o de todos os pacientes foram negativos. A troponina de alta sensibilidade foi medida antes e depois da angiografia coron&#225;ria em todos os pacientes. Todos os valores ficaram abaixo do valor limite e n&#227;o houve aumento nos valores de troponina ap&#243;s a angiografia.</p>
      <p>O tempo de intervalo entre os exames de RMC e a angiografia coron&#225;ria dos pacientes n&#227;o deveria ser superior a 21 dias.</p>
      <p>Quando os pacientes com fluxo lento foram comparados com o grupo controle, nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada nos valores de NT-proBNP (p=0,247). Os resultados positivos da RMC foram significativamente mais comuns nos pacientes com fluxo lento (p=0,001) (Table 1). Tecido cicatricial foi observado em n&#237;veis vari&#225;veis no &#225;pice card&#237;aco de 7 pacientes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">5</xref> ) e nas regi&#245;es inferior e inferolateral em 3 pacientes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 3</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">7</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">8</xref> ). Nenhum tecido cicatricial foi observado em 9 pacientes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 9</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Imagem no plano 4 c&#226;maras, na sequ&#234;ncia invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o sens&#237;vel &#224; fase (PSIR) com realce tardio, revelando realce tardio subendoc&#225;rdico circunferencial na regi&#227;o apical (setas) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Les&#227;o focal em imagem ponderada em T1 no plano 4 c&#226;maras, na sequ&#234;ncia PSIR, com realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio. Les&#227;o focal localizada na regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, revelando realce tardio subendoc&#225;rdico-mioc&#225;rdico compat&#237;vel com fibrose.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Imagem de RMC na sequ&#234;ncia PSIR com contraste tardio no eixo curto, revelando &#225;reas e focos de realce tardio em regi&#245;es subendoc&#225;rdicas (transmurais) e subepic&#225;rdicas, sobretudo nas paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo inferior e inferolateral.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Imagem de RMC na sequ&#234;ncia PSIR com contraste tardio no eixo curto, revelando focos de realce tardio em regi&#245;es subendoc&#225;rdicas e subepic&#225;rdicas localizadas nas paredes inferior e inferolateral do VE (setas). Essas &#225;reas hiperintensas refletem tecidos cicatriciais fibr&#243;ticos que se espalham para o territ&#243;rio da DAE.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Imagem de sequ&#234;ncia PSIR, com realce tardio, no eixo curto, representando &#225;reas de realce subendoc&#225;rdicas, sobretudo na parede ventricular esquerda inferolateral. Tecido cicatrial abrangendo quase 25-50 % da espessura da parede.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Imagem de RMC com sequ&#234;ncia PSIR pela t&#233;cnica do contraste tardio no eixo curto, revelando &#225;reas de realce focal nas regi&#245;es subepic&#225;rdica (transmural) e subendoc&#225;rdica, sobretudo nas paredes inferior e inferolateral do VE (setas), indicando tecidos cicatriciais na distribui&#231;&#227;o da DAE.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figura 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Imagem de RMC com sequ&#234;ncia PSIR pela t&#233;cnica do contraste tardio no eixo curto, revelando &#225;reas de realce focal nas regi&#245;es subepic&#225;rdica e subendoc&#225;rdica localizadas nas paredes inferior e inferolateral do VE.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f09">
          <label>Figura 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Essa imagem mostra a apar&#234;ncia de um mioc&#225;rdio normal. Essa imagem em particular foi adquirida na sequ&#234;ncia PSIR. N&#227;o h&#225; realce anormal.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e os graus de fluxo TIMI n&#227;o foram diferentes no grupo positivo &#224; RCM quando comparado com o grupo negativo &#224; RMI. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foram estatisticamente significativos nos pacientes com fluxo lento e tecido cicatricial &#224; RMC (p=0,022) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com fluxo lento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Fluxo Lento (N= 19)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>RMI card&#237;aca (+) (N=10)</th>
                <th>RMI card&#237;aca (-) (N= 9)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, m&#233;dia (DP), anos</td>
                <td align="center">54,1 &#177; 9,6</td>
                <td align="center">49,4 &#177; 7,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (Masculino), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagista, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, m&#233;dia (DP) (kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">147,10</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 (21,5-56,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>cTFC (quadro/segundo)</td>
                <td align="center">(41,57-734,57)</td>
                <td align="center">26,4 (22,9-35,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>METs, mL/kg/dk</td>
                <td align="center">24,1 (23,8-28,9)</td>
                <td align="center">10,26 &#177; 1,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,304</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; cTFC: TIMI corrigido; METs: equivalentes metab&#243;licos; RMI: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica por imagem.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos completaram o teste ergom&#233;trico usando o protocolo Bruce. Todos os pacientes apresentaram capacidade aer&#243;bica acima de 7 METs. Os testes de esfor&#231;o foram encerrados a pedido dos pr&#243;prios pacientes. N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas de segmento ST (&#8805;1 mm) ou de onda T em nenhum teste de esfor&#231;o. Os valores do equivalente metab&#243;lico (METS) foram diferentes nos grupos controle, fluxo lento, e positivo &#224; RMI (11,15 &#177; 1,43; 9,74 &#177; 2,05; 9,27 &#177; 2,15, respectivamente; p=0,027 para o grupo controle versus o grupo fluxo lento; p=0,013 para o grupo controle versus o grupo positivo &#224; RM). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as de valores de MET entre o grupo controle e o grupo negativo &#224; RM (11,15 &#177; 1,43 vs 9,74 &#177; 2,05; p=0,201) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resultados dos testes de esfor&#231;o por grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Controle (N= 16) (1)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">RM Card&#237;aca (+) (N=10) (2)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">RM Card&#237;aca (-) (N= 9) (3)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p (1-2)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p (1-3)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>METs, mL/kg/dk</td>
