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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MQpKgnbbgWLLqkQpjzCSFxC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300507</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190035</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190035</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis Elevados de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; em Mulheres Idosas com SCA: Pior Progn&#243;stico no Acompanhamento de Dois Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1483-4466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leoc&#225;dio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menta</surname>
            <given-names>Pen&#233;lope</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Melissa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fraga</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3212-8466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alvarez-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Jacqueline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica e Imunologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica e Imunologia - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Paola Leoc&#225;dio &#8226; Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica e Imunologia - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627. CEP 31270-901, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>paolaleocadio@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Leoc&#225;dio P, Goulart A, Santos I, Lotufo P, Bensenor I, Alvarez-Leite, J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Leoc&#225;dio P, Menta P, Dias M, Fraga J, Goulart A, Santos I, Lotufo P, Bensenor I; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Leoc&#225;dio P, Goulart A, Santos I; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lotufo P, Bensenor I; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Leoc&#225;dio P, Menta P, Dias M, Fraga J; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Goulart A, Santos I, Lotufo P, Bensenor I, Alvarez-Leite, J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>507</fpage>
      <lpage>514</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> V&#225;rios marcadores t&#234;m sido avaliados quanto a um potencial impacto nas decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), incluindo Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Examinamos o valor progn&#243;stico de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; em pacientes com SCA (2 anos de acompanhamento).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Avaliamos Netrina-1, IL-1&#946; e outros fatores de risco em amostras de soro de 803 pacientes. Curvas de Kaplan-Meier e regress&#227;o de Cox foram usadas para an&#225;lise de &#243;bito por todas as causas, &#243;bito por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) e desfecho combinado de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) fatal ou novo IAM n&#227;o fatal, considerando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Houve 115 &#243;bitos por todas as causas, 78 &#243;bitos por DCV e 67 eventos no desfecho combinado. N&#237;veis de Netrina-1 acima da mediana (&gt; 44,8 pg/mL) foram associados a pior progn&#243;stico (&#243;bito por todas as causas e por DCV) em mulheres idosas, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste do modelo (HR: 2,08, p = 0,038 e HR: 2,68, p = 0,036). N&#237;veis de IL-1&#946; acima da mediana (&gt; 13,4 pg/mL) em mulheres idosas foram associados a risco aumentado para todos os desfechos ap&#243;s o ajuste (todas as causas - HR: 2,03, p = 0,031; DCV - HR: 3,01, p = 0,013; desfecho combinado - HR: 3,05, p = 0,029). Para homens, n&#227;o foram observadas associa&#231;&#245;es entre Netrina-1 ou IL-1&#946; e os desfechos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com pior progn&#243;stico em idosas do sexo feminino. Eles podem ser &#250;teis como indicadores progn&#243;sticos em SCA. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):507-514)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitrina-1</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleucina- 1 beta</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodelamento Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; a principal causa de morte e anos de vida perdidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Respons&#225;vel pelo maior n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos no Brasil, a DAC tem alta preval&#234;ncia e progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade por s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) observada nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> estima-se que aproximadamente 14% dos pacientes que tiveram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) morrer&#227;o em decorr&#234;ncia do mesmo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O risco de doen&#231;a e morte &#233; 1,5 a 15 vezes maior para pacientes que sobrevivem ao est&#225;gio agudo do IAM do que para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Daqueles que t&#234;m um primeiro IAM, aproximadamente 17% dos homens e 21% das mulheres com &#8805; 45 anos ter&#227;o um IAM recorrente ou DAC fatal dentro de cinco anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um fator importante na fisiopatologia da SCA, bem como na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s IAM. Diversos marcadores foram avaliados quanto a um impacto potencial nas decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou na predi&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recentemente, mol&#233;culas de orienta&#231;&#227;o neuronal, especialmente Netrina-1, foram identificadas como importantes moduladoras da aterosclerose, embora seu papel espec&#237;fico (protetor ou delet&#233;rio) ainda seja controverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A Netrina-1 faz parte de uma fam&#237;lia de prote&#237;nas estruturalmente semelhantes &#224;s lamininas, que s&#227;o componentes estruturais da membrana basal dos tecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O papel da Netrina-1 na doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) e na inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma &#225;rea emergente de estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A interleucina-1 (IL-1) &#233; um dos principais mediadores da coagula&#231;&#227;o induzida pela inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A IL-1&#946; &#233; capaz de induzir a express&#227;o de outras mol&#233;culas que favorecem o recrutamento de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias para a les&#227;o e inj&#250;ria tecidual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> N&#237;veis elevados de IL-1 foram descritos no IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Recentemente, um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado entre pessoas que sofreram um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio mostrou que o canakinumab, um agente que bloqueia a IL-1&#946;, reduziu a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana n&#227;o fatal, eventos de acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal e morte por DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da import&#226;ncia dessas duas mol&#233;culas na SCA, estudos avaliando o valor progn&#243;stico das mesmas s&#227;o escassos. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o papel dessas mol&#233;culas como preditores de progn&#243;stico em um acompanhamento de 2 anos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho experimental</title>
        <p>Os participantes fazem parte do estudo &#8220;ERICO&#8221; (Estrat&#233;gia de Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana), descrito detalhadamente em trabalhos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Resumidamente, trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo que incluiu indiv&#237;duos internados para tratamento de SCA no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HU-USP), hospital de ensino com 260 leitos localizado no Butant&#227;, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, de fevereiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013. O protocolo do estudo est&#225; de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP-HU/USP 866/08) e todos os pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        <p>O IAM foi definido pela presen&#231;a de sintomas compat&#237;veis com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica dentro de 24 horas da admiss&#227;o hospitalar e n&#237;vel de troponina I acima do valor do percentil 99 com um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o &lt;10%. O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) foi definido pelos crit&#233;rios de IAM, al&#233;m de: (a) a presen&#231;a de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST persistente &#8805;1 mm em dois eletrocardiogramas cont&#237;guos (ECG de eletrodo) ou (b) novo (ou supostamente novo) bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE). O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) foi definido pelos crit&#233;rios para IAM mais aus&#234;ncia de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST persistente &#8805; 1 mm em dois ECGs cont&#237;guos e de novo ou supostamente novo BRE. A angina inst&#225;vel (AI) foi definida como a presen&#231;a de sintomas compat&#237;veis com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas, aus&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico de IAM e pelo menos um dos cinco crit&#233;rios a seguir: (a) hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de DAC; (b) estratifica&#231;&#227;o positiva de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica invasiva ou n&#227;o invasiva do cora&#231;&#227;o; (c) altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas ou evolutivas do ECG; (D) troponina I &gt; 0,4 ng/mL (assegurando n&#237;veis de troponina I acima do percentil 99, independentemente do kit utilizado) ou (e) concord&#226;ncia no diagn&#243;stico de AI entre dois m&#233;dicos independentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados e desfechos</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s seis meses e anualmente por dois anos ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o hospitalar, todos os indiv&#237;duos foram contatados por telefone para atualizar as informa&#231;&#245;es do estado vital, incluindo desfechos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais. Sempre que um participante relatou um poss&#237;vel novo evento de IAM, novos procedimentos de investiga&#231;&#227;o foram iniciados para confirmar o evento.</p>
