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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DbF5PQLwm3q7XGKyhkdFvXC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300530</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190043</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190043</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os Percentis e Pontos de Corte da Circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal para Obesidade em uma Ampla Amostra de Estudantes de 6 a 10 Anos de Idade do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz F</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Val&#233;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Valentin P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Ligia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assump&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jayme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sickler</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Jayro G</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4436-1791</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6900-5959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hussid</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camacho</surname>
            <given-names>Cleber</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avezum</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0696-325X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sangaleti</surname>
            <given-names>Carine T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Cardiopneumologia,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Cardiologia,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guarapuava</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste - Enfermagem, Guarapuava, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Sao Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Carine Sangaleti &#8226; Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, 03. CEP 85015-430, Guarapuava, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sangaleti@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos JLF, Consolim F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Val&#233;rio VP, Fernandes RN, Duarte L, Assump&#231;&#227;o AC, Guerreiro J, Sickler AL, Lemos AAR, Goulart Filho JG; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Hussid MF, Camacho C, Sangaleti C, Consolim F; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Camacho C; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Camacho C, Sangaleti C, Consolim F; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos JLF, Val&#233;rio VP, Fernandes RN, Cesar LAM, Pinto IM, Magalh&#227;es C, Sangaleti C, Consolim F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>530</fpage>
      <lpage>537</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade vem aumentando sistematicamente na popula&#231;&#227;o, inclusive nas crian&#231;as e adolescentes, ao redor do mundo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Descrever curvas percent&#237;licas de refer&#234;ncia para a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) nas crian&#231;as brasileiras e fornecer pontos de corte da CA para identificar crian&#231;as com risco de obesidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo, tranversal foi realizado em crian&#231;as com idades entre 6 e 10 anos, matriculadas no ensino fundamental de escolas p&#250;blicas e particulares de 13 cidades do estado de S&#227;o Paulo. A estatura, o peso e a CA foram medidos em duplicata em 22.000 crian&#231;as (11.199 meninos). Para estabelecer o melhor ponto de corte da CA para o diagn&#243;stico da obesidade, foram calculadas curvas ROC com crian&#231;as classificadas como com peso normal e obesas, de acordo com as curvas do IMC, estratificadas por g&#234;nero e idade, e o &#237;ndice Youden foi utilizado como a efic&#225;cia potencial m&#225;xima desse biomarcador. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os valores da CA aumentaram com a idade, tanto nos meninos quanto nas meninas. A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade em cada grupo variou de 17% (6 anos de idade) a 21,6 % (9 anos de idade), dentre os meninos, e de 14,1% (7 anos de idade) a 17,3 % (9 anos de idade), dentre as meninas. As an&#225;lises ROC mostraram o percentil 75 como ponto de corte para o risco de obesidade, e o diagn&#243;stico de obesidade est&#225; classificado no percentil 85 ou acima.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Curvas de refer&#234;ncia da CA espec&#237;ficas para idade e sexo em crian&#231;as brasileiras e pontos de corte para o risco de obesidade podem ser usados em triagem nacional e estudos intervencionais para reduzir a carga da obesidade no Brasil. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):530-537)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Par&#226;metros</kwd>
        <kwd>Antropometria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="57"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade ao redor do mundo, particularmente dentre as crian&#231;as, vem aumentando exponencialmente. Durante os &#250;ltimos 30 anos, v&#225;rias pesquisas nacionais registraram aumento significativo na preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e sobrepeso em todas as regi&#245;es brasileiras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A obesidade infantil est&#225; relacionada ao desenvolvimento da obesidade nos adultos. Al&#233;m disso, a crian&#231;a obesa est&#225; exposta a maiores riscos de desenvolver o diabetes tipo 2, hipertens&#227;o e anormalidades vasculares, que s&#227;o considerados precursores da aterosclerose na idade adulta. A hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e os problemas renais tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido descritos nas crian&#231;as obesas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O aumento da preval&#234;ncia da obesidade e a forte associa&#231;&#227;o com diversas comorbidades em crian&#231;as demonstram a relev&#226;ncia para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Consequentemente, &#233; necess&#225;rio encontrar um par&#226;metro antropom&#233;trico simples que possa ser utilizado para identificar crian&#231;as obesas ou com risco de se tornarem obesas, que possa contribuir para o desenvolvimento de ferramentas apropriadas de interven&#231;&#227;o voltadas para a melhoria dessa tend&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>As taxas de obesidade e sobrepeso nos grupos populacionais s&#227;o tipicamente fundamentadas no &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). Entretanto, o IMC n&#227;o reflete a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, oferendo informa&#231;&#245;es limitadas sobre a adiposidade central ou abdominal. A medi&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) tem alta sensibilidade e &#233; bastante eficaz na predi&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de adiposidade visceral na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. De fato, os valores da CA se correlacionam com os dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos relacionados &#224; obesidade, incluindo a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, a dislipidemia e a hipertens&#227;o. Sugeriu-se que a medi&#231;&#227;o da CA poderia substituir o IMC na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco para comorbidades relacionadas com a obesidade nas popula&#231;&#245;es jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>J&#225; que os valores da CA s&#227;o influenciados pela idade, sexo, diferen&#231;as &#233;tnicas e geopol&#237;ticas, estudos dispon&#237;veis apresentaram a distribui&#231;&#227;o de percentis da CA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes de um grande n&#250;mero de pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Tomando isso como base, pretendemos refor&#231;ar o conjunto de informa&#231;&#245;es j&#225; relatado em alguns estudos nacionais sobre esse assunto,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">37</xref></sup> por meio da descri&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de percentis da CA e do c&#225;lculo de pontos de corte da CA capazes de prever a obesidade em uma ampla amostra de crian&#231;as, de 6 a 10 anos de idade, no estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Al&#233;m disso, comparamos os percentis atuais da CA com dados obtidos a partir de estudos realizados em outros pa&#237;ses e de outro estudo brasileiro, que avaliaram popula&#231;&#227;o semelhante, em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade e do sexo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico,, iniciado em mar&#231;o de 2010 e finalizado em julho de 2010. O estudo teve apoio cient&#237;fico da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (SOCESP), e foi coordenado regionalmente pela SOCESP - unidade regional de Araras, SP.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo incluir pelo menos 30% de crian&#231;as de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 6 e 10 anos, matriculadas em escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas do ensino fundamental de 13 cidades do munic&#237;pio de Araras, localizado no estado de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. De acordo com dados da Sinopse Estat&#237;stica da Educa&#231;&#227;o, fornecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais An&#237;sio Teixeira (INEP), o n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as matriculadas em todas as cidades inclu&#237;das no presente estudo era de 63.891, em 2010. Para excluir as crian&#231;as que n&#227;o frequentavam a escola e alunos com necessidades especiais acima de 10 anos de idade (que ultrapassariam a idade limite deste estudo), utilizamos um fator de corre&#231;&#227;o de 10% da amostra total. Assim, a popula&#231;&#227;o total estimada de crian&#231;as de 6 a 10 anos de idade foi de 57.501 nessas localidades.</p>