                <td align="center">11,15 &#177; 1,43</td>
                <td align="center">9,27 &#177; 2,15</td>
                <td align="center">10,26 &#177; 1,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">0,201</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>METs: equivalentes metab&#243;licos; RM: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi a detec&#231;&#227;o de tecido cicatricial &#224; RMC em pacientes com fluxo lento na DAE. Os valores de NT-proBNP foram mais altos nos pacientes com fluxo lento e tecido cicatricial &#224; RMC. Al&#233;m disso, a capacidade aer&#243;bica desses pacientes foi inferior quando comparada com a do grupo controle. Na literatura, os pacientes com fluxo coron&#225;rio lento n&#227;o haviam sido previamente avaliados por meio de RMC para detec&#231;&#227;o de presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. No nosso estudo, detectamos tecido cicatricial mioc&#225;rdico na regi&#227;o da DAE em aproximadamente metade dos pacientes com o fen&#244;meno do FCL na DAE. Esse achado foi estat&#237;stica e clinicamente significativo quando comparado com o grupo controle. Entretanto, n&#243;s n&#227;o avaliamos os pacientes com exames seriados de RMI ou medi&#231;&#245;es seriadas de NT-proBNP. A aus&#234;ncia de tecido cicatricial nos pacientes restantes pode ser explicada pela limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo. O desenvolvimento de tecido cicatricial no mioc&#225;rdio requer a exist&#234;ncia de um processo progressivo decorrente de danos cont&#237;nuos durante anos. Assim sendo, a aus&#234;ncia de tecido cicatricial poderia ser o resultado do momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o. Como bem se sabe, o processo de forma&#231;&#227;o de placa ateromatosa demora muitos anos, dependendo da presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais, fatores gen&#233;ticos, e per&#237;odo de tempo. Os mesmos fatores podem tamb&#233;m se aplicar ao fluxo coron&#225;rio lento. Demonstramos com este estudo que o FLC n&#227;o &#233; de forma alguma inofensivo e que ele pode levar &#224; cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do tecido mioc&#225;rdico ao final do respectivo processo patol&#243;gico. O papel do NT-proBNP na fisiopatologia do FCL n&#227;o est&#225; claro. Demonstrou-se que o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B &#233; secretado dos cardiomi&#243;citos em resposta &#224; isquemia, e que essa secre&#231;&#227;o pode tamb&#233;m ser independente do estresse da parede ventricular esquerda. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, al&#233;m dos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos, os fibroblastos podem secretar BNP e causar fibrose por indu&#231;&#227;o das metaloproteinases de matriz atrav&#233;s da libera&#231;&#227;o de BNP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP n&#227;o foram significativamente altos nos pacientes com fluxo lento. Entretanto, eles foram considerados altos nos pacientes com fluxo lento, nos quais as cicatrizes foram detectadas na RMC. Pode-se sugerir que os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foram elevados apenas na presen&#231;a de fibrose suficiente em resposta ao fluxo coron&#225;rio lento, que levou ao desenvolvimento de tecido cicatricial do mioc&#225;rdio. A etiologia do FCL n&#227;o foi claramente compreendida desde que foi descrita pela primeira vez. Embora o FCL possa ser uma consequ&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es microvasculares, o aumento da resist&#234;ncia microvascular e a aterosclerose generalizada em est&#225;gio inicial tamb&#233;m demonstraram desempenhar um papel na etiologia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, tentou-se lan&#231;ar m&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas e patol&#243;gicas nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias para elucidar a etiologia. Em um estudo conduzido em pacientes com FCL, Mangieri et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> encontraram mudan&#231;as, tais como edema celular, hiperplasia fibromuscular, hipertrofia medial, prolifera&#231;&#227;o miointimal, fibrose irregular, les&#227;o capilar e redu&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men capilar, resultantes da bi&#243;psia do mioc&#225;rdio, tendo alegado que essas altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas tornavam o fluxo sangu&#237;neo mais lento atrav&#233;s do aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Ademais, no FCL, a ultrassonografia intravascular (USIV) revelou espessamento intimal difuso e calcifica&#231;&#227;o generalizada, e a angigrafia coron&#225;ria mostrou placas ateromatosas que n&#227;o causam irregularidade luminal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora tenha-se relatada associa&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coron&#225;rio lento com muitas condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, ele parece desencadear uma doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica generalizada que &#233; coincidente com uma doen&#231;a microvascular na qual a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial encontra-se em primeiro plano. Pode-se considerer que a fibrose e a isquemia microvascular se desenvolvem no tecido mioc&#225;rdico de pacientes com FCL, como consequ&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es que ocorrem no n&#237;vel microvascular, e nosso estudo corrobora esse ponto de vista.</p>
      <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coron&#225;ria deteriorada no FCL demonstrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o com o aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi relatado que, nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, o progn&#243;stico &#233; semelhante &#224;quele observado na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva, e que essa disfun&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o benigna quanto se pensava. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dessa patologia tamb&#233;m est&#227;o associadas a achados significativos. Dor tor&#225;cia at&#237;pica, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> dor tor&#225;cia t&#237;pica <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> e dor tor&#225;cica em repouso, que requerem interven&#231;&#227;o urgente, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> frequentemente ocorrem em pacientes com fluxo coron&#225;rio lento. Do mesmo modo, pacientes com FCL mostraram ser mais sintom&#225;ticos e suas interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares mais frequentes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Com base nisso, a RMC pode ser considerada uma boa escolha para investigar se o tecido mioc&#225;rdico foi ou n&#227;o afetado, al&#233;m de oferecer uma op&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel para avaliar a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o, nos pacientes com FCL. A RMC de realce tardio possui alta resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial. Com esse m&#233;todo, a fronteira entre o tecido infartado na parede do VE e o mioc&#225;rdio viav&#233;l pode ser identificada atrav&#233;s do exame da &#225;rea do fluxo coron&#225;rio lento. Al&#233;m disso, a expans&#227;o transmural da &#225;rea infartada pode ser determinada atrav&#233;s desse m&#233;todo. Tamb&#233;m &#233; poss&#237;vel distinguir entre a isquemia vascular e n&#227;o vascular em fun&#231;&#227;o da difus&#227;o do gadol&#237;nio.8 Na cardiomiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, o envolvimento do gadol&#237;nio &#233; independente da perfus&#227;o vascular e ocorre na regi&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica. O envolvimento do gadol&#237;nio est&#225; diretamente associada &#224; alimenta&#231;&#227;o vascular na cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Al&#233;m disso, esse envolvimento est&#225; localizado na regi&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica ou transmural. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Panting et al.,31 demonstraram a hipoperfus&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica usando a RMC em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome X, que acredita-se estar associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Do mesmo modo, Lanza et al.,32 detectaram defeitos de perfus&#227;o na regi&#227;o da DAE do mioc&#225;rdio nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome X. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Demonstrou-se tamb&#233;m que h&#225; uma importante rela&#231;&#227;o entre a reserva de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, que &#233; examinada atrav&#233;s da RMC, e a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana, a qual &#233; um precursor da aterosclerose precoce . <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O NT-proBNP deve ser considerado ap&#243;s teste de esfor&#231;o em pacientes com fluxo coron&#225;rio lento. Ele pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a fibrose card&#237;aca, embora ela possa ser afetada por diversas condi&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel realizar a RMC em todos os pacientes com contagem baixa de quadros TIMI devido &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio. A RMC pode ser considerada nos casos de pacientes com fluxo coron&#225;rio lento em grau severo, dor tor&#225;cica severa e valores elevados do biomarcador ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. Devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes do nosso estudo, n&#227;o podemos fazer nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o em termos de tratamento, RMC ou controle do biomarcador. Todavia, este estudo poder&#225; lan&#231;ar luz sobre outros estudos, tanto no tocante ao tratamento (drogas antifibr&#243;ticas) quanto aos exames (RMC, n&#237;vel de NT-ProBNP, dentre outros).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, o n&#250;mero de pacientes foi pequeno. Em segundo lugar, as angiografias coronarianas foram realizadas por m&#233;dicos diferentes e, embora as imagens angiogr&#225;ficas sejam padronizadas, houve diferen&#231;as pouco significativas entre as proje&#231;&#245;es. Finalmente, a t&#233;cnica de ultrassom intravascular (USIV), capaz de mostrar a estrutura e as fun&#231;&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em detalhes, as medi&#231;&#245;es da reserva de fluxo fracionada (RFF) e da press&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria ( <italic>pressure wire</italic> ), e os testes de acetilcolina n&#227;o foram realizados no nosso estudo. Entretanto, a realiza&#231;&#227;o desses testes invasivos, com o seu potential de complica&#231;&#245;es, em pacientes sem estenose epic&#225;rdica n&#227;o &#233; apropriado por raz&#245;es &#233;ticas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, que foi conduzido para demonstrar o tecido cicatricial relacionado com o fen&#244;meno do FLC, a RMC pela t&#233;cnica do realce tardio apresentou resultados positivos. A RMC revelou tecido cicatricial nos pacientes com fluxo lento. Esses resultados sugerem que o fen&#244;meno do fluxo lento pode acarretar altera&#231;&#245;es irrevers&#237;veis no tecido do mioc&#225;rdio. As prov&#225;veis consequ&#234;ncias dessas altera&#231;&#245;es devem ser investigadas em pesquisas futuras.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Mustafa Candemir pela Gazi University.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Gazi University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 83. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento. O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Gazi University Scentific Research Projects.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Determination of Myocardial Scar Tissue in Coronary Slow Flow Phenomenon and The Relationship Between Amount of Scar Tissue and Nt-ProBNP</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3645-3912</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Candemir</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ahinarslan</surname>
            <given-names>Asife</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yazol</surname>
            <given-names>Merve</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;ner</surname>
            <given-names>Yusuf Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boyac&#305;</surname>
            <given-names>B&#252;lent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Yozgat City Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Yozgat - Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Gazi University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology, Ankara - Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> &#350;anl&#305;urfa Education and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, &#350;anl&#305;urfa - Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Gazi University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Radiology, Ankara - Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Mailing Address &#8226; Yozgat City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Yozgat, 66100, Turkey E- mail: mstfcndmr@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Candemir M, &#350;ahinarslan A, Yazol M, Boyac&#305; B; Acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data: Candemir M, &#350;ahinarslan A, Yazol M, &#214;ner YA, Boyac&#305; B; Statistical analysis and obtaining financing: Candemir