        <p>Os desfechos avaliados foram: &#243;bito por todas as causas, &#243;bito por DCV e o desfecho combinado (IAM fatal ou novo IAM n&#227;o fatal). A estrat&#233;gia para coletar e classificar os dados de mortalidade, incluindo a busca por registros oficiais de &#243;bitos, foi detalhada em estudo anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Nos casos em que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar a causa da morte, os dados foram censurados para todos os desfechos, com exce&#231;&#227;o da morte por todas as causas.</p>
        <p>Durante a fase hospitalar, entrevistadores treinados coletaram dados relacionados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco cardiovascular e medica&#231;&#227;o, conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Amostras de sangue foram coletadas dentro de 24 horas da admiss&#227;o. An&#225;lises de glicose plasm&#225;tica, triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total e HDL foram realizadas no HU-USP. O colesterol LDL foi calculado pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As concentra&#231;&#245;es de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; na admiss&#227;o foram avaliadas por <italic>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</italic> (ELISA), seguindo as instru&#231;&#245;es do kit (Netrina-1: SEB827HU; USCN Life Science Inc., Wuhan, China e IL-1&#946;: 88- 7010-88 eBioscience Inc., San Diego, CA, EUA). Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com as concentra&#231;&#245;es de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; nos grupos &#8220;baixa&#8221; e &#8220;alta&#8221;, se sua concentra&#231;&#227;o estivesse abaixo ou acima da mediana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram avaliados quanto &#224; normalidade usando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os testes qui-quadrado e Mann-Whitney (todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-param&#233;trica) foram utilizados para comparar os grupos. Os valores foram expressos como mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou n (%). Curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram utilizadas, e o teste log-rank foi utilizado para avaliar a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. As estimativas de risco (raz&#245;es de risco com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%) para os eventos foram calculadas usando regress&#227;o de Cox. Al&#233;m de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946;, as seguintes vari&#225;veis foram usadas para construir modelos: idade, tipo de SCA, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        <p>Os programas SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics para Windows, vers&#227;o 22.0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) e GraphPad Prism (vers&#227;o 5.01 para Windows, San Diego, Calif&#243;rnia: GraphPad Software) foram usados para realizar as an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 803 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, incluindo 333 mulheres e 470 homens. Comparando as principais caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos de homens e mulheres, observamos que as mulheres eram mais velhas e apresentavam maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de HDL que os homens. As mulheres tamb&#233;m foram mais afetadas pela hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). O tipo mais frequente de SCA entre os grupos foi o IAMSSST (cerca de 40% dos casos), seguido por AI e IAMCSST, que tiveram frequ&#234;ncia semelhante (cerca de 30% cada).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais na fase hospitalar em homens e mulheres</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Homens (n = 470)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Mulheres (n = 333)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">60 (52 &#8211; 71)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (56 &#8211; 76)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 (23,8 &#8211; 29,6)</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 (24,0 &#8211; 30,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo SCA</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,027</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAMSSST</td>
                <td align="center">191 (40,6)</td>
                <td align="center">142 (42,6)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAMCSST</td>
                <td align="center">147 (31,3)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (23,1)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AI</td>
                <td align="center">132 (28,1)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (34,2)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atual</td>
                <td align="center">141 (31,3)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (27,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passado</td>
                <td align="center">198 (43,9)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (26,3)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nunca</td>
                <td align="center">112 (24,8)</td>
                <td align="center">145 (46,5)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">339 (73,7)</td>
                <td align="center">267 (80,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">156 (34,7)</td>
                <td align="center">148 (45,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">197 (48,0)</td>
                <td align="center">181 (60,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">125,0 (101,0 &#8211; 157,0)</td>
                <td align="center">124,0 (103,0 &#8211; 175,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,652</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center">132,0 (94,0 &#8211; 190,3)</td>
                <td align="center">126,0 (97,0 &#8211; 183,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,685</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">171,5 (141,0 &#8211; 205,0)</td>
                <td align="center">170,0 (139,0 &#8211; 204,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,720</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL</td>
                <td align="center">35,0 (30,0 &#8211; 44,0)</td>
                <td align="center">39,0 (32,0 &#8211; 46,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL</td>
                <td align="center">102,5 (77,0 &#8211; 134,3)</td>
                <td align="center">99,0 (77,0 &#8211; 124,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,386</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Netrina-1</td>
                <td align="center">44,8 (34,2 &#8211; 65,8)</td>
                <td align="center">44,8 (34,8 &#8211; 62,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,813</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-1&#946;</td>
                <td align="center">15,1 (7,4 - 28,8)</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 (7,1 &#8211; 29,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,536</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou n (%). AI: angina inst&#225;vel. HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade. IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivealmento do segmento ST. IAMSSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivealmento do segmento ST. IL-1&#946;: interleucina - 1beta. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal em kg/m<sup>2</sup>. LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade. SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Dados de glicose plasm&#225;tica, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total, HDL e LDL s&#227;o apresentados em mg/dL. Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; s&#227;o apresentados em pg/mL. Teste de Mann-Whitney ou teste de qui-quadrado. p-valor comparando homens e mulheres.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Durante os dois anos de acompanhamento, houve 115 mortes por todas as causas (65 homens e 50 mulheres), incluindo 78 mortes (67,8%) por causas cardiovasculares. Tamb&#233;m identificamos 67 casos de IAM (fatal ou n&#227;o fatal) neste mesmo seguimento. Como a idade &#233; um fator importante envolvido na taxa de mortalidade, analisamos separadamente em mulheres e homens jovens e com mais de 60 anos.</p>
      <p>Para avaliar um poss&#237;vel papel de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; como marcadores progn&#243;sticos, comparamos a frequ&#234;ncia de SCA nos pacientes com n&#237;veis de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; acima e abaixo da respectiva mediana. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#245;es entre os n&#237;veis de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; e todos os desfechos para homens independentemente de sua idade (dados n&#227;o mostrados). Por esse motivo, focamos nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o no grupo de mulheres (333 pacientes). As principais caracter&#237;sticas do grupo de mulheres (jovens e idosas) s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais na fase hospitalar em mulheres jovens (&lt; 60 anos) e idosas (&gt; 60 anos)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Total (n = 333)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Jovens (&lt; 60 anos) (n = 111)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Idosas (&gt; 60 anos) (n = 222)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 (24,0 &#8211; 30,9)</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 (24,5 - 31,1)</td>
                <td align="center">26,7 (23,8 &#8211; 30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,532</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo SCA</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,031</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAMSSST</td>
                <td align="center">142 (42,6)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (36,0)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (45,9)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAMCSST</td>
                <td align="center">77 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (31,5)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (18,9)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AI</td>
