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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pDL6VM8bYTBjc4zGcqGKKjr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300518</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190050</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190050</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise de Escores de Risco para Predi&#231;&#227;o de Mortalidade em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia Card&#237;aca por Endocardite</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1521-6608</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pivatto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bellagamba</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Carmona de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pianca</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gatti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Schmidt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1897-8301</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Butzke</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Busato</surname>
            <given-names>Stefano Boemler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Pivatto J&#250;nior &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fpivatto@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pivatto J&#250;nior F, Gus M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pivatto J&#250;nior F, Bellagamba CCA, Fernandes FS, Butzke M, Busato SB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Pivatto J&#250;nior F; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pivatto J&#250;nior F, Bellagamba CCA, Pianca EG, Fernandes FS, Butzke M, Busato SB, Gus M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>518</fpage>
      <lpage>524</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Escores de risco est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, mas saber qual deles escolher &#233; ainda incerto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar o EuroSCORE log&#237;stico, o EuroSCORE II e os escores espec&#237;ficos para endocardite infecciosa STS-IE, PALSUSE, AEPEI, EndoSCORE e RISK-E na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca por endocardite ativa em um hospital terci&#225;rio de ensino do sul do Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluindo todos os pacientes com idade &#8805; 18 anos submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca por endocardite ativa no centro do estudo entre 2007 e 2016. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de calibra&#231;&#227;o (raz&#227;o de mortalidade observada/esperada, O/E) e de discrimina&#231;&#227;o (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC, ASC), sendo a compara&#231;&#227;o das ASC realizada pelo teste de DeLong. P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 107 pacientes, sendo a mortalidade hospitalar de 29,0% (IC95%: 20.4-37.6%). A melhor raz&#227;o de mortalidade O/E foi obtida pelo escore PALSUSE (1,01, IC95%: 0,70-1,42), seguido pelo EuroSCORE log&#237;stico (1,3, IC95%: 0,92-1,87). O EuroSCORE log&#237;stico apresentou o maior poder discriminat&#243;rio (ASC 0,77), significativamente superior ao EuroSCORE II (p = 0,03), STS-IE (p = 0,03), PALSUSE (p = 0,03), AEPEI (p = 0,03) e RISK-E (p = 0,02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Apesar da disponibilidade dos recentes escores espec&#237;ficos, o EuroSCORE log&#237;stico foi o melhor preditor de mortalidade em nossa coorte, considerando-se an&#225;lise de calibra&#231;&#227;o (mortalidade O/E: 1,3) e de discrimina&#231;&#227;o (ASC 0,77). A valida&#231;&#227;o local dos escores espec&#237;ficos &#233; necess&#225;ria para uma melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cir&#250;rgico. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):518-524)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocardite/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os no tratamento, a endocardite infecciosa (EI) est&#225; associada a morbidade e mortalidade significativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da EI ativa est&#225; associada &#224; maior taxa de mortalidade dentre todas as doen&#231;as valvares, com taxas globais de mortalidade hospitalar acima de 20%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A cirurgia &#233; atualmente realizada em 50 a 60% dos pacientes com EI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As indica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (geralmente relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar), infec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o controlada (geralmente associada &#224; extens&#227;o perivalvular e a defeitos de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular), e preven&#231;&#227;o da embolia sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora essas indica&#231;&#245;es sejam claras, a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica baseia-se em grande parte na condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, nas comorbidades, e no risco operat&#243;rio do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco para cirurgia card&#237;aca v&#234;m sendo desenvolvidos para fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es acerca dos riscos tanto para os m&#233;dicos quanto para os pacientes, bem como para guiar a tomada de decis&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cir&#250;rgico ajuda a medir a qualidade do servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de, e o perfil de risco &#233; essencial para diferenciar os pacientes de acordo com a gravidade da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de. Do mesmo modo, conhecer o risco do paciente pode permitir a implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias individualizadas, visando prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Embora haja escores de risco dispon&#237;veis para uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, ainda h&#225; muita incerteza sobre qual deles escolher. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o EuroSCORE log&#237;stico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> o EuroSCORE II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e escores espec&#237;ficos para a EI, STS-IE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> PALSUSE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> AEPEI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> EndoSCORE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e RISK-E,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> como preditores de mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca em raz&#227;o de EI ativa, em um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio da regi&#227;o sul do Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluiu todos os pacientes com &#8805; 18 anos de idade que foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca em raz&#227;o de EI ativa, no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), de 2007 a 2016. Apenas pacientes com EI definitiva diagnosticada com base nos crit&#233;rios de Duke modificados<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>foram inclu&#237;dos. Os pacientes foram identificados atrav&#233;s dos agendamentos cir&#250;rgicos e da busca por palavras-chave no sistema eletr&#244;nico de registros m&#233;dicos do HCPA. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o (protocol n<sup>o</sup> 16-0632).</p>
      <p>O risco cir&#250;rgico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi calculado atrav&#233;s da m&#233;dia do EuroSCORE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> log&#237;stico e do EuroSCORE II,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> al&#233;m dos escores espec&#237;ficos STS-IE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> PALSUSE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> AEPEI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>EndoSCORE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e RISK-E<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, independente do tempo de perman&#234;ncia, foi definida como mortalidade hospitalar. O clearance de creatinina (CC) foi estimado atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Escores espec&#237;ficos para endocardite infecciosa analisados no presente estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">ESCORES N&#195;O ESPEC&#205;FICOS</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">EuroSCORE, 1999<sup>8</sup></th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">EuroSCORE II, 2012<sup>9</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Endocardite ativa</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Endocardite ativa</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Idade</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Estado cr&#237;tico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Angina CCS classe 4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Cr s&#233;rica &gt; 200 &#181;mol/L</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Arteriopatia extracard&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Estado cr&#237;tico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Arteriopatia extracard&#237;aca</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Sexo feminino</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Disfun&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">DMID</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Cirurgia n&#227;o coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">FEVE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Doen&#231;a pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Classe funcional (NYHA)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Mobilidade reduzida</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">IAM recente</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">PSAP &gt; 60 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">IAM recente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Cirurgia na aorta tor&#225;cica</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">PSAP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Urg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Cirurgia na aorta tor&#225;cica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Ruptura do septo ventricular</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Urg&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Procedimento realizado</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>ESCORES ESPEC&#205;FICOS PARA EI</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>STS-IE, 2011</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>PALSUSE, 2014</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>10</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>AEPEI, 2017</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>11</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>EndoSCORE, 2017</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>12</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>RISK-E, 2017</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>13</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Endocardite ativa</td>