        <p>As Secretarias de Educa&#231;&#227;o e as escolas municipais e privadas de todos os munic&#237;pios foram contactadas. O estudo foi realizado em locais nos quais houve aprova&#231;&#227;o em todas as inst&#226;ncias: 147 escolas p&#250;blicas e 14 escolas privadas. A permiss&#227;o da coordena&#231;&#227;o das escolas e dos pais para participarem da avalia&#231;&#227;o foi devidamente assegurada e cada centro participante teve que seguir as diretrizes &#233;ticas e de gerenciamento de dados da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A idade das crian&#231;as foi foi registrada no estudo de Rousham et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">38</xref></sup> Consequentemente, 15 de junho do ano de nascimento foi considerada a data estimada de nascimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as medi&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas e percentis da CA</title>
        <p>Pesquisadores treinados realizaram as medi&#231;&#245;es de acordo com procedimentos padronizados.</p>
        <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas foram efetuadas com as crian&#231;as vestindo roupas leves e sem sapatos. A estatura e o peso foram mensurados em duplicata por meio de uma balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica digital, equipada com um estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til, com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm e 0,1 kg, respectivamente. A m&#233;dia das duas medi&#231;&#245;es foi usada para calcular o IMC [IMC = peso (kg)/altura(cm)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>]. Os meninos e as meninas foram classificados segundo as faixas de percentis do IMC (as curvas do IMC estabelecidas para cada sexo e idade), utilizando os par&#226;metros das curvas para a popula&#231;&#227;o definidas pelo NCHS-CDC (Centro Nacional de Estat&#237;stica para a Sa&#250;de - Centro para Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as - EUA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estado nutricional das crian&#231;as foi categorizado de acordo com os percentis do IMC: obesos (IMC &gt; 95%), com sobrepeso (IMC entre 85 e 95) e peso normal (IMC &lt; 85%).</p>
        <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi aferida em duplicata, na metade da dist&#226;ncia entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca superior, com uma fita m&#233;trica n&#227;o-flex&#237;vel, em posi&#231;&#227;o vertical, com o abdomen relaxado ao final de uma expira&#231;&#227;o suave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para comparar a atual distribui&#231;&#227;o de percentis da CA, realizamos uma revis&#227;o da literatura de estudos de base populacional que haviam avaliado esse par&#226;metro em um grupo et&#225;rio semelhante. Para compara&#231;&#245;es entre os pa&#237;ses, utilizamos o percentil 50 da CA em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade. Nossos dados tamb&#233;m foram comparados com um estudo brasileiro anterior, para identificar tend&#234;ncias nos valores da cinrcunfer&#234;ncia abdominal ao longo do tempo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados antropom&#233;tricos da popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia com desvio padr&#227;o (DP), mediana, percentis e valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos. A correla&#231;&#227;o linear (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson) ou a correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-linear (coeficiente logar&#237;tmico, inverso, quadr&#225;tico, c&#250;bico, composto, de pot&#234;ncia, sigm&#243;ide, de crescimento e exponencial) foi calculada por regress&#227;o. Quando relevante, o coeficiente linear ou n&#227;o-linear mais alto foi utilizado para determinar o melhor modelo que explicasse o fen&#244;meno. Para estabelecer o melhor ponto de corte da CA para o diagn&#243;stico da obesidade, geramos uma curva ROC com crian&#231;as com peso normal e obesas, utilizando os percentis do IMC, estratificadas por sexo e idade, e utilizamos a maior soma de sensibilidade e especificidade para estabelecer o ponto de corte (&#205;ndice de Youden).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">41</xref></sup> Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados relevantes. Os dados foram analisados usando o software IBM SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 23.0 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Ao todo, 22.000 crian&#231;as (11.199 meninos e 10.886 meninas) foram inclu&#237;das, o que representa mais de 30% da popula&#231;&#227;o estimada, variando de 1.606 a 2.610 meninos e 1.612 a 2.502 meninas, para cada um dos dos cinco per&#237;odos de idade de 6 a 10 anos. As caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas basais m&#233;dias separadas por idade e sexo est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Observou-se esperado aumento progressivo no peso, estatura, IMC e CA em ambos os sexos de 6 a 10 anos. A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade em cada faixa et&#225;ria variou entre um m&#237;nimo de 17% (6 anos de idade) e um m&#225;ximo de 21,6% (9 anos de idade), dentre os meninos, e um m&#237;nimo de 14,1% (7 anos de idade) e um m&#225;ximo de 17,3% (9 anos de idade), dentre as meninas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Aproximadamente 30% dos meninos e meninas apresentaram excesso de gordura, e foram classificados como com sobrepeso ou obesos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores m&#233;dios antropom&#233;tricos, desvio padr&#227;o e preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade e do sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="13%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Meninos Idade (y)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Peso (Kg)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Altura (cm)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">CA (cm)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso (%)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Preval&#234;ncia de obesidade (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">1,606</td>
                <td align="center">24,.5 &#177; 5,85</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">16,7 &#177; 2,83</td>
                <td align="center">58,8 &#177; 7,63</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">2,223</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 6,76</td>
                <td align="center">1,25 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">16,9 &#177; 3,14</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 &#177; 8,37</td>
                <td align="center">11,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">2,450</td>
                <td align="center">29,5 &#177; 7,81</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">17,3 &#177; 3,41</td>
                <td align="center">62,1 &#177; 8,80</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">18,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">2,610</td>
                <td align="center">33,1 &#177; 9,06</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 3,70</td>
                <td align="center">64,4 &#177; 10,15</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">21,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">2,310</td>
                <td align="center">36,8 &#177; 10,37</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">18,4 &#177; 3,92</td>
                <td align="center">67,2 &#177; 10,54</td>
                <td align="center">14,0</td>
                <td align="center">20,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">11,199</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Meninas Idade (y)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">1,612</td>
                <td align="center">24,2 &#177; 5,85</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">16,7 &#177; 2,95</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 7,95</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">15,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">2,236</td>
                <td align="center">26,0 &#177; 6,80</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">16,8 &#177; 3,15</td>
                <td align="center">59,8 &#177; 8,43</td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
                <td align="center">14,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">2,284</td>
                <td align="center">29,2 &#177; 7,85</td>
                <td align="center">1,29 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">17,2 &#177; 3,49</td>
                <td align="center">61,9 &#177; 9,16</td>
                <td align="center">13,5</td>
                <td align="center">16,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">2,502</td>
                <td align="center">32,8 &#177; 8,92</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">17,8 &#177; 3,54</td>
                <td align="center">64,1 &#177; 9,75</td>
                <td align="center">15,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">2,252</td>
                <td align="center">36,9 &#177; 9,96</td>
                <td align="center">1,41 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 3,76</td>
                <td align="center">66,8 &#177; 10,19</td>
                <td align="center">14,8</td>