                <td align="center">114 (34,2)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (32,4)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (35,1)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atual</td>
                <td align="center">85 (27,2)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (44,3)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (18,4)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passado</td>
                <td align="center">82 (26,3)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (26,4)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (26,2)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nunca</td>
                <td align="center">145 (46,5)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (29,2)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (55,3)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">267 (80,9)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (72,5)</td>
                <td align="center">188 (85,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">148 (45,0)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (35,8)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (49,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">181 (60,7)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (48,5)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (66,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">124,0 (103,0 &#8211; 175,0)</td>
                <td align="center">121,0 (103,0 &#8211; 163,0)</td>
                <td align="center">128,0 (104,0 &#8211; 180,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,381</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center">126,0 (97,0 &#8211; 183,0)</td>
                <td align="center">151,0 (97,0 &#8211; 201,0)</td>
                <td align="center">122,0 (93,5 &#8211; 174,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">170,0 (139,0 &#8211; 204,0)</td>
                <td align="center">185,0 (157,5 &#8211; 215,3)</td>
                <td align="center">161,0 (134,0 &#8211; 196,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL</td>
                <td align="center">39,0 (32,0 &#8211; 46,5)</td>
                <td align="center">36,0 (32,0 &#8211; 45,0)</td>
                <td align="center">41,0 (33,0 &#8211; 47,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL</td>
                <td align="center">99,0 (77,0 &#8211; 124,3)</td>
                <td align="center">114,0 (89,0 &#8211; 134,0)</td>
                <td align="center">93,0 (72,0 &#8211; 118,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Netrina-1</td>
                <td align="center">44,8 (34,8 &#8211; 62,8)</td>
                <td align="center">44,8 (33,8 &#8211; 65,8)</td>
                <td align="center">44,8 (34,7 &#8211; 65,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,861</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-1&#946;</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 (7,1 &#8211; 29,7)</td>
                <td align="center">15,5 (7,9 &#8211; 49,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 (7,1 &#8211; 24,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou n (%). AI: angina inst&#225;vel. HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade. IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivealmento do segmento ST. IAMSSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivealmento do segmento ST. IL-1&#946;: interleucina - 1beta. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal em kg/m<sup>2</sup>. LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade. SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Dados de glicose plasm&#225;tica, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total, HDL e LDL s&#227;o apresentados em mg/dL. Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; s&#227;o apresentados em pg/mL. Teste de Mann-Whitney ou teste de qui-quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na admiss&#227;o, as mulheres apresentaram valores semelhantes de &#237;ndice de massa corporal, concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de glicose, triglicer&#237;deos e colesterol HDL, independentemente do grupo et&#225;rio. A frequ&#234;ncia de fatores de risco como hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e diabetes foi maior em mulheres idosas. No entanto, os n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL foram menores nas idosas. Fumantes atuais foram mais frequentes em mulheres jovens, enquanto mais de 50% das mulheres idosas nunca fumou (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as na mediana de Netrina-1 entre os grupos et&#225;rios. No entanto, a mediana de IL-1&#946; foi maior no grupo mais jovem.</p>
      <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre Netrina-1 ou IL1-&#946; baixa e alta e os desfechos, de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria, foram apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, respectivamente. O n&#250;mero de mortes por todas as causas foi muito baixo (3 mortes) nas mulheres com menos de 60 anos e apenas 6 casos do desfecho combinado, dificultando an&#225;lises confi&#225;veis neste grupo. No entanto, no grupo mais velho (&gt; 60 anos), encontramos associa&#231;&#245;es entre n&#237;veis elevados de Netrina-1 e mortes por todas as causas e causas cardiovasculares. Uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre IL-1&#946; alta e morte por DCV tamb&#233;m foi encontrada entre as mulheres idosas (p = 0,034).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfechos de acordo com os n&#237;veis de Netrina-1 em mulheres</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Mulheres - Total</th>
                <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">&lt; 60 anos</th>
                <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">&gt; 60 anos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Acompanhamento de 2 anos</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Netrina-1 baixa</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Netrina-1 alta</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Netrina-1 baixa</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Netrina-1 alta</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Netrina-1 baixa</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Netrina-1 alta</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito por todas as causas</td>
                <td align="center">18 (36,0)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (64,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">2 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,612</td>
                <td align="center">16 (34,0)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (66,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito por DCV</td>
                <td align="center">12 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (64,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
                <td align="center">2 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,612</td>
                <td align="center">10 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (67,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM fatal ou novo IAM n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">11 (39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (60,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,193</td>
                <td align="center">4 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,467</td>
                <td align="center">7 (31,8)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (68,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>n (%). DCV: doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfechos de acordo com os n&#237;veis de IL-1&#946; em mulheres</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Mulheres - Total</th>
                <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">&lt; 60 anos</th>
                <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">&gt; 60 anos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Acompanhamento de 2 anos</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IL-1&#946; baixa</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IL-1&#946; alta</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IL-1&#946; baixa</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IL-1&#946; alta</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IL-1&#946; baixa</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IL-1&#946; alta</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito por todas as causas</td>
                <td align="center">21 (42,0)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (58,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,221</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,118</td>
                <td align="center">19 (40,4)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (59,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,140</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito por DCV</td>
                <td align="center">12 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (64,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,118</td>
                <td align="center">10 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (67,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM fatal ou novo IAM n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">10 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (64,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,117</td>
                <td align="center">2 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,438</td>
