<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Wkgrxh5rMNJmfCjfd3BLvkB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300515</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200092</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200092</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda em Mulheres Idosas: A Inflama&#231;&#227;o Ataca Novamente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5970-6353</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Hospital de Santa Cruz - Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Aguiar &#8226; Hospital de Santa Cruz - Avenida Professor Reinaldo dos Santos Carnaxide 2790-134 &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>ctaguiar@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>515</fpage>
      <lpage>517</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitrinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A aterosclerose &#233; o mecanismo patol&#243;gico mais comum subjacente &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Abrange tanto as s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA) quanto as s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias cr&#244;nicas (SCC). Tradicionalmente, o processo de forma&#231;&#227;o de placa tem sido percebido como uma consequ&#234;ncia do ac&#250;mulo de colesterol (particularmente a capta&#231;&#227;o mediada por receptor sequestrador de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade modificada), o qual leva ao crescimento cont&#237;nuo de placa. O ac&#250;mulo na camada &#237;ntima subendotelial adicionalmente leva &#224; estenose progressiva, ao fluxo sangu&#237;neo reduzido e, eventualmente, &#224; hip&#243;xia tecidual. Em adi&#231;&#227;o &#224; isso, a oclus&#227;o espont&#226;nea de vasos tromb&#243;ticos e os eventos emb&#243;licos podem constituir a via fisiopatol&#243;gica comum para eventos cardiovasculares agudos maiores, a saber, infarto mioc&#225;rdico (IM) e acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora John Hunter tenha sido pioneiro na teoria inflamat&#243;ria em 1794, foi somente em 1994 que desfechos piores em pacientes com SCA foram associados a n&#237;veis mais altos de prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), e foi sugerido que a inflama&#231;&#227;o da placa pudesse ser respons&#225;vel pela fissura&#231;&#227;o da placa. Dessa maneira, a inflama&#231;&#227;o finalmente foi associada &#224; aterosclerose e &#224; trombose. Al&#233;m disso, foi subsequentemente demonstrado que a interleucina (IL) 1&#946;, uma citocina pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria, facilita a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras hematopoi&#233;ticas por meio do metabolismo de glicose e colesterol, promovendo assim armadilhas extracelulares dos neutr&#243;filos na placa crescente. De fato, o IM &#233; acompanhado pela infiltra&#231;&#227;o dos neutr&#243;filos, que &#233; fundamental para a regula&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Atualmente, &#233; comumente aceito que o ateroma &#233; o resultado de um processo biol&#243;gico din&#226;mico. Isto moderniza a vis&#227;o antiga da placa como uma estrutura inerte de lip&#237;dios acumulados, substituindo-a pela vis&#227;o de um centro vivo e turbulento de rea&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias.</p>
    <p>Apesar das investiga&#231;&#245;es experimentais e dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos iniciais com corticoster&#243;ides e antioxidantes terem sido decepcionantes, recentes ensaios cl&#237;nicos de refer&#234;ncia t&#234;m comprovado a assim chamada hip&#243;tese inflamat&#243;ria de maneira convincente. No ensaio CANTOS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> 10.061 pacientes com IM e PCR de alta sensibilidade (PCRas) elevada foram randomizados para receber 50, 150 ou 300 mg de canakinumab (um anticorpo monoclonal humano direcionado a IL-1&#946;) ou placebo. O desfecho prim&#225;rio (morte cardiovascular, IM ou acidente vascular cerebral) foi significativamente reduzido no grupo de 150 mg de canakinumab em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo (3,86/100 vs. 4,50/100 pessoas-anos; p = 0,02), em paralelo com uma redu&#231;&#227;o da PCR. De fato, os pacientes que tiveram redu&#231;&#245;es maiores da PCRas obtiveram um benef&#237;cio maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O ensaio COLCOT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> incluiu 4.745 pacientes com IM recente (&lt; 30 dias) e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa, os quais foram randomizados para uma baixa dose de colchicina (0,5 mg diariamente) ou placebo. O desfecho prim&#225;rio composto (morte cardiovascular, IM, acidente vascular cerebral, parada card&#237;aca ressuscitada ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o urgente devido a angina inst&#225;vel levando a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o) foi significativamente reduzido pela colchicina em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (5,5% vs. 7,1%; p = 0,02), em paralelo com uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (a saber, PCRas).</p>
    <p>&#201; ineg&#225;vel que a inflama&#231;&#227;o desenvolve um papel nas doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o, incluindo SCA e SCC. Entretanto, h&#225; v&#225;rias perguntas intrigantes que ainda precisam ser elucidadas, incluindo as seguintes:</p>
