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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VY6C5JvN6zpFy6Fyvs8B56J</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300496</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180403</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o de Software para P&#243;s-processamento de Curvas de Deforma&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca: D-Station</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3703-7192</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Duarte de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3555-0024</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Regis</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Danilo Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ittalo dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szewierenko</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0031-335X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hortegal</surname>
            <given-names>Renato de Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9387-0192</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abensur</surname>
            <given-names>Henry</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Federal de Educa&#231;&#227;o, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Federal de Educa&#231;&#227;o, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia da Para&#237;ba,Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Consultor Estat&#237;stico,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ecocardiografia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Departamento de Ecocardiografia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Renato de Aguiar Hortegal &#8226; Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo. Setor de Ecocardiografia. Rua Maestro Cardim 769. CEP 01323-001, Bela Vista, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>eletrocardio2009@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Hortegal RA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sousa RD, Santos I, Hortegal RA, Abensur H; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Szewierenko P, Hortegal RA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Regis CDM, Abensur H; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sousa RD, Regis CDM, Santos I, Hortegal RA, Szewierenko P; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Regis CDM, Hortegal RA, Abensur H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>496</fpage>
      <lpage>506</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>5</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O emprego de Speckle Tracking para estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tem grande aplicabilidade em diversos cen&#225;rios. A expans&#227;o do uso deste m&#233;todo requer ferramentas que permitam a extra&#231;&#227;o de dados relevantes das curvas de deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e que sejam adicionais aos par&#226;metros habitualmente utilizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O presente trabalho visa apresentar e validar um software de uso livre, denominado D-station, para an&#225;lise das curvas de deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A partir de arquivos raw data, o D-Station realiza a separa&#231;&#227;o das fases do ciclo card&#237;aco, exibe simultaneamente curvas de Strain e Strain Rate de diferentes c&#226;maras card&#237;acas. Para valida&#231;&#227;o do software utilizamos o par&#226;metro Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) avaliando-o: 1) Graficamente, a partir da compara&#231;&#227;o das Medidas emparelhadas de GLS no EchoPAC e D-Station frente &#224; linha de igualdade; 2) pelo Coeficiente de Correla&#231;&#227;o dessas medidas; 3) pelo Teste de Hip&#243;teses (p &gt; 0,05); e 4) pelo M&#233;todo Gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O Coeficiente rho de Spearman apontou forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas, o Teste de Hip&#243;teses retornou um p-value = 0.6798 &gt;&gt; 0,05, que tamb&#233;m indicou a equival&#234;ncia entre elas; o M&#233;todo gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman mostrou um vi&#233;s &#8804; 1% e dispers&#227;o &#8804; 2% entre as medidas. Os testes mostraram que para valores de GLS inferiores &#224; 10% h&#225; a tend&#234;ncia de aumento das diferen&#231;as percentuais, mas seus valores absolutos ainda s&#227;o baixos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O D-Station foi validado como uma aplica&#231;&#227;o suplementar ao EchoPAC que utiliza o raw data das curvas de Strain e Strain Rate obtidos por software propriet&#225;rio. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):496-506)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="22"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> tem grande aplicabilidade em diversos cen&#225;rios, tanto de pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> quanto no &#226;mbito da pesquisa cl&#237;nica, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> provendo informa&#231;&#245;es da mec&#226;nica regional e global das c&#226;maras do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O <italic>Global Longitudinal Strain</italic> (GLS) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#233; um par&#226;metro robusto de estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Contudo, este marcador avalia apenas a deforma&#231;&#227;o que acontece entre o in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica e o final da fase de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Fases como o per&#237;odo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico, por exemplo, podem conter informa&#231;&#227;o valiosa n&#227;o aferida pelo GLS.</p>
      <p>Desta forma, se faz necess&#225;rio o emprego de ferramentas que permitam a extra&#231;&#227;o de dados relevantes das curvas de deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e que sejam adicionais aos par&#226;metros habitualmente utilizados.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos softwares de processamento <italic>offline</italic> fornecidos pelos diferentes fabricantes ( <italic>software</italic> propriet&#225;rio) tem um <italic>setting</italic> predeterminado de an&#225;lises e par&#226;metros de deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Isso, por um lado, torna o m&#233;todo mais simples e amig&#225;vel para o uso na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica di&#225;ria, mas, por outro lado, dificulta aplica&#231;&#245;es mais amplas dessa tecnologia na pesquisa cl&#237;nica. Al&#233;m disso, o acesso a essas ferramentas pode ser limitado e de alto custo.</p>
      <p>&#201; comum que centros internacionais de refer&#234;ncia no estudo da deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tenham <italic>softwares</italic> customizados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do processamento <italic>offline</italic> sem as limita&#231;&#245;es impostas pelos fabricantes, permitindo que sejam adaptados com base nas necessidades de suas pesquisas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>O presente trabalho visa demonstrar a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um novo <italic>software</italic> de uso livre, denominado D-station, como uma ferramenta para an&#225;lise adicional das curvas de deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fornecidas por qualquer <italic>software</italic> propriet&#225;rio <italic>.</italic> Al&#233;m disso, ele pretende validar o novo software por meio da compara&#231;&#227;o de valores de GLS obtidos pelo D-Station com valores obtidos pelo software EchoPAC (GE).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>D-Station: software de P&#243;s-Processamento das curvas de deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>O D-Station &#233; um <italic>software</italic> customizado e gratuito, escrito em linguagem de programa&#231;&#227;o <italic>Python</italic> 3 e direcionado para o p&#243;s-processamento <italic>offline</italic> das curvas de deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Sua sequ&#234;ncia de execu&#231;&#227;o &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Algoritmo do D-station. ECG: eletrocardiograma.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ele n&#227;o substitui as plataformas de processamento existentes, e sim atua como uma ferramenta que amplia as possibilidades p&#243;s-processamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Divis&#227;o em fases</title>
        <p>Cada curva de <italic>strain</italic> obtida corresponde a, no m&#237;nimo, um per&#237;odo do ciclo card&#237;aco em determinada regi&#227;o de uma c&#226;mara card&#237;aca e pode ser dividida nas fases mec&#226;nicas desse ciclo. Para isso, de acordo com estudos anteriores, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> s&#227;o necess&#225;rios os tempos de abertura e de fechamento das valvas a&#243;rtica e mitral, e os tempos de eventos el&#233;tricos, obtidos a partir das ondas de eletrocardiograma (ECG), como o de in&#237;cio do primeiro e segundo complexo QRS, e de in&#237;cio da onda P. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> As ondas de ECG acompanham as curvas de <italic>strain</italic> e <italic>strain rate</italic> (SR) nos arquivos.</p>
        <p>Considerando o in&#237;cio de um ciclo card&#237;aco no in&#237;cio do complexo QRS, foram definidas seis fases. Em sua ordem de ocorr&#234;ncia, s&#227;o elas: EMC - <italic>Electrical Mechanical Coupling</italic> (fase de acoplamento eletromec&#226;nico), IVC - <italic>Isovolumic Contraction</italic> (fase de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica), Ejec - <italic>Ejection Phase</italic> (Fase de eje&#231;&#227;o), IVR- <italic>Isovolumic Relaxation</italic> (fase de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico), E- <italic>Early Filling</italic> (fase de enchimento r&#225;pido), e A - <italic>Atrial Contraction</italic> (fase de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial). Uma descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada da defini&#231;&#227;o adotada para delimitar cada fase do ciclo card&#237;aco &#233; realizada no material suplementar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Algoritmo de leitura dos sinais e c&#225;lculo de par&#226;metros</title>
