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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MzPPPjyBZR3tSS6SgBDhHVg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300486</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190053</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190053</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Intensidade de Exerc&#237;cio durante o Teste de Caminhada de 6 Minutos em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2286-5892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Quintella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7883-6746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montgomery</surname>
            <given-names>Polly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cucato</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Grizzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gardner</surname>
            <given-names>Andrew</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Penn State College of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hershey</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Northumbria University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Newcaslte Upon Tyne</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Northumbria University, Newcaslte Upon Tyne &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Andrew W. Gardner &#8226; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box 850, Mail Code HP28, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail: <email>agardner4@pennstatehealth.psu.edu.</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Farah BQ, Dias RR, Cucato G, Gardner A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Montgorery P, Gardner A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Farah BQ, Dias RR, Gardner A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Farah BQ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Gardner A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Farah BQ, Dias RR, Cucato G; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Montgorery P, Gardner A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>486</fpage>
      <lpage>492</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> a caminhada n&#227;o supervisionada em solo tem sido indicada para pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) sintom&#225;tica. No entanto, a magnitude do esfor&#231;o exigido por essa atividade e as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes que a praticam com mais intensidade n&#227;o est&#227;o claras.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> determinar se a caminhada em solo excede o limiar ventilat&#243;rio (LV), um reconhecido marcador de intensidade de exerc&#237;cio, em pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram recrutados 70 pacientes (61,4% do sexo masculino e com idade entre 40 e 85 anos) com DAP sintom&#225;tica. Os pacientes realizaram um teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira para definir o LV. Em seguida, foram submetidos ao teste de caminhada de 6 minutos para determinar o alcance do LV durante deambula&#231;&#227;o no solo. Realizou-se regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para identificar preditores de LV durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, e o valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Ao todo, 60% dos pacientes atingiram o LV durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. Mulheres (OR = 0,18 e IC95% = 0,05 a 0,64) e pacientes com mais aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (OR = 0,56 e IC 95% = 0,40 a 0,77) tiveram menor probabilidade de chegar ao LV durante a caminhada em solo em compara&#231;&#227;o a homens e pacientes com menos aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Mais da metade dos pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica alcan&#231;ou o LV durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. Mulheres e pacientes com mais aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria t&#234;m menos probabilidade de chegar ao LV durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, o que indica que a caminhada no solo pode ser mais intensa para esse grupo. Isso deve ser considerado ao se prescreverem exerc&#237;cios de caminhada em solo para esses pacientes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):486-492)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Teste de Caminhada/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Claudica&#231;&#227;o Intermitente</kwd>
        <kwd>Capacidade Vital/fisiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Institute on Aging</funding-source>
          <award-id>R01-AG-24296</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Oklahoma Center for Advancement of Science and Technology</funding-source>
          <award-id>HR09-035</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>OUHSC General Clinical Research Center</funding-source>
          <award-id>M01-RR-14467</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) afeta aproximadamente 12% dos adultos com idade mais avan&#231;ada nos Estados Unidos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e 21,6% da popula&#231;&#227;o idosa no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica (claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente) t&#234;m sua capacidade de deambula&#231;&#227;o prejudicada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> menos for&#231;a muscular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e v&#225;rias comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica apresentam baixa aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, evidenciada pelo menor consumo de pico de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) e pior economia de marcha do que seus controles da mesma idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Portanto, nesses pacientes, a caminhada realizada durante atividades rotineiras di&#225;rias j&#225; &#233; realizada em intensidade relativamente mais alta em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles da mesma idade.</p>
      <p>O limiar ventilat&#243;rio (LV) &#233; um importante marcador de intensidade de exerc&#237;cio. LV mais alto indica que os pacientes podem sustentar um aumento no metabolismo anaer&#243;bico durante o esfor&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica, um LV mais baixo est&#225; associado a menor toler&#226;ncia &#224; caminhada e maior gravidade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o LV tem mais probabilidade de ser alcan&#231;ado antes do in&#237;cio da dor de claudica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A caminhada em solo tem sido amplamente utilizada para avaliar o comprometimento da deambula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com DAP atrav&#233;s de um teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, pois trata-se do principal resultado cl&#237;nico nesse grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Recentemente, tamb&#233;m tem sido utilizado em programas de exerc&#237;cios em casa. No entanto, a intensidade em que a caminhada em solo &#233; realizada por pacientes com DAP &#233; desconhecida. Do ponto de vista pr&#225;tico, compreender a magnitude do esfor&#231;o no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos pode dar suporte ao uso dessa atividade como modalidade de exerc&#237;cio para pacientes com DAP. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a intensidade do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos de acordo com o LV em pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica. Tamb&#233;m foram analisados os preditores de alcance do LV durante o teste.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Os procedimentos deste estudo foram aprovados pelo Conselho de Revis&#227;o Institucional do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade de Oklahoma (<italic>Institutional Review Board, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center</italic>, protocolo n&#186; 2337). Foi obtido um consentimento livre e informado por escrito de cada paciente antes de sua participa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Recrutamento e pacientes</title>