                <td align="center">EI de valva prot&#233;tica</td>
                <td align="center">IMC &gt; 27Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Arritmia*</td>
                <td align="center">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">Estado cr&#237;tico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">Idade</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                <td align="center">Grande destrui&#231;&#227;o intracard&#237;aca<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">eTFG &lt; 50mL/min</td>
                <td align="center">Cr s&#233;rica &#8805; 2mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">Staphylococcus spp.</td>
                <td align="center">Classe Funcional IV (NYHA)</td>
                <td align="center">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es perianulares<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">Cirurgia urgente</td>
                <td align="center">PSAP &gt; 55 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">EI de valva prot&#233;tica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DMID/DMNID</td>
                <td align="center">Sexo (feminino)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">N&#250;mero de valvas/ pr&#243;teses tratadas</td>
                <td align="center">Choque s&#233;ptico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Procedimento valvar m&#250;ltiplo</td>
                <td align="center">EuroSCORE &#8805; 10%</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Microorganismo isolado na hemocultura</td>
                <td align="center">Trombocitopenia<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Inotr&#243;picos ou BIA no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Presen&#231;a de abscesso</td>
                <td align="center">Microrganismo virulento<sup>//</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CRM pr&#233;via</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Cirurgia valvar pr&#233;via</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia Renal (HD) ou Cr s&#233;rica &gt; 2 mg/dL</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Urg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*Taquicardia ventricular sustentada, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, flutter atrial ou bloqueio atrioventricular de terceiro grau. <sup>&#8224;</sup>Abscessos ou outros achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos sugestivos de infec&#231;&#227;o invasiva (comunica&#231;&#227;o entre c&#226;maras, dissec&#231;&#227;o da parede ou extensa deisc&#234;ncia da v&#225;lvula). <sup>&#8225;</sup>Abscesso, pseudoaneurisma, f&#237;stula ou deisc&#234;ncia prot&#233;tica. <sup>&#167;</sup> &lt; 150.000 plaquetas/mm<sup>3</sup>. //Staphylococcus aureus ou fungos. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; Cr: creatinina; eTFG: estimativa da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; HD: hemodi&#225;lise; DMID: diabetes mellitus insulino-dependente; DMNID: Diabetes mellitus n&#227;o insulino-dependente; EI: endocardite infecciosa; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda foi definida como qualquer um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: aumento &#8805; a 0,3 mg/dL da creatinina em 48 horas ou aumento de &#8805; 1,5 vezes da creatinina em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal, conhecido ou que se presume nos 7 dias anteriores; volume urin&#225;rio &lt; 0,5mL/kg/h em 6 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O estado cr&#237;tico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi definido como a presen&#231;a de qualquer uma das caracter&#237;ticas a seguir durante a mesma interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar que a da cirurgia: taquicardia/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou morte s&#250;bita recuperada; massagem card&#237;aca; ventila&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica antes da sala anest&#233;sica; administra&#231;&#227;o de inotr&#243;picos; uso de bal&#227;o de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o/dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular antes da sala anest&#233;sica ou insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (an&#250;ria ou olig&#250;ria &lt;10 mL/h).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A EI ativa (ainda com tratamento antibi&#243;tico no momento da cirurgia), doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica, arteriopatia extracard&#237;aca, mobilidade reduzida (comprometimento grave de mobilidade secund&#225;ria &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o neurom&#250;sculo-esquel&#233;tica), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente (&#8804; 90 dias), hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar grave (press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica &gt; 55mmHg), disfun&#231;&#227;o renal grave (ClCr &lt; 50mL/min), e urg&#234;ncia de cirurgia tamb&#233;m foram definidas conforme o EuroSCORE II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados diretamente dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos dos pacientes e analisados utilizando os <italic>softwares</italic> IBM SPSS 21.0, MedCalc 12.5 e OpenEpi 3.01.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os dados qualitativos foram exibidos por meio de frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa; m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil) foram utilizadas para as an&#225;lises quantitativas. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o de cada vari&#225;vel foi avaliada por meio do teste Shapiro-Wilk. A calibra&#231;&#227;o (expressa pela raz&#227;o entre a mortalidade observada e a esperada [O/E], isto &#233;, a raz&#227;o de mortalidade padronizada [RMP]) e a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria (expressa pela &#225;rea sob a curva ROC [ASC]) dos escores foi avaliada. Para calcular a RPM com intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%, utilizamos o teste exato de Mid-p modificado por Miettinen. A compara&#231;&#227;o da ASC foi realizada pelo teste de DeLong. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo estudado, foram inclu&#237;dos 107 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca na institui&#231;&#227;o durante a fase aguda da EI. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 58,1 &#177; 14,5 anos, sendo 24,3% mulheres. A EI a&#243;rtica isolada foi a forma predominante de EI (43,9%). As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e os detalhes cir&#250;rgicos est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e vari&#225;veis cir&#250;rgicas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">VARI&#193;VEL</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">n = 107</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">58,1&#177;14,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">26 (24,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">60 (56,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe funcional III/IV (NYHA)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (49,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Abscesso valvar</td>
                <td align="center">40 (37,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">35 (32,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a valvar degenerativa</td>
                <td align="center">31 (29,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAP grave</td>
                <td align="center">31 (29,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Endocardite prot&#233;tica</td>
                <td align="center">31 (29,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda</td>
                <td align="center">30 (28,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal grave*</td>
                <td align="center">25 (26,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#225;lise</td>
                <td align="center">22 (20,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trombocitopenia</td>
                <td align="center">20 (18,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado cr&#237;tico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">19 (17,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE &#8804; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">17 (15,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DMID</td>