M, Boyac&#305; B; Writing of the manuscript: Candemir M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: &#350;ahinarslan A, &#214;ner YA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Pathophysiology and prognosis are not clearly determined in patients with the coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP). These patients present with various clinical conditions ranging from being asymptomatic to being admitted with sudden cardiac death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>We aimed at assessing the findings of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) as an indicator of myocardial fibrosis. We also aimed at determining the relationship between the presence of myocardial fibrosis and NT-proBNP levels in patients with CSFP in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A total of 35 patients were enrolled within an age range of 31-75. The study patients (n=19) had normal epicardial coronary arteries at angiography, but they presented with CSFP in the LAD. The control group patients (n=16) had normal epicardial coronary arteries and TIMI scores at normal levels in angiography. In both groups, the patients were examined with CMR for the presence of myocardial fibrosis. In addition, plasma NT-proBNP levels were measured. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The rate of myocardial fibrosis was significantly higher in CMR in the patients with CSFP (p=0.018). A variable amount of myocardial scar tissue was detected at the left ventricular apex in 7 patients and at the inferior and inferolateral regions in 3 patients. There was no difference in the level of NT-proBNP in patients with CSFP. However, the NT-proBNP levels were higher in patients with CSFP, who had scar tissue in CMR (p=0.022).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>In conclusion, LGE in CMR showed that ischemic myocardial scarring may exist in patients with CSFP. These results indicate that CSFP may not always be innocent. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):540-551)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cicatrix, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic-Peptide, C-Type</kwd>
        <kwd>Endomyocardial Fibrosis, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>There is limited information in the literature regarding the prognosis of slow coronary flow phenomenon (CSFP). The preexisting data indicates that slow flow-related myocardial ischemia may cause angina and the prognosis is worse in these patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Acute myocardial infarction, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> sudden cardiac death and malignant ventricular arrhythmia were also reported to be associated with CSFP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The occurrence of recurrent episodes of chest pain or chest pain developing at rest, as well as high rates of emergency admissions, and hospitalizations are reported. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Thus, this phenomenon is not as innocent as it appears to be, bearing a potential to cause serious deterioration in the quality of life. It is not clearly known today whether organic injuries exist in these patients, due to the lack of further investigation and findings.</p>
        <p>The level of N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has been shown to increase after exercise in patients with slow coronary artery flow. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> There is a correlation between ischemia or infarct size on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and this correlation can be observed in the NT-proBNP levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome as well. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As a result of the advances in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), microvascular ischemia and cardiac fibrosis can be demonstrated using this technique. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The relation between the extent of fibrosis and NT-proBNP levels in these patients has been revealed by several MRI studies performed in patients with acute coronary syndrome. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, there are no studies in the literature evaluating patients with CSFP for the presence of fibrosis in the myocardial tissue according to the findings of late gadolinium enhancement in CMR. This study aimed at investigating the presence of myocardial fibrosis in patients with slow flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery by using the late gadolinium enhancement technique in CMR. In addition, it aimed at evaluating the relationship between myocardial fibrosis and NT-proBNP levels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>Among the patients who were admitted to our department between January 2015 - August 2016 and who underwent coronary angiography for chest pain, 19 patients with the coronary slow flow phenomenon in LAD were included in this prospective cohort study. The control group included sixteen patients whose epicardial arteries were entirely normal with a normal coronary flow.</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Gazi University Hospital and was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion Criteria</title>
          <p>The following patients were excluded from the study: patients with coronary artery ectasia or atherosclerotic lesions in left main and left anterior descending coronary arteries; patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention; patients scheduled to undergo coronary artery intervention; patients with &gt;50% stenosis in any coronary artery; patients with a prior history of MI; patients with &lt;50% left ventricular systolic function; patients with claustrophobia, heart failure or valve dysfunction, ventricular extrasystoles or atrioventricular conduction abnormalities, and branch block or atrial fibrillation; patients with positive treadmill test; patients with restrictive, hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathies; patients with known systemic disease (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, malignancy, autoimmune disease, infection or any of the pulmonary, hepatic, renal, hematologic disorders); patients with a history of myocarditis, whose GFRs are &lt;80 ml / min and patients who refused to participate in the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient Data</title>