        <p>As entradas do programa s&#227;o: 1) os tempos de abertura e fechamento das valvas a&#243;rtica e mitral; 2) os arquivos <italic>raw data</italic> contendo as curvas de <italic>strain</italic> ou SR; 3) o identificador do exame e 4) a op&#231;&#227;o de visualiza&#231;&#227;o selecionada pelo usu&#225;rio. Mais informa&#231;&#245;es podem ser encontradas nas instru&#231;&#245;es do programa, presentes no material suplementar do trabalho.</p>
        <p>Na vers&#227;o atual do <italic>software</italic> , s&#227;o oferecidas ao usu&#225;rio seis op&#231;&#245;es de visualiza&#231;&#227;o:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Strain - LV</italic> ( <italic>strain</italic> do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo), <italic>strain rate - LV</italic> ( <italic>SR</italic> do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) e ECG;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Strain - LV</italic> , <italic>strain - LA</italic> ( <italic>strain</italic> do &#225;trio esquerdo) e ECG;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Strain - LV</italic> , <italic>strain rate - LA</italic> e ECG;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Strain - LV</italic> , <italic>strain - RV</italic> ( <italic>strain</italic> do ventr&#237;culo direito) e ECG;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Strain - LV</italic> , <italic>strain rate - LV</italic> e ECG, na qual o <italic>SR</italic> &#233; obtido a partir das curvas de <italic>strain</italic> .</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Op&#231;&#227;o de teste (para a interface CircAdapt): strain - LV</italic> e <italic>strain rate - LV</italic></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Em todas as op&#231;&#245;es, as curvas s&#227;o exibidas simultaneamente, como apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de strain do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, strain do &#225;trio esquerdo, e do eletrocardiograma com a separa&#231;&#227;o em fases. S&#227;o exibidas 18 curvas de strain correspondentes aos 18 segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, seis curvas de strain do &#225;trio esquerdo e um sinal de eletrocardiograma. As cores nas curvas de strain e strain rate correspondem &#224;s cores atribu&#237;das aos segmentos pelo software propriet&#225;rio, sendo: MVC: Mitral Valve Closure; AVO: Aortic Valve Opening; AVC: Aortic Valve Closure; MVO: Mitral Valve Opening.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A partir dos arquivos de dados brutos ( <italic>raw data</italic> ) contendo a informa&#231;&#227;o das janelas apical 3, 4 e 2 c&#226;maras, s&#227;o visualizadas as curvas de <italic>strain</italic> do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, conforme o modelo de 18 segmentos proposto pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>O processamento da planilha contendo os arquivos <italic>raw data</italic> consiste em alterar a formata&#231;&#227;o para facilitar o funcionamento do programa. Al&#233;m disso, devido a pequenas diferen&#231;as na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca das curvas de ECG em cada arquivo, utilizamos como padr&#227;o o registro do corte 4 c&#226;maras. Ap&#243;s a formata&#231;&#227;o, &#233; exibida uma figura contendo curvas de <italic>strain</italic> , <italic>SR</italic> e o ECG. O usu&#225;rio deve ent&#227;o marcar tr&#234;s pontos: o in&#237;cio do complexo QRS, o in&#237;cio da onda P e o in&#237;cio do segundo complexo QRS.</p>
        <p>Com base nos valores de tempo obtidos a partir das marca&#231;&#245;es e nos tempos de abertura e fechamento das valvas, &#233; poss&#237;vel determinar cada fase do ciclo card&#237;aco. No terminal do D-station, s&#227;o exibidos os tempos de cada uma dessas fases, bem como os valores de cada par&#226;metro calculado. O usu&#225;rio pode decidir entre uma figura que cont&#233;m as curvas correspondentes &#224;s c&#226;maras card&#237;acas de interesse (como exemplificada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ) ou uma figura com os pontos utilizados no c&#225;lculo de um determinado par&#226;metro.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; &#192; direita: visualiza&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea das curvas de strain longitudinal dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo (18 segmentos) e direito (6 segmentos). &#192; esquerda: os tempos de in&#237;cio das fases e os par&#226;metros calculados no terminal. Outras configura&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m s&#227;o poss&#237;veis de acordo com a op&#231;&#227;o escolhida, sendo MVC: Mitral Valve Closure, AVO: Aortic Valve Opening, AVC: Aortic Valve Closure, MVO: Mitral Valve Opening.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Marca&#231;&#227;o de eventos ( <italic>event timing</italic> ) e par&#226;metros calculados</title>
        <p>Cada uma das curvas de <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> possui um ponto importante para o c&#225;lculo dos par&#226;metros do <italic>software</italic> : o <italic>peak systolic strain</italic> , definido, de acordo com o documento da EACVI/ASE, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> como o ponto de maior contra&#231;&#227;o durante a s&#237;stole.</p>
        <p>O <italic>peak systolic strain</italic> de cada segmento &#233; utilizado no c&#225;lculo do par&#226;metro GLS, definido como a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica dos valores de <italic>peak systolic strain</italic> de todos os segmentos.</p>
        <p>As possibilidades de p&#243;s-processamento permitem e/ou facilitam a an&#225;lise de novos par&#226;metros como <italic>strain</italic> /SR AE e AD, <italic>strain</italic> VD e <italic>diastolic recovery</italic> ( <italic>diastolic stunning</italic> ) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> por exemplo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Algoritmo de reconhecimento do <italic>peak systolic strain</italic></title>
        <p>O D-Station considera o <italic>peak systolic strain</italic> como o valor mais negativo do conjunto de pontos existentes entre o in&#237;cio do QRS e o AVC. Isso diverge do crit&#233;rio do <italic>software</italic> EchoPAC que seleciona o <italic>systolic peak strain</italic> de acordo com a regra apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> :</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Crit&#233;rio para sele&#231;&#227;o do pico sist&#243;lico utilizado pelo EchoPAC.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valida&#231;&#227;o do D-Station: banco de dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para valida&#231;&#227;o do D-Station, arquivos com curvas de deforma&#231;&#227;o de 48 indiv&#237;duos foram obtidos da base de dados do setor de Ecocardiografia do Hospital Benefici&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo. N&#227;o houve c&#225;lculo de tamanho amostral, sendo usada uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia ( <italic>convenience sampling</italic> ) por an&#225;lise retrospectiva. Todos os exames foram realizados mediante assinatura do termo de consentimento. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica desta institui&#231;&#227;o sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAEE 91350318.4.0000.5483. Utilizando o EchoPAC (vers&#227;o 202 GE), foram inspecionados os tempos registrados de abertura e fechamento das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica. Alguns exames tinham mais de um registro dos tempos de eventos; exames com discrep&#226;ncias de tempo maior que 10 ms foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>A seguir, selecionou-se o ciclo card&#237;aco com melhor qualidade de imagem nas janelas apical 3, 4 e 2 c&#226;maras. O &#250;ltimo ciclo foi selecionado nos casos de tr&#234;s ciclos com qualidade satisfat&#243;ria. A borda endoc&#225;rdica foi tracejada delineando a regi&#227;o de interesse pela op&#231;&#227;o <italic>Q-analysis</italic> do programa EchoPAC. Foi feita ent&#227;o a inspe&#231;&#227;o visual de qualidade do &#8220; <italic>tracking</italic> &#8221; e, se pertinente, confirmada pela op&#231;&#227;o &#8220; <italic>approve</italic> &#8221;, seguido do registro do valor do GLS_EchoPAC. Em caso de <italic>tracking</italic> visualmente inadequado, o processo foi repetido. Exames com mais de dois segmentos inadequados foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>O <italic>raw data</italic> das curvas de deforma&#231;&#227;o foi exportado pela op&#231;&#227;o &#8220; <italic>Store Trace</italic> &#8221;, a qual gera arquivos .txt que s&#227;o utilizados para o processamento no D-Station.</p>
        <p>O GLS foi escolhido como par&#226;metro de valida&#231;&#227;o da equival&#234;ncia das medidas no processamento pelo EchoPAC (t&#233;cnica j&#225; estabelecida &#8211; &#8220;gold standard&#8221;) e o D-Station (t&#233;cnica alternativa proposta), apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Valores de Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS)(%) fornecidos pelo EchoPAC e pelo D-Station</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col">Sujeito</th>
                  <th scope="col">GLS_Echopac</th>
                  <th scope="col">GLS-D-Station</th>
                  <th scope="col">Sujeito</th>
                  <th scope="col">GLS_Echopac</th>
                  <th scope="col">GLS-D-Station</th>
                  <th scope="col">Sujeito</th>
                  <th scope="col">GLS_Echopac</th>