                <td align="center">15,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">10,886</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>y: nos de idade</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> mostra as curvas percent&#237;licas suavizadas da CA (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 85, 90 e 95) para meninos e meninas.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Curvas percent&#237;licas da CA de crian&#231;as brasileiras (6&#8211;10 anos de idade). Meninos (A); meninas (B).</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0530-90043-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Analisamos a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros da CA e antropom&#233;tricos. Houve uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a CA e o peso (r<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0,77, p &lt; 0,001) e a CA e o IMC (r<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0,74, p &lt; 0,001) e uma correla&#231;&#227;o fraca entre a CA e a estatura (r<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0,31, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores da CA em percentis de 5 a 95, em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade e do sexo, bem como os pontos de corte da CA com mais alta sensibilidade e especificidade, identificados pela curva ROC, podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pencentis e pontos de corte da CA para obesidade em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade e do sexo da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="9%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Pontos de corte (cm) para obesidade</th>
                <th colspan="9" style="font-weight:normal">Percentis da CA</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Meninos Idade (y)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>5</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>10</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>15</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>25</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>50</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>75</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>85</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>90</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>95</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">61,2</td>
                <td align="center">50,5</td>
                <td align="center">52,0</td>
                <td align="center">53,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,0</td>
                <td align="center">57,0</td>
                <td align="center">61,0</td>
                <td align="center">66,0</td>
                <td align="center">69,0</td>
                <td align="center">75,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">63,2</td>
                <td align="center">51,0</td>
                <td align="center">52,0</td>
                <td align="center">53,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td align="center">58,0</td>
                <td align="center">64,0</td>
                <td align="center">69,0</td>
                <td align="center">73,0</td>
                <td align="center">78,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">64,8</td>
                <td align="center">52,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,0</td>
                <td align="center">66,0</td>
                <td align="center">71,0</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
                <td align="center">80,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">67,7</td>
                <td align="center">53,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">58,0</td>
                <td align="center">62,0</td>
                <td align="center">68,0</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
                <td align="center">80,0</td>
                <td align="center">85,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">70,5</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td align="center">57,0</td>
                <td align="center">58,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,0</td>
                <td align="center">64,0</td>
                <td align="center">72,0</td>
                <td align="center">79,0</td>
                <td align="center">83,0</td>
                <td align="center">89,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Meninas Idade (y)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">62,7</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">51,0</td>
                <td align="center">52,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,0</td>
                <td align="center">57,0</td>
                <td align="center">62,5</td>
                <td align="center">67,0</td>
                <td align="center">70,0</td>
                <td align="center">76,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">64,2</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">52,0</td>
                <td align="center">53,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,0</td>
                <td align="center">58,0</td>
                <td align="center">63,0</td>
                <td align="center">68,0</td>
                <td align="center">71,7</td>
                <td align="center">77,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">64,7</td>
                <td align="center">51,0</td>
                <td align="center">53,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,2</td>
                <td align="center">59,0</td>
                <td align="center">66,0</td>
                <td align="center">72,0</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
                <td align="center">80,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">69,7</td>
                <td align="center">52,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td align="center">57,0</td>
                <td align="center">62,0</td>
                <td align="center">70,0</td>
                <td align="center">74,5</td>
                <td align="center">78,0</td>
                <td align="center">82,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">72,7</td>
                <td align="center">54,5</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">57,0</td>
                <td align="center">59,0</td>
                <td align="center">64,8</td>
                <td align="center">73,0</td>
                <td align="center">78,0</td>
                <td align="center">82,0</td>
                <td align="center">87,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>y: anos de idade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os pontos de corte da CA ficaram ligeiramente abaixo ou na faixa de 75. Assim sendo, para as crian&#231;as que tiveram a CA classificada no percentil 75, a presen&#231;a de sobrepeso ou obesidade deve ser considerada. Al&#233;m disso, o diagn&#243;stico de obesidade est&#225; claramente presente nas crian&#231;as com a CA classificada no percentil 85 ou acima.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, dentre as crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas, menos de 7% apresentaram valor da CA que indicasse obesidade. Dentre as crian&#231;as categorizadas como obesas pelo IMC, quase 90% podem ser caracterizadas como sendo obesas, simplesmente atrav&#233;s da mensura&#231;&#227;o da CA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Aplica&#231;&#227;o dos valores de corte da cintura para obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo classificada pelo IMC como n&#227;o obesa e obesa, em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade e do sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Crian&#231;as n&#227;o obesas (%)</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Crian&#231;as obesas (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Meninos Idade (y)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#8804; Ponto de corte *</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&gt; Ponto de corte *</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#8804; Ponto de corte *</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&gt; Ponto de corte *</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">92,9</td>
                <td align="center">7.1</td>
                <td align="center">11,0</td>
                <td align="center">89,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">95,7</td>
                <td align="center">4.2</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">91,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">94,1</td>
                <td align="center">5.9</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
                <td align="center">90,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">96,7</td>
                <td align="center">3.3</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">87,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">94,2</td>
                <td align="center">5.8</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">89,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Meninas Idade (y)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">93,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td align="center">90,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">95,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">95,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">91,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">95,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">95,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">88,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">94,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">12,1</td>