          <p>The study patients were measured for height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Patients&#8217; age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking and family history), demographic characteristics and comorbid diseases were recorded. Electrocardiography (ECG) was obtained for all patients and all of them demonstrated a sinus rhythm. All study patients were examined on the right lateral decubitus position with a Vivid 7-Pro Ultrasound system (Vingmed Electronic, GE, Horten, Norway), equipped with a 2.5 MHz probe, through simultaneous one-lead ECG recording. M-mode and Doppler measurements were performed in accordance with the recommendations of the American Echocardiography Association. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Exercise test was performed at an average of 3 days before angiography in all patients (GE medical system, Milwaukee, USA), according to the standard Bruce protocol test, with standard ECG, blood pressure and heart rate measurements performed at prespecified time points, as per relevant guidelines. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Blood samples for the quantification of NT-proBNP were collected through the angiography sheath immediately before its removal. After the collection, they were centrifuged for 10 min at 4500 rpm and stored at -20 &#186;C until the time when the isolated serum was analyzed. On the day of the analysis, after the samples reached room temperature, an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay was performed with the Roche Cobas e 411 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The results were presented in picograms per ml (pg/ml). The coefficent of variation value for the NT-proBNP was found below 5% via this method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary Angiography and Timi Frame Count</title>
          <p>Coronary angiography was performed using the standard Judkins technique with a femoral approach and at 30 frames per second, using Toshiba Infinix cardiac angiography (Toshiba Corporation, Tochigi, Japan). Iopromide (Ultravist-370; Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany) was used as contrast agent during coronary angiography. An average of 6 to 8 ml of contrast agent was injected manually for each exposure. Coronary arteries were visualized through left and right oblique views with appropiate cranial or caudal angles. The speed of flow at LAD was assessed in right or left anterior oblique views often with caudal angle. The images were evaluated by two clinical specialists who were blind to the clinical findings of the patients.</p>
          <p>Quantitative evaluation of coronary flow was performed in accordance with the TIMI-4 study, by counting cine frames, starting from the time of contrast agent administration, until it reached to a certain distal point. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The methodology of frame count was standardized for each epicardial vessel. TIMI frame counting started with the first frame in which the dye completely filled in the artery. The complete filling of the artery was determined by meeting the following three criteria: (1) A column of almost or fully concentrated dye should extend across the entire width of the origin of the artery; (2) The dye should touch both borders of the origin of the artery; and (3) there should be an antegrade motion of the dye. The last frame counted was the one in which the dye first enterered the end-point branch of the target artery. A complete opacification was not required at the distal segment.</p>
          <p>LAD and TIMI frame counts were 1.7 times longer than the mean of the RCA and CX counts. Therefore, the longer LAD frame counts were corrected by dividing by 1.7 to derive the corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC).</p>
          <p>In our study, coronary flow for LAD was accepted to be normal when the TIMI frame count was &lt;23 and it was accepted as slow when the TIMI frame count was &#8805; 23. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique</title>
          <p>CMR was performed after a median of 8 days (range 0-21 days) after coronary angiography. Standard sequences of cardiac MR perfusion studies were used in all patients. The left antecubital vein was used for intravenous contrast injection. MRI scans of patients were obtained using a 3 Tesla MRI device (Siemens MAGNETOM <sup>&#174;</sup> Verio, Erlangen, Germany) with a gradient power of 45 mT/m. A 6-channel body coil was placed on the front chest wall while the patient was lying in the supine position with ECG pads placed properly. Multiplanar scout images were obtained with the phase-sensitive inversion-recovery (PSIR) turbo FLASH sequence using a repeated breath-hold MRI-technique. Standart long-axis, 2-chamber, 4-chamber and short- axis images of heart were obtained by aligning the mitral valve and the apex. Imaging parameters were: repetition time (TR) = 800ms; echo time (TE) = 6.66ms; slice thickness = 8 mm; matrix = 128x256 and field of view (FOV) = 400 mm. T1, T2 weighted images accompanied by &#8216;inversion recovery&#8217; pulse for the suppression of blood signals (dark blood) and the turbo spin echo sequence were obtained in order to evaluate the myocardial morphology (TR/TE/ thickness/ matrix/ FOV: 698/6.6/ 8 mm/ 128x256, 360 mm).</p>
          <p>Dynamic first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging with SR Turbo FLASH (TfI) pulse sequence was acquired after 0.025 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA (Magnevist; Bayer Healthcare, Wayne NJ, USA) was administered intravenously. In eight-minute resting intervals, cine short axis gradient echo sequences for functional imaging of the ventricles were obtained throughout cardiac cycle using the breath-hold technique (TR/TE/ thickness/ matrix/ FOV: 40,24/ TE/ 8 mm/128x256/ 360 mm). Short-axis and 4-chamber images were obtained with T1-weighted PSIR technique, approximately in the 8th minute after the contrast was applied (TR/TE/ thickness/ matrix/ FOV: 756/ TE: 1,15/ 6 mm/ 128x256/360 mm). Total imaging duration lasted 35 minutes on average.</p>
          <p>The cost of CMR and plasma NT-proBNP testing were covered by the Scientific Research Projects Unit of the Gazi University.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Magnetic Resonance Image Analysis</title>