                <td align="center">7 (31,8)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (68,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>n (%). DCV: doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. IL-1&#946;: Interleucina - 1beta. Teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os dados mostrando um pior progn&#243;stico em mulheres idosas com n&#237;veis elevados de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; foram confirmados pelas curvas de Kaplan-Meier. N&#237;veis elevados de Netrina-1 resultaram em uma menor taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia quando se considera a mortalidade por todas as causas (p = 0,011, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>) e tamb&#233;m considerando apenas mortes por DCV (p = 0,024, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>). Houve tend&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o a IAM fatal ou novo IAM n&#227;o fatal (p = 0,067, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref>). N&#237;veis elevados de IL-1&#946; tamb&#233;m mostraram uma menor taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia quando consideradas mortes por DCV (p = 0,031, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1E</xref>), com tend&#234;ncia a associa&#231;&#227;o com o desfecho combinado (p = 0,064, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1F</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para Netrina-1 (A &#8211; C) e IL-1&#946; (D &#8211; F) em mulheres idosas (&gt; 60 anos) no acompanhamento de dois anos. IL-1&#946;: Interleucina - 1beta; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0507-90035-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise das raz&#245;es de risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>) mostrou um aumento no risco de morte por todas as causas para o grupo Netrina-1 alta, que permaneceu significativo no modelo ajustado. Os mesmos resultados foram observados para o risco de morte por DCV.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Raz&#227;o de risco (HR) para os n&#237;veis de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; e &#243;bito por todas as causas, &#243;bito por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e desfecho combinado de IAM fatal ou novo IAM n&#227;o fatal em mulheres idosas (&gt; 60 anos)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">&#211;bito por todas as causas</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">&#211;bito por DCV</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">IAM fatal ou novo IAM n&#227;o fatal</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">HR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">HR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">HR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Netrina-1</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Crua</td>
                <td align="center">2,15 (1,17 &#8211; 3,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">2,31 (1,09 &#8211; 4,92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
                <td align="center">2,25 (0,92 &#8211; 5,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ajustada *</td>
                <td align="center">2,08 (1,04 &#8211; 4,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
                <td align="center">2,68 (1,06 &#8211; 6,74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
                <td align="center">1,82 (0,65 &#8211; 5,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,247</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="6">
                  <bold>IL-1&#946;</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Crua</td>
                <td align="center">1,57 (0,87 &#8211; 2,81)</td>
                <td align="center">0,127</td>
                <td align="center">2,23 (1,05 &#8211; 4,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
                <td align="center">2,27 (0,92 &#8211; 5,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ajustada *</td>
                <td align="center">2,03 (1,06 &#8211; 3,89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,031</td>
                <td align="center">3,01 (1,26 &#8211; 7,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">3,05 (1,12 &#8211; 8,32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>HR: raz&#227;o de risco. IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a. IL-1&#946;: Interleucina - 1beta. * Ajustado por idade, tipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Considerando os n&#237;veis elevados de IL-1&#946;, n&#227;o encontramos HR significativa no modelo cru para mortalidade por todas as causas e para o desfecho combinado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). No entanto, foi observada HR significativa para mortalidade por todas as causas e desfecho combinado no modelo ajustado. Observamos tamb&#233;m um risco aumentado de morte por causas cardiovasculares para o grupo IL-1&#946; alta, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste do modelo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este trabalho &#233; pioneiro na avalia&#231;&#227;o do valor progn&#243;stico da Netrina-1 na SCA e apresenta novas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o valor progn&#243;stico da IL-1&#946; nessa condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de Netrina-1 e pior progn&#243;stico quando foram analisados &#243;bito por todas as causas e por DCV em mulheres idosas.</p>
      <p>A Netrina-1 plasm&#225;tica &#233; um biomarcador diagn&#243;stico de muitos tipos de c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Verificou-se que a maior express&#227;o g&#234;nica ou concentra&#231;&#227;o de Netrina-1 nesses tecidos &#233; associada a um pior progn&#243;stico, provavelmente relacionado aos efeitos antiapopt&#243;ticos e angiog&#234;nicos da mol&#233;cula. No entanto, o papel da Netrina-1 na aterosclerose e na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o IAM ainda &#233; controverso. Foi descrito que Netrina-1 poderia promover ou proteger contra a aterosclerose, dependendo das condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> N&#237;veis end&#243;genos reduzidos de Netrina-1 tamb&#233;m podem levar a efeitos delet&#233;rios, uma vez que fatores pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicos podem reduzir a express&#227;o dessa mol&#233;cula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em modelos de IAM, a administra&#231;&#227;o de netrina-1 reduziu a gravidade da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica quando comparada aos controles n&#227;o suplementados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o grupo &#8220;Netrina-1 alta" seja composto por pacientes que tiveram um evento mais grave de SCA. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que o n&#237;vel de Netrina-1 aumenta em casos mais graves de SCA. Esta hip&#243;tese baseia-se em estudos que indicam que a express&#227;o de Netrina-1 &#233; induzida ap&#243;s les&#227;o celular e pode ser usada como um biomarcador para danos ou doen&#231;as de &#243;rg&#227;os,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> como visto na cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a hip&#243;xia, uma condi&#231;&#227;o intimamente ligada &#224; aterosclerose e &#224; SCA, tamb&#233;m &#233; um indutor da express&#227;o da Netrina-1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Ainda, Van Gils et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> observaram aumento da express&#227;o da mol&#233;cula em macr&#243;fagos carregados de colesterol promovendo a reten&#231;&#227;o dessas c&#233;lulas <italic>in vitro</italic>, o que poderia contribuir para uma evolu&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida da placa ateroscler&#243;tica e, consequentemente, aumentar a chance de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo e ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto.</p>
      <p>Esses fatores nos levam a acreditar que o maior n&#250;mero de desfechos desfavor&#225;veis, bem como o maior risco de morte por todas as causas e por DCV observados em mulheres idosas com n&#237;veis mais elevados de Netrina-1 est&#227;o associados &#224; gravidade do evento e ao maior grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o (como sugerido pelos altos n&#237;veis de IL-1&#946;) que podem ter contribu&#237;do para um pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a IL-1&#946;, n&#237;veis elevados desta e de outras citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias j&#225; foram identificados em pacientes com SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> No entanto, poucos estudos foram direcionados ao valor progn&#243;stico dessa citocina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Corroborando nossos resultados, esses estudos sugerem que n&#237;veis mais altos de IL-1&#946; foram observados em pacientes com SCA que sofreram novos eventos durante o acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>A IL-1&#946; &#233; capaz de aumentar a express&#227;o de mol&#233;culas que contribuem para a ruptura da placa e forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos, culminando na ocorr&#234;ncia de SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Assim, n&#237;veis mais elevados de IL-1&#946; s&#233;rica poderiam refletir inflama&#231;&#227;o exacerbada, favorecendo a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>N&#237;veis mais altos de IL-1&#946; sugerem uma inflama&#231;&#227;o exacerbada que pode prejudicar o remodelamento card&#237;aco. A remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa ap&#243;s o IAM &#233; a base estrutural da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica. Embora quantidades adequadas de IL-1&#946; e outras citocinas inflamat&#243;rias sejam essenciais na fase inicial do remodelamento, a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de citocinas &#233; necess&#225;ria para promover uma cicatriza&#231;&#227;o efetiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Foi descrito que n&#237;veis elevados de IL-1&#946; at&#233; dois meses ap&#243;s o infarto em pacientes com IAMCSST estavam fortemente associados &#224; piora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a citocina foi um forte preditor de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, importante na predi&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios fatores podem ajudar a entender a aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o com pior progn&#243;stico encontrada em homens e mulheres mais jovens. Os tecidos card&#237;acos e vasculares s&#227;o influenciados por horm&#244;nios como estr&#243;geno e testosterona, variando de acordo com sexo e idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Mulheres mais velhas t&#234;m maior massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do que homens, devido a fatores que indicam menor capacidade arterial, como redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura da parede da carot&#237;da.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e g&#234;nero ainda n&#227;o foi elucidada, embora diferen&#231;as na concentra&#231;&#227;o sejam observadas na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Estudos indicam que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de IL-&#946; &#233; maior no sexo masculino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis de citocinas est&#227;o inversamente relacionados &#224; idade, como visto em nosso trabalho e na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> A literatura n&#227;o fornece dados sobre diferen&#231;as de sexo para Netrina-1. Como n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os sexos nos n&#237;veis dos marcadores, nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; de que no sexo feminino os n&#237;veis destes eram mais altos que os normais. Esse poss&#237;vel aumento pode estar relacionado &#224; maior frequ&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovasculares neste grupo no presente estudo, fatores que podem levar a um aumento dos n&#237;veis de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> No entanto, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste desses fatores, n&#237;veis elevados de Netrina 1 e IL-1&#946; permaneceram associados a pior progn&#243;stico, demonstrando que esses marcadores inflamat&#243;rios est&#227;o independentemente associados a pior progn&#243;stico e podem estar relacionados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade arterial j&#225; observada em mulheres idosas, quando comparados aos homens.</p>