        <p>Pacientes com DAP classificados como Rutherford Grau I e Categoria 1 a 3 foram avaliados no Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade de Oklahoma. Os pacientes chegaram em jejum, mas foram autorizados a tomar seus medicamentos habituais. Todos foram recrutados por encaminhamento das cl&#237;nicas vasculares do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, bem como por an&#250;ncios em jornais para poss&#237;vel inscri&#231;&#227;o em um estudo ligado a exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No entanto, os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo se estivessem totalmente dentro dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: (a) teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira com limita&#231;&#245;es devido a sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente e (b) &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) &#8805; 0,90 em repouso ou ITB &#8805; 0,73 ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os pacientes exclu&#237;dos da amostra correspondiam a algum dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: (a) impossibilidade de obten&#231;&#227;o de ITB devido a vasos n&#227;o compress&#237;veis (ITB &#8805; 1,40); (b) DAP assintom&#225;tica determinada a partir de seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico e verificada no teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira, (c) toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio durante o teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira, limitado por outros fatores que n&#227;o os sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o (por exemplo, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas clinicamente significativas durante o exerc&#237;cio, indicativas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, dispneia, press&#227;o arterial mal controlada), (d) falha em alcan&#231;ar o LV durante o exerc&#237;cio na esteira (e); n&#227;o conclus&#227;o do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos sem paradas e (f) n&#227;o conclus&#227;o do teste dentro de tr&#234;s semanas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi dividido em tr&#234;s etapas: 1) exame cl&#237;nico, 2) teste ergom&#233;trico na esteira e 3) teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. A etapa 1 incluiu avalia&#231;&#245;es para hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico, antropometria e ITB. Na etapa 2, os pacientes realizaram um teste cardiopulmonar progressivo em esteira rolante at&#233; a m&#225;xima dor de claudica&#231;&#227;o, a fim de alcan&#231;ar o LV. Na etapa 3, foi aplicado o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, com o objetivo de identificar os pacientes que n&#227;o atingiram e que atingiram o LV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Os detalhes de todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o descritos abaixo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desenho do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0486-90053-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hist&#243;rico M&#233;dico e Antropometria</title>
        <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas, de altura, peso, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, hist&#243;rico de claudica&#231;&#227;o, exame f&#237;sico e condi&#231;&#245;es com&#243;rbidas (osteoartrite, obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca) foram avaliadas no in&#237;cio do estudo por um m&#233;dico. A obesidade foi definida como &#237;ndice de massa corporal &gt;30 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805;140 mmHg ou diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg ou uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O diabetes foi definido como glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dl ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o hipoglic&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Dislipidemia foi definida como triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 mg/dl, LDL-C &#8805; 130 mg/dl, colesterol total &#8805; 200 mg/dl ou HDL-C &#8804; 40 mg/dl (homens) e &#8804; 50 mg/dl (mulheres) ou uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi definida por tr&#234;s ou mais dos seguintes componentes: (1) obesidade abdominal (circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &gt;102 cm em homens e &gt;88 cm em mulheres), (2) triglicer&#237;deos elevados (&gt;150 mg/dl), (3) HDL-C reduzido (&lt;40 mg/dl em homens e &lt;50 mg/dl em mulheres), (4) press&#227;o arterial elevada (&gt;130/85 mmHg) e (5) glicose em jejum elevada (&gt; 110 mg/dl), bem como diagn&#243;stico de diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#205;ndice tornozelo-braquial</title>
        <p>O ITB foi obtido ap&#243;s 10 minutos de repouso em dec&#250;bito dorsal, medindo-se a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica do tornozelo e braquial pela t&#233;cnica Doppler na art&#233;ria braquial e nas art&#233;rias pedais tibial e dorsal posterior. O valor mais alto entre as duas medidas da press&#227;o arterial de cada perna foi registrado e a perna com o menor ITB foi utilizada nas an&#225;lises, como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira</title>
        <p>Um teste em esteira graduada foi utilizado para obter o LV e avaliar a capacidade de caminhar. Os pacientes realizaram um teste cardiopulmonar progressivo em esteira at&#233; dor m&#225;xima de claudica&#231;&#227;o, como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O teste come&#231;ou a 2 mph com classifica&#231;&#227;o de 0%, e a carga foi aumentada em 2% a cada 2 minutos. Todos os pacientes foram informados do protocolo do teste antes de serem submetidos a ele. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) foi medido continuamente por um calor&#237;metro port&#225;til (Medical Graphics Corp., St Paul, MN), e m&#233;dias de 30s foram aplicadas para an&#225;lise. O LV foi detectado visualmente por dois avaliadores experientes e definido como um aumento n&#227;o linear no quociente respirat&#243;rio, produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono e ventila&#231;&#227;o, bem como o aumento da press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final. Foram analisadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>), emiss&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VCO<sub>2</sub>), equivalente ventilat&#243;rio (EV), equivalente ventilat&#243;rio para O<sub>2</sub> (EV/VO<sub>2</sub>), equivalente ventilat&#243;rio para CO<sub>2</sub> (EV/VO<sub>2</sub>), press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final (PEFO<sub>2</sub>) e press&#245;es parciais de di&#243;xido de carbono (PEFCO<sub>2</sub>), e raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria, como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Um terceiro pesquisador comparou os resultados para verificar poss&#237;veis discrep&#226;ncias na determina&#231;&#227;o do LV entre avaliadores. Nesse caso, o LV foi novamente determinado pelos avaliadores e o terceiro avaliador fez a final. Considerou-se que os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam nenhum desses par&#226;metros respirat&#243;rios durante o teste cardiopulmonar progressivo em esteira n&#227;o atingiram o LV e, portanto, foram exclu&#237;dos da amostra.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es de claudica&#231;&#227;o e capta&#231;&#227;o de pico de oxig&#234;nio</title>