                <td align="center">87,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>y: anos de idade; *: valor de ponto de corte da CA pr&#233;-determinado para cada idade ou sexo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> mostra a representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica dos valores do percentil 50 (cm) da CA estabelecidos no presente estudo juntamente com os valores obtidos de publica&#231;&#245;es de 12 pa&#237;ses diferentes, para meninos (A) e meninas (B), com idades entre 6 e 10 anos. Detectamos que os meninos brasileiros de 6 anos de idade tiveram uma CA semelhante aos meninos mexicanos, a mais alta dentre todos os pa&#237;ses. Os meninos brasileiros de 7 a 9 anos de idade apresentaram valores de CA menores do que aqueles obsevados nos meninos mexicanos e indianos e, aos 10 anos de idade, os valores tamb&#233;m foram menores em rela&#231;&#227;o aos meninos dos EUA. As meninas brasileiras de 6, 7 e 10 anos de idade tiveram valores semelhantes ou ligeiramente menores de CA do que aqueles detectados nas meninas mexicanas e indianas, e as meninas de 8 e 9 anos de idade tamb&#233;m tiveram valores da CA menores quando comparadas com as meninas mexicanas.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as curvas da CA (percentil 50) nas crian&#231;as de 13 pa&#237;ses diferentes. A: Compara&#231;&#227;o entre meninos de 6 a 10 anos; B: Compara&#231;&#227;o entre meninas de 6 a 10 anos. C: Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as curvas da CA (percentil 50) de meninos (C) e meninas (D) das diferentes regi&#245;es brasileiras estudadas.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0530-90043-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> apresenta o percentil 50% dos valores da CA de meninos (C) e meninas (D) brasileiros em um estudo anterior, publicado em 2007. Pode-se observar que as curvas percent&#237;licas atuais (50) nos meninos brasileiros foram mais altas na compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores de 2007. As curvas percent&#237;licas atuais (50) nas meninas brasileiras s&#227;o muito mais elevadas do que os valores obtidos em 2007, em torno de 2,0 cm, aos 7 e 8 anos; 2,5 cm, aos 9 anos de idade, chegando a 4,0 cm aos 10 anos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta os valores percent&#237;licos espec&#237;ficos da CA, em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade e do sexo, em uma amostra ampla e representativa de crian&#231;as brasileiras, com idades entre 6 e 10 anos, com base em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica multic&#234;ntrica e longitudinal de crian&#231;as em idade escolar. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; o primeiro estudo a propor que os pontos de corte da CA est&#227;o associados &#224; obesidade, segundo o IMC de meninos e meninas de 6 a 10 anos de idade. Ademais, nosso estudo demonstrou que, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o escolar, a preval&#234;ncia de excesso de gordura ficou em torno de 30%, com 15% dos meninos e meninas com sobrepeso e outros 15% j&#225; considerados obesos. De fato, esses resultados corroboram dados anteriores que indicaram que a obesidade infantil &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de cada vez mais s&#233;rio nacional e mundialmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">44</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses dados complementam o conjunto j&#225; existente de valores de refer&#234;ncia da CA obtidos em alguns outros pa&#237;ses e aprimoram as capacidades de avalia&#231;&#227;o da obesidade infantil, nos mais diversos locais para a assist&#234;ncia &#224; crian&#231;a. J&#225; que v&#225;rias liga&#231;&#245;es podem ser estabelecidas com os valores da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, tais como dep&#243;sito de gordura intra-abdominal e fatores de risco cardiovascular nas crian&#231;as,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">45</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">48</xref></sup> a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal poderia ser adotada como uma medida alternativa ou complementar ao IMC nas crian&#231;as. A forte correla&#231;&#227;o encontrada entre os valores da circunfer&#234;ncia e o IMC neste estudo demonstra que tal substitui&#231;&#227;o ou uso adicional &#233; vi&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, os pontos de corte da CA propostos para a obesidade indicam uma forte aproxima&#231;&#227;o, tanto do peso normal (eutr&#243;fico) quanto da obesidade, conforme definidos pela categoriza&#231;&#227;o internacional do IMC. Menos de 7% das crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas teriam um um ponto de corte da CA mais alto, o que indicaria um IMC elevado. Nesses casos, outras explica&#231;&#245;es potencias podem estar presentes, tais como excesso de gordura inicial caracterizado por obesidade central ou altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas adicionais (tais como dist&#250;rbios gastrointestinais, dentre outros). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s crian&#231;as obesas, quase 87% poderiam ter sido diagnosticadas com obesidade apenas por meio da mensura&#231;&#227;o da CA. Al&#233;m disso, a CA &#233; uma ferramenta simples e vi&#225;vel de mensura&#231;&#227;o, que requer equipamentos de baixo custo e acess&#237;veis, e pouco conhecimento t&#233;cnico, tornando poss&#237;vel realizar mensura&#231;&#245;es em per&#237;odos programados em todas as escolas. Nossos resultados demonstram que as crian&#231;as brasileiras apresentam valores elevados de percentil 50 para a CA, com os resultados dos meninos ocupando aproximadamente o terceiro lugar e, das meninas, o quarto lugar dentre todos os pa&#237;ses analisados. Mais importante ainda, entrela&#231;ando os valores de 50% do percentil da CA obtidos em 2007 com os valores atuais, confirmamos o incremento dos valores em todas as idades nos meninos e, com mais intensidade, nas meninas.</p>
      <p>Enquanto a Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes (IDF) sugere que a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (MetS) n&#227;o deveria ser diagnosticada em crian&#231;as menores de 10 anos, a perda de peso deveria ser considerada para aquelas crian&#231;as com obesidade abdominal, conforme medi&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. A correla&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo visceral e a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal nas crian&#231;as foi confirmada e &#233; um preditor importante de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos e press&#227;o arterial &#8211; todos componentes da MetS.</p>
      <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o consensual da IDF de MetS em crian&#231;as e adolescentes teve como objetivo definir uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o aceita universalmente para facilitar o diagn&#243;stico da MetS e acelerar as medidas preventivas, antes que a crian&#231;a ou o adolescente desenvolva diabetes ou doen&#231;a cardiovascular. A obesidade, especialmente na regi&#227;o abdominal, est&#225; associada ao aumento do risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e diabetes tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">49</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo delimitou uma &#225;rea de 12 cidades do estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Acreditamos que ele possa ser representativo das crian&#231;as em idade escolar de uma grande &#225;rea do Brasil, uma vez que incluiu o n&#250;mero mais significativo de crian&#231;as de escolas particulares e p&#250;blicas j&#225; relatado no Brasil. Al&#233;m disso, o estado de S&#227;o Paulo tem um alto grau de miscigena&#231;&#227;o, e seu interior tem um desenvolvimento socioecon&#244;mico compar&#225;vel com as regi&#245;es sul e sudeste e at&#233; com muitas &#225;reas mais pr&#243;ximas do centro-oeste. Como enfatizado em v&#225;rios relatos, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos nas crian&#231;as s&#243; &#233; vi&#225;vel mediante a disponibilidade de refer&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre idade, sexo e origem &#233;tnica e riscos para a sa&#250;de. Com uma amostra de 9.713 indiv&#237;duos de 2 a 18 anos de idade, incluindo 3.414 afro-americanos, 2.746 euro-americanos, e 3.553 m&#233;xico-americanos (MA), Fernandez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>descreveram e forneceram estimativas de distribui&#231;&#227;o de curvas percent&#237;licas da CA amplamente utilizadas em diferentes pa&#237;ses, o conhecido banco de dados do NHANES. Nos percentis 75 e 90, as meninas MA apresentam o aumento total mais r&#225;pido dentre todas as meninas. Em todos os percentis considerados, os indiv&#237;duos MA apresentaram a CA total mais elevada e o aumento total da taxa da CA mais r&#225;pido com a idade. Esse dado sustenta os percentis da CA elevados dentre as crian&#231;as brasileiras e o aumento mais significativo dentre as meninas brasileiras.</p>
      <p>Com base em dados robustos coletados, Fernandez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>enfatizaram que aten&#231;&#227;o especial deveria ser concentrada nas crian&#231;as cujos valores da CA encontram-se no percentil 75 e 90, uma vez que essa redu&#231;&#227;o ajuda a identificar crian&#231;as com risco de v&#225;rias comorbidades e sugerem fortemente a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o [contra essas situa&#231;&#245;es]. Todos os valores percent&#237;licos encontrados no nosso estudo foram maiores comparados com aqueles descritos por Fernandez et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Dentre as crian&#231;as alem&#227;es (6-10-meninos e meninas, entre 6 e 10 anos de idade), o percentil 97 da CA estava associado &#224; obesidade abdominal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">50</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225;bitos de estilo de vida saud&#225;vel, como ades&#227;o a uma dieta saud&#225;vel e pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, podem baixar o risco de obesidade e de doen&#231;as relacionadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">52</xref></sup> Os h&#225;bitos alimentares e de atividade f&#237;sica de crian&#231;as e adolescentes s&#227;o influenciados por muitos fatores sociais, incluindo a fam&#237;lia, a comunidade, a escola, ambientes de cuidado infantil, prestadores de cuidado de sa&#250;de, institui&#231;&#245;es religiosas, ag&#234;ncias governamentais, a m&#237;dia, as ind&#250;strias de bebidas, alimentos e entretenimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">53</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">56</xref></sup> As escolas desempenham uma fun&#231;&#227;o particularmente cr&#237;tica para o estabelecimento de um ambiente seguro e acolhedor, com pol&#237;ticas e pr&#225;ticas que incentivem os comportamentos saud&#225;veis. Elas tamb&#233;m oferecem oportunidades para os alunos aprenderem e praticarem h&#225;bitos alimentares saud&#225;veis e atividade f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">56</xref></sup> A import&#226;ncia do presente estudo foi fornecer valores representativos da CA das crian&#231;as brasileiras que possam ser utilizados como uma ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o que auxilie no cumprimento das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