                <td align="center">14 (13,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Endocardite infecciosa pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">11 (10,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valvulopatia reum&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">10 (9,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arteriopatia extracard&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">7 (6,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mobilidade reduzida</td>
                <td align="center">7 (6,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM recente</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina CCS classe 4</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Localiza&#231;&#227;o da endocardite infecciosa</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valva a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">47 (43,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valva mitral</td>
                <td align="center">35 (32,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valvas a&#243;rtica + mitral</td>
                <td align="center">20 (18,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valva tric&#250;spide</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valvas tric&#250;spide + mitral</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Microrganismo causador identificado</td>
                <td align="center">72 (67,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Streptococcus viridans</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19 (17,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Enterococcus sp.</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">10 (9,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9 (8,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Magnitude da interven&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outra que n&#227;o CRM isolada</td>
                <td align="center">81 (75,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dois procedimentos</td>
                <td align="center">25 (23,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tr&#234;s procedimentos</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Urg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Urgente</td>
                <td align="center">98 (91,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Emergente</td>
                <td align="center">9 (8,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM associada</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (min)</td>
                <td align="center">84,0 (65,0-110,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de isquemia (min)</td>
                <td align="center">65,0 (51,0-84,0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; DMID: diabetes mellitus insulino-dependente; NYHA: New York Heart Association; HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. *Exclu&#237;mos pacientes submetidos &#224; hemodi&#225;lise no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (n = 22; 20,6%) e aqueles cujos dados de peso corporal n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis (n = 11; 10,3%), o que tornou imposs&#237;vel calcular o clearance de creatinina. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, n (%), ou mediana (intervalo interquartil).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O tamanho mediano das vegeta&#231;&#245;es foi de 14,0 mm (9,25-18,0). Trinta e um pacientes (29,0%) apresentaram pelo menos 1 evento emb&#243;lico, diagnosticado com base nos sintomas ou incidentalmente: 13 (12,1%) para o sistema nervoso central e 11 (10,3%) para o ba&#231;o. Vinte e dois (20,6%) estavam em di&#225;lise no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio: 14 (13,1%) devido &#224; doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, 6 (5,6%) devido &#224; insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, e 2 (1,9%) devido &#224; doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica agudizada.</p>
      <p>A cirurgia foi realizada com um tempo m&#233;dio de 12,5 (6,0-22,25) dias do in&#237;cio da antibioticoterapia. A principal indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia foi insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (76,6%). O procedimento mais frequentemente realizado foi a troca valvar a&#243;rtica mec&#226;nica (n = 26; 24,3%), seguida da troca valvar a&#243;rtica biol&#243;gica (n = 22; 20,6%) e da troca valvar mitral biol&#243;gica (n = 22; 20,6%).</p>
      <p>A mortalidade hospitalar global foi de 29,0% (IC95%: 20,4-37,6%). Houve uma grande varia&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade esperada dentre os escores, de 10,0% no EndoSCORE a 28,6% no escore PALSUSE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). A melhor raz&#227;o de mortalidade O/E foi obtida pelo escore PALSUSE (1,01; IC95%: 0,70-1,42; p=0,919), seguido pelo EuroSCORE log&#237;stico (1,3; IC95%: 0,92-1,87; p=0,123), conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Todos os outros escores subestimaram significativamente a mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Mortalidade hospitalar observada e esperada de acordo com os escores. *A mortalidade observada foi de 29,0%, exceto para o RISK-E, que foi de 28,4% (5 casos de endocardite infecciosa pulmonar/tric&#250;spide foram exclu&#237;dos, uma vez que eles n&#227;o est&#227;o inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise desse escore). As barras de erro indicam intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0518-90050-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Raz&#227;o de mortalidade observada/esperada e an&#225;lise da curva ROC para os escores estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">ESCORE</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">MORTALIDADE O/E *</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IC95%</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">ASC</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IC95%</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="7">
                  <bold>ESCORES N&#195;O ESPEC&#205;FICOS PARA EI</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EuroSCORE log&#237;stico</td>
                <td align="center">1,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,92-1,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,123</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,66-0,87</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EuroSCORE II</td>
                <td align="center">2,46</td>
                <td align="center">1,70-3,45</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,58-0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="7">
                  <bold>ESCORES ESPEC&#205;FICOS PARA EI</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>STS-IE</td>
                <td align="center">2,50</td>
                <td align="center">1,73-3,50</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,56-0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PALSUSE</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,70-1,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,919</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
                <td align="center">0,57-0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RISK-E</td>
                <td align="center">1,53</td>
                <td align="center">1,05-2,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,60-0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AEPEI</td>
                <td align="center">1,71</td>
                <td align="center">1,18-2,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,53-0,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EndoSCORE</td>
                <td align="center">2,90</td>
                <td align="center">2,00-4,06</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,66-0,86</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>*A mortalidade observada foi de 29,0%, exceto para o RISK-E, que foi de 28,4% (5 casos de endocardite infecciosa pulmonar/tric&#250;spide foram exclu&#237;dos, uma vez que eles n&#227;o est&#227;o inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise desse escore). O/E: observada/esperada; ASC: &#225;rea sob a curva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; EI: endocardite infecciosa.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O EuroSCORE log&#237;stico teve o maior poder discriminat&#243;rio (ASC: 0,77), como pode ser visto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, sendo significativamente superior ao do EuroSCORE II (p = 0,03), STS-IE (p = 0,03), PALSUSE (p = 0,03), AEPEI (p = 0,03), e RISK-E (p = 0,02), embora n&#227;o significativamente quando comparado com o EndoSCORE (p = 0,90). Todas as outras compara&#231;&#245;es foram n&#227;o significativas, exceto EndoSCORE vs. AEPEI (p = 0,03).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta coorte de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca devido a EI, a melhor raz&#227;o de mortalidade O/E e poder discriminat&#243;rio foram obtidos pelo escore PALSUSE (1,01) e pelo EuroSCORE (ASC: 0,77), respectivamente. O EuroSCORE log&#237;stico, que apresentou a segunda melhor raz&#227;o O/E (1,3), apresentou poder discriminat&#243;rio significativamente melhor do que o escore PALSUSE (ASC: 0,68; p=0,03).</p>