      <p>Apontamos como limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo sua caracter&#237;stica unic&#234;ntrica e a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle. Ainda, n&#227;o coletamos dados do per&#237;odo pr&#233;-evento, o que nos permitiria determinar a varia&#231;&#227;o na concentra&#231;&#227;o do marcador ap&#243;s a SCA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>N&#237;veis elevados de Netrina-1 e IL-1&#946; est&#227;o associados a pior progn&#243;stico em mulheres idosas com SCA. O mecanismo para tal associa&#231;&#227;o pode estar relacionado &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o e remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca adversa, propiciando novos eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo e Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High Serum Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; in Elderly Females with ACS: Worse Prognosis in 2-years Follow-up</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1483-4466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leoc&#225;dio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menta</surname>
            <given-names>Pen&#233;lope</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Melissa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fraga</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3212-8466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alvarez-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Jacqueline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica e Imunologia - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Paola Leoc&#225;dio &#8226;</bold> Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica e Imunologia - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627. Postal Code 31270-901, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: paolaleocadio@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Leoc&#225;dio P, Goulart A, Santos I, Lotufo P, Bensenor I, Alvarez-Leite, J; Acquisition of data: Leoc&#225;dio P, Menta P, Dias M, Fraga J, Goulart A, Santos I, Lotufo P, Bensenor I; Statistical analysis: Leoc&#225;dio P, Goulart A, Santos I; Obtaining financing: Lotufo P, Bensenor I; Writing of the manuscript: Leoc&#225;dio P, Menta P, Dias M, Fraga J; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Goulart A, Santos I, Lotufo P, Bensenor I, Alvarez-Leite, J.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Several markers have been evaluated for a potential impact on clinical decisions or mortality prediction in acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; that have been associated with cardiovascular disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> Our study examined the prognostic value of Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; in patients with ACS (2-year follow-up).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We evaluate Netrin-1, IL-1&#946; and other risk factors in the serum sample of 803 patients. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were used for the analysis of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and a combined outcome of fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or new non-fatal MI, considering p-value &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> There were 115 deaths from all causes, 78 deaths due to cardiovascular causes and 67 events in combined outcomes. Netrin-1 levels above the median (&gt;44.8 pg/mL) were associated with a worse prognosis (all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality) in elderly females, even after model adjustment (HR: 2.08, p = 0.038 and HR: 2.68, p = 0.036). IL-1&#946; levels above the median (&gt;13.4 pg/mL) in elderly females were associated with increased risk of all outcomes after adjustment (all-cause mortality - HR: 2.03, p = 0.031; cardiovascular mortality - HR: 3.01, p = 0.013; fatal MI or new non-fatal MI - HR: 3.05, p = 0.029). For males, no associations were observed between Netrin-1 or IL-1&#946; and outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> High serum levels of Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; showed significant association with worse prognosis in elderly females. They may be useful as prognostic indicators in ACS. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):507-514)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Netrin-1</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleukin-1 beta</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death and years of life lost.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Responsible for the largest number of deaths in Brazil, CHD has high prevalence and a poor prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite the reduction in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) mortality observed in recent decades,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> it is estimated that near 14% of patients who have had a myocardial infarction (MI) will die of it.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The risk of illness and death is 1.5 to 15 times higher for patients who survive the acute stage of MI than for the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Of those who have a first MI, approximately 17% of males and 21% of females at &#8805; 45 years will have a recurrent MI or fatal CHD within five years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Inflammation is an important factor in the pathophysiology of ACS as well as in the cardiac remodeling after AMI. Several markers have been evaluated for a potential impact on clinical decisions or mortality prediction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recently, neuronal guidance molecules, especially Netrin-1, have been identified as important modulators of atherosclerosis, although their specific role (protective or deleterious) is still controversial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Netrin-1 is a member of a family of proteins structurally similar to laminins, which are structural components of the basal membrane of tissues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The role of Netrin-1 in cardiovascular disease and inflammation is an emerging area of study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is one of the major mediators of inflammation-induced coagulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> IL-1&#946; is capable of inducing the expression of other molecules that favor the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the lesion and tissue injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A high level of IL-1 has been described in MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Recently, a randomized clinical trial among people who suffered a MI showed that canakinumab, an agent that block IL-1&#946; reduced the incidence of non-fatal CHD, non-fatal stroke events and cardiovascular death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the importance of these two molecules in ACS, studies evaluating their prognostic value are scarce. Our objective was to evaluate the role of these molecules as predictors of prognosis in a 2-year follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>The patients were participants of the &#8220;ERICO&#8221; (Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome) study, described in detail in previous reports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Briefly, it is a prospective cohort study that included individuals admitted to treatment for ACS at the University of S&#227;o Paulo Hospital (HU-USP), a teaching community hospital with 260 beds located in the District of Butantan, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, from February 2009 to December 2013. The study protocol was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP-HU/USP 866/08), and all patients signed the Informed Consent Form.</p>
          <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was defined by the presence of symptoms consistent with myocardial ischemia within 24 hours of hospital admission and troponin I level above the 99th percentile value with a coefficient of variation &lt;10%. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was defined by the criteria for AMI, in addition to (a) the presence of persistent ST-segment elevation &#8805;1 mm in two contiguous electrocardiographic leads (lead ECG) or (b) new (or supposedly new) left bundle branch block (LBBB). Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) was defined by the criteria for AMI plus the absence of persistent ST-segment elevation &#8805;1 mm in two contiguous ECG leads and of new or supposedly new LBBB. Unstable angina (UA) was defined as the presence of symptoms compatible with myocardial ischemia in the last 24 hours, absence of AMI diagnosis and at least one of the following five criteria: (a) history of previous coronary artery disease; (b) positive stratification of invasive or non-invasive ischemic heart disease; (c) dynamic or evolutionary ECG changes; (D) troponin I &gt;0.4 ng/mL (ensuring troponin I levels above the 99th percentile regardless of the utilized kit) or (e) agreement on UA diagnosis between two independent physicians.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and outcomes</title>