          <p>All CMR images were transferred to the work station for analysis (Siemens multimodality workplace, Leonardo, Siemens Healthcare). All evaluations were performed visually. CMR studies were retrospectively evaluated by a radiologist experienced for more than 15 years in cardiac imaging, who was blind to the results of echocardiography and coronary angiography examinations. When any perfusion defects or late enhancement were observed during these examinations, they were precisely recorded. Contrast enhancement in perfusion sequences was defined as accomplishing all of the 5 phases after obtaining the highest signal intensity in the left ventricle. CMR results were then compared with the patients&#8217; echocardiography and coronary angiography results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The study data were analyzed by using the SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, version 21.0) program. The variables were examined using visual (histograms, probability plots) and analytical methods (the Kolmogorov-Simirnov test) to determine whether or not they were normally distributed. Descriptive analyses were presented with the values and standard deviations for the normally distributed variables, and with the median (interquartile range), for the non-normally distributed variables. Categorical variables were presented using percentages. Independent samples t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the numerical variables. Pearson&#8217;s Chi-square analysis was used to compare the categorical data, but Fisher&#8217;s exact test was performed when two of the expected values were below 5 or one of the expected value was below 2. A difference with a p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 35 patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups as the patient group and the control group. Nineteen patients were identified comprising the group with slow flow in LAD, and 16 patients with normal coronary flow were included in the control group ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). The patients in the control group were matched for their risk factors to the individuals in the patient group. The mean age of the patients was 50.3 &#177; 10.7, and 6 out of 35 patients (17%) were females. Eleven patients (31%) were diabetic, 9 patients (25%) were hypertensive, 5 patients (14%) were dyslipidemic, 18 patients (51%) were smokers and 8 patients (22%) had a positive family history ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Patient selection. CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of Clinical Characteristics between both Groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Parameters</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Total (N=35)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Slow Flow (N= 19)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Control (N= 16)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, mean (SD), years</td>
                  <td align="center">50.3 &#177; 10.7</td>
                  <td align="center">51.3 &#177; 8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">49.44 &#177; 12.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (Male), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (78.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (87.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (31.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (31.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (31.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (51)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (47.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (56.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (21.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidaemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, mean (SD) (kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">27.7 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,5 (17.7-66.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.8 (22.6-121.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.0 (10.9-58.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.246</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cTIMI flow (frame/second)</td>
                  <td align="center">34.6 &#177; 16.2</td>
                  <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>METs, mL/kg/dk</td>
                  <td align="center">10.38 &#177; 1.91</td>
                  <td align="center">9.74 &#177; 2.05</td>
                  <td align="center">11.15 &#177; 1.43</td>
                  <td align="center">0.027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Positive results of MRI n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (52.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index ; cTIMI: corrected Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction; METs: metabolic equivalents; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The main complaint was chest pain in all study patients. ECG of all patients was sinus rhythm. Heart rates were between 64/min - 92/min. The average heart rate was 74/min. In addition, there was no sign of ischemia, hypertrophy or arrhythmia in the ECG. Left ventricular ejection fraction and other echocardiography findings of the patients were normal. In addition, all patients&#8217; treadmill tests were negative. High sensitivity troponin was measured before and after coronary angiography in all patients. All values were below the threshold and there was no increase in troponin values after angiography.</p>
        <p>The time interval between the CMR examinations and catheter coronary angiography of the patients was scheduled not to be longer than 21 days.</p>
        <p>When patients with slow flow were compared with the control group, no significant differences were found in NT-proBNP values (p=0.247). The positive CMR results were significantly more common in the patients with the slow flow (p=0.001) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). Scar tissue was found at varying levels in the cardiac apex of 7 patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">5</xref>) and at the inferior and inferolateral regions in 3 patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 3</xref>,<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">7</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">8</xref>). No scar tissues were found in 9 patients ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09001">Figure 9</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Four-chamber delayed-enhancement Phase Sensitive Inversion Recovery (PSIR) image, showing delayed subendocardial circumferential enhancement in the apical region (arrows) of the left ventricle.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>There is a focal lesion in four-chamber PSIR prepared gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted image. Focal lesion localized to the apical region of the left ventricle, showing late subendocardial- myocardial enhancement compatible with fibrosis.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Short- axis delayed contrast-enhanced PSIR cardiac MR image, showing focal subendocardial transmural and subepicardial enhancement areas, mostly in the inferior and inferolateral left ventricular walls.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Short- axis delayed contrast-enhanced PSIR cardiac MR image, demonstrating focal subendocardial and subepicardial enhancement areas localized into the inferior and inferolateral left ventricular walls (arrows). These hyperintense areas reflect scattered fibrotic scar tissues in the LAD territory.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Short-axis delayed contrast-enhanced PSIR image represents sub-endocardial enhancement areas, mostly in the inferorolateral left ventricular wall. Scar tissue spanning in nearly 25-50% of wall thickness.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07001">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Short- axis delayed contrast-enhanced PSIR cardiac MR image, showing focal subendocardial transmural and subepicardial enhancement areas, mostly in the inferior and inferolateral left ventricular walls (arrows), indicating scar tissues in the distribution of the LAD.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08001">