      <p>Outra contribui&#231;&#227;o relevante para o desenvolvimento de dados epidemiol&#243;gicos nacionais &#233; o Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA).<sup>57</sup> Trata-se de um grande estudo transversal, nos n&#237;veis nacional e escolar, que tem como objetivo avaliar a preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, incluindo os componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, em aproximadamente 85.000 alunos, com idades entre 12 e 17 anos. Uma publica&#231;&#227;o recente do ERICA descreveu a preval&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica como algo em torno de 2,6%, e as seguintes combina&#231;&#245;es de elementos mais comuns, correspondendo a 3/4 das combina&#231;&#245;es: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal aumentada (CA), n&#237;veis baixos de colesterol HDL e press&#227;o arterial alta; seguidas de CA aumentada, n&#237;veis baixos de colesterol HDL e n&#237;veis elevados de triglicer&#237;deo; e CA aumentada, n&#237;veis baixos de colesterol HDL, n&#237;veis elevados de triglicer&#237;deo, e press&#227;o arterial alta. Consequentemente, os resultados do ERICA refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia da CA como um potencial indicador de um desordenamento mais global que poderia determinar a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
      <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; a descri&#231;&#227;o das curvas percent&#237;licas com base em uma amostra de crian&#231;as de apenas um estado, S&#227;o Paulo, e n&#227;o derivadas de regi&#245;es de todo o Brasil selecionadas aleatoriamente. Esse fato pode restringir a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para crian&#231;as de todo o Brasil. Al&#233;m disso, para validar os pontos de corte de sobrepeso e obesidade, &#233; necess&#225;rio testar os respectivos valores em uma coorte diferente de crian&#231;as.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>As curvas de refer&#234;ncia para a CA espec&#237;ficas em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade e do sexo nas crian&#231;as brasileiras e os pontos de corte para risco de obesidade podem ser utilizados para triagem nacional e estudos intervencionais com vistas a reduzir a carga de obesidade no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento. O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Waist Circumference Percentiles and Cut-Off Values for Obesity in a Large Sample of Students from 6 To 10 Years Old Of The S&#227;o Paulo State, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz F</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Val&#233;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Valentin P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Ligia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assump&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jayme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sickler</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Jayro G</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4436-1791</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6900-5959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hussid</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camacho</surname>
            <given-names>Cleber</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avezum</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0696-325X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sangaleti</surname>
            <given-names>Carine T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Cardiopneumologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste - Enfermagem, Guarapuava, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Carine Sangaleti &#8226; Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, 03. Postal Code 85015-430, Guarapuava, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: sangaleti@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Santos JLF, Consolim F; Acquisition of data: Val&#233;rio VP, Fernandes RN, Duarte L, Assump&#231;&#227;o AC, Guerreiro J, Sickler AL, Lemos AAR, Goulart Filho JG; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Hussid MF, Camacho C, Sangaleti C, Consolim F; Statistical analysis: Camacho C; Writing of the manuscript: Camacho C, Sangaleti C, Consolim F; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos JLF, Val&#233;rio VP, Fernandes RN, Cesar LAM, Pinto IM, Magalh&#227;es C, Sangaleti C, Consolim F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Backgroud</title>
          <p> The prevalence of obesity has systematically been increased in the population, including children and adolescents, around the world.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To describe reference percentile curves for waist circumference (WC) in Brazilian children and provide cut-off values of WC to identify children at risk for obesity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A multicenter, prospective, cross-sectional study was performed with children aged from 6 to 10 years old, enrolled in public and private elementary schools from 13 cities of the S&#227;o Paulo State. Height, weight, and WC were measured in duplicate in 22,000 children (11,199 boys). To establish the WC best cut-off value for obesity diagnosis, ROC curves with children classified as normal weight and obese were calculated, according to BMI curves, stratified by gender and age, and the Youden Index was utilized as the maximum potential effectiveness of this biomarker. A p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> WC values increased with age in both boys and girls. The prevalence of obesity in each age group varied from 17% (6 years old) to 21.6% (9 years old) among boys, and from 14.1% (7 years old) to 17.3 % (9 years old) among girls. ROC analyses have shown the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile as a cut-off for obesity risk, and the diagnosis of obesity is classified on the 85<sup>th</sup> percentile or more.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Age and gender specific reference curves of WC for Brazilian children and cut-off values for obesity risk may be used for national screening and interventional studies to reduce the obesity burden in Brazil. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):530-537)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Waist Circunference/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity, Students</kwd>
        <kwd>Parameters</kwd>
        <kwd>Anthropometry</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The worldwide prevalence of obesity, particularly among children, has been increasing exponentially. Over the last 30 years, several national surveys have recorded significant increment in the prevalence of obesity and overweight across Brazilian regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Childhood obesity is linked to the development of obesity in adults. Moreover, the obese child is exposed to a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, hypertension and vascular abnormalities, which are considered precursors of atherosclerosis in adulthood. Left ventricular hypertrophy and kidney problems have also been described in obese children.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The increased prevalence of obesity and the strong association with several comorbidities in children provide the relevance for public health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As a result, it is necessary to find a simple anthropometric parameter that may be used to identify obese or at- risk- of- becoming obese children, which may contribute to the appropriate intervention tools to improve this trend.</p>
        <p>Obesity and overweight rates across population groups are typically based on body mass index (BMI). However, BMI does not reflect body composition, providing limited information on the central or abdominal adiposity. Waist circumference (WC) measurement is highly sensitive and quite effective in predicting visceral adiposity levels in the pediatric population. Indeed, WC values correlate with obesity-related metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. It has been suggested that WC measurement could replace BMI in risk assessment for obesity-related comorbidities among young populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since WC values are influenced by age, gender, ethnic and geopolitical differences, available studies have presented the distribution of WC percentiles of children and adolescents of a wide range of countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Based on the above-mentioned, we intended to boost the set of information already reported by some national studies on this matter<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">37</xref></sup>by describing the WC percentile distribution and by calculating the WC cut-off values which would be able to predict obesity in a large sample of children aged from 6 to 10 years in the S&#227;o Paulo State. Moreover, we compared the current WC percentile with data obtained from studies performed in other countries and another Brazilian study evaluating a similar population, according to age and gender.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Design and study population</title>
          <p>This is a longitudinal, prospective, multicenter study, initiated in March 2010 and concluded in July 2010. The study was scientifically supported by the S&#227;o Paulo Society of Cardiology (Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, SOCESP), and was regionally coordinated by the SOCESP Regional Directory Office of Araras, SP.</p>