      <p>A ASC, tamb&#233;m conhecida como estat&#237;stica C ou &#237;ndice C, &#233; um marcador de precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica global<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e uma medida efetiva e combinada de sensibilidade e especificidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O poder discriminat&#243;rio &#233; considerado excelente se &gt; 0,80, muito bom se &gt; 0,75, e bom (aceit&#225;vel) se &gt; 0,70. Al&#233;m disso, avaliamos a calibra&#231;&#227;o utilizando a raz&#227;o de mortalidade O/E. Idealmente, essa raz&#227;o &#233; 1, isto &#233;, a mortalidade observada &#233; igual &#224; mortalidade esperada, indicando um modelo preditivo perfeitamente calibrado. Um valor de O/E &gt; 1 significa que o modelo subestimou a mortalidade, ao passo que um valor &lt; 1 significa que o modelo superestimou a mortalidade. Se o IC de 95% para a raz&#227;o de mortalidade O/E cruza 1, o modelo est&#225; bem calibrado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Contudo, &#233; poss&#237;vel que um modelo de risco tenha boa calibra&#231;&#227;o, mas pouca discrimina&#231;&#227;o, e vice-versa. A discrimini&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais importante que a calibra&#231;&#227;o; um modelo pode ser recalibrado ou reajustado conforme a pr&#225;tica for aprimorada, por&#233;m se o modelo for constru&#237;do levando em conta fatores de risco incorretos, sua discrimina&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o poder&#225; ser melhorada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Embora o EndoSCORE n&#227;o tenha apresentado um poder discriminat&#243;rio significativamente pior quando comparado com o EuroSCORE log&#237;stico, ele subestimou significativamente a mortalidade hospitalar; desse modo, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ajustes seria necess&#225;ria. Na nossa coorte, o EuroSCORE log&#237;stico demonstrou ser o melhor preditor de risco de mortalidade.</p>
      <p>O microrganismo causador foi identificado em apenas 67,3% dos casos nesta coorte, diferentemente das coortes de valida&#231;&#227;o dos escores espec&#237;ficos para EI, nas quais a taxa de detec&#231;&#227;o foi de 81,0-86,6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> De modo semelhante, o <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, que causa uma infec&#231;&#227;o agressiva e, muitas vezes, fatal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> foi o microrganismo causador em apenas 8,4% dos casos, ao passo que, nas coortes de valida&#231;&#227;o, esse percentual variou de 17,5 a 19,9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Esses dois fatores provavelmente explicam, ao menos em parte, a baixa precis&#227;o dos escores espec&#237;ficos para EI na nossa coorte. O mesmo ocorreu com outros itens inclu&#237;dos nos escores espec&#237;ficos, tais como a classe funcional IV da NYHA no escore AEPEI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>(37,7 <italic>vs.</italic> 20,6%), FEVE &#8804; 50% no EndoSCORE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (35,9 <italic>vs.</italic> 15,9%), choque cardiog&#234;nico e trombocitopenia no RISK-E<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>(17,9 e 29,2% no estudo original vs. 11,2 e 18,7% neste estudo, respectivamente); embora fortemente associados com a mortalidade, esses fatores n&#227;o foram significativamente predominantes na nossa coorte.</p>
      <p>O EuroSCORE II, o mais comumente utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual, subestimou em 2,5 vezes a mortalidade observada e teve baixo poder discriminat&#243;rio (ASC: 0,69). A coorte original do estudo EuroSCORE II tinha uma porcentagem muito baixa de pacientes com com EI ativa (2,2%);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> consequentemente, &#233; dif&#237;cil generalizar os resultados do EuroSCORE II para as popula&#231;&#245;es com EI. Em uma an&#225;lise de 149 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca em raz&#227;o de EI ativa em dois centros de refer&#234;ncia franceses, Patrat-Delon et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> observaram que, apesar de o EuroSCORE II ter bom poder discriminat&#243;rio (ASC: 0,78; IC95%: 0,70-0,84), seus resultados deveriam ser interpretados com cautela durante a fase aguda da EI, porque esse escore subestimou a mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em 5-10% na metade dos pacientes com mortalidade prevista de &gt;10%. No Brasil, Oliveira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> conduziram o &#250;nico outro estudo at&#233; hoje que avaliou o uso de predi&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com EI ativa submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca. Nesse estudo, que incluiu 88 pacientes, o EuroSCORE II subestimou significativamente a mortalidade hospitalar, com uma raz&#227;o de mortalidade O/E de 2,31 (IC95%: 1,41-3,58; p = 0,002). A an&#225;lise da curva ROC n&#227;o foi realizada.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes com EI ativa j&#225; haviam sido sub-representados na coorte do EuroSCORE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> na qual a EI ativa estava presente em apenas 3,6% de todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia valvar. Madeira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> em um estudo com 128 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca devido a EI ativa, compararam o EuroSCORE e o EuroSCORE II para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria. Eles observaram que o padr&#227;o de calibra&#231;&#227;o diferiu entre os dois escores: o EuroSCORE mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia progressiva superestimar, ao passo que o EuroSCORE II tendeu a subestimar a mortalidade. Por outro lado, assim como no presente estudo, Mestres et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> em um estudo com 181 pacientes com EI (93,2% ativa), descreveram bom poder discriminat&#243;rio (ASC: 0,84) e uma mortalidade esperada (27,1%) muito semelhante &#224;quela da observada (28,8%; raz&#227;o O/E: 1,1).</p>
      <p>A necessidade de uma ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, &#250;til tanto para a informa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria ao paciente quanto para a tomada de decis&#227;o &#224; beira do leito, surge das peculiaridades da cirurgia da EI em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca em geral: os defechos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios podem ser influenciados n&#227;o somente por quest&#245;es anat&#244;micas ou funcionais cardiovasculares, mas tamb&#233;m por fatores microbiol&#243;gicos e infecciosos sist&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>Mais recentemente, foram desenvolvidos novos escores de risco espec&#237;ficos para a EI. Eles incorporam alguns fatores espec&#237;ficos da EI (tais como culturas microbiol&#243;gicas, forma&#231;&#227;o de abscesso e sepse), que s&#227;o conhecidos preditores independentes de mortalidade. Os escores espec&#237;ficos para EI v&#234;m demonstrando maior precis&#227;o na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade do que os escores de risco tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentre os escores espec&#237;ficos para EI analisados, apenas o PALSUSE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e o RISK-E<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> tinham coortes de deriva&#231;&#227;o limitadas a pacientes com EI ativa. O escore PALSUSE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que incorpora o EuroSCORE na sua composi&#231;&#227;o, foi derivado de um estudo de coorte prospectiva com 437 pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia na na fase aguda da EI. Os dados foram coletados em 26 hospitais espanh&#243;is. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 24,3%, variando de 0% em pacientes com um escore de 0 a 45,4% naqueles com um escore &#8805; 4. A ASC foi de 0,84 (IC95%: 0,79-0,88), indicando capacidade discriminat&#243;ria satisfat&#243;ria. O RISK-E<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> foi desenvolvido a partir de uma pesquisa realizada em tr&#234;s centros de sa&#250;de terci&#225;rios da Espanha, que buscavam prever a mortalidade hospitalar em 424 pacientes com EI ativa a&#243;rtica/mitral submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca. A ASC foi de 0,82 (IC95%: 0,75-0,88). A probabilidade preditiva da mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria variou de 3% para um paciente com um escore de 0 a 97% para um paciente com o escore mais alto poss&#237;vel de 68. Uma compara&#231;&#227;o das ASCs apresentou desempenho preditivo superior estatisticamente significativo do RISK-E (p = 0,01), em rela&#231;&#227;o ao EuroSCORE, EuroSCORE II, ou PALSUSE.</p>
      <p>De 2000 a 2015, dados de 2.715 pacientes com endocardite (70,1% ativa) que foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia em 26 centros cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos italianos foram coletados retrospectivamente. Esse amplo estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> forneceu um modelo de risco log&#237;stico para prever a mortalidade precoce (dentro de 30 dias da cirurgia): o EndoSCORE. A ASC foi de 0,84 (IC95%: 0,81-0,86). No nosso estudo, esse escore foi testado para prever o risco de morte durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, independentemente do tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, e 5 das 31 mortes (16,1%) ocorreram 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia (mortalidade precoce: 24,3%). Essa diferen&#231;a pareceu ter pouco efeito sobre o desempenho do escore, que igualmente subestimou a mortalidade precoce (raz&#227;o O/E: 2,4; ASC: 0,77 [IC95%: 0,66-0,88]).</p>
      <p>Embora o AEPEI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> seja um escore espec&#237;fico para EI, ele n&#227;o inclui vari&#225;veis espec&#237;ficas de EI no seu modelo final. Ele foi desenvolvido a partir de um estudo prospectivo com 361 pacientes consecutivos que haviam sido submetidos &#224; cirurgia em raz&#227;o de EI (76,2% ativa) em oito centros cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos europeus. Cinquenta e seis pacientes (15,5%) morreram ap&#243;s a cirurgia, e a ASC foi de 0,78 (IC95%: 0,73-0,82). Na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, o escore AEPEI teve poder discriminat&#243;rio equivalente &#224;quele do EuroSCORE II (p = 0,4) e mostrou superioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao EuroSCORE log&#237;stico (p = 0,0026) e o escore PALSUSE (p = 0,047).</p>
