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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xBcYfW47WjBDCRXxQGxLF9h</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300477</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2020005002202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180377</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Factors Associated with Recurrence in Takotsubo Syndrome: A Systematic Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Alverenga Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Constan&#231;a Margarida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Queila Borges de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar,Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santo Ant&#244;nio - Obras Sociais Irm&#227; Dulce</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santo Ant&#244;nio - Obras Sociais Irm&#227; Dulce, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ci&#234;ncias, Curso de Medicina, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt</bold>, Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Centro de Estudos Cl&#237;nicos - Av. Anita Garibaldi, 2199. Postal Code 40170130, Ondina, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>luizritt@hotmail.com</email>, <email>lefr@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Campos FAD, Ritt LEF; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Campos FAD, Ritt LEF, Costa JPS, Cruz CM, Feitosa Filho GS, Borges QO, Darze ES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>477</fpage>
      <lpage>483</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is characterized by a temporary systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle (LV) related to a stressful event. However, the factors associated with its recurrence are still not well established.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the main factors associated with TTS recurrence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A systematic review was performed using the PRISMA model. Observational studies, published between January 2008 and October 2017, which presented a recurrence rate of at least 3% and/or 5 or more patients with recurrence, and who met at least 80% of the STROBE criteria were included.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>six articles reached the criteria to compose this systematic review. The recurrence rate ranged from 1 to 3.5% per year (global recurrence rate 3.8%). One study associated higher recurrence rate with the female gender, four reported the time between the first and second episodes, one study associated body mass index (BMI) and hypercontractility of the LV middle anterior wall to a higher recurrence rate. No association between recurrence and electrocardiographic changes were determined. Beta-blockers use was not associated with recurrence rates.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Female gender, time from the first episode of the syndrome, low BMI and midventricular obstruction were reported as potential predictors of TTS recurrence. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Takotsubo Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Takotsubo cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Recurrence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Preamble and case report</title>
      <p>A 62-year-old female patient was admitted for elective rhytidoplasty and blepharoplasty surgeries. She weighed 61 kg and was 1.65 m tall, with a history of glaucoma and hypothyroidism. She was considered at low cardiovascular risk for the procedure, with no personal or family history of cardiovascular disease. During surgery, under general anesthesia, she presented idioventricular rhythm followed by circulatory shock and cardiorespiratory arrest. She was successfully resuscitated and her electrocardiography (ECG) showed an ST elevation pattern in lateral leads. She was promptly submitted to cardiac catheterization that showed no coronary lesion but akinesia in apical and medial ventricular walls and hyperkinesia of the basal parts, a pattern that resembles the Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS). This pattern was confirmed in an ECG which showed an ejection fraction of 40%. After adjustments for heart failure therapy, she was discharged from the hospital in 10 days, clinically stable. In six months, she had already recovered her global and segmental functions. After 1 year, she was planning to undergo another plastic surgery and asked about her recurrence risk. This question was the main drive for this systematic review.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>TTS, also called Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or broken heart syndrome,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> is characterized by a temporary left ventricle systolic and diastolic dysfunction, usually associated with an event of great emotional or physical stress. It presents clinically with acute chest pain, dyspnea, electrocardiographic changes, and the presence of elevated cardiac injury biomarkers, being very similar to an acute coronary syndrome despite the absence of significant coronary stenosis related to the affected area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> It is estimated that about 2% of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome actually have TTS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Postmenopausal women are the group most affected by this condition, probably due to hormonal issues, although men and young people can also have TTS. It is suggested that the pathophysiology of the disease is related to a large and abrupt discharge of catecholamines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Therefore, the use of beta-blockers (BB) has been proposed as a prevention strategy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prognosis is usually good and characterized as benign by many authors, even though there is a 1-2% risk of ventricular arrhythmias and approximately 2% of in-hospital mortality associated with TTS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Patients with a history of TTS have an annual recurrence rate of 1.5%, though it may be as high as 11% in 4 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of published TTS-related studies, especially in the USA, Europe, and Japan. Much of the data on this pathology comes from the International Takotsubo Registry (InterTAK Registry), an international collaborative network with data from 35 cardiovascular centers in 15 different countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, predictors of TTS recurrence are still not well established.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objective</title>