        <p>O momento do in&#237;cio da claudica&#231;&#227;o foi definido como o momento da caminhada em que o paciente experimentou dor nas pernas pela primeira vez durante o teste na esteira e o pico de caminhada foi definido como o momento da caminhada em que os pacientes n&#227;o puderam continuar andando devido &#224; dor nas pernas. O pico do VO<sub>2</sub> foi definido como a janela de 30 segundos com o maior VO<sub>2</sub> alcan&#231;ado durante o teste em esteira. Com esses procedimentos, os coeficientes de confiabilidade intraclass e teste-reteste s&#227;o r = 0,89 para o momento de in&#237;cio da claudica&#231;&#227;o e r = 0,93 para o pico de caminhada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos</title>
        <p>Um t&#233;cnico treinado administrou o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, realizado em um corredor de 30 metros de comprimento. Os indiv&#237;duos foram instru&#237;dos a caminhar o m&#225;ximo de voltas poss&#237;vel ao redor dos cones, carregando uma unidade de capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio leve (0,8 kg) port&#225;til (COSMED K4 b<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, COSMED USA, Inc, Chicago, IL), que media continuamente a capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio por calorimetria indireta. O t&#233;cnico estava cego para os resultados do LV, e o teste foi realizado de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es padronizadas, como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O VO<sub>2</sub> foi obtido respira&#231;&#227;o por respira&#231;&#227;o e, em seguida, foi calculada a m&#233;dia a cada minuto durante o teste, o que permitiu identificar os pacientes que alcan&#231;aram o LV. Para isso, os pacientes deveriam ter completado o teste sem realizar paradas ap&#243;s os sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente. Assim, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: os que n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram e os que alcan&#231;aram o LV durante a caminhada em solo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences &#8211; SPSS/PASW vers&#227;o 20 (IBM Corp, Nova York, EUA). A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram resumidas em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncia relativa. Os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com o LV alcan&#231;ado ou n&#227;o, e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre os grupos foram comparadas pelo teste t independente para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e pelo teste do qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
        <p>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla foi realizada para identificar se dados demogr&#225;ficos, fatores de risco cardiovascular, condi&#231;&#245;es com&#243;rbidas, ITB e capacidade de caminhar s&#227;o preditores de alcance do LV durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. Para tanto, foram utilizadas t&#233;cnicas <italic>stepwise backward</italic> para inserir covari&#225;veis no modelo, utilizando apenas vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,30 nas an&#225;lises bivariadas. Na regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, apenas vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,05 permaneceram no modelo final. O teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow foi usado para avaliar a adequa&#231;&#227;o geral do modelo. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05 para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Cento e trinta e tr&#234;s pacientes realizaram o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. Entre eles, 63 pararam durante o teste devido a sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o e foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Dentre os 70 pacientes que n&#227;o pararam durante o teste, o LV foi alcan&#231;ado durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos por 42 deles (60%) e n&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ado por 28 deles (40%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> mostra a compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes que atingiram e que n&#227;o atingiram o LV durante a caminhada em solo. O VO<sub>2</sub> no LV obtido durante o teste em esteira foi maior nos pacientes que n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram o LV durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes que alcan&#231;aram (p &lt; 0,05). Al&#233;m disso, o &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial foi maior nos pacientes que n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram o LV em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes que alcan&#231;aram (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente inclu&#237;dos no estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">N&#227;o atingiu o LV (n = 28)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Atingiu o LV (n = 42)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, em anos</td>
                <td align="center">66,1 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">66,9 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,745</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg<sup>-1</sup>m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">29,0 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,486</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice Tornozelo-Bra&#231;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 &#177; ,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 &#177; ,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>In&#237;cio da claudica&#231;&#227;o, em segundos</td>
                <td align="center">297 &#177; 192</td>
                <td align="center">271 &#177; 191</td>
                <td align="center">0,572</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de caminhada, em segundos</td>
                <td align="center">576 &#177; 266</td>
                <td align="center">541 &#177; 219</td>
                <td align="center">0,542</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Teste de 6 minutos, dist&#226;ncia sem dor, em metros</td>
                <td align="center">189 &#177; 144</td>
                <td align="center">214 &#177; 96</td>
                <td align="center">0,417</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, em metros</td>
                <td align="center">382 &#177; 73</td>
                <td align="center">399 &#177; 67</td>
                <td align="center">0,332</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2</sub> no LV, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de VO<sub>2</sub>, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">13,9 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,627</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo, % de mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">0,109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Diabetes mellitus</italic>, % sim</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">0,419</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, % sim</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">0,789</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, % sim</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">0,436</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, % sim</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC, % sim</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">0,211</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>LV: limiar ventilat&#243;rio; VO<sub>2:</sub> Capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os preditores para atingir o LV durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. As mulheres foram menos propensas a atingir o LV durante a caminhada em solo do que os homens (p &lt; 0,05). Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com maior VO<sub>2</sub> no LV apresentaram menor probabilidade de chegar ao LV durante a caminhada em solo (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla que prediz o limiar ventilat&#243;rio alcan&#231;ado durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;vel dependente</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">&#946; (EP)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">OR</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">IC95%</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Alcan&#231;ou LV</td>