                  <th scope="col">GLS-D-Station</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,90</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,88</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,00</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,03</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;24,40</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;24,62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;7,90</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;9,50</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;16,90</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;16,82</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,10</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;10,50</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;11,10</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,500</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;16,68</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;7,40</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;6,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;8,50</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;8,19</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,80</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,83</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;2,70</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;3,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;13,30</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;13,55</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;16,70</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,04</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;5,70</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;5,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;18,40</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;18,26</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;20,50</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;20,93</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;4,50</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;4,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;4,60</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;4,21</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;14,90</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;14,71</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;10,50</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;9,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;21,60</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;21,48</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;20,20</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,76</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;9,40</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;10,95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;16,20</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;16,36</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,80</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;18,19</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;10,60</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;10,47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;11,90</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;11,41</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;20,10</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;20,47</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;11,10</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;11,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>11</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;8,80</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;7,33</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,30</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,60</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;3,20</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;3,69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,30</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,23</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;17,50</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;16,96</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;8,20</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;8,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>13</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;20,40</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;20,32</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;21,20</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;20,28</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;6,60</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;6,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>14</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,80</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,40</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211; 23,00</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;23,06</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;6,90</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;6,85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>15</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;16,40</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;15,27</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211; 20,70</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,91</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;10,60</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;10,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>16</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,20</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,38</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;21,10</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;21,22</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;8,80</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;9,28</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todos utilizados nas an&#225;lises:</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Teste de normalidade das medidas de GLS do EchoPAC, D-Station e das diferen&#231;as EchoPAC - D-Station, utilizando-se um m&#233;todo gr&#225;fico (Gr&#225;fico Q-Q) seguido de um m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico (Teste de Shapiro-Wilk) para confirma&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de normalidade pelo m&#233;todo gr&#225;fico;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Gr&#225;fico das medidas de GLS do EchoPAC e D-Station frente &#224; linha de igualdade e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;todo de Pearson caso os dados do EchoPAC e D-Station apresentem normalidade ou m&#233;todo de Spearman, caso contr&#225;rio);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Teste de hip&#243;teses das diferen&#231;as das medidas de GLS (EchoPAC - D-Station), dados pareados, n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, utilizando-se o teste t de Student caso as medidas das diferen&#231;as apresentem normalidade ou o teste n&#227;o Param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon, caso contr&#225;rio.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>An&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia pelo m&#233;todo de Bland-Altman <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Foi utilizado o <italic>software R version</italic> 3.5.2 (2018-12-20) que, por meio dos pacotes Stats e BlandAltmanLeh, contempla os comandos necess&#225;rios e <italic>outputs</italic> dos m&#233;todos de obten&#231;&#227;o do p-value e Bland-Altman.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de valida&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, consideramos como crit&#233;rios para reconhecer o D-Station como alternativa ao EchoPAC (equival&#234;ncia):</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Teste de normalidade A avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo gr&#225;fico Q-Q &#233; visual e, portanto, subjetiva. O padr&#227;o da normalidade dos dados &#233; o alinhamento dos pontos em uma linha reta tra&#231;ada pelo algoritmo a partir dos dados avaliados. A aceita&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk se d&#225; quando p-value &gt; &#945; (n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia = 5%).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman &#8805; 0.95</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Teste de hip&#243;tese: p-value &gt; 0.05 (h&#225; equival&#234;ncia entre as medidas) Ho: m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as (EchoPAC - D-Station) = 0 Ha: m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as &#8800; 0</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Bland-Altman</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>erro sistem&#225;tico (&#8220; <italic>bias</italic> &#8221; ou vi&#233;s) &#8804; 1%</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>dispers&#227;o &#8804; 2%</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>(*) Notar que a unidade de medida do GLS &#233; % e, portanto, os valores adotados dizem respeito &#224; varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Visualiza&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de curvas de diferentes C&#226;maras Card&#237;acas</title>
        <p>O D-Station permite a op&#231;&#227;o de exibi&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de todas as curvas de <italic>strain</italic> e <italic>SR</italic> de diferentes c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, permitindo o estudo da intera&#231;&#227;o entre elas. Op&#231;&#245;es adicionais com combina&#231;&#245;es de diferentes exibi&#231;&#245;es podem ser facilmente adicionadas, permitindo a extra&#231;&#227;o de outros par&#226;metros para estudo da deforma&#231;&#227;o em diferentes c&#226;maras simultaneamente e em cada per&#237;odo do ciclo card&#237;aco. Como exemplo, na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> s&#227;o exibidas as curvas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e direito, facilitando o estudo das intera&#231;&#245;es interventriculares.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Apresenta&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea das 18 curvas de strain do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, seis curvas de strain do ventr&#237;culo direito e curva de eletrocardiograma, sendo MVC: Mitral Valve Closure; AVO: Aortic Valve Opening; AVC: Aortic Valve Closure; MVO: Mitral Valve Opening.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interface CircAdapt: gera&#231;&#227;o de modelos card&#237;acos virtuais</title>