      <p>Assim como o escore AEPEI, o STS-IE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> n&#227;o inclui vari&#225;vies espec&#237;ficas para EI. Ele foi desenvolvido a partir do banco de dados de cirurgia card&#237;aca adulta da <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeon</italic>s (STS), que foi estabelecido em 1989, incluindo dados de 3 milh&#245;es de procedimentos card&#237;acos de mais de 90% dos centros cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos da Am&#233;rica do Norte. De 2002 a 2008, 19.543 cirurgias foram realizadas em pacientes com EI (51,5% ativa), com uma mortalidade de 8,2%. O STS-IE demonstrou boa capacidade preditiva, com uma ASC de 0,76.</p>
      <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo devem ser mencionadas. Em primeiro lugar, o desenho retrospectivo pode ter influenciado a qualidade e a consist&#234;ncia dos dados coletados. O tamanho da amostra relativamente pequeno tamb&#233;m &#233; uma fonte de preocupa&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, o fato de o estudo ter sido conduzido em um &#250;nico centro pode limitar a validade externa dos nossos achados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que, apesar da disponibilidade de escores recentes espec&#237;ficos para EI, e considerando-se o equil&#237;brio entre os &#237;ndices, o EuroSCORE log&#237;stico pareceu ser o melhor preditor de risco de mortalidade na nossa coorte de pacientes com EI, admitidos durante um per&#237;odo de 10 anos, levando-se em conta a calibra&#231;&#227;o (raz&#227;o O/E: 1,3) e a capacidade discriminante (ASC: 0,77). Esse achado tem implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, j&#225; que o EuroSCORE II &#233; o escore mais frequentemente utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Faz-se necess&#225;ria a valida&#231;&#227;o local de escores espec&#237;ficos para avaliar o risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio dos pacientes com EI.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento. O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa e Eventos (FIPE) do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of Risk Scores to Predict Mortality in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery for Endocarditis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1521-6608</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pivatto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bellagamba</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Carmona de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pianca</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gatti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Schmidt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1897-8301</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Butzke</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Busato</surname>
            <given-names>Stefano Boemler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Fernando Pivatto J&#250;nior &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: fpivatto@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript: Pivatto J&#250;nior F, Gus M; Acquisition of data: Pivatto J&#250;nior F, Bellagamba CCA, Fernandes FS, Butzke M, Busato SB; Statistical analysis and obtaining financing: Pivatto J&#250;nior F; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pivatto J&#250;nior F, Bellagamba CCA, Pianca EG, Fernandes FS, Butzke M, Busato SB, Gus M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Risk scores are available for use in daily clinical practice, but knowing which one to choose is still fraught with uncertainty.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To assess the logistic EuroSCORE, EuroSCORE II, and the infective endocarditis (IE)-specific scores STS-IE, PALSUSE, AEPEI, EndoSCORE and RISK-E, as predictors of hospital mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery for active IE at a tertiary teaching hospital in Southern Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Retrospective cohort study including all patients aged &#8805; 18 years who underwent cardiac surgery for active IE at the study facility from 2007-2016. The scores were assessed by calibration evaluation (observed/expected [O/E] mortality ratio) and discrimination (area under the ROC curve [AUC]). Comparison of AUC was performed by the DeLong test. A p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 107 patients were included. Overall hospital mortality was 29.0% (95%CI: 20.4-37.6%). The best O/E mortality ratio was achieved by the PALSUSE score (1.01, 95%CI: 0.70-1.42), followed by the logistic EuroSCORE (1.3, 95%CI: 0.92-1.87). The logistic EuroSCORE had the highest discriminatory power (AUC 0.77), which was significantly superior to EuroSCORE II (p = 0.03), STS-IE (p = 0.03), PALSUSE (p = 0.03), AEPEI (p = 0.03), and RISK-E (p = 0.02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Despite the availability of recent IE-specific scores, and considering the trade-off between the indexes, the logistic EuroSCORE seemed to be the best predictor of mortality risk in our cohort, taking calibration (O/E mortality ratio: 1.3) and discrimination (AUC 0.77) into account. Local validation of IE-specific scores is needed to better assess preoperative surgical risk. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):518-524)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocarditis/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Despite advances in medical and surgical treatment, infective endocarditis (IE) is associated with substantial morbidity and risk of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Surgical correction of active IE is associated with the highest mortality of any valve disease, with overall rates of in-hospital mortality exceeding 20%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Surgery is currently performed in 50 to 60% of patients with IE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The indications are: heart failure (usually related to valve dysfunction), uncontrolled infection (often associated with perivalvular extension and atrioventricular conduction defects), and prevention of systemic embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Although these indications are clear, their practical application relies largely on the patient&#8217;s clinical status, comorbidities and operative risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Risk prediction models for cardiac surgery have been developed to provide information on risks for both clinicians and patients and to guide decision-making.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Assessment of surgical risk helps to measure the quality of healthcare service, and risk profile is essential to differentiate patients by severity of health status. Likewise, being aware of a patient&#8217;s risk can allow implementation of individualized strategies to prevent complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Although risk scores are available for use in daily clinical practice, knowing which one to choose is still fraught with uncertainty. Within this context, the aim of the present study was to assess the logistic EuroSCORE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> EuroSCORE II,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and the IE-specific scores STS-IE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> PALSUSE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>AEPEI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> EndoSCORE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and RISK-E,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> as predictors of hospital mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery for active IE at a tertiary teaching hospital in Southern Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This retrospective cohort study included all patients aged &#8805; 18 years who underwent cardiac surgery for active IE at Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), a tertiary teaching hospital in Southern Brazil, from 2007 to 2016. Only patients with definite IE based on the modified Duke criteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> were enrolled. Patients were identified through surgical schedules and a keyword search of the HCPA electronic medical records system. The present study was approved by the HCPA Research Ethics Committee (protocol 16-0632).</p>