                <td align="center">Sexo, masculino = refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">-1,72 (0,65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 &#8211; 0,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio no LT, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">- 0,58 (0,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,40 &#8211; 0,77</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>LV: limiar ventilat&#243;rio. &#946; (EP): Coeficiente de regress&#227;o (padr&#227;o de erro); OR: Odds Ratio. IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow: &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 9,607, p = 0,298.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> mostra as compara&#231;&#245;es por sexo. A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade foi maior e a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria foi menor nas mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens (p &lt; 0,05). O pico de VO<sub>2</sub> no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e no teste em esteira foi maior nos homens do que nas mulheres (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente entre homens e mulheres inclu&#237;dos no estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Mulheres (n = 28)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Homens (n = 43)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, em anos</td>
                <td align="center">64,9 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">67,6 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,265</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg<sup>-1</sup>m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">31,1 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice Tornozelo-Bra&#231;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 &#177; ,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 &#177; ,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,258</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>In&#237;cio da claudica&#231;&#227;o, em segundos</td>
                <td align="center">241 &#177; 164</td>
                <td align="center">306 &#177; 203</td>
                <td align="center">0,330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de caminhada, em segundos</td>
                <td align="center">507 &#177; 196</td>
                <td align="center">585 &#177; 256</td>
                <td align="center">0,180</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2</sub> no LV, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">10,3 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">11,3 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de VO<sub>2</sub> no teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">14,7 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico do VO<sub>2</sub> no TC6M, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">11,1 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>TC6M: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados do estudo foram: a) 60% dos pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica atingiram o LV durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e b) mulheres e pacientes com maior VO<sub>2</sub> no LV durante o teste na esteira foram menos propensos a atingir o LV no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos.</p>
      <p>O LV &#233; definido como a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio acima da qual a predomin&#226;ncia metab&#243;lica muda de aer&#243;bica para anaer&#243;bica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> fornecendo informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a capacidade aer&#243;bica durante o exerc&#237;cio. Em pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica, o LV est&#225; associado &#224; toler&#226;ncia &#224; caminhada e &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Neste estudo, 60% dos pacientes alcan&#231;aram o LV no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, indicando que, para a maioria dos pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica, a caminhada em solo &#233; um exerc&#237;cio de intensidade relativamente alta. Isso poderia explicar parcialmente os n&#237;veis mais baixos de atividade f&#237;sica di&#225;ria e o maior tempo sedent&#225;rio desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Portanto, o n&#237;vel de intensidade da caminhada em solo na maioria dos pacientes com DAP exige um esfor&#231;o bastante alto, o que sugere que este exerc&#237;cio tem potencial para melhorar a capacidade funcional desse grupo e, portanto, d&#225; suporte ao uso de programas para melhorar aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em casa</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, quase 40% dos pacientes n&#227;o atingiram o LV no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. A hip&#243;tese mais plaus&#237;vel para a por&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com DAP que n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram o LV foi de que a caminhada em solo n&#227;o era intensa o suficiente para induzir a isso. Essa hip&#243;tese encontra suporte no fato de que pacientes com melhor aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria foram menos propensos a alcan&#231;ar o LV durante a caminhada em solo.</p>
      <p>As mulheres tiveram menos probabilidade de exceder o LV durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos do que os homens, indicando realiza&#231;&#227;o em menor intensidade relativa pelas mulheres do que pelos homens. Isso &#233; surpreendente dado que estudos anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> demonstraram que mulheres com DAP sintom&#225;tica apresentam menor capacidade de deambula&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> s&#227;o menos ativas fisicamente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> e relatam mais obst&#225;culos &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as mulheres t&#234;m mais caracter&#237;sticas adversas nos m&#250;sculos da panturrilha e menor pico de VO<sub>2</sub> que os homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Algumas mensagens pr&#225;ticas podem ser retiradas deste estudo. O teste de caminhada de 6 minutos &#233; mais dif&#237;cil para homens e pacientes com baixa aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Portanto, leva a uma intensidade maior de exerc&#237;cio nesses pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, recomenda-se que a intensidade do treinamento f&#237;sico seja realizada acima do LV para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em pacientes card&#237;acos e idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Considerando que o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos simula uma caminhada em solo, os