        <p>A op&#231;&#227;o &#8220;Test&#8221; no <italic>software</italic> visa a determina&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros das curvas de <italic>strain</italic> sem a separa&#231;&#227;o de fases. Com isso, a curva de ECG n&#227;o &#233; mais necess&#225;ria, e o programa torna-se compat&#237;vel com o modelo matem&#225;tico CircAdapt. Esse modelo associado ao MultiPatch Module, apresentado por Walmsley et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> pode retornar curvas de strain correspondentes &#224;s simula&#231;&#245;es e os tempos de eventos mec&#226;nicos, sem sinais de ECG, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> . Dessa forma, o software desenvolvido pode trabalhar com modelos card&#237;acos virtuais elaborados seguindo o trabalho de Walmsley et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Apresenta&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea das 18 curvas de strain do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e 18 curvas de strain rate do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo provenientes do CircAdapt; portanto, n&#227;o h&#225; sinal de eletrocardiograma e a separa&#231;&#227;o em fases realizada deve ser desconsiderada, sendo MVC: mitral valve closure; AVO: aortic valve opening; AVC: aortic valve closure; MVO: mitral valve opening.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Possibilidade de aplica&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas de aprendizado de m&#225;quina ( <italic>Machine Learning</italic> )</title>
        <p><italic>Machine learning</italic> consiste em uma &#225;rea do campo da intelig&#234;ncia artificial capaz de processar problemas complexos de intera&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis e fazer predi&#231;&#245;es acuradas. Tem sido amplamente utilizada em diferentes &#225;reas da cardiologia.</p>
        <p>O formato de armazenamento das entradas e dados obtidos pelo <italic>software</italic> permite implementar algoritmos de <italic>machine learning</italic> , os quais possibilitam a extra&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica de par&#226;metros, classifica&#231;&#227;o de grande n&#250;mero de sinais e leitura das caracter&#237;sticas espa&#231;o-tempo de toda a curva de deforma&#231;&#227;o como proposto por Tabassian et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados da an&#225;lise de valida&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <sec>
          <title>a) Teste de normalidade das medidas</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref> apresenta os gr&#225;ficos Q-Q das medidas do EchoPAC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7a</xref> ), D_Station ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7b</xref> ) e da diferen&#231;a EchoPAC - D-Station ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7c</xref> ). Observa-se nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figuras 7a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">7b</xref> , que muitos pontos est&#227;o fora da linha reta de refer&#234;ncia tra&#231;ada em vermelho, indicando que as medidas do EchoPAC e do D-Station n&#227;o s&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;das. J&#225; a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7c</xref> apresenta a maioria dos pontos sobre ou bem pr&#243;ximos da linha reta de refer&#234;ncia tra&#231;ada em vermelho (exceto dois pontos no extremo superior direito do gr&#225;fico), indicando que as diferen&#231;as entre as medidas tendem a se distribuir normalmente.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07">
              <label>Figura 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos Q-Q.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Como as diferen&#231;as das medidas ser&#227;o utilizadas no teste de hip&#243;teses, buscamos confirmar a hip&#243;tese de normalidade na distribui&#231;&#227;o dessas diferen&#231;as obtidas pelo m&#233;todo gr&#225;fico, aplicando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, cujo resultado apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 8</xref> confirma a hip&#243;tese de normalidade (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08">
              <label>Figura 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Shapiro-Wilk normality test.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>b) Gr&#225;fico das medidas do EchoPAC e D-Station frente &#224; linha de igualdade e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 9</xref> apresenta a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores do EchoPAC e D-Station (dados pareados) frente a linha da igualdade, mostrando uma distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pontos pr&#243;ximos e em ambos os lados dessa linha, apontando, do ponto de vista qualitativo, para um baixo vi&#233;s ( <italic>bias</italic> ) e dispers&#227;o. Como essas medidas n&#227;o s&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;das, foi calculado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, que indicou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,99) entre as medidas dos dois m&#233;todos.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f09">
              <label>Figura 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Valores de Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) fornecidos pelo EchoPAC e pelo D-Station com a linha de igualdade.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>c) Teste de hip&#243;teses das diferen&#231;as das medidas de GLS (EchoPAC - D-Station)</title>
          <p>Como as diferen&#231;as entre as medidas apresenta distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, aplicamos o teste t de Student para dados pareados, e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, com os resultados apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 10</xref> . Obtivemos um valor p de 0,6798, apontando para a aceita&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese nula (ou seja, equival&#234;ncia dos m&#233;todos).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 10</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Paired t-test.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>d) An&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia entre m&#233;todos de Bland-Altman9,10</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 11</xref> mostra o gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman, que indica a concord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;todos ao atender o item c) dos crit&#233;rios de valida&#231;&#227;o. H&#225; uma indica&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as % maiores para valores absoluto (m&#243;dulo) de GLS &lt; 10%.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 11</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Diferen&#231;as e m&#233;dias dos valores de global longitudinal strain (GLS) obtidos pelo EchoPAC e pelo D-station.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf11.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia entre m&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Por atenderem os crit&#233;rios de valida&#231;&#227;o, os resultados da an&#225;lise de valida&#231;&#227;o indicam equival&#234;ncia entre medi&#231;&#245;es de GLS do EchoPAC e D-Station. Em uma an&#225;lise detalhada dos dados, observa-se que, para medidas inferiores a 10%, houve tend&#234;ncia para diferen&#231;as percentuais maiores. Curiosamente, todos esses sujeitos eram portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular importante com dissincronia tipo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo. Alguns fatores podem precipitar as discrep&#226;ncias apontadas:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Valores absolutos baixos resultam em diferen&#231;as percentuais maiores;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O padr&#227;o de dissincronia tipo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo costuma apresentar o " <italic>stretching</italic> " do segmento basal da parede inferolateral e/ou anterolateral no in&#237;cio da s&#237;stole, bem como movimentos err&#225;ticos m&#233;dio e telessist&#243;licos do septo ap&#243;s o caracter&#237;stico " <italic>septal flash</italic> ". Ambos podem resultar no surgimento de picos positivos. Enquanto o D-Station considera como o <italic>systolic peak</italic> o valor mais negativo, independentemente do pico positivo ou menos positivo em caso de curvas exclusivamente positivas, o EchoPAC utiliza como regra de pico sist&#243;lico ( <italic>peak systolic strain</italic> ), o pico positivo quando este supera 75% do valor modular do pico sist&#243;lico negativo, como detalhado anteriormente na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> . Ademais, no EchoPAC, &#233; comum utilizar ajustes manuais nesses casos, por&#233;m optamos por n&#227;o incluir estes ajustes visando maior rigor metodol&#243;gico.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Em suma, a diverg&#234;ncia na defini&#231;&#227;o do <italic>systolic peak</italic> reduz a reprodutibilidade do GLS entre os softwares nos pacientes com dissincronia tipo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo. Essa quest&#227;o deve ser abordada em estudos subsequentes.</p>
        <p>Tais discrep&#226;ncias, contudo, n&#227;o t&#234;m impacto significativo, especialmente quando consideramos a variabilidade intraexaminador do GLS reportada na literatura (estimada em 5,2%), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> bem como as diverg&#234;ncias entre softwares pertinentes aos algoritmos de filtragem ( <italic>speckle filtering</italic>
 <italic>and</italic>
 <italic>tracking</italic> ). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, as an&#225;lises dos dados apresentados validam o D-Station como alternativa ao EchoPAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Potenciais aplica&#231;&#245;es do software D-Station</title>
        <p>As possibilidades de utiliza&#231;&#227;o do software s&#227;o diversas: a avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de diferentes c&#226;maras permite estudar a intera&#231;&#227;o entre as deforma&#231;&#245;es entre ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito, e entre ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e &#225;trio esquerdo, o que pode ser relevante nos contextos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, pericardiopatias e dissincronia interventricular.</p>
        <p>A interface do D-Station com o modelo Circadapt associado ao MultiPatch Module permite formula&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses e compara&#231;&#227;o com sinais de pacientes reais como j&#225; realizado previamente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Isso gera recursos de ensino da fisiopatologia da deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, al&#233;m de potencialmente reduzir o tempo da escolha das vari&#225;veis de interesse e poupar recursos com elabora&#231;&#227;o de modelos animais em alguns cen&#225;rios de pesquisa.</p>