    <p>(1) Como detectamos a inflama&#231;&#227;o residual? Existem v&#225;rios marcadores inflamat&#243;rios dispon&#237;veis, incluindo a PCRas, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, o fator de necrose tumoral &#945; e a prote&#237;na quimioatrativa de mon&#243;citos-1 (MCP-1),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> apenas para citar alguns; em adi&#231;&#227;o aos biomarcadores plasm&#225;ticos, as t&#233;cnicas de imagem tamb&#233;m podem oferecer outras medidas da inflama&#231;&#227;o (e.g., &#237;ndice de atenua&#231;&#227;o de gordura perivascular determinado por angiotomografia coron&#225;ria, a qual, tem sido demonstrado, melhora a previs&#227;o da mortalidade card&#237;aca al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o atual).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, ainda n&#227;o tem sido claramente definido o par&#226;metro ideal para detectar a inflama&#231;&#227;o residual (facilmente medido e com boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio);</p>
    <p>(2) Quais s&#227;o os pacientes que podem se beneficiar com tratamento anti-inflamat&#243;rio? No ensaio CANTOS, os pacientes cuja PCRas diminuiu para &lt; 2 mg/dL apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 25% de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores. No entanto, n&#243;s carecemos de um marcador decisivo para adequadamente selecionar os pacientes que ter&#227;o maiores chances de se beneficiar com as terapias &#8220;anti-inflamat&#243;rias&#8221;, e deve ser observado que estas n&#227;o s&#227;o isentas de riscos (por exemplo, a canakinumab tem sido associada a celulite, colite pseudomembranosa e infec&#231;&#227;o ou sepse fatal). Portanto, n&#243;s precisaremos n&#227;o somente refinar a detec&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o residual, mas tamb&#233;m descobrir novos medicamentos eficazes e seguros (ou redescobrir novas indica&#231;&#245;es para medicamentos existentes) para melhorar ainda mais os desfechos em pacientes com DAC;</p>
    <p>(3) O risco residual &#233; gerado apenas pela inflama&#231;&#227;o? H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o risco residual pode ser devido &#224; eros&#227;o e &#224; fissura&#231;&#227;o da placa n&#227;o relacionadas &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Tem sido demonstrado que a vulnerabilidade da placa correlaciona-se com PCRas elevada e maior infiltra&#231;&#227;o local de macr&#243;fagos (conforme medida por imagem de tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica intracoronariana),8 por&#233;m tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que a altera&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo do &#225;cido hialur&#244;nico est&#225; associada &#224; eros&#227;o da placa que pode n&#227;o ser detectada pelos marcadores usuais de inflama&#231;&#227;o.9</p>
    <p>Neste n&#250;mero do Jornal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Leoc&#225;dio e seus colegas t&#234;m investigado o papel progn&#243;stico da netrina-1 e da IL-1&#946; em um estudo unic&#234;ntrico prospectivo incluindo 803 pacientes com SCA (333 mulheres, com uma idade m&#233;dia de 65 anos). Os autores t&#234;m verificado que n&#237;veis elevados de netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; foram independentemente correlacionados com a mortalidade de todas as causas e/ou eventos cardiovasculares maiores em mulheres (mas n&#227;o em homens) idosas no acompanhamento de dois anos. Curiosamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens, as mulheres idosas apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais, assim sugerindo que a inflama&#231;&#227;o pode ter desenvolvido um papel adicional decisivo na aterosclerose progressiva, aumentando os eventos significativos nesse subgrupo. Por&#233;m, essa hip&#243;tese precisar&#225; ser corroborada ainda mais, visto que estudos pr&#233;vios t&#234;m consistentemente verificado um papel progn&#243;stico de IL-1&#946; indepdendente de sexo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e a netrina-1 n&#227;o tem sido amplamente investigada na DAC. Al&#233;m disso, os eventos foram raros em mulheres jovens (i.e., 3 mortes por todas as causas e 6 IM), assim impedindo qualquer conclus&#227;o definitiva. Todavia, merece avalia&#231;&#245;es futuras a ideia interessante de que esses biomarcadores possam resultar em interven&#231;&#245;es personalizadas para pacientes cuidadosamente selecionados (e.g., mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa).</p>
    <p>A netrina-1 &#233; um de cinco tipos de netrinas, de estrutura parecida &#224;s lamininas. Acredita-se que elas agem como um regulador dos neur&#244;nios e da migra&#231;&#227;o celular durante o desenvolvimento. Podem estar envolvidos tamb&#233;m na angiog&#234;nese (incluindo as vias de desenvolvimento do c&#226;ncer), na les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o e na aterosclerose. De fato, um estudo incluindo 180 pacientes com DAC e 79 controles sem DAC demonstrou que a netrina-1 (entre outros marcadores inflamat&#243;rios) foi mais efetivo que os biomarcadores cl&#225;ssicos no diagn&#243;stico (n&#250;mero e gravidade de les&#245;es) e na avalia&#231;&#227;o de riscos dos pacientes com DAC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A IL-1&#946; est&#225; entre as primeiras citocinas