resultados atuais d&#227;o suporte ao seu uso como modalidade de exerc&#237;cio para aumentar a atividade f&#237;sica di&#225;ria e a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em homens e em pacientes com baixa aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. No entanto, em mulheres e pacientes com maior aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, a caminhada em solo pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para melhorar os n&#237;veis de atividade e aptid&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O desenho transversal deste estudo &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o, pois nenhuma causalidade pode ser inferida. Pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca grave e DAP assintom&#225;tica ou DAP mais grave que claudica&#231;&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos na triagem; portanto, os resultados podem ser estendidos apenas &#224; nossa amostra atual de pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o. Como n&#227;o conseguimos identificar com precis&#227;o o LV em pacientes que fizeram paradas durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, a generaliza&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; restrita a eles. Al&#233;m disso, para detectar com precis&#227;o o LV no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, inclu&#237;mos apenas pacientes que n&#227;o pararam durante a sua execu&#231;&#227;o. Esses achados tamb&#233;m s&#227;o limitados pelo tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra, principalmente quando se trata de pacientes que n&#227;o atingiram o LV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Mais da metade dos pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica alcan&#231;ou o LV durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. Homens e pacientes com baixa aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria t&#234;m maior probabilidade de chegar ao LV durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi financiado pelo <italic>National Institute on Aging</italic> (R01-AG-24296), <italic>Oklahoma Center for Advancement of Science and Technology</italic> (HR09-035) e <italic>OUHSC General Clinical Research Center</italic> (M01-RR-14467), do <italic>National Center for Research Resources</italic>.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL, Bjorck M, Brodmann M, Cohnert T, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteriesEndorsed by: the European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(9):763-816.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aboyans</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ricco</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartelink</surname>
              <given-names>MEL</given-names>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do(a) Institutional Review Board da University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2337. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento. O presente estudo foi financiado por National Institute on Aging (R01-AG-24296), Oklahoma Center for Advancement of Science and Technology (HR09-035), e OUHSC General Clinical Research Center (M01-RR-14467) da National Center for Research Resourcer.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exercise Intensity during 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2286-5892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Quintella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7883-6746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montgomery</surname>
            <given-names>Polly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cucato</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Grizzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gardner</surname>
            <given-names>Andrew</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Northumbria University, Newcaslte Upon Tyne &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Andrew W. Gardner &#8226; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box 850, Mail Code HP28, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail: agardner4@pennstatehealth.psu.edu. </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Farah BQ, Dias RR, Cucato G, Gardner A; Acquisition of data: Montgorery P, Gardner A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Farah BQ, Dias RR, Gardner A; Statistical analysis: Farah BQ; Obtaining financing: Gardner A; Writing of the manuscript: Farah BQ, Dias RR, Cucato G; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Montgorery P, Gardner A.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center under the protocol number 2337. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Non-supervised ground walking has been recommended for patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, the magnitude of the effort required by this activity and the characteristics of patients whose ground walking is more intense are unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To determine whether ground walking exceeds the ventilatory threshold (VT), a recognized marker of exercise intensity, in patients with symptomatic PAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Seventy patients (61.4% male and aged 40 to 85 years old) with symptomatic PAD were recruited. Patients performed a graded treadmill test for VT determination. Then, they were submitted to a 6-minute walk test so the achievement of VT during ground ambulation could be identified. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to identify predictors of VT achievement during the 6-minute walk test. The significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05 for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Sixty percent of patients achieved VT during the 6-minute walk test. Women (OR = 0.18 and 95%CI = 0.05 to 0.64) and patients with higher cardiorespiratory fitness (OR = 0.56 and 95%CI = 0.40 to 0.77) were less likely to achieve VT during ground walking compared to men and patients with lower cardiorespiratory fitness, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> More than half of patients with symptomatic PAD achieved VT during the 6-minute walk test. Women and patients with higher cardiorespiratory fitness are less likely to achieve VT during the 6-minute walk test, which indicates that ground walking may be more intense for this group. This should be considered when prescribing ground walking exercise for these patients. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):486-492)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Walk Test/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Peripheral Arterial Disease/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Intermittent Claudication</kwd>
        <kwd>Vital Capacity/physiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects approximately 12% of older adults in the United States<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and 21.6% of the elderly population in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Patients with symptomatic PAD (intermittent claudication) have impaired walking capacity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> lower muscular strength,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and several comorbid conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In addition, patients with symptomatic PAD present poor cardiorespiratory fitness evidenced by lower peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) and worse walking economy than age-matched controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Therefore, in these patients, walking performed during everyday activities are done at relatively higher intensities than in age-matched controls.</p>