        <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Machine Learning</italic> pode ser configurada para processamento de uma grande quantidade de sinais, identificar vari&#225;veis de interesse por meio da minera&#231;&#227;o de dados ( <italic>data mining</italic> ), al&#233;m de permitir o uso de todos os pontos da curva de <italic>strain</italic> /SR como o descrito por Tabassian et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Esse racioc&#237;nio pode ter desdobramentos em como extrair mais dados relevantes a partir do estudo deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca potencializada pelas t&#233;cnicas de <italic>machine learning</italic> , sobretudo com a chegada iminente do " <italic>High Frame Rate Speckle Tracking.</italic>
 <sup><italic>20</italic></sup> 
 <italic>"</italic></p>
        <p>Por fim, atualiza&#231;&#245;es futuras devem expandir as op&#231;&#245;es para an&#225;lise com <italic>Strain</italic> Radial, Circunferencial e <italic>Twist</italic> , e otimizar a interface entre os <italic>softwares</italic> propriet&#225;rios incorporando aos par&#226;metros de deforma&#231;&#227;o, sinais extra&#237;dos de Doppler, volumes das c&#226;maras, <italic>Tissue Doppler</italic> , dentre outros. Isto permitir&#225; a extra&#231;&#227;o automatizada de uma nova s&#233;rie de par&#226;metros predeterminados a crit&#233;rio do usu&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A vers&#227;o atual do <italic>software</italic> D-Station n&#227;o permite que as visualiza&#231;&#245;es sejam atualizadas. Isto &#233;, para alterar a escolha das c&#226;maras que ter&#227;o suas curvas de Strain/SR exibidas, o usu&#225;rio deve reiniciar o programa. O mesmo acontece caso haja marca&#231;&#227;o errada no sinal de ECG.</p>
        <p>A diferen&#231;a de aferi&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> card&#237;aco entre diferentes fabricantes &#233; uma quest&#227;o cr&#237;tica a t&#233;cnica de speckle tracking, com o problema j&#225; discutido adequadamente por Mirea et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar o impacto deste software nas diverg&#234;ncias de resultados entre fabricantes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O <italic>software</italic> D-station &#233; uma ferramenta adicional de avalia&#231;&#227;o das curvas de deforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca obtidas por meio do <italic>raw data</italic> exportado de outro <italic>software</italic> propriet&#225;rio, com boa correla&#231;&#227;o da aferi&#231;&#227;o do GLS quando comparada ao <italic>software</italic> EchoPAC (GE).</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem &#224; GE por fornecer licen&#231;as do <italic>software</italic> EchoPAC e &#224; Pr&#243; Reitoria de Pesquisa, Inova&#231;&#227;o e P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o do IFPB pelo apoio financeiro.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa/Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAEE 91350318.4.0000.5483. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://publicacoes.cardiol.br/portal/abc/portugues/2020/v11403/pdf/11403014s.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Pr&#243;-Reitoria de Pesquisa, Inova&#231;&#227;o e P&#243;s-gradu&#231;&#227;o do Instituto Federal de Educa&#231;&#227;o, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia da Para&#237;ba e pelo Dr. Henry Abensur do setor de Ecocardiografia do Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Software for Post-Processing Analysis of Strain Curves: The D-Station</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3703-7192</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Duarte de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3555-0024</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Regis</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Danilo Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ittalo dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szewierenko</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0031-335X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hortegal</surname>
            <given-names>Renato de Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9387-0192</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abensur</surname>
            <given-names>Henry</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Federal de Educa&#231;&#227;o, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Statistical Consultant, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Echocardiography Department, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Renato de Aguiar Hortegal &#8226; Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo. Setor de Ecocardiografia. Rua Maestro Cardim 769. CEP 01323-001, Bela Vista, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: eletrocardio2009@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Hortegal RA; Acquisition of data: Sousa RD, Santos I, Hortegal RA, Abensur H; Statistical analysis: Szewierenko P, Hortegal RA; Obtaining financing: Regis CDM, Abensur H; Writing of the manuscript: Sousa RD, Regis CDM, Santos I, Hortegal RA, Szewierenko P; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Regis CDM, Hortegal RA, Abensur H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The use of speckle-tracking echocardiography for evaluation of cardiac function has great applicability in different scenarios. The broad use of this method requires tools that allow the extraction of relevant data from strain curves and inclusion of these data in traditionally used parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>The present study aimed to present and validate a free software, called D-station, for analysis of strain curves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>From raw data files, the D-Station determines the phases of the cardiac cycle, and simultaneously exhibits the strain and strain rate curves of different cardiac chambers. Validation of the software was done by global longitudinal strain (GLS), and the analyses were performed: 1) graphical comparison of EchoPAC and D-Station paired measurements in relation to equality line; 2) by coefficient of correlation of these measurements; 3) test of hypothesis (p &gt; 0.05); and 4) Bland-Altman analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The Spearman&#8217;s rho correlation coefficient indicated a strong correlation between the measurements. Results of the test of hypothesis showed a p-value = 0.6798 &gt;&gt; 0.05, thus also indicating an equivalence between the softwares. The Bland-Altman analysis revealed a bias &#8804; 1% and dispersion &#8804; 2% between the measurements. The tests showed that, for GLS values lower than 10%, there was a trend for higher percentage difference between the values, although the absolute values remained low.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The D-Station software was validated as an additional tool to the EchoPAC, which uses the raw data from the strain and strain rate curves exported from a proprietary software. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):496-506)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Analysis of cardiac strain by speckle tracking echocardiography has great applicability in different scenarios, including clinical cardiology practice<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and research,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> providing information about local and global mechanics of cardiac chambers.</p>
        <p>Although left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a robust parameter of cardiac function,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> it assesses cardiac strain between the onset of isovolumetric contraction and the end of ventricular ejection. Therefore, valuable information of other phases, like isovolumetric relaxation, is not measured by the GLS.</p>
        <p>Therefore, other tools are needed to obtain relevant data from the strain curve that can be used as additional methods to currently used ones.</p>
        <p>Most of offline softwares supplied by different manufacturers (proprietary softwares) has preset analysis modes and parameters of cardiac strain. If on the one hand, this can make the software simpler and user-friendlier in daily clinical practice, on the other, makes it difficult to use this technology in research. In addition, the access to these tools may be limited and expensive.</p>
        <p>International reference centers for study on cardiac strain usually have customized softwares that allow offline processing, without exclusive rights established by the manufacturers, and adjustments to their needs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study aims demonstrate the use of a new, free software called D-station, as an additional tool for the analysis of strain curves provided by any proprietary software. Besides, the study aims to validate this new software by comparison of its GLS values with GLS values obtained by the EchoPAC (GE) software.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>D-Station: post-processing software for strain curve analysis</title>
          <p>D-Station is a free, customized software written in Python 3, designed to enable an offline post-processing of the strain curves. The steps of execution of D-Station program are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> . D-Station does not replace pre-existing platforms, but rather expands the possibilities of post-processing.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; D-Station algorithm. ECG: electrocardiogram.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Separation into phases</title>
          <p>Each strain curve corresponds to one or more cardiac cycles in certain region of the cardiac chamber and can be divided into the mechanical phases of this cycle. According to previous studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> definition of these phases relies on the times of opening and closing of the aortic and mitral valves, on the time of electrical events, obtained from electrocardiogram (ECG) waves, as well as the time of the onset of the first and the second QRS complex, and onset of P-wave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The ECG curves match well with the strain curve and the strain rate (SR) in the files.</p>