          <p>The current study aimed to include at least 30% of children of both genders, aged from 6 to 10 years old, enrolled at public and private elementary schools of the 13 cities of the Araras District of S&#227;o Paulo State, Brazil. According to the Statistical and Educational Nationwide Survey Data provided by the National Institute of Educational Studies Anisio Teixeira (INEP), the number of children enrolled in all the cities included in the present study was 63,891 in 2010. In order to exclude children who did not attend school and special needs students older than 10 years of age (which would go beyond the age limit of this study) we used a correction factor of 10% of the total sample. Thus, the total estimated population of children from 6 to 10 years old was 57,501 in these localities.</p>
          <p>The Secretariats of Education and the municipal and private schools of all Municipalities were contacted. The study was carried out in places where there was an approval in all instances: 147 public schools and 14 private schools. The Schools' coordination and parent&#8217;s permission to participate in the evaluation was duly secured and each participating center had to comply with the ethical and data management guidelines of the local institution.</p>
          <p>The children&#180;s age was reported by Rousham et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">38</xref></sup> study. Therefore, 15 June of the year birth was taken as an estimated date of birth.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometry measurements and WC percentiles comparison</title>
          <p>Trained researchers performed the measurements according to standardized procedures.</p>
          <p>Anthropometric measurements were undertaken with the children wearing light clothing and no shoes. The height and weight was measured in duplicate with a digital electronic scale provided with a portable stadiometer, to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.1 kg, respectively. The average of the two measurements was used to calculate the BMI [BMI = weight (kg)/height(cm)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>]. Boys and girls were classified according to the BMI percentile ranges (the BMI curves established for each gender and age), using the parameters of the population curves of NCHS-CDC (National Center for Health Statistics - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - USA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">39</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The nutritional state of the children was categorized according to the BMI percentiles: obese (BMI &gt; 95%), overweight (BMI between 85 and 95%) and normal weight (BMI &lt; 85%).</p>
          <p>Abdominal circumference was measured in duplicate, at half the distance between the lowest rib and the superior border of the iliac crest, with a non-flexible tape, in the upright position, with the abdomen relaxed at the end of gentle expiration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">40</xref></sup></p>
          <p>To compare the actual WC percentiles distribution, we performed a literature review of the population-based studies that had evaluated this parameter in a similar age group. For comparisons among countries, we used the 50<sup>th</sup> percentiles of WC according to age. Our data has also been compared with a previous Brazilian study, to identify trends in abdominal circumference values in time.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Anthropometrical data from the pediatric population are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), median, percentiles and minimum and maximum values. The linear (Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficient) or non-linear correlation (logarithmic, inverse, quadratic, cubic, compound, power, sigmoid, growth and exponential coefficient) was calculated by regression. If significant, the higher linear or non-linear coefficient was used to identify the best model which explains the phenomenon. To establish the WC best cut-off value for obesity diagnosis, we generated a ROC Curve with normal weight and obese children using the BMI percentiles, stratified by gender and age, and used the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity to set the cut-off point (Youden Index).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">41</xref></sup> A p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0 from IBM Corp. Released in 2015. Armonk, NY, USA.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 22,000 children (11,199 boys and 10,886 girls) were included, which represents more than 30% of the estimated population, ranging from 1,606 to 2,610 boys and from 1,612 to 2,502 girls for each of the five periods of age, from 6 to 10 years old. The mean baseline anthropometric characteristics separated by age and gender are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. There was an expected progressive increase in weight, height, BMI and WC in both genders from 6 to 10 years. The prevalence of obesity in each age group varied from a minimum of 17 % (6 years old) to a maximum of 21.6% (9 years old) among boys, and a minimum of 14.1% (7 years old) to a maximum of 17.3 % (9 years old) among girls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Approximately 30% of boys and girls had excess of fat, and were classified as either overweight or obese.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Anthropometric mean values, standard deviation and prevalence of overweight and obesity according to age and gender</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Boys Age (y)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Weight (Kg)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Height (cm)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">BMI (kg/m2)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">WC (cm)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Overweight prevalence (%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Obesity prevalence (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.606</td>
                  <td align="center">24.5 &#177; 5.85</td>
                  <td align="center">1.20 &#177; 0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">16.7 &#177; 2.83</td>
                  <td align="center">58.8 &#177; 7.63</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">2.223</td>
                  <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 6.76</td>
                  <td align="center">1.25 &#177; 0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">16.9 &#177; 3.14</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5 &#177; 8.37</td>
                  <td align="center">11.6</td>
                  <td align="center">18.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.450</td>
                  <td align="center">29.5 &#177; 7.81</td>
                  <td align="center">1.30 &#177; 0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">17.3 &#177; 3.41</td>
                  <td align="center">62.1 &#177; 8.80</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">18.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">2.610</td>
                  <td align="center">33.1 &#177; 9.06</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35 &#177; 0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 3.70</td>
                  <td align="center">64.4 &#177; 10.15</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">21.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td align="center">2.310</td>
                  <td align="center">36.8 &#177; 10.37</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">18.4 &#177; 3.92</td>
                  <td align="center">67.2 &#177; 10.54</td>
                  <td align="center">14.0</td>
                  <td align="center">20.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">11.199</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Girls Age (y)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.612</td>
                  <td align="center">24.2 &#177; 5.85</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19 &#177; 0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">16.7 &#177; 2.95</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 7.95</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">15.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">2.236</td>
                  <td align="center">26.0 &#177; 6.80</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23 &#177; 0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">16.8 &#177; 3.15</td>
                  <td align="center">59.8 &#177; 8.43</td>
                  <td align="center">12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">14.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.284</td>
                  <td align="center">29.2 &#177; 7.85</td>
                  <td align="center">1.29 &#177; 0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">17.2 &#177; 3.49</td>
                  <td align="center">61.9 &#177; 9.16</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5</td>
                  <td align="center">16.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">2.502</td>
                  <td align="center">32.8 &#177; 8.92</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35 &#177; 0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">17.8 &#177; 3.54</td>
                  <td align="center">64.1 &#177; 9.75</td>
                  <td align="center">15.6</td>
                  <td align="center">17.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td align="center">2.252</td>
                  <td align="center">36.9 &#177; 9.96</td>
                  <td align="center">1.41 &#177; 0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 3.76</td>
                  <td align="center">66.8 &#177; 10.19</td>
                  <td align="center">14.8</td>