descritas, resultando da purifica&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas respons&#225;veis para a indu&#231;&#227;o da febre. Efeitos not&#225;veis da IL-1&#946; em tipos celulares diferentes incluem a ativa&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria de c&#233;lulas endoteliais que participam no processo aterog&#234;nico. Al&#233;m disso, tem sido demonstrado que a atividade da IL-1&#946; &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade de todas as causas, SCA, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo menor e n&#237;veis mais altos de PCRas no estudo AtheroGene<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (registro prospectivo de 1.337 pacientes com DAC com SCA ou angina est&#225;vel). Leoc&#225;dio e seus colegas t&#234;m verificado um valor progn&#243;stico potencial da eleva&#231;&#227;o da netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; no seu grupo de pacientes com SCA, particularmente em mulheres idosas, indicando um risco mais alto de eventos cardiovascular maiores, mesmo ap&#243;s ajustar para idade, tipo de SCA, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudos futuros ter&#227;o como foco a sele&#231;&#227;o adequada dos pacientes com DAC que mais poder&#227;o se beneficiar dos medicamentos &#8220;anti-inflamat&#243;rios&#8221; de modo eficaz e seguro. Dessa maneira, o papel do cardiologista que cuida desses pacientes pode eventualmente incluir o uso de ferramentas adequadas (e.g., biomarcadores plasm&#225;ticos) para identificar risco &#8220;residual&#8221; na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e reduzir mais os eventos cardiovasculares maiores por meio do combate &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o. O estudo em discuss&#227;o7 sugere que a netrina-1 e a IL-1&#946; podem ser &#250;teis para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular em mulheres idosas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(16):1685-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hansson</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>352</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1685</fpage>
          <lpage>1695</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Silvestre-Roig C, Braster Q, Ortega-Gomez A, Soehnlein O. Neutrophils as regulators of cardiovascular inflammation. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020 Jan 29. [ahead print].</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silvestre-Roig</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braster</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ortega-Gomez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soehnlein</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neutrophils as regulators of cardiovascular inflammation</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>01</month>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <comment>ahead print</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, MacFadyen JG, Chang WH, Ballantyne C, et al. Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1119-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ridker</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Everett</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thuren</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacFadyen</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballantyne</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>377</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1119</fpage>
          <lpage>1131</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Everett BM, Libby P, Thuren T, Glynn RJ, et al. Relationship of C-reactive protein reduction to cardiovascular event reduction following treatment with canakinumab: a secondary analysis from the CANTOS randomised controlled trial. Lancet.2018;391(10118):319-28.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ridker</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacFadyen</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Everett</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Libby</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thuren</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glynn</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship of C-reactive protein reduction to cardiovascular event reduction following treatment with canakinumab: a secondary analysis from the CANTOS randomised controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>391</volume>
          <issue>10118</issue>
          <fpage>319</fpage>
          <lpage>328</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Tardif JC, Kouz S, Waters DD, Bertrand OF, Diaz R, Maggioni AP, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(26):2497-505.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tardif</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kouz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waters</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertrand</surname>
              <given-names>OF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diaz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maggioni</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>381</volume>
          <issue>26</issue>
          <fpage>2497</fpage>