          <p>Considering the onset of the cardiac cycle at the onset of the QRS complex, six phases were defined, as follow (in order of occurrence): electrical mechanical coupling (EMC), isovolumic contraction (IC), ejection phase (Ejec), isovolumic relaxation, early filling (E), atrial contraction (A). A detailed description of definitions of each phase of the cardiac cycle is provided in the supplementary material.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Algorithm of reading of the signs and parameters calculation</title>
          <p>The program entries are: 1) time of opening and closing of aortic and mitral valves; 2) raw data files containing the strain curves or strain rate; 3) identifier of the test; and 4) visualization option selected by the user. Further information can be found in the software manual, presented in the supplementary material of the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Six visualization options are available in the current version of the software:</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Strain - LV</italic> (left ventricular strain), <italic>strain rate - LV</italic> (left ventricular SR) and ECG;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Strain - LV</italic> , <italic>strain - LA</italic> (left atrial s <italic>train</italic> ) and ECG;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Strain - LV</italic> , <italic>strain rate - LA</italic> and ECG;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Strain - LV</italic> , <italic>strain - RV</italic> (right ventricular strain) and ECG;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Strain - LV</italic> , <italic>strain rate - LV</italic> and ECG, where <italic>SR</italic> is obtained from the strain curves;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Test option (CircAdapt interface): strain - LV</italic> and <italic>strain rate - LV</italic></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>In all these options, curves are exhibited simultaneously as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Left ventricular strain, left atrial strain, and echocardiographic curves with division into cardiac cycle phases. Eighteen strain curves corresponding to 18 segments of the left ventricle, six left atrial strain curves, and one electrocardiographic signal. Colors of the strain and strain rate curves correspond to those attributed to the segments by the proprietary software; MVC: mitral valve closure; AVO: aortic valve opening; AVC: aortic valve closure; MVO: mitral valve opening.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>From raw data containing information of three-, four-, and two-chamber planes, left ventricular strain curves can be visualized, according to the model of the 18 segments proposed by the American Heart Association (AHA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Processing of the raw data sheets consists in changing the format to optimize the software functioning. In addition, due to small changes in heart rate on ECG curves, the four-chamber apical view was adopted as standard. After formatting of the sheets, a picture containing strain, SR and ECG curves is exhibited. The user should then define three points in the figure &#8211; the onset of QRS complex, the onset of P-wave and the onset of the second QRS complex.</p>
          <p>Based on the values obtained form these points and timing of the opening and closing of the valves, it is possible to determine each phase of the cardiac cycle. The D-station terminal exhibits the time points of each of these phases, as well as the values of each calculated parameter. The user can decide between a picture containing the curves of cardiac chambers of interest ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ) or the picture containing the points used in the parameters&#8217; calculation.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Simultaneous visualization of strain longitudinal curves of the left (18 segments) and the right (six segments) on the right. Time of the onset of the phases and parameters calculated in the terminal on the left. Other configurations can be accessed through the options available; MVC: mitral valve closure; AVO: aortic valve opening; AVC: aortic valve closure; MVO: mitral valve opening.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Event timing and calculated parameters</title>
          <p>Each of the longitudinal strain curves presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> has an important event for the calculation of the software&#8217;s parameters: the peak systolic strain, defined as the peak value during systole, according to the EACVI/ASE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The peak systolic strain of each segment is used for calculation of GLS, defined as the arithmetic mean of peak systolic strain values of all segments.</p>
          <p>All these possibilities of post-processing allow and/or facilitate the analysis of new parameters, including the strain/SR of left and right atrium, right ventricular strain and diastolic recovery (diastolic stunning)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> for example.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Algorithm for recognition of the peak systolic strain</title>
          <p>The D-Station defines the peak systolic strain as the most negative strain value between the onset of the QRS and the AVC. This contrasts with the EchoPAC software, which determines the peak systolic strain according to the criterion presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; EchoPAC selection criterion of the peak systolic strain.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Validation of the D-Station: database and statistical analysis</title>
          <p>To validate the D-Station software, files containing strain curves of 48 individuals were obtained from the database of the Division of Echocardiography of <italic>Hospital Beneficiencia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> . We did not perform a sample calculation, and hence a convenience sample was selected by retrospective analysis of the database. All tests were performed after participants signed an informed consent form. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution (CAEE approval number 91350318.4.0000.5483).</p>
          <p>The time of opening and closing of the mitral and aortic valves were registered. Some test results showed more than one event time registered; tests with discrepancies of time higher than 10 ms were excluded.</p>
          <p>The cardiac cycle with the best image quality in the apical three- four- and two-chamber view was selected. In case of three cycles with poor-quality image, the last cycle was selected. The endocardial board was defined by delineation of the region of interest using the option <italic>Q-analysis</italic> of the EchoPAC software. A visual inspection of the tracking quality was made, which was confirmed by the &#8220;approve&#8221; option, and finally the GLS_EchoPAC value was registered. In case of poor-quality tracking (by visual inspection), this process was repeated. Tests with two or more segments with suboptimal quality were excluded.</p>
          <p>The raw data of the strain curves were extracted using the &#8220;Store Trace&#8221; option, which generates .txt files that are used in data processing in D-Station.</p>
          <p>The GLS was chosen as a parameter of validation of measurement equivalence in the EchoPAC processing (a well-established technique &#8211; gold standard) and the D-station (the proposed technique), showed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Global Longitudinal Strain (%) obtained by EchoPAC and D-Station</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="11%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Subject</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">GLS_Echopac</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">GLS-D-Station</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Subject</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">GLS_Echopac</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">GLS-D-Station</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Subject</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">GLS_Echopac</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">GLS-D-Station</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;17.90</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;17.88</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.00</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.03</td>
                    <td align="center">33</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;24.40</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;24.62</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;7.90</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;9.50</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;16.90</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;16.82</td>
                    <td align="center">34</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.10</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.57</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;10.50</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;11.10</td>
                    <td align="center">19</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.500</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;16.68</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;7.40</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;6.46</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>4</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;8.50</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;8.19</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.80</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.83</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;2.70</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;3.37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>5</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;13.30</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;13.55</td>
                    <td align="center">21</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;16.70</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;17.04</td>