        <p>Preoperative risk of death was estimated through the mean logistic EuroSCORE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and EuroSCORE II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>, in addition to the IE-specific scores STS-IE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> PALSUSE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> AEPEI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> EndoSCORE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and RISK-E<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Death during hospitalization, regardless of length of stay, was defined as hospital mortality. Creatinine clearance (CC) was estimated through the Cockcroft-Gault formula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Infective endocarditis-specific scores analyzed in the present study</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">NON-SPECIFIC SCORES</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">EuroSCORE, 1999<sup>8</sup></th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">EuroSCORE II, 2012<sup>9</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Active endocarditis</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">Active endocarditis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Age</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">Age</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Critical preoperative state</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">CCS class 4 angina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Cr &gt; 200 &#181;mol/L</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">Chronic pulmonary dysfunction</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Extracardiac arteriopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">Critical preoperative state</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Female sex</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Extracardiac arteriopathy</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Female sex</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Neurological dysfunction</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">IDDM</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Non-coronary surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">LVEF</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Pulmonary disease</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">NYHA class</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Previous cardiac surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Poor mobility</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Recent MI</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Previous cardiac surgery</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">sPAP &gt; 60 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Recent MI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Thoracic aortic surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Renal dysfunction</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Unstable angina</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">sPAP</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Urgency</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Thoracic aortic surgery</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Ventricular septal rupture</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Urgency</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Weight of procedure</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
                    <bold>IE-SPECIFIC SCORES</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>STS-IE, 2011</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>PALSUSE, 2014</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>10</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>AEPEI, 2017</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>11</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>EndoSCORE, 2017</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>12</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>RISK-E, 2017</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>13</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Active endocarditis</td>
                  <td align="center">Prosthetic valve IE</td>
                  <td align="center">BMI &gt; 27Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Age</td>
                  <td align="center">Acute renal insufficiency</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Arrhythmia*</td>
                  <td align="center">Age</td>
                  <td align="center">Critical preoperative state</td>
                  <td align="center">COPD</td>
                  <td align="center">Age</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cardiogenic shock</td>
                  <td align="center">Large intracardiac destruction&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">eGFR &lt; 50mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">Cr &#8805; 2mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">Cardiogenic shock</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Chronic lung disease</td>
                  <td align="center">Staphylococcus spp.</td>
                  <td align="center">NYHA class IV</td>
                  <td align="center">Female sex</td>
                  <td align="center">Periannular complications<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Systemic hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">Urgent surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">sPAP &gt; 55 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">Prosthetic-valve IE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">IDDM/NIDDM</td>
                  <td align="center">Sex (female)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Number of treated valves/prostheses</td>
                  <td align="center">Septic shock</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Multiple valve procedure</td>
                  <td align="center">EuroSCORE &#8805; 10%</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pathogen isolated on blood specimen culture</td>
                  <td align="center">Thrombocytopenia<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Preoperative IABP or inotropes</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Presence of abscess</td>
                  <td align="center">Virulent microorganism<sup>//</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Prior CABG</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Prior valve surgery</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Renal failure (HD) or Cr &gt; 2 mg/dL</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Urgency</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Sustained ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter or third degree heart block. <sup>&#8224;</sup>Abscesses or other echocardiography findings suggested the infection was invasive (communication between chambers, wall dissection or large valvular dehiscence). <sup>&#8225;</sup>Abscess, pseudoaneurysm, fistula or prosthetic dehiscence. <sup>&#167;</sup> &lt; 150,000 platelets/mm<sup>3</sup>. <sup>//</sup>Staphylococcus aureus or fungi. BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cr: creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HD: hemodialysis; IDDM: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; NIDDM: non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; IE: infective endocarditis; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; sPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Acute renal insufficiency was defined as any of the following: increase in creatinine by &#8805; 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours or to &#8805; 1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed to have occurred within the past 7 days; or urinary output &lt; 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Critical preoperative state was defined if any one or more of the following occurred preoperatively during the same hospital admission as the operation: ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation or aborted sudden death; cardiac massage; ventilation before arrival at the anesthesia suite; administration of inotropes; intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation/ventricular-assist device placement before arrival at the anesthesia suite or acute renal failure (anuria or oliguria &lt; 10 mL/h).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Active IE (still on antibiotic treatment for IE at time of surgery), chronic pulmonary disease, extracardiac arteriopathy, poor mobility (severe impairment of mobility secondary to musculoskeletal or neurological dysfunction), recent myocardial infarction (&#8804; 90 days), severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (systolic pulmonary artery pressure &gt; 55mmHg), severe renal dysfunction (CC &lt; 50mL/min) and urgency of surgery were also defined as in the EuroSCORE II study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Data were collected directly from the patients&#8217; electronic charts and analyzed in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 21.0; MedCalc, version 12.5; and OpenEpi, version 3.01.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Qualitative data were reported as absolute and relative frequency; mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) were used for quantitative variables. The normality of distribution of each variable was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Calibration (expressed by the observed/expected [O/E] mortality ratio, i.e., the standard mortality ratio [SMR]) and discriminant ability (by area under the ROC curve [AUC]) of the scores were evaluated. To calculate the SMR with a 95% confidence interval (CI), we used the mid-P exact test with Miettinen&#8217;s modification. Comparison of AUC was performed by the DeLong test. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>During the study period, 107 patients underwent cardiac surgery at the study facility while in the acute phase of IE and were included. Mean age was 58.1 &#177; 14.5 years and 24.3% were female. Isolated aortic IE was the most prevalent form of IE (43.9%). Patient characteristics and surgical details are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patient characteristics and surgical details.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">VARIABLE</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">n = 107</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">58.1&#177;14.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female sex</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (24.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (56.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA III/IV</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (49.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abscess</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (37.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous cardiac surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (32.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Degenerative valve disease</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (29.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe PAH</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (29.