          <lpage>2505</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Christodoulidis G, Vittorio TJ, Fudim M, Lerakis S, Kosmas CE. Inflammation in coronary artery disease. Cardiol Rev. 2014;22(6):279-88.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Christodoulidis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vittorio</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fudim</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lerakis</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kosmas</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inflammation in coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Rev</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>279</fpage>
          <lpage>288</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Oikonomou EK, Marwan M, Desai MY, Mancio J, Alashi A, Hutt Centeno E, et al. Non-invasive detection of coronary inflammation using computed tomography and prediction of residual cardiovascular risk (the CRISP CT study): a post-hoc analysis of prospective outcome data. Lancet. 2018;392(10151):929-39.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oikonomou</surname>
              <given-names>EK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desai</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mancio</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alashi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutt Centeno</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-invasive detection of coronary inflammation using computed tomography and prediction of residual cardiovascular risk (the CRISP CT study): a post-hoc analysis of prospective outcome data</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>392</volume>
          <issue>10151</issue>
          <fpage>929</fpage>
          <lpage>939</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Vergallo R, Porto I, D&#8217;Amario D, Annibali G, Galli M, Benenati S, et al. Coronary Atherosclerotic Phenotype and Plaque Healing in Patients With Recurrent Acute Coronary Syndromes Compared With Patients With Long-term Clinical Stability: An In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Study. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(4):321-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vergallo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Amario</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Annibali</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benenati</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Atherosclerotic Phenotype and Plaque Healing in Patients With Recurrent Acute Coronary Syndromes Compared With Patients With Long-term Clinical Stability: An In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Study</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>321</fpage>
          <lpage>329</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Pedicino D, Vinci R, Giglio AF, Pisano E, Porto I, Vergallo R, et al. Alterations of Hyaluronan Metabolism in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Implications for Plaque Erosion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(13):1490-503.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedicino</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vinci</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giglio</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pisano</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vergallo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Alterations of Hyaluronan Metabolism in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Implications for Plaque Erosion</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1490</fpage>
          <lpage>1503</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Leocadio P, Menta P, Dias M, Fraga J, Goulart A, Santos I, et al. N&#237;veis elevados de nitrina e IL-IB em mulheres idosas com SCA: pior progn&#243;stico no acompanhamento de dois anos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):507-514</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leocadio</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menta</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fraga</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goulart</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>N&#237;veis elevados de nitrina e IL-IB em mulheres idosas com SCA: pior progn&#243;stico no acompanhamento de dois anos</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>507</fpage>
          <lpage>514</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Liu T, Han C, Sun L, Ding Z, Shi F, Wang R, et al. Association between new circulating proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines with coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis. 2019;30(7):528-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ding</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between new circulating proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines with coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Coron Artery Dis</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>528</fpage>