                    <td align="center">37</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;5.70</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;5.22</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;18.40</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;18.26</td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;20.50</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;20.93</td>
                    <td align="center">38</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;4.50</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;4.32</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>7</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;4.60</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;4.21</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;14.90</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;14.71</td>
                    <td align="center">39</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;10.50</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;9.83</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;21.60</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;21.48</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;20.20</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.76</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;9.40</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;10.95</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>9</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;16.20</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;16.36</td>
                    <td align="center">25</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;17.80</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;18.19</td>
                    <td align="center">41</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;10.60</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;10.47</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>10</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;11.90</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;11.41</td>
                    <td align="center">26</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;20.10</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;20.47</td>
                    <td align="center">42</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;11.10</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;11.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>11</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;8.80</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;7.33</td>
                    <td align="center">27</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;17.30</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;17.60</td>
                    <td align="center">43</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;3.20</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;3.69</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>12</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;17.30</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;17.23</td>
                    <td align="center">28</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;17.50</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;16.96</td>
                    <td align="center">44</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;8.20</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;8.64</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>13</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;20.40</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;20.32</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;21.20</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;20.28</td>
                    <td align="center">45</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;6.60</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;6.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>14</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.80</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.40</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211; 23.00</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;23.06</td>
                    <td align="center">46</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;6.90</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;6.85</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>15</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;16.40</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;15.27</td>
                    <td align="center">31</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211; 20.70</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.91</td>
                    <td align="center">47</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;10.60</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;10.11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>16</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.20</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.38</td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;21.10</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;21.22</td>
                    <td align="center">48</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;8.80</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;9.28</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Methods used in the analyses:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Normality test of GLS obtained by EchoPAC, D-Station and the differences (EchoPAC &#8211; D-Station), using a graphical method (Q-Q plot), followed by a statistical method (Shapiro-Wilk test) to confirm normality assumption found by the graphical method;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Graphs of GLS by EchoPAC and D-Station in case of equality or coefficient of correlation (Pearson&#8217;s correlation or Spearman&#8217;s correlation for normal and non-normal distribution, respectively, of EchoPAC and D-Station data);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Test of the hypothesis of difference between GLS values by EchoPAC and D-Station GLS, paired data, level of significance of 5% by Student&#8217;s t-test or the non-parametric Wilcoxon test in case of normal and non-normal distribution of data, respectively.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Agreement test by Bland-Altman plot<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The Stats and the BlandAltmanLeh packages of the R software version 3.5.2 (2018-12-20) were used, which has the necessary commands and outputs for p-value calculation and Bland-Altman analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Validation criteria</title>
          <p>From the clinical point of view, the criteria used to determine whether D-Station can be used as an alternative method to EchoPAC (equivalence), were the following:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Normality test The analysis using the Q-Q plot is visual and hence subjective. If data are normally distributed, the points lie on a straight line constructed with data analyzed. The assumption of normality (Shapiro-Wilk test) was accepted if p-value was &gt; &#945; (level of significance = 5%).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Spearman correlation coefficient &#8805;0.95.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Hypothesis testing: p-value&gt;0.05 (equivalence between the measurements) Ho: mean difference (EchoPAC - D-Station) = 0 Ha: mean difference &#8800; 0</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Bland-Altman</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Systematic error (bias) &#8804; 1%</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>scattering of the data &#8804; 2%</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>(*) Please note that the unit of measurement of GLS is % and therefore these values refer to absolute variation.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Simultaneous visualization of the curves in different cardiac chambers</title>
          <p>The D-Station software provides the simultaneous display of all strain curves and SR of different cardiac chambers, allowing the study of the interaction between them. Additional options including combinations of different displays can be easily added to the program, with consequent extraction of other parameters for the study on cardiac strain in different chambers simultaneously and by cardiac cycle. As example, exhibits the curves of left and right ventricles, which facilitates the analysis of the interactions between them.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CircAdapt Interface: generation of virtual cardiac models</title>
          <p>The D-Station &#8220;Test&#8221; option has been designed to define the strain curve parameters without separation into phases. Consequently, the ECG curve is no longer necessary, and the program becomes compatible with the mathematical model CircAdapt. This model, combined with the MultiPatch Module, proposed by Walmsley et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> can retrieve the strain curves corresponding to simulations and the times of mechanical events, without ECG signals, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> . Thus, the D-Station software can work with virtual cardiac models developed according to Walmsley et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Simultaneous display of 18 strain curves of the left ventricle, 18 strain rate curves of the left ventricle obtained by CircAdapt; thus, there is no electrocardiographic signal or separation into phases; MVC: mitral valve closure; AVO: aortic valve opening; AVC: aortic valve closure; MVO: mitral valve opening.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Applicability of machine learning techniques</title>
          <p>Machine learning consists of a subset of artificial intelligence, capable of processing complex problems of interaction between variables and making accurate predictions. It has been widely used in different areas of cardiology. The storage format of entries and data obtained by the program allows the implementation of machine learning algorithms and thereby the automatic extraction of parameters, classification of a large number of signals and reading of space-time characteristics of the entire strain curve, as proposed by Tabassian et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Validation analysis results</title>