            <label>Figure 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Short- axis delayed contrast-enhanced PSIR cardiac MR image, demonstrating focal subendocardial and subepicardial enhancement areas localized into the inferior and inferolateral left ventricular walls.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f09001">
            <label>Figure 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>This image shows the appearance of normal myocardium. This particular image was obtained using Phase Sensitive Inversion Recovery (PSIR). There is no abnormal enhancement.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0540-18149-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Demographic characteristics and TIMI grade flow were not different in the CMR positive group compared to the MRI negative group ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). NT-proBNP levels were statistically significant in patients with slow flow and scar tissue in CMR (p=0.022) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics in patients with slow flow</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Parameters</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Slow Flow (N= 19)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Cardiac MRI (+) (N=10)</th>
                  <th>Cardiac MRI (-) (N= 9)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, mean (SD), years</td>
                  <td align="center">54.1 &#177; 9.6</td>
                  <td align="center">49.4 &#177; 7.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (Male), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidaemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, mean (SD) (kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">147.10</td>
                  <td align="center">28.0 (21.5-56.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cTIMI flow (frame/second)</td>
                  <td align="center">(41.57-734.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.4 (22.9-35.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>METs, mL/kg/dk</td>
                  <td align="center">24.1 (23.8-28.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.26 &#177; 1.92</td>
                  <td align="center">0.304</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index ; cTIMI: corrected Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction; METs: metabolic equivalents; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>All subjects completed treadmill exercise testing using the Bruce protocol. All patients had exercise capacity over 7 mets. Treadmill tests were terminated on the patients&#8217; own request. There was no significant ST depression (&#8805;1 mm) or T negativity in any exercise test. Metabolic equivalent (MET) values were different in the control, slow flow, and MR positive groups (11.15 &#177; 1.43; 9.74 &#177; 2.05; 9.27 &#177; 2.15, respectively; p=0.027 for the control group vs. the slow flow group; p=0.013 for the group control vs. the MR positive group). There were no differences in MET values between the control group and the MR negative group (11.15 &#177; 1.43 vs 9.74 &#177; 2.05; p=0.201) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exercise test results for groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Parameter</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Control (N= 16) (1)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Cardiac MRI (+) (N=10) (2)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Cardiac MRI (-) (N= 9) (3)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p value (1-2)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p value (1-3)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>METs, mL/kg/dk</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">11.15 &#177; 1.43</td>
                  <td align="center">9.27 &#177; 2.15</td>
                  <td align="center">10.26 &#177; 1.92</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">0.201</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>METs: metabolic equivalents; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main finding of this study was the detection of scar tissue in CMR in the patients with slow flow in the LAD. NT-proBNP values were higher in patients with slow flow and scar tissue in CMR. In addition, the exercise capacity of these patients was lower compared to the control group. Coronary slow flow patients have not previously been evaluated with CMR to detect any presence of myocardial fibrosis in the literature. In our study, we detected scar tissue in the myocardium in the LAD field in about half of patients with CSFP in the LAD. This finding was statistically and clinically significant when compared to the control group. However, we did not evaluate the patients with serial MRI examinations or serial NT-proBNP measurements. The absence of scar tissue in the remaining patients may be explained by this limitation of our study. The development of scar tissue in the myocardium requires a progressive process occurring as a result of continuous damage over years. Thus, the absence of scar tissue might have been due to timing of the assessment. As it is very well known, the process of atheromatous plaque formation takes many years, depending on the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, environmental conditions, genetic factors and the time period. The same factors may also apply to coronary slow flow. We have shown with this study that the CSFP is not harmless at all and that it can lead to scarring in the myocardial tissue at the end of the respective pathological process.</p>