          <p>After 6 months and annually for 2 years after the hospital admission, all individuals were contacted by telephone to update vital status information, including fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular outcomes. Whenever a participant reported a potential new MI event, new investigation procedures were initiated to confirm the event.</p>
          <p>Study outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and the combined outcome (fatal AMI and new non-fatal AMI). The strategy for collecting and classifying mortality data, including searching for official death records, was detailed in a previous report.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In cases where it was not possible to determine the cause of death, the data were censored for all outcomes, except for death from all causes.</p>
          <p>During the hospital phase, trained interviewers collected data related to sociodemographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, and medication, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Blood samples were collected within 24 hours of admission. Analyses of plasma glucose, triglycerides, and total and HDL cholesterol were performed at HU-USP. LDL cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald equation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Concentrations of Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; on admission were evaluated by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), following the kit instructions (Netrin-1: SEB827HU; USCN Life Science Inc., Wuhan, China and IL-1&#946;: 88-7010-88 eBioscience Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Patients were classified according to Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; concentrations in &#8220;low&#8221; and &#8220;high&#8221; groups if their concentration were below or above the median.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were assessed for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The chi-square and Mann-Whitney (all continuous variables presented nonparametric distribution) tests were used to compare groups. Values were expressed as median (interquartile interval) or n (%). Kaplan-Meier curves were used, and the log-rank test was used to evaluate the difference between low and high groups. Risk estimates (hazard ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals) for the events were calculated using Cox regression. In addition to Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946;, the following variables were used to construct models: age, type of ACS, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. A two-tailed p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
          <p>The software programs SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) and GraphPad Prism (version 5.01 for Windows, San Diego, California: GraphPad Software) were used to carry out the analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 803 patients were included in this study, including 333 women and 470 men. Comparing the main characteristics of male and female groups, we observed that women were older and had higher HDL-c concentration than men. Women were also more frequently affected by hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). The most frequent type of ACS in male and female groups was NSTEMI (about 40% of cases) followed by UA and STEMI that had a similar frequency (about 30% each).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; General characteristics in the hospital phase in males and females</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Parameter</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Male (n = 470)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Female (n = 333)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (52 &#8211; 71)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (56 &#8211; 76)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">26.8 (23.8 &#8211; 29.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.8 (24.0 &#8211; 30.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ACS type</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.027</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NSTEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">191 (40.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (42.6)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (31.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (23.1)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UA</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (28.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (34.2)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Smoking habits</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (31.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (27.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (43.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (26.3)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Never</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (24.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (46.5)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">339 (73.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">267 (80.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (34.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (45.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (48.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">181 (60.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose</td>
                  <td align="center">125.0 (101.0 &#8211; 157.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">124.0 (103.0 &#8211; 175.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.652</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triacylglycerol</td>
                  <td align="center">132.0 (94.0 &#8211; 190.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">126.0 (97.0 &#8211; 183.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.685</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total Cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">171.5 (141.0 &#8211; 205.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">170.0 (139.0 &#8211; 204.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.720</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL - Cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">35.0 (30.0 &#8211; 44.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.0 (32.0 &#8211; 46.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL - Cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">102.5 (77.0 &#8211; 134.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">99.0 (77.0 &#8211; 124.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.386</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Netrin-1</td>
                  <td align="center">44.8 (34.2 &#8211; 65.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.8 (34.8 &#8211; 62.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.813</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-1&#946;</td>
                  <td align="center">15.1 (7.4 - 28.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8 (7.1 &#8211; 29.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.536</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Values are median (interquartile interval) or n (%). ACS: acute coronary syndrome. BMI: body mass index in kg/m<sup>2</sup>. HDL: high-density lipoprotein. LDL: low-density lipoprotein. NSTEMI: non-STsegment elevation Myocardial Infarction. STEMI: ST-segment elevation Myocardial Infarction. UA: unstable angina. Data of plasma glucose, triglyceridemia, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL are presented as mg/dL. Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; are presented as pg/mL. Mann-Whitney test or chi-square test. p-value comparing male and female groups.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>During the 2 years follow up, there were 115 deaths from all causes (65 men and 50 women) including 78 deaths (67.8%) due to cardiovascular causes. We also identified 67 cases of AMI (fatal or non-fatal) in this same follow-up. Since age is an important factor involved in the mortality rate, we analyzed separately in women and men younger and older than 60 years.</p>
        <p>To evaluate a possible role of Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; as prognostic markers, we compared the frequency of ACS in the patients with levels of Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; levels above and below the respective median. There were no associations between levels of Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and fatal or new non-fatal MI outcomes for males independently of their age (data not shown). For this reason, we focused our investigation on the female group (333 patients). The main characteristics of the female group (younger and older than 60 years) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; General characteristics in the hospital phase in younger (&lt;60 y) and older (&gt;60 years) females</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Parameter</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Total (n = 333)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Younger (&lt;60 years) (n = 111)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Older (&gt;60 years) (n = 222)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">26.8 (24.0 &#8211; 30.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.8 (24.5 - 31.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.7 (23.8 &#8211; 30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.532</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ACS type</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.031</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NSTEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (42.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (36.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (45.9)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (23.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (31.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (18.9)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UA</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (34.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (32.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (35.1)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Smoking habits</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (27.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (44.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (18.4)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (26.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (26.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (26.2)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Never</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (46.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (29.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (55.3)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">267 (80.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (72.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (85.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (45.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (35.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (49.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">181 (60.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (48.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (66.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose</td>