        <p>Ventilatory threshold (VT) is an important marker of exercise intensity. Higher VT indicates that patients can sustain an increase in anaerobic metabolism during exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In symptomatic PAD patients, lower VT is associated with lower walking tolerance and greater disease severit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In addition, VT is most likely to be achieved before the onset of claudication pain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ground walking have been widely used to assess walking impairment in PAD patients through a 6-minute walk test, as this is a main clinical outcome in this group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Recently, it has also been used in home-based exercise programs. However, the intensity in which ground walking is performed by patients with PAD is unknown. From a practical point of view, understanding the magnitude of effort in the 6-minute walk test might support the use of over-ground as an exercise modality in PAD patients. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe the intensity of the 6-minute walk test according to VT in patients with symptomatic PAD. We also analyzed the predictors of the achievement of VT during the 6-minute test.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The procedures of this study were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (protocol #2337). A written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to their participation.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Recruitment and Patients</title>
          <p>PAD patients classified as Rutherford Grade I and Category 1 to 3 were evaluated at the Clinical Research Center at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Patients arrived fasted, but were permitted to take their usual medications. Patients were recruited by referrals from the Health Sciences Center vascular clinics, as well as by newspaper advertisements for possible enrollment into an exercise study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, patients were included in the study if they fully met the following criteria: (a) graded treadmill test limited by intermittent claudication symptoms and (b) an ankle brachial index (ABI) &#8804; 0.90 at rest, or an ABI &#8804; 0.73 after exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Patients were excluded if they met any of the following criteria: (a) inability to obtain an ABI measure due to non-compressible vessels (ABI &#8805; 1.40), (b) asymptomatic PAD determined from their medical history and verified upon the graded treadmill test, (c) exercise tolerance during progressive treadmill test limited by factors other than claudication symptoms (e.g. clinically significant electrocardiographic changes during exercise indicative of myocardial ischemia, dyspnea, poorly controlled blood pressure), (d) failure to achieve VT during treadmill exercise, (e) inability to complete the 6-minute walk test without stopping, and (f) failure to complete the testing within three weeks.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design</title>
          <p>This study was divided into three steps: 1) clinical examination, 2) graded treadmill test, and, 3) 6-minute walk test. Step 1 included evaluations for medical history, anthropometry, and ankle-brachial index. During step 2, patients performed a progressive graded cardiopulmonary treadmill test until maximal claudication pain, in order to obtain the VT. In step 3, the 6-minute walk test was applied aiming to identify the patients who did not and those who did achieve VT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). The details of all evaluations are described below.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study design.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0486-90053-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medical History and Anthropometry</title>
          <p>Demographic information, height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, claudication history, physical examination and comorbid conditions (osteoarthritis, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome and heart disease) were assessed at the beginning of the study by a physician. Obesity was defined as body mass index &gt; 30 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg, or use of anti-hypertensive medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Diabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dl, or use of hypoglycemic medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Dyslipidemia was defined as triglycerides &#8805; 150 mg/dl, LDL-C &#8805; 130 mg/dl, total cholesterol &#8805; 200 mg/dl or HDL-C &#8804; 40 mg/dl (men) and &#8804; 50 mg/dl (women), or use of lipid-lowering medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Metabolic syndrome was defined as three or more of the following components: (1) abdominal obesity (waist circumference &gt;102 cm in men and &gt; 88 cm in women), (2) elevated triglycerides (&gt;150 mg/dl), (3) reduced HDL-C (&lt; 40 mg/dl in men and &lt; 50 mg/dl in women), (4) elevated blood pressure (&gt; 130/85 mmHg), and (5) elevated fasting glucose (&gt; 110 mg/dl), as well as diagnosis of diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ankle Brachial Index</title>
          <p>ABI was obtained after 10 minutes of supine rest by measuring the ankle and brachial systolic blood pressure using Doppler technique in the brachial artery and both posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries. The highest value between the two measurements of arterial pressure from each leg was recorded, and the leg yielding the lowest ABI was used in the analyses, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Graded Treadmill Test</title>
          <p>A graded treadmill test was used to obtain the VT and to assess walking capacity. Patients performed a progressive graded cardiopulmonary treadmill test until maximal claudication pain, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The test started at 2 mph with 0% grade and the workload was increased 2% every 2 minutes. All patients were informed of the test protocol before being submitted to it. Oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) was continuously measured by a metabolic cart (Medical Graphics Corp., St Paul, MN), and averages of 30s were applied for analysis. The VT was visually detected by two experienced evaluators and defined as a nonlinear increase in respiratory quotient, carbon dioxide production and ventilation, as well as the increase in end-tidal oxygen pressure. The following variables were analyzed: oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>), carbon dioxide output (VCO<sub>2</sub>), ventilatory equivalent (VE), ventilatory equivalent for O<sub>2</sub> (VE/VO<sub>2</sub>), ventilatory equivalent for CO<sub>2</sub> (VE/VO<sub>2</sub>), end-tidal oxygen (PETO<sub>2</sub>) and carbon dioxide partial pressures (PETCO<sub>2</sub>), and respiratory exchange ratio, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A third researcher compared the results to check possible discrepancies in the determination of VT between evaluators. In this case, the determination of VT was repeated by both evaluators and the third evaluator made the final determination. Patients not presenting any of these respiratory parameters during the progressive graded cardiopulmonary treadmill test were considered to not have achieved the VT and were therefore excluded from the sample.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Claudication Measurements and Peak Oxygen Uptake</title>