        <p>The role of NT-proBNP in the pathophysiology of CSFP is not clear. It has been shown that B-type natriuretic peptide is secreted from cardiomyocytes in response to ischemia and that its secretion can also be independent of left ventricular wall stress. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Also, in addition to cardiac myocytes, fibroblasts can secrete BNP and cause fibrosis by induction of matrix metalloproteinases by releasing BNP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In our study, the levels of NT-proBNP were not significantly high in patients with slow flow. However, they were found to be high in patients with slow flow, in whom scars were detected in CMR. It may be suggested that NT-proBNP levels are elevated only in the presence of sufficient fibrosis in response to coronary slow flow, which has led to the development of myocardial scar tissue. The etiology of CSFP has not been clearly understood since it was first described. Although CSFP may be the result of microvascular alterations, increased microvascular resistance and early stage widespread atherosclerosis have also been shown to play a role in the etiology. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In addition, histological and pathological changes in the coronary arteries have been tried to be used for elucidating the etiology. In a study conducted in patients with CSFP, Mangieri et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> found changes such as cellular edema, fibromuscular hyperplasia, medial hypertrophy, myointimal proliferation, irregular fibrosis, capillary damage and decreased capillary lumen, as a result of myocardial biopsy, and claimed that these pathological changes slowed blood flow by increasing vascular resistance. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Moreover, in CSFP, intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) has shown diffuse intimal thickening and widespread calcification, and coronary angiography has shown atheromatous plaques that do not cause luminal irregularity. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although coronary slow flow has been reported to be associated with many pathologic conditions, it appears to be the onset of a widespread atherosclerotic disease that is coincidental with a microvascular disease in which endothelial dysfunction is in the forefront. It can be considered that microvascular ischemia and fibrosis may develop in the myocardial tissue in patients with CSFP as a result of changes that take place at the microvascular level and our study supports this view.</p>
        <p>The deteriorated coronary microvascular function in CSFP has been shown to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> It has also been reported that, in patients with microvascular dysfunction, the prognosis is similar to that observed in obstructive coronary artery disease, and that this dysfunction is not as benign as it is thought to be. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Clinical manifestations of this pathology are also associated with significant findings. Atypical chest pain, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> typical chest pain <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> and resting chest pain that require urgent intervention <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> frequently occur in patients with coronary slow flow. Similarly, patients with CSFP were found to be more symptomatic and their hospital admissions were found to be more frequent. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Based on this, CMR may be considered a good choice for investigating whether the myocardial tissue is affected or not, as well as providing a favorable option to evaluate the extent of the injury in patients with CSFP. Delayed contrast-enhanced CMR has high spatial resolution. With this method, the boundary between the infarcted tissue on the LV wall and the viable myocardium can be identified by examining the area of coronary slow flow. In addition, the transmural spread of the infarction area can be determined with this method. It is also possible to distinguish between vascular and non-vascular ischemia owing to the diffusion of gadolinium. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, gadolinium involvement is independent of vascular perfusion and occurs in the subendocardial region. Gadolinium involvement is directly associated with vascular feeding in ischemic cardiomyopathy. In addition, this involvement is in the subendocardial or transmural region. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Panting et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> demonstrated subendocardial hypoperfusion with CMR in patients with syndrome X, which is believed to be associated with microvascular dysfunction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> In the same way, Lanza et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> detected perfusion defects in the LAD region of the myocardium in syndrome X patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> It is also shown that there is an important relationship between a myocardial perfusion reserve, which is examined with CMR and coronary microvascular dysfunction, and is a precursor of early atherosclerosis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>NT-proBNP may be considered after an effort test in patients with coronary slow flow. It can give information about cardiac fibrosis, although it may be affected by several conditions. However, it is not possible to perform a CMR in all patients with low TIMI frame count due to cost effectiveness. CMR may be considered in patients with severe coronary slow flow degree, severe chest pain and high biomarker values after exercise. Because of the small number of patients in our study, we cannot make any recommendations about treatment, CMR or biomarker control. However, this study will shed light on studies on both treatment (anti-fibrotic drugs) and examination (CMR, NT-ProBNP, among others).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Limitations</title>
          <p>Our study had a few limitations. First, the number of patients was low. Second, coronary angiographies were performed by different clinicians and, although angiographic images were standardized, there were negligible differences between the projections. Finally, the intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) technique, which can show the structure and functions of coronary arteries in detail, fractional flow reserve (FFR) and intracoronary pressure (pressure-wire) measurements, and acetylcholine testing were not performed in our study. However, performing these invasive tests, with their potential complications, in patients with no epicardial stenosis is not appropriate due to ethical reasons.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this study, which was conducted to demonstrate scar tissue related to CSFP, CMR with delayed gadolinium enhancement technique has been found to yield valuable results. CMR showed scar tissue in patients with slow flow. These results suggest that the slow flow phenomenon may result in irreversible changes in myocardial tissue. The probable consequences of these changes should be investigated in further studies.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Mustafa Candemir, from Gazi University.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Gazi University under the protocol number 83. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding. This study was funded by Gazi University Scentific Research Projects.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