      <p>The present study aimed to analyze the main factors associated with TTS recurrence.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A systematic review of the literature was proposed, using the PRISMA model. The main databases of international literature - PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, and Cochrane - were searched.</p>
      <p>As a search strategy, the following descriptors were used: Takotsubo Syndrome; Left Ventricular Apical Ballooning Syndrome; Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy; Stress Cardiomyopathy; Broken Heart Syndrome. The PubMed MeSH tool was used adding Recurrence as a complementary descriptor.</p>
      <p>Strategy for articles selection: the selection was carried out in October 2017. All articles published between January 2008 and October 2017 were initially included for further appreciation. First, the titles were evaluated, followed by the abstract, and finally, a careful analysis of the complete article was conducted in order to identify its quality and relevance to the proposed objective. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> for assessing the methodological quality of observational studies were used, with a minimum of 80% compliance of the 22 items in the STROBE checklist to be included in this study. This whole process was carried out by two researchers. Articles were also searched based on the references of the selected articles.</p>
      <p>Only articles characterized as prospective cohort study, retrospective cohort study, case control or case series study were selected. Articles in which the text was not in English were excluded. Only studies reporting at least 3% recurrence rate and/or five or more patients with recurrence were included, so that there could be a significant analysis of the recurrence predictors.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Initially, a total of 164 articles were identified. Four other studies were identified and selected from the references of the initially identified articles. At the end of the analysis of the studies, six were selected to compose this systematic review (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prisma Flowchart of the studies selection for the composition of the systematic review.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0477-80377-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Score and percentage of articles quality based on STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) criteria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Reference</th>
              <th align="center">Study design</th>
              <th align="center">Publishing journal</th>
              <th align="center">Points on STROBE</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Looi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Prospective cohort.</td>
              <td align="center">Journal of Heart, Lung and Circulation.</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">81.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Templin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Case-control.</td>
              <td align="center">The New England Journal of Medicine.</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">86.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Patel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Retrospective cohort.</td>
              <td align="center">Journal of Cardiac Failure.</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">86.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Elesber et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Retrospective cohort.</td>
              <td align="center">Journal of the American College of Cardiology.</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">86.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vriz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Prospective cohort.</td>
              <td align="center">Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine.</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">81.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nishida et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Case-control.</td>
              <td align="center">Heart and Vessels.</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">90.9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Globally, the recurrence rate, before excluding the four articles that did not meet the criteria of at least 3% recurrence rate and/or five or more patients with recurrence, ranged from 0.2 to 5% per year. The global recurrence rate, considering the selected studies, was 3.8% in a follow up that ranged from 5 to 17 years.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the main information for each selected article. Looi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> studied a prospective cohort study of 100 patients diagnosed with TTS by the Mayo criteria. From these, seven patients (7%) had a recurrence and one presented with four recurrent episodes. Recurrences occurred between 99 and 679 days after the first episode. All recurrences occurred within two years after the first episode, being more frequent in the first year. In four of the seven patients who presented with recurrences (57%), the initial and subsequent events were triggered by emotional stress. Four of the seven patients who had recurrences were already using a BB in the second episode.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Selected studies characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Reference</th>