          <lpage>535</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Schofer N, Ludwig S, R&#252;bsamen N, Schnabel R, Lackner KJ, Ruprecht HJ, et al. Prognostic impact of Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with documented coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2018;257:24-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schofer</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ludwig</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#252;bsamen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schnabel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lackner</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruprecht</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic impact of Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with documented coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>257</volume>
          <fpage>24</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: N&#237;veis Elevados de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; em Mulheres Idosas com SCA: Pior Progn&#243;stico no Acompanhamento de Dois Anos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Coronary Syndrome in Elderly Women: Inflammation Strikes Again</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5970-6353</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Hospital de Santa Cruz - Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Carlos Aguiar &#8226; Hospital de Santa Cruz - Avenida Professor Reinaldo dos Santos Carnaxide 2790-134 &#8211; Portugal E-mail: ctaguiar@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Netrins</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Syndrome Coronary Acute</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atherosclerosis is the most common pathological mechanism underlying coronary artery disease (CAD), encompassing both acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Traditionally, the plaque formation process has been perceived as a consequence of cholesterol accumulation (particularly scavenger receptor-mediated uptake of modified low-density lipoprotein), leading to continuous plaque growth. Subendothelial intimal layer build-up further leads to progressive stenosis, reduced blood flow, and, eventually, tissue hypoxia. In addition, spontaneous thrombotic vessel occlusion and embolic events may constitute the common pathophysiological pathway for acute major cardiovascular events, namely myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although John Hunter first pioneered the inflammatory theory in 1794, it was not until 1994 that worse outcomes in patients with ACS were linked to higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and it was proposed that plaque inflammation could be responsible for plaque fissuring. Hence, inflammation was finally linked to atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Moreover, it was later demonstrated that interleukin (IL) 1&#946;, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, facilitates hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation through glucose and cholesterol metabolism, thus promoting neutrophil extracellular trap formation in the growing plaque. Indeed, MI is accompanied by neutrophil infiltration, which is paramount to inflammation regulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that atheroma is the result of a dynamic biological process. This modernizes the old view, where plaque was seen as an inanimate mass of accumulated lipids, to the understanding of it as a turbulent, lively core of inflammatory reactions.</p>
      <p>Despite initially disappointing experimental investigations and randomized controlled trials with corticosteroids and antioxidants drugs, recent landmark trials have convincingly proven the so-called inflammatory hypothesis. In the CANTOS trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> 10,061 patients with MI and elevated high-sensitivity (hs) CRP were randomized to 50, 150, or 300 mg of canakinumab (a human monoclonal antibody targeting IL-1&#946;) or placebo. The primary outcome (cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke) was significantly reduced in the canakinumab 150 mg group in comparison to placebo (3.86/100 vs. 4.50/100 person-years; p = 0.02), in parallel with a reduction in hsCRP. In fact, patients who had greater reductions in hsCRP derived a greater benefit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The COLCOT trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> enrolled 4,745 patients with a recent (&lt; 30 days) MI and complete revascularization, who were randomized to low-dose colchicine (0.5 mg daily) or placebo. The primary composite outcome (cardiovascular death, MI, stroke, resuscitated cardiac arrest, or urgent hospitalization for unstable angina leading to revascularization) was significantly reduced by colchicine compared to placebo (5.5% vs. 7.1%; p = 0.02), in parallel with a reduction in inflammatory markers (namely hsCRP).</p>
      <p>It is indisputable that inflammation plays a role in ischemic heart disease, including both ACS and CCS. However, there are multiple intriguing questions that have yet to be elucidated, including the following:</p>
      <p>(1) How do we detect residual inflammation? There are several inflammatory markers available, including hsCRP, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor &#945;, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> just to name a few. In addition to plasma biomarkers, imaging may also offer measurements of inflammation (e.g., perivascular fat attenuation index determined by coronary computed tomography angiography, which has been shown to enhance cardiac mortality prediction over and above current assessment).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nonetheless, the optimal parameter for detecting residual inflammation (easily measured and cost-effective) has yet to be clearly defined;</p>