          <p>The claudication onset time was defined as the walking time at which the patient first experienced leg pain during the treadmill test, and the peak walking time was defined as the walking time at which the patients could not continue walking due the leg pain. VO<sub>2</sub> peak was defined as the 30-second window with the highest VO<sub>2</sub> achieved during the treadmill test. Using these procedures, the test-retest intra-class reliability coefficients are r = 0.89 for claudication onset time and r = 0.93 for peak walking time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6-minute Walk Test</title>
          <p>A trained technician administered the 6-minute walk test which was conducted in a 30-meter long corridor. Subjects were instructed to walk as many laps around the cones as possible while bearing a light weight (0.8 kg), portable oxygen uptake unit (COSMED K4 b<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, COSMED USA, Inc, Chicago, IL) which continuously measured oxygen uptake via indirect calorimetry. The technician was blinded to the VT results, and the test was performed following the standardized instructions, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> VO<sub>2</sub> was obtained breath-by-breath and then averaged per each minute during the test, which allowed for the identification of patients who achieved VT. For this, patients were supposed to have completed the test without stopping after intermittent claudication symptoms. Thus, patients were divided into two groups: those who did not achieve VT and those who did achieve VT during ground walking.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>All statistical analyses were made in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software &#8211; SPSS/PASW version 20 (IBM Corp, New York, USA). Normality of data was checked by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables were summarized as mean and standard deviation, whereas categorical variables were expressed as relative frequency. Patients were grouped according to whether or not they achieved VT, and the clinical characteristics between groups were compared by the independent t-test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables.</p>
          <p>Multiple logistic regression was conducted to identify whether demographic data, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbid conditions, ABI and walking capacity are predictors of achieving VT during the 6-minute walk test. To this end, stepwise backward techniques were used to enter covariates into the model using only variables with p &lt; 0.30 in the bivariate analyses. In the multiple regression, only variables with p &lt; 0.05 remained in the final model. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to assess the model&#8217;s goodness-of-fit. The significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05 for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>One hundred and thirty-three patients performed the 6-minute walk test. Among them, 63 stopped during the test due to claudication symptoms and were excluded from the analysis. Among the 70 patients who did not stop during the test, the VT was achieved during the 6-minute walk test by 42 patients (60%) and was not achieved by 28 patients (40%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the comparison of clinical characteristics of patients who achieved and who did not achieve the VT during 6-minute walk test. VO<sub>2</sub> at VT obtained during the treadmill test was higher in patients who did not achieve VT during the 6-minute walk test in comparison with patients who achieved it (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the ankle brachial index was higher in patients who did not achieve VT in comparison with patients who did (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of patients with intermittent claudication included in the study</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Did not achieve VT (n = 28)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Achieved VT (n = 42)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">66.1 &#177; 9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">66.9 &#177; 10.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.745</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index, kg<sup>-1</sup>m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0 &#177; 5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.486</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ankle brachial index</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85 &#177; .21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71 &#177; .21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Claudication onset time, seconds</td>
                  <td align="center">297 &#177; 192</td>
                  <td align="center">271 &#177; 191</td>
                  <td align="center">0.572</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak walking time, seconds</td>
                  <td align="center">576 &#177; 266</td>
                  <td align="center">541 &#177; 219</td>
                  <td align="center">0.542</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Six-minute pain-free distance, meters</td>
                  <td align="center">189 &#177; 144</td>
                  <td align="center">214 &#177; 96</td>
                  <td align="center">0.417</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Six-minute walk test, meters</td>
                  <td align="center">382 &#177; 73</td>
                  <td align="center">399 &#177; 67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.332</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO<sub>2</sub> at VT, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO<sub>2</sub> peak, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">13.9 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.627</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex, % women</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">0.109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, % yes</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">0.419</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, % yes</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.789</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, % yes</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">0.436</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease, % yes</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.093</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD, % yes</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">0.211</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>VT: ventilatory threshold; VO<sub>2:</sub> oxygen uptake; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the predictors to achieve the VT during the 6-minute walk test. Women were less likely to achieve VT during 6-minute walk test than men (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, patients with higher VO<sub>2</sub> at VT were less likely to achieve the VT during 6-minute walk test (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multiple logistic regression model predicting achieved ventilatory threshold during the 6-minute walk test in patients with intermittent claudication</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Dependent variable</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Independent variables</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">&#946; (EP)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">OR</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">95%CI</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Achieved VT</td>