          <sec>
            <title>a) Normality testing of measures</title>
            <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref> shows the Q-Q plot of EchoPAC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7a</xref> ), D-Station ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7b</xref> ) and EchoPAC - D-Station ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7c</xref> ). As can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figures 7a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">7b</xref> , several points are out of the red reference line, indicating that EchoPAC and D-Station data are not normally distributed. On the other hand, in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figura 7c</xref> , most of the points lie on or are very close to the red reference line (except for two points in the right upper corner), indicating that the difference between the measurements tend to be normally distributed.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f07001">
                <label>Figure 7</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Q-Q plots.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Since the difference between measurements will be used in the hypothesis test, we sought to confirm the hypothesis of normality in the distribution of these differences obtained by the graphical method by using the Shapiro-Wilk test, which confirmed the hypothesis of normality (p &gt; 0.05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 8</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f08001">
                <label>Figure 8</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Shapiro-Wilk normality test.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>b) Graphs of EchoPAC and D-Station measurements in relation to equality line and coefficient of correlation</title>
            <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09001">Figure 9</xref> shows the distribution of EchoPAC and D-Station (paired data) in relation to the equality line, evidencing a distribution of points close to and in both sides of the line, suggesting a low bias from the qualitative viewpoint and scattering. Since these measures did not have a normal distribution, we used the Spearman correlation test, which indicated a strong correlation (r = 0.99) between results obtained by the two methods.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f09001">
                <label>Figure 9</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Global longitudinal strain values obtained by EchoPAC and D-Station in relation to the equality line.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>c) Hypothesis test of the differences between EchoPAC and D-Station GLS values</title>
            <p>Since the differences between the measurements had normal distribution, we used the paired t-test (significance level of 5%). Results are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10001">Figure 10</xref> , with a p-value of 0.6798, indicating acceptance of null hypothesis, <italic>i.e</italic> ., equivalence between the methods.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f10001">
                <label>Figure 10</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Paired t-test</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>d) Bland-Altman agreement analysis9,10</title>
            <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11001">Figure 11</xref> despicts the Bland-Altman plot, which indicates agreement between the two methods as they meet the third (c) validation criterion . There is an evidence of large % differences for absolute (module) values of GLS &lt; 10%.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f11001">
                <label>Figure 11</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Differences and means of global longitudinal strain (GLS) values obtained by EchoPAC and D-station.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf10-en.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis of agreement between the methods</title>
          <p>Validation analysis results met the validation criteria, indicating equivalence between GLS values obtained by EchoPAC and D-Station. In a detailed analysis of the data, we can see that, for values lower than 10%, there was a trend of higher percentage difference. Intriguingly, all these subjects had important ventricular dysfunction with intraventricular dyssynchrony of left bundle branch block type. Such discrepancies may be precipitated by some factors, as follow:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Low absolute values result in higher percentage differences;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Ventricular dyssynchrony with left bundle branch block usually presents a stretching of the basal segment of the inferolateral and/or anterolateral wall at the beginning of systole, as well as erratic, mid- and telesystolic movements of the septum after the typical &#8220;septal flash&#8221;. Both can generate positive peaks. While D-Station defines systolic peak as the most negative value, regardless of the positive (or less positive) peak in case of exclusively positive curves, the EchoPAC assumes, as a rule for systolic peak (peak systolic strain), a positive peak 75% greater than the negative systolic peak mode value, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> . Also, in EchoPAC, although manual adjustments are common in these cases, we decided not to make these adjustments aiming at greater accuracy of the method.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>In summary, discrepancies in the definition of systolic peak reduce the reproducibility of GLS between programs in patients with left bundle branch block. This issue should be addressed in future studies.</p>
          <p>However, these discrepancies do not have a negative impact, especially if we consider the intraobserver variability of GLS values reported in the literature (5.2%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and inter-software discrepancies regarding speckle filtering and tracking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Therefore, analysis of the results validates the D-Station as an alternative to EchoPAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Potential Applications of the D-Station Software</title>
          <p>There are numerous potential applications of the D-Station software: simultaneous analysis of different chambers allows the study on the interaction between left and right ventricles, as well as left ventricle and left atrium, which may be relevant in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, pericardial disease and interventricular dyssynchrony.</p>
          <p>The interface of D-Station with Circadapt model combined with the MultiPatch module allows the formulation of hypotheses and comparison of signals between real patients, as previously performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This contributes with the teaching of the pathophysiology of cardiac strain, in addition to potentially reduces the time to select the variables of interest and spare resources in the development of animal models in some research scenarios.</p>
          <p>The machine learning technique may be configured to process a great number of signals, identify variables of interest by data mining, and enable the use of the points of the strain curve/SR as described by Tabassian et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This can lead to extraction of further relevant data obtained from the study on cardiac strain, potentiated by the machine learning techniques, mainly by the imminent arrival of the high frame rate speckle tracking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Finally, future updates may expand the possibilities of analysis, including st <italic>rain</italic> radial, circumferential and Twist, as well as the optimization of the interface between proprietary softwares, by incorporating strain parameters, Doppler signals, chamber volumes, tissue Doppler, among others. This will allow the automated extraction of many new, pre-established parameters at the user&#8217;s discretion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The current version of the D-Station software does not allow the update of visualizations. In other words, to alter the chamber selection and its strain/SR curves, the user must restart the program. The same occurs in case of erroneous definition of the points on the ECG curve.</p>
          <p>Differences in the measurement of cardiac strain between manufacturers are a critical issue in speckle tracking, as previously discussed by Mirea et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of this software on discrepancies between manufacturers.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The D-Station software is an additional tool for the assessment of strain curves obtained by raw data exported from another proprietary software, with good correlation in the measurement of GLS as compared with the EchoPAC (GE) software.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Simultaneous display of 18 strain curves of the left ventricle, six strain curves of the right ventricle and electrocardiographic curve; MVC: mitral valve closure; AVO: aortic valve opening; AVC: aortic valve closure; MVO: mitral valve opening.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0496-80403-gf11-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors thank GE for providing the EchoPAC license and the pro-rectorate for research, innovation and post-graduate education of the IFPB for the financial support.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number CAEE 91350318.4.0000.5483. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://publicacoes.cardiol.br/portal/abc/portugues/2020/v11403/pdf/11403014s.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Pr&#243;-Reitoria de Pesquisa, Inova&#231;&#227;o e P&#243;s-gradu&#231;&#227;o do Instituto Federal de Educa&#231;&#227;o, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia da Para&#237;ba and Dr. Henry Abensur from Ecocardiography Department in Beneficencia Portuguesa Hospital - S&#227;o Paulo -SP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