      <p>(2) Which patients might benefit from anti-inflammatory treatment? In the CANTOS trial, patients whose hsCRP decreased to &lt; 2 mg/dL had a 25% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events; however, we lack a decisive marker to adequately select patients who may benefit the most from &#8220;anti-inflammatory&#8221; therapies, and it should be noted that these are not without risk (for instance, canakinumab was associated with cellulitis, pseudomembranous colitis and fatal infection or sepsis). Hence, we may need to be able not only to refine residual inflammation detection but also to discover new effective and safe drugs (or rediscover new indications for existing drugs) to further improve outcomes in patients with CAD;</p>
      <p>(3) Is the residual risk driven solely by inflammation? There is evidence that residual risk may be due to plaque erosion and rupture unrelated to systemic inflammation. Plaque vulnerability has been shown to correlate with higher hsCRP and greater local macrophage infiltration (as measured by intracoronary optical tomographic coherence imaging),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> yet it has also been shown that alteration of hyaluronan metabolism is associated with plaque erosion that may not be detected by usual markers of inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Leoc&#225;dio et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> have investigated the prognostic role of netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; in a prospective single-center study enrolling 803 patients with ACS (333 women, with a mean age of 65 years). The authors have found that increased levels of netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; were independently correlated with all-cause death and/or major cardiovascular events in elderly (&gt; 60 years) women (but not in men) at 2-years of follow-up. Interestingly, compared to their counterparts, elderly women had a higher prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, hence suggesting that inflammation may have had an add-on decisive role for progressive atherosclerosis, increasing meaningful events in this subgroup. However, this hypothesis needs to be further corroborated, as previous studies have consistently found a prognostic role of IL-1&#946; regardless of sex,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and netrin-1 has not been widely investigated in CAD. In addition, events were scarce in young women (i.e., 3 all-cause deaths and 6 MI), hindering any definite conclusion. Nonetheless, whether these biomarkers may lead to tailored interventions in carefully selected patients (e.g., postmenopausal women) is an interesting concept worth further assessment.</p>
      <p>Netrin-1 is one of five types of netrins, similar in structure to laminins. They are thought to act as a regulator of neurons and cell migration during development. They may also be involved in angiogenesis (including pathways in cancer development), anti-ischemia reperfusion injury and atherosclerosis. Indeed, a study enrolling 180 patients with CAD and 79 controls without CAD demonstrated that netrin-1 (amongst other inflammatory markers) was more effective than classical biomarkers in the diagnosis (number and severity of lesions) and risk assessment of patients with CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> IL-1&#946; is among the first described cytokines, resulting from the purification of proteins responsible for inducing fever. Notable effects of IL-1&#946; on different cell types include inflammatory activation of endothelial cells participating in the atherogenic process. Furthermore, IL-1&#946; activity has been shown to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality, ACS, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, and higher hsCRP levels in the AtheroGene study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (prospective registry of 1,337 CAD patients with ACS or stable angina). Leoc&#225;dio and associates have found a potential prognostic value of increased netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; in their cohort of patients with ACS, particularly in elderly women, indicating a higher risk of major cardiovascular events even after adjustment for age, type of ACS, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Future studies will focus on adequately selecting patients with CAD who may benefit most from &#8220;anti-inflammatory&#8221; drugs in an effective and safe manner. Hence, the role of the cardiologist caring for these patients may eventually include using adequate tools (e.g., plasma biomarkers) to identify &#8220;residual&#8221; risk in clinical practice and further reduce major cardiovascular events by tackling inflammation. The presented study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> suggests that netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; may be of value in stratifying cardiovascular risk in elderly women.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1001">
          <p>Short Editorial related tothe article: High Serum Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; in Elderly Females with ACS: Worse Prognosis in 2-years Follow-up</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