                  <td align="center">Sex, men = reference</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.72 (0.65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05 &#8211; 0.64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Oxygen uptake at VT, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">- 0.58 (0.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40 &#8211; 0.77</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>VT: ventilatory threshold; &#946; (EP): Regression coefficient (error-standard); OR: odds-ratio. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. Hosmer-Lemeshow test: &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 9.607, p = 0.298.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows the comparisons by sex. In women, the prevalence of obesity was higher and cardiorespiratory fitness was lower as compared to men (p &lt; 0.05). VO<sub>2</sub> peak in both the 6-minute walk test and the treadmill test was higher in men than in women (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of clinical parameters of intermittent claudication between men and women included in the study</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Women (n = 28)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Men (n = 43)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">64.9 &#177; 9.5</td>
                  <td align="center">67.6 &#177; 10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.265</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index, kg<sup>-1</sup>m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">31.1 &#177; 6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ankle brachial index</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80 &#177; .23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75 &#177; .22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.258</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Claudication onset time, seconds</td>
                  <td align="center">241 &#177; 164</td>
                  <td align="center">306 &#177; 203</td>
                  <td align="center">0.330</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak walking time, seconds</td>
                  <td align="center">507 &#177; 196</td>
                  <td align="center">585 &#177; 256</td>
                  <td align="center">0.180</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO<sub>2</sub> at VT, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">10.3 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">11.3 &#177; 2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO<sub>2</sub> peak in treadmill test, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">14.7 &#177; 3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO<sub>2</sub> peak in 6-MWT, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">11.1 &#177; 3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>6-MWT: 6-minute walk test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of the study were: a) 60% of symptomatic PAD patients did achieve the VT during 6 minute-walk test, and b) women and patients with higher VO<sub>2</sub> at VT obtained during the treadmill test were less likely to achieve VT in the 6-minute-walk test.</p>
        <p>VT is defined as the exercise intensity above which metabolic predominance changes from aerobic to anaerobic,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> providing information about aerobic capacity during exercise. In patients with symptomatic PAD, VT have been associated with walking tolerance and disease severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In this study, 60% of patients achieved VT in the 6-minute walk test, indicating that for most patients with symptomatic PAD this ground walking is a relatively high-intensity exercise. This could partially explain the lower daily physical activity levels and higher time spent in sedentary behavior in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Therefore, the intensity in which ground walking is performed by most patients with PAD demands a fairly high effort, which suggests that this exercise has potential to improve functional capacity of patients with PAD and, therefore, endorses the use of home-based programs to improve cardiorespiratory fitness.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, almost 40% of the patients did not achieve VT in the 6-minute walk test. The most plausible hypothesis for part of PAD patients not achieving VT was that the ground walking was not intense enough to elicit VT achievement. This hypothesis is corroborated by the fact that patients with higher cardiorespiratory fitness were less likely to achieve the VT during ground walking.</p>
        <p>Women were less likely to exceed VT during the 6-minute walk test than men, indicating that ground walking is performed at a lower relative intensity by women than by men. This is surprising given previous studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> have shown that women with symptomatic PAD have lower walking capacity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> are less physically active<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> and report more barriers to practicing physical activity compared to men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In addition, women present more adverse calf muscle characteristics and lower VO<sub>2</sub> peak than men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some practical messages can be draw from this study. The 6-minute walk test is harder for men and patients with low cardiorespiratory fitness. Is recommended that exercise training intensity should be performed above VT in order to improve cardiovascular function in cardiac patients and the elderly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Considering that the 6-minute walk test simulates an over-ground walk, the current results support its use as an exercise mode to increase both daily physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in men and in patients with low cardiorespiratory fitness. However, in women and in patients with higher cardiorespiratory fitness, over-ground walking may not be enough to improve activity and fitness levels.</p>
        <p>The cross-sectional design of this study is a limitation, as no causality can be inferred. Patients with severe cardiac disease and asymptomatic PAD or PAD more severe than claudication were excluded in the screening; therefore, the results can be extended only to our current sample of patients with claudication. Given we were not able to precisely identify VT in patients who stopped during the 6-minute walk test, generalization is also restricted to these patients. In addition, to accurately detect the VT in the 6-minute walk test, we only included patients that did not stop while performing it. These findings are also limited by the relatively small sample size, particularly when it comes to patients who did not achieve the VT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>More than half of patients with symptomatic PAD achieved VT during the 6-minute walk test. Men and patients with lower cardiorespiratory fitness are more likely to achieve VT during the 6-minute walk test.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This study was funded by the National Institute on Aging (R01-AG-24296), Oklahoma Center for Advancement of Science and Technology (HR09-035), and OUHSC General Clinical Research Center (M01-RR-14467) from National Center for Research Resources.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding. This study was funded by National Institute on Aging (R01-AG-24296), Oklahoma Center for Advancement of Science and Technology (HR09-035), and OUHSC General Clinical Research Center (M01-RR-14467) of National Center for Research Resourcer.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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