                  <td align="center">15.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">10.886</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>y: years old.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> shows the smoothed computed waist circumference percentile curves for the 5<sup>th</sup>, 10<sup>th</sup>, 25<sup>th</sup>, 50<sup>th</sup>, 75<sup>th</sup>, 85<sup>th</sup>, 90<sup>th</sup> and 95<sup>th</sup> percentile for boys and girls.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>&#8211; WC percentile curves for Brazilian children (aged 6&#8211;10 years). Boys (A) Girls (B).</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0530-90043-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>We analyzed the correlation between WC and anthropometric parameters. There was a strong correlation between WC and weight (r<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0.77, p &lt; 0.001) and WC and BMI (r<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0.74, p &lt; 0.001), and a weak correlation between WC and height (r<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0.31, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>The distribution of WC values in percentiles from 5<sup>th</sup> to 95<sup>th</sup>, according to age and gender, as well as the best sensitivity and specificity ROC cut-off values of WC, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of WC percentiles and cut-off points for obesity according to age and gender in the population studied</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="9%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Cut-off values (cm) for obesity</th>
                  <th colspan="9" style="font-weight:normal">WC percentiles</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Boys Age (y)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5th</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>10th</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>15th</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>25th</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>50th</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>75th</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>85th</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>90th</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>95th</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">61.2</td>
                  <td align="center">50.5</td>
                  <td align="center">52.0</td>
                  <td align="center">53.0</td>
                  <td align="center">54.0</td>
                  <td align="center">57.0</td>
                  <td align="center">61.0</td>
                  <td align="center">66.0</td>
                  <td align="center">69.0</td>
                  <td align="center">75.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">63.2</td>
                  <td align="center">51.0</td>
                  <td align="center">52.0</td>
                  <td align="center">53.0</td>
                  <td align="center">55.0</td>
                  <td align="center">58.0</td>
                  <td align="center">64.0</td>
                  <td align="center">69.0</td>
                  <td align="center">73.0</td>
                  <td align="center">78.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">64.8</td>
                  <td align="center">52.0</td>
                  <td align="center">54.0</td>
                  <td align="center">55.0</td>
                  <td align="center">56.0</td>
                  <td align="center">60.0</td>
                  <td align="center">66.0</td>
                  <td align="center">71.0</td>
                  <td align="center">75.0</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">67.7</td>
                  <td align="center">53.0</td>
                  <td align="center">55.0</td>
                  <td align="center">56.0</td>
                  <td align="center">58.0</td>
                  <td align="center">62.0</td>
                  <td align="center">68.0</td>
                  <td align="center">75.0</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0</td>
                  <td align="center">85.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td align="center">70.5</td>
                  <td align="center">55.0</td>
                  <td align="center">57.0</td>
                  <td align="center">58.0</td>
                  <td align="center">60.0</td>
                  <td align="center">64.0</td>
                  <td align="center">72.0</td>
                  <td align="center">79.0</td>
                  <td align="center">83.0</td>
                  <td align="center">89.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Girls Age (y)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">62.7</td>
                  <td align="center">50.0</td>
                  <td align="center">51.0</td>
                  <td align="center">52.0</td>
                  <td align="center">54.0</td>
                  <td align="center">57.0</td>
                  <td align="center">62.5</td>
                  <td align="center">67.0</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0</td>
                  <td align="center">76.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">64.2</td>
                  <td align="center">50.0</td>
                  <td align="center">52.0</td>
                  <td align="center">53.0</td>
                  <td align="center">54.0</td>
                  <td align="center">58.0</td>
                  <td align="center">63.0</td>
                  <td align="center">68.0</td>
                  <td align="center">71.7</td>
                  <td align="center">77.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">64.7</td>
                  <td align="center">51.0</td>
                  <td align="center">53.0</td>
                  <td align="center">54.0</td>
                  <td align="center">55.2</td>
                  <td align="center">59.0</td>
                  <td align="center">66.0</td>
                  <td align="center">72.0</td>
                  <td align="center">75.0</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">69.7</td>
                  <td align="center">52.0</td>
                  <td align="center">54.0</td>
                  <td align="center">55.0</td>
                  <td align="center">57.0</td>
                  <td align="center">62.0</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0</td>
                  <td align="center">74.5</td>
                  <td align="center">78.0</td>
                  <td align="center">82.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td align="center">72.7</td>
                  <td align="center">54.5</td>
                  <td align="center">56.0</td>
                  <td align="center">57.0</td>
                  <td align="center">59.0</td>
                  <td align="center">64.8</td>
                  <td align="center">73.0</td>
                  <td align="center">78.0</td>
                  <td align="center">82.0</td>
                  <td align="center">87.0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>y: years old.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The cut-off values for WC are slightly below or in the range of 75<sup>th</sup>. Thus, for children with a WC classified into the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile the presence of overweigth or obesity must be taken into account. Moreover, the diagnosis of obesity is cleary present in children with a WC classified in the 85<sup>th</sup>percentile or higher.</p>
        <p>In this study, among the eutrophic children, fewer than 7% had a WC value indicating obesity. Among the children categorized as obese by BMI, almost 90% may be characterized as being obese simply by measuring the WC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Application of the obesity waist cut-off values in the study population classified by BMI as non-obese and obese, according to age and gender</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Non-obese children (%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Obese children (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Boys Age (y)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#8804; Cut-off *</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&gt; Cut-off *</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#8804; Cut-off *</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&gt; Cut-off *</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">92.9</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1</td>
                  <td align="center">11.0</td>
                  <td align="center">89.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">95.7</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">91.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">94.1</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">90.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">96.7</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">12.6</td>
                  <td align="center">87.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td align="center">94.2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">89.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Girls Age (y)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">93.1</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">90.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">95.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">95.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">91.5</td>
                  <td align="center">8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">95.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">95.8</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8</td>