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prosthetic endocarditis</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (29.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute renal insufficiency</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (28.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe renal dysfunction*</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (26.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dialysis</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (20.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Thrombocytopenia</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (18.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Critical preoperative state</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (17.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF &#8804; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (15.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IDDM</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (13.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous infective endocarditis</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (10.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rheumatic valvulopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bicuspid aortic valve</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extracardiac arteriopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous MI</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic lung disease</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (6.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Poor mobility</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (6.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Recent MI</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCS class 4 angina</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Location of infective endocarditis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (43.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (32.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic + Mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (18.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tricuspid</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tricuspid + Mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Identified causative microorganism</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (67.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Streptococcus viridans</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19 (17.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Enterococcus sp.</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (8.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Magnitude of intervention</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Single, non-CABG</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (75.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Two procedures</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (23.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Three procedures</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urgency</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urgent</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (91.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Emergent</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (8.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Associated CABG</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extracorporeal circulation time (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">84.0 (65.0-110.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cross-clamp time (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.0 (51.0-84.0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; IDDM: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction. *We excluded patients on preoperative hemodialysis (n = 22; 20.6%) and those for whom body weight data were unavailable (n = 11; 10.3%), which makes it impossible to calculate the creatinine clearance. Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, n (%), or median (interquartile range).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The median vegetation size was 14.0 (9.25-18.0) millimeters. Thirty-one patients (29.0%) experienced at least one embolic event, diagnosed on the basis of symptoms or by incidental detection: 13 (12.1%) to the central nervous system and 11 (10.3%) to the spleen. Twenty-two (20.6%) were on preoperative dialysis: 14 (13.1%) due to chronic kidney disease, 6 (5.6%) due to acute renal failure, and 2 (1.9%) due to acute-on-chronic renal failure.</p>
        <p>Surgery was performed with a median delay of 12.5 (6.0-22.25) days start of antibiotic therapy. The leading indication for surgery was heart failure (76.6%). The most frequently performed procedure was mechanical aortic valve replacement (n = 26, 24.3%), followed by bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement (n = 22, 20.6%) and bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement (n = 22, 20.6%).</p>
        <p>Overall hospital mortality was 29.0% (95%CI: 20.4-37.6%). There was a wide variation in expected mortality among the scores, ranging from 10.0% in EndoSCORE to 28.6% in PALSUSE score (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). The best O/E mortality ratio was achieved by the PALSUSE score (1.01, 95%CI: 0.70-1.42; p = 0.919), followed by the EuroSCORE (1.3, 95%CI: 0.92-1.87; p = 0.123), as seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. All other scores significantly underestimated hospital mortality.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Observed and expected hospital mortality according scores. *Observed mortality was 29.0%, except for the RISK-E score, which was 28.4% (5 right-sided infective endocarditis cases were excluded, since they are not included in this score analysis). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0518-90050-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Observed/expected mortality ratio and ROC curve analysis for the studied scores</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">SCORE</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">O/E MORTALITY*</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">95%CI</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">AUC</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">95%CI</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="7">
                    <bold>NON-SPECIFIC SCORES</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Logistic EuroSCORE</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92-1.87</td>
                  <td align="center">0.123</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66-0.87</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EuroSCORE II</td>
                  <td align="center">2.46</td>
                  <td align="center">1.70-3.45</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58-0.80</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="7">
                    <bold>IE-SPECIFIC SCORES</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STS-IE</td>
                  <td align="center">2.50</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73-3.50</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56-0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PALSUSE</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70-1.42</td>
                  <td align="center">0.919</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57-0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RISK-E</td>
                  <td align="center">1.53</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05-2.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60-0.81</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AEPEI</td>
                  <td align="center">1.71</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18-2.40</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53-0.77</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EndoSCORE</td>
                  <td align="center">2.90</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00-4.06</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66-0.86</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Observed mortality was 29.0%, except for the RISK-E score, which was 28.4% (5 right-sided infective endocarditis cases were excluded, since they are not included in this score analysis). O/E: observed/expected; AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; IE: infective endocarditis.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The logistic EuroSCORE had the highest discriminatory power (AUC 0.77), as seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, which was significantly superior to that of EuroSCORE II (p = 0.03), STS-IE (p = 0.03), PALSUSE (p = 0.03), AEPEI (p = 0.03), and RISK-E (p = 0.02), and non-significantly so when compared to EndoSCORE (p = 0.90). All other comparisons were non-significant, except for EndoSCORE versus AEPEI score (p = 0.03).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this cohort of patients undergoing cardiac surgery for active IE, the best O/E mortality ratio and discriminatory power were achieved by the PALSUSE score (1.01) and the logistic EuroSCORE (AUC 0.77), respectively. The logistic EuroSCORE, which had the second best O/E ratio (1.3), also had significantly better discriminatory power than PALSUSE (AUC 0.68; p = 0.03).</p>