                  <td align="center">124.0 (103.0 &#8211; 175.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">121.0 (103.0 &#8211; 163.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">128.0 (104.0 &#8211; 180.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.381</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triacylglycerol</td>
                  <td align="center">126.0 (97.0 &#8211; 183.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">151.0 (97.0 &#8211; 201.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">122.0 (93.5 &#8211; 174.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total Cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">170.0 (139.0 &#8211; 204.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">185.0 (157.5 &#8211; 215.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">161.0 (134.0 &#8211; 196.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL- Cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">39.0 (32.0 &#8211; 46.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.0 (32.0 &#8211; 45.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">41.0 (33.0 &#8211; 47.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.065</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL- Cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">99.0 (77.0 &#8211; 124.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">114.0 (89.0 &#8211; 134.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">93.0 (72.0 &#8211; 118.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Netrin-1</td>
                  <td align="center">44.8 (34.8 &#8211; 62.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.8 (33.8 &#8211; 65.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.8 (34.7 &#8211; 65.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.861</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-1&#946;</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8 (7.1 &#8211; 29.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.5 (7.9 &#8211; 49.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4 (7.1 &#8211; 24.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Values are median (interquartile interval) or n (%). ACS: acute coronary syndrome. BMI: body mass index in kg/m<sup>2</sup>. HDL: high-density lipoprotein. IL-1&#946;: Interleukin - 1beta. LDL: low-density lipoprotein. NSTEMI: non-STsegment elevation Myocardial Infarction. STEMI: ST-segment elevation Myocardial Infarction. UA: unstable angina. Data of plasma glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL are presented as mg/dL. Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; are presented as pg/mL. Mann-Whitney test or chi-square test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>At admission, women presented similar values of BMI, serum concentrations of glucose, triacylglycerol, and HDL cholesterol regardless in both age groups. The frequency of important risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes were higher in older women. However, levels of LDL cholesterol were lower in older ones. Current smokers were more frequent in younger women while more than 50% of the older women never smoked (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). We did not find differences in the median of Netrin-1 between age groups. However, the median of IL-1&#946; was higher in the younger group.</p>
        <p>Associations between low and high Netrin-1 or IL1- &#946; and the outcomes, according to the age range were presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>, respectively. The number of death of all-cause was very low (3 death) in the women younger than 60 years and only 6 cases of the combined outcome, avoiding reliable analyzes in this group. However, in the older (&gt;60 years) group, we found associations between the highest level of Netrin-1 and deaths from all causes and cardiovascular causes. An association between high IL-1&#946; and death for CVD as also found among older women (p = 0.034).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Outcomes according to the Netrin-1 in females</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="10%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Female - Total</th>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">&lt; 60 years</th>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">&gt; 60 years</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">2 years follow-up</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Low Netrin-1</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">High Netrin-1</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Low Netrin-1</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">High Netrin-1</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Low Netrin-1</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">High Netrin-1</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>All-cause mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (36.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (64.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.612</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (34.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (66.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (35.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (64.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.052</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.612</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (32.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (67.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fatal or new non-fatal MI</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (39.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (60.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.193</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.467</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (31.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (68.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.066</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>Values are n (%). MI: myocardial infarction. Chi-square test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Outcomes according to the IL-1&#946; in females</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="10%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Female - Total</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">&lt; 60 years</th>
                  <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">&gt; 60 years</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">2 years follow-up</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Low IL-1&#946;</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">High IL-1&#946;</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Low IL-1&#946;</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">High IL-1&#946;</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Low IL-1&#946;</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">High IL-1&#946;</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>All-cause mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (42.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (58.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.221</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.118</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (40.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (59.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.140</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (35.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (64.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.071</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.118</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (32.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (67.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fatal or new non-fatal MI</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (35.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (64.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.117</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.438</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (31.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (68.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.075</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>Values are n (%). IL-1&#946;: Interleukin - 1beta. MI: myocardial infarction. Chi-square test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>These data showing a worse prognostic in older females with high levels of Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; at admission were confirmed by Kaplan-Meier curves. High levels of Netrin-1 showed a lower rate of survival when considering all-cause mortality (p = 0.011, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>) and also considering only cardiovascular deaths (p = 0.024, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref>). The marker only tended to be associated with fatal MI or new non-fatal MI (p = 0.067, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref>). High levels of IL-1&#946; also showed a lower rate of survival when considering cardiovascular deaths (p = 0.031, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1E</xref>) and tended to be associated with fatal MI or new non-fatal MI (p = 0.064, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1F</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier curves for Netrin-1 (A &#8211; C) and IL-1&#914; (D &#8211; F) in older (&gt;60 years) females considering a 2-year follow-up. IL-1&#946;: Interleukin - 1beta. MI: myocardial infarction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0507-90035-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The analysis of the hazard ratios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>) showed an increased risk of death from all causes for the high Netrin-1 group that remained significant in the adjusted model. The same results were seen for risk of death from cardiovascular causes.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Hazard Ratios for high Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and fatal or new non-fatal MI in older (&gt;60 years) females</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">All-cause mortality</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Cardiovascular mortality</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Fatal or new non-fatal MI</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">HR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">HR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">HR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Netrin-1</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Crude</td>