                  <td align="center">88.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td align="center">94.6</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">87.9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>y: years old; *: pre-determined cut-off WC value for each age and gender.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> shows the graphic representation of the 50<sup>th</sup> percentile values (cm) of the WC set in the current study along with the values obtained from publications of 12 different countries, for boys (A) and girls (B) aged from 6 to 10 years. We detected that six-year-old Brazilian boys had a WC similar to the Mexican boys, the highest of all countries. Seven- to nine-year-old Brazilian boys have WC values lower than those observed in Mexican and Indian boys, and at 10 the values were also lower than the USA boys. Six, seven and ten-year-old Brazilian girls had similar or slightly lower WC values than those detected in Mexican and Indian girls, and 8 and 9 year-old girls also had WC values lower than Mexican girls.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Comparison of children 50th WC percentiles curves between 13 different countries. A: Comparison between 6-10 years old boys; B: Comparison between 6-1- years old girls. C: Comparison between boys (C) and girls (D) WC 50th percentiles curves from different Brazilian studies.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0530-90043-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Moreover, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> presents the 50% percentile of WC values of the Brazilian boys (C) and girls (D) and in a previous study published in 2007. It may be seen that the current WC 50<sup>th</sup>percentile curves for Brazilian boys was higher than the values of 2007. The current WC 50<sup>th</sup>percentile curves for Brazilian girls are much higher than the values obtained in 2007, around 2.0 cm at 7 and 8, 2.5 cm at 9 years old, and reaching 4.0 cm at 10 years old.</p>
        <p>Discussion</p>
        <p>This study presents age and gender specific WC percentile values for a large and representative sample of Brazilian children aged 6-10 years, based on a multicenter longitudinal anthropometric evaluation of school children. Furthermore, it is the first study to propose that WC cut-offs values are associated with obesity, according to BMI for boys and girls from 6 to ten years old. Besides, our study demonstrated that in this school population the prevalence of fat excess was around 30%, with 15% boys and girls overweight and another 15% already obese. Indeed, these findings corroborate previous data pointing out that childhood obesity is an increasingly serious health issue nationwide and worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">44</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These data complement the existing set of WC reference values obtained in some other countries and enhance the assessment capabilities of childhood obesity, in the most diverse sites for children care. Since several relationships may be established with the values of waist circumference, such as intra-abdominal fat deposition and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">45</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">48</xref></sup> waist circumference could be adopted as an alternative or additional measurement to BMI in children. The strong correlation found between circumference values and BMI in this study demonstrates that such replacement or its additional use is feasible.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, the proposed WC cut-off values for obesity provide a strong approximation of both normal weight (eutrophic) and obesity as defined by the international BMI categorization. No more than 7% of eutrophic children would have a higher WC cut-off value, which would indicate increased BMI. In such cases, other potential explanations may be present, such as initial fat excess caracterized by central obesity or additional clinical alterations (such as gastrintestinal disorders, amongst others). Regarding obese children, almost 87% may have been dignosed with obesity merely by measuring the WC. Moreover, WC is both simple and feasible measurement tool requiring inexpensive and user-friendly equipment, and little technical expertise, making it possible to carry out measurements on a scheduled basis in all schools. Our results demonstrate that Brazilian children present elevated 50<sup>th</sup>percentile WC values, with boys&#8217; values occupying roughly the third top place and girls the forth top place of all countries analyzed. Even more importantly, plotting the 50<sup>th</sup>percentile WC values obtained in 2007 with the current ones confirms the increment of values across all ages in boys and more intensively in girls.</p>
        <p>While The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) suggests that the metabolic syndrome (MetS) should not be diagnosed in children younger than 10 years, weight reduction should be considered in those with abdominal obesity, as measured by waist circumference. The correlation of visceral adipose tissue and waist circumference in children was confirmed and it is an independent predictor of insulin resistance, lipid levels and blood pressure - all components of MetS.</p>
        <p>The IDF consensus definition of MetS in children and adolescents was intended to agree upon a universally accepted characterization for facilitating MetS diagnosis and to accelerate preventive measures before the child or adolescent develops diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Obesity, particularly in the abdominal region, is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">49</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study circumscribed an area of 12 cities in the S&#227;o Paulo State. We believe it may be representative of school children of a large area of Brazil, since it included the most significant number of children of private and governmental schools ever reported in Brazil. Moreover, S&#227;o Paulo state has a high degree of miscegenation, and its countryside has an economic and social development comparable to the South and Southern Regions and even with many closer areas of the Central-West. As emphasized by several reports, the evaluation of cardiometabolic disorders in children is only feasible when specific references to the association between age, gender and ethnic origin and health risks are available. With a sample of 9,713 subjects from 2 to 18 years old, including 3,414 African-American, 2,746 European-American, and 3,553 Mexican-American (MA), Fernandez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>have described and provided estimates of the distribution of WC percentiles curves widely used in different countries, the well-known NHANES data. On the 75<sup>th</sup> and 90<sup>th</sup> percentiles, MA girls showed the fastest overall increase among all girls. At any of the percentiles considered, MA persons showed the highest overall WC and the fastest overall rate of WC increase with age. This data supports the high WC percentiles among Brazilian children and the most significant increase among Brazilian girls.</p>
        <p>Based on the robust data they collected, Fernandez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>stressed that careful attention should be concentrated to children whose WC values fall in the 75<sup>th</sup> and 90<sup>th</sup>percentile, since this drop help identify children at risk for various comorbidities and they strongly suggest prevention actions [against these situations]. All percentiles values found in our study were higher than those described by Fernandez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Among German children (6-10-year-old boys and girls), the 97<sup>th</sup>WC percentile was associated with abdominal obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">50</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Healthy lifestyle habits, including engaging in a healthy diet and physical activity, may lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">52</xref></sup> The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many societal environments, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment businesses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">53</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">56</xref></sup> Schools play a particularly critical role in establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. They also provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">56</xref></sup> Therefore, the importance of the present study was to provide representative values of WC of our children that may be used as an assessment tool to help meet public health recommendations.</p>
        <p>Another significant contribution in the development of national epidemiological data is the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents - (Portuguese acronym "ERICA" - Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes).<sup>57</sup> It is a large cross-sectional study at the national and school-based levels and a pioneering study that aimed to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, including metabolic syndrome components in approximately 85,000 students, aged 12 to 17 years. A recent publication of ERICA described that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was around 2,6% and that the most common combinations of elements, referring to 3/4 of combinations, were: enlarged waist circumference (WC), low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) and high blood pressure; followed by enlarged WC, low HDL-c and high triglycerides; and enlarged WC, low HDL-c, high triglycerides, and blood pressure. Therefore, the results of ERICA reinforce the importance of WC as a potential indication of a more global disarrangement that could determine the metabolic syndrome.</p>
        <p>The main limitation of the present study is the described percentile curves based on a sample of children from only one state, S&#227;o Paulo, and not derivated from randomly selected regions across Brazil. This fact may restrict the generalization of our results to children across the entire country. Furthermore, to validate the cut-off points for overweight and obesity, it is necessary to test the respective values in a different coorte of children.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Age and gender specific reference curves of WC for Brazilian children and cut-off values for obesity risk may be used for national screening and interventional studies to reduce the obesity burden in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding. There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