        <p>AUC, also known as the c-statistic or c-index, is a marker of overall diagnostic accuracy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and an effective and combined measure of sensitivity and specificity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Discriminative power is thought to be excellent if the AUC is &gt; 0.80, very good if &gt; 0.75, and good (acceptable) if &gt; 0.70. We also evaluated calibration using the O/E mortality ratio. Ideally, this ratio will be 1, i.e., the observed mortality equals expected mortality, denoting a perfectly calibrated predictive model. An O/E value &gt; 1 means the model underestimates mortality, while a value &lt; 1 means the model overestimates mortality. If the 95%CI of the O/E mortality ratio crosses 1, the model is well calibrated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nevertheless, it is possible for a risk model to have good calibration but poor discrimination, and vice versa. Discrimination is more important than calibration; a model can be recalibrated or adjusted as practice improves, but if the model is built on the wrong risk factors, its discrimination cannot be improved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Although the EndoSCORE did not show significantly worse discriminative power than the logistic EuroSCORE, it did significantly underestimate hospital mortality; thus, adjustments are required. In our cohort, the logistic EuroSCORE seemed to be the best predictor of mortality risk.</p>
        <p>The causative microorganism was identified in only 67.3% of cases in this cohort, unlike in the validation cohorts of the IE-specific scores, in which the detection rate was 81.0-86.6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Similarly, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, which causes an aggressive and often fatal infection,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> was the causative microorganism in only 8.4% of cases, while in the validation cohorts this percentage ranged from 17.5 to 19.9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>These two factors probably explain, at least partly, the low accuracy of IE-specific scores in our cohort. The same occurred with other items included in specific scores, such as NYHA class IV in the AEPEI score<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> (37.7 vs. 20.6%), LVEF &#8804; 50% in the EndoSCORE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (35.9 vs. 15.9%), cardiogenic shock and thrombocytopenia in the RISK-E score<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (17.9 and 29.2% in the original study vs. 11.2 and 18.7% in the present study, respectively); although strongly associated with mortality, these factors were not significantly prevalent in our cohort.</p>
        <p>EuroSCORE II, the most commonly used score for preoperative risk assessment in current clinical practice, underestimated the observed mortality 2.5-fold and had poor discriminatory power (AUC = 0.69). The original EuroSCORE II study cohort had a very low percentage of patients with active IE (2.2%);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> therefore, it is difficult to generalize EuroSCORE II results for IE populations. In an analysis of 149 patients undergoing cardiac surgery for active IE at two French referral centers for cardiac surgery, Patrat-Delon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>observed that, although EuroSCORE II showed good power of discrimination (AUC = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.70-0.84), its results should be interpreted with caution during the acute phase of IE, because it also underestimated postoperative mortality by 5-10% in half of patients with predicted mortality &gt;10%. In Brazil, Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> conducted the only other study to date to evaluate a prediction score in patients with active IE undergoing heart surgery. In this study, which included 88 patients, the EuroSCORE II significantly underestimated hospital mortality, with a mortality ratio O/E of 2.31 (95%CI: 1.41-3.58; p = 0.002). ROC curve analysis was not performed.</p>
        <p>Patients with active IE were already underrepresented in the EuroSCORE cohort,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> in which active IE was present in only 3.6% of all valve surgery patients. Madeira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> in a study including 128 patients who underwent heart surgery for active IE, compared EuroSCORE and EuroSCORE II for perioperative mortality prediction. They observed that the pattern of calibration differed between the scores: EuroSCORE showed a progressive trend towards overprediction, whereas EuroSCORE II tended to underpredict mortality. On the other hand, as in the present study, Mestres et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> in a study including 181 patients with IE (93.2% active), described good discriminatory power (AUC 0.84) and an expected mortality (27.1%) very similar to that observed (28.8%; O/E ratio: 1.1).</p>
        <p>The need for a dedicated stratification tool, useful both for preoperative patient information and for bedside decision-making, arises from the peculiarities of IE surgery compared with general cardiac surgery: postoperative outcomes may be influenced not only by cardiovascular anatomic and functional issues, but also by systemic infective and microbiological factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> More recently, new IE-specific risk scores have been developed. They incorporate some IE-specific factors (such as microbiological cultures, abscess formation and sepsis) that are known to be independent predictors of mortality. IE-specific scores have demonstrated greater accuracy for mortality prediction than classical risk scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the IE-specific scores analyzed, only the PALSUSE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>and RISK-E<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> scores had derivation cohorts limited to patients with active IE. The PALSUSE score,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> which incorporates the EuroSCORE in its composition, was derived from a prospective cohort study including 437 patients who underwent surgery in the acute phase of IE. Data were collected in 26 Spanish hospitals. In-hospital mortality was 24.3%, ranging from 0% in patients with a score of 0 to 45.4% in those with a score &#8805;4. AUC was 0.84 (95%CI: 0.79-0.88), indicating satisfactory discriminatory ability. The RISK-E score<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> was developed from research performed in three tertiary care centers in Spain, which sought to predict in-hospital mortality in 424 patients with active left-sided IE undergoing cardiac surgery. AUC was 0.82 (95%CI: 0.75-0.88). The predicted probability of postoperative mortality ranged from 3% for a patient with a score of 0 to 97% for a patient with the highest possible score of 68. A comparison of AUCs showed a statistically significant superior predictive performance of the RISK-E score (p = 0.01) when compared with EuroSCORE, EuroSCORE II, or PALSUSE.</p>
        <p>From 2000 to 2015, data from 2,715 patients with endocarditis (70.1% active) who underwent surgery at 26 Italian cardiac surgery centers were collected retrospectively. This large study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> provided a logistic risk model to predict early mortality (within 30 days of surgery): the EndoSCORE. AUC was 0.84 (95%CI: 0.81-0.86). In our study, this score was tested to predict death during hospitalization, regardless of length of stay, and 5 of 31 deaths (16.1%) occurred beyond 30 days after surgery (early mortality: 24.3%). This difference seemed to have little effect on the performance of the score, which also underestimated early mortality (O/E ratio: 2.4; AUC: 0.77 [95%CI: 0.66-0.88]).</p>
        <p>The AEPEI score,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> despite being IE-specific, does not include IE-specific variables in its final model. It was developed in a prospective study including 361 consecutive patients who had undergone surgery for IE (76.2% active) at eight European cardiac surgery centers. Fifty-six patients (15.5%) died after surgery, and the AUC was 0.78 (95%CI: 0.73-0.82). In the study population, the AEPEI score had equivalent discriminatory power to that of the EuroSCORE II (p = 0.4) and was found to be better than the logistic EuroSCORE (p = 0.0026) and PALSUSE (p = 0.047).</p>
        <p>Similarly to the AEPEI score, the STS-IE score<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> does not include IE-specific variables. It was developed from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) adult cardiac surgery database, which was established in 1989, including data from nearly 3 million cardiac procedures from over 90% of cardiac surgical centers in North America. From 2002 through 2008, 19,543 operations were performed for IE (51.5% active), with a mortality of 8.2%. The STS-IE score demonstrated good predictive ability, with an AUC of 0.76.</p>
        <p>Some limitations of our study should be mentioned. First, the retrospective design may have influenced the quality and consistency of the data collected. The relatively small sample size is also a source of concern. Finally, the fact that the study was conducted at a single center can limit the external validity of our findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our results showed that, despite the availability of recent IE-specific scores and considering the trade-off between the indexes, the logistic EuroSCORE seemed to be the best predictor of mortality risk in our 10-year IE cohort, considering calibration (O/E ratio: 1.3) and discriminant ability (AUC 0.77). This finding has clinical implications, as the EuroSCORE II is the score most commonly used score in preoperative evaluation. Local validation of the new IE-specific scores for preoperative risk assessment in this specific group of patients is needed.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 2016-0632. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding. This study was funded by Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa e Eventos (FIPE) do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