                  <td align="center">2.15 (1.17 &#8211; 3.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">2.31 (1.09 &#8211; 4.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                  <td align="center">2.25 (0.92 &#8211; 5.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.075</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adjusted *</td>
                  <td align="center">2.08 (1.04 &#8211; 4.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  <td align="center">2.68 (1.06 &#8211; 6.74)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.036</td>
                  <td align="center">1.82 (0.65 &#8211; 5.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.247</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="6">
                    <bold>IL-1&#946;</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Crude</td>
                  <td align="center">1.57 (0.87 &#8211; 2.81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.127</td>
                  <td align="center">2.23 (1.05 &#8211; 4.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.036</td>
                  <td align="center">2.27 (0.92 &#8211; 5.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adjusted *</td>
                  <td align="center">2.03 (1.06 &#8211; 3.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.031</td>
                  <td align="center">3.01 (1.26 &#8211; 7.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">3.05 (1.12 &#8211; 8.32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>CI: confidence interval. HR: hazard ratio. IL-1&#946;: Interleukin - 1beta. MI: myocardial infarction. * Adjusted for age, type of Acute Coronary Syndrome, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Considering the high levels of IL-1&#946;, we did not find significant HR in the crude model for all-cause mortality and fatal or new non-fatal MI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>). However, significant HR for all-cause mortality and fatal or new non-fatal MI were observed in the adjusted model. We also observed an increased risk of death from cardiovascular causes for the high IL-1&#946; group even after model adjustment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This work is the pioneer in evaluating the prognostic value of Netrin-1 in ACS and presents new information about the prognostic value of IL-1&#946; in this condition.</p>
        <p>In our study, we observed an association between the highest levels of Netrin-1 and worse prognosis when all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were analyzed, in elderly females.</p>
        <p>Plasma Netrin-1 is a diagnostic biomarker of many cancer types.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>It was verified that the higher gene expression or concentration of Netrin-1 in these tissues was associated with a worse prognosis, probably related to the anti-apoptotic and angiogenic effects of Netrin-1. However, the role of Netrin-1 in atherosclerosis and cardiac remodeling after MI is still controversial. It has been described that netrin-1 could promote or protect against atherosclerosis, in the dependency of environmental conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Reduced endogenous levels of Netrin-1 can also lead to deleterious effects since pro-atherogenic factors can reduce the expression of this molecule.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In models of MI, netrin-1 administration reduced the severity of myocardium lesion when compared to the non-supplemented controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, it is possible that the "High Netrin-1" group is composed of patients who had a more severe ACS event. Our hypothesis is that the level of Netrin-1 increases in more severe cases of ACS. This hypothesis is based on studies that indicate that the expression of Netrin-1 is induced after cellular injury and can be used as a biomarker for organ damage or disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> as seen in the cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Moreover, hypoxia, a condition closely linked to atherosclerosis and ACS is also an inducer of Netrin-1 expression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Moreover, Van Gils et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> observed increased expression of the molecule in cholesterol-loaded macrophages promoting the retention of these cells <italic>in vitro</italic>, which could contribute to a more rapid evolution of the atherosclerotic plaque and consequently increase the chance of thrombus formation and occurrence of infarction.</p>
        <p>These factors lead us to believe that the highest number of unfavorable outcomes, as well as the higher risk of death from all causes and from cardiovascular causes observed in women over 60 years of age with higher Netrin-1 levels are associated with the severity of event and the higher degree of inflammation (as suggested by the high levels of IL-1&#946;) which may have contributed to a worse prognosis.</p>
        <p>Regarding IL-1&#946;, high levels of this one and other pro-inflammatory cytokines have already been identified in patients with ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Nonetheless, few studies were addressed to the prognostic value of this cytokine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In agreement with our results, these studies suggest that higher levels of IL-1&#946; were seen in patients with ACS who underwent new events during follow-up.</p>
        <p>IL-1&#946; is capable of increasing the expression of molecules that contribute to plaque rupture and thrombus formation, culminating in the occurrence of ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Thus, higher levels of serum IL-1&#946; could reflect exacerbated inflammation, favoring the occurrence of cardiovascular complications.</p>
        <p>Higher IL-1&#946; levels suggest an exacerbated inflammation that could impair cardiac remodeling. Adverse remodeling after MI is the structural basis for ischemic heart failure. Although adequate amounts of IL-1&#946; and other inflammatory cytokines are essential in the initial phase of remodeling, the decrease of cytokine levels is needed to promote effective healing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> It has been described that elevated levels of IL-1&#946; up to two months after infarction in patients with STEMI were strongly associated with a worsening of cardiac function after one year of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Furthermore, cytokine was a strong predictor of left ventricular hypertrophy, which is important in predicting cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several factors may help to understand the absence of association with worse prognosis found among men and younger women. Cardiac and vascular tissues are influenced by hormones such as estrogen and testosterone, varying according to sex and age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Older women have a larger left ventricle mass than men, due to factors that indicate lower arterial capacity, such as reduced carotid wall thickness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The relationship between inflammatory cytokines and gender has not yet been elucidated, although differences between concentrations are observed in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Studies indicate that IL-&#946; concentration is higher in males.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Furthermore, cytokine levels are inversely related to age, as seen in our work and literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The literature does not provide data on sex differences for Netrin-1. Since we did not observe statistical gender differences in the levels of the markers, our hypothesis is that in our female group the levels of these were higher than the normal. This possible increase may be related to the higher frequency of cardiovascular risk factors in this group in the present study, factors that may lead to an increase in levels of inflammatory markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> However, even after adjusting for these factors, high levels of Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; remained associated with worse prognosis, demonstrating that these inflammatory markers are independently associated with worse prognosis, and may be related to the reduction of arterial capacity already observed in older women when compared to men.</p>
        <p>We point out as limitations of the study its unicentric characteristic and the absence of a control group. Furthermore, we did not collect data from the pre-event period, which would allow us to determine the variation in marker concentration after ACS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Higher levels of Netrin-1 and IL-1&#946; are associated with worse prognosis in elderly females with ACS. The mechanism for such association can be related to maintenance of inflammation and adverse cardiac remodeling, propitiating further cardiovascular events.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Paola Leoc&#225;dio, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio - USP under the protocol number CEP-HU/USP 866/08. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo and Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