              <th align="center">Studied population</th>
              <th align="center">Level of Significance adopted</th>
              <th align="center">Recurrence rate(recurrence N/total N)</th>
              <th align="center">Analyzed data with possible recurrence association</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Looi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Patients admitted to Middlemore Hospital, Auckland City Hospital and North Shore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">7% (7/100)</td>
              <td align="center">- Time between manifestations: recurrences occurred from 99 to 679 days after the first episode, being more frequent in the first year.<break/>- Triggering factor: 57% of patients with recurrence presented emotional stress as a trigger.<break/>- Clinical characteristics: recurrence in patients presenting ST elevation was not higher when compared to patients who did not present ST elevation (7.4 and 6.3%, respectively); p = 1.00.<break/>- Medications in use: 4 (57%) of the patients used BB on recurrence.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Templin et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Patients obtained through the Mayo Clinic database. Patients with ACS from Zurich Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry.</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">3.26% (57/1750)</td>
              <td align="center">- Time between manifestations: recurrence occurred from 25 days to 9.2 years after the first episode.<break/>- Medications in use: 29 patients (50.8%) used BB during the second episode.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Patel et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Patients obtained through the Mayo Clinic database.</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.05 for men versus women p &lt; 0.25 for comparison with women &#8805; 50 years of age (due to multiple comparisons)</td>
              <td align="center">3.13% (7/224)</td>
              <td align="center">- Gender: there were no recurrences in men and all 7 recurrences were in women (14.8%)<break/>- Age: recurrence in women aged &lt; 50 years was more prevalent in relation to recurrence in women aged &#8805; 50 years (16 and 3%, respectively; p = 0.017).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Elesber et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Patients diagnosed with TTS submitted to the Mayo Clinic catheterization center database.</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">11.4% (10/100)</td>
              <td align="center">- Time between manifestations: 4.4&#177;4.6 mean years between episodes, with a higher recurrence rate in the first 4 years compared to subsequent years (2.9 and 1.3% a year, respectively).<break/>- Medications in use: recurrence in patients in use X without use of: aspirin (60x67%), p = 0.67; ACEI/ARB (60x51%), p = 0.59; BB (80x52%), p = 0.10; Statins (40x33%), p = 0.67.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vriz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Patients at San Antonio Community Hospital (San Daniele del Friuli, Udine, Italy).</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">21.7% (5/23)</td>
              <td align="center">- Age: more frequent in older patients.<break/>- Time between manifestations: recurrence occurred on an average of 105.4 &#177; 82.92 days after the first episode, being more frequent in the first 3 months.<break/>- Clinical characteristics: more frequent recurrence in patients with lower LVEF, lower SBP and higher troponin peak.<break/>- Medications in use: therapy with BB did not prevent recurrence.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nishida et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Patients from the BOREAS Registry database.</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">2.8% (7/251)</td>
              <td align="center">-Clinical characteristics: low BMI, medium-ventricular hypercontractility and right ventricular involvement were both associated with a higher rate of recurrence of TTS (p = 0.048, 0.01, and 0.06, respectively). HRs of recurrence for BMI (per increase by 1 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>) and MVO were 0.75 (95% CI 0.54-0.99) and 14.71 (95% CI 1.87-304.66), respectively.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BB: beta-blocker; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; TTS: Takotsubo syndrome; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure; BMI: Body Mass Index; HRs: hazard ratios; CI: confidence interval; MVO: microvascular obstruction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Templin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> presented a case-control study with 1,750 TTS patients, according to the Mayo criteria. From these, 455 patients were matched, by age and gender, with patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and who had their data obtained through the Zurich Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry. During a 17-year follow-up period, 57 patients with TTS had recurrences, representing a rate of 1.8% recurrence per patient-year. The second episode occurred from 25 days to 9.2 years after the first one. A total of 29 of 57 patients with recurrences (50.8%) were on BB therapy at the time of their recurrent episode.</p>
      <p>In the retrospective cohort study by Patel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> 224 patients diagnosed with TTS had their data obtained through the Mayo Clinic database over a 10-year period. Only 7 recurrent episodes were documented. None of the men had TTS recurrence. During a mean follow-up of 3.5 years, 2 women under 50 years of age (16%) and 5 women aged 50 years old or older (3%) developed TTS recurrence (p = 0.017).</p>
      <p>Elesber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> studied a retrospective cohort and analyzed data from 100 patients diagnosed with TTS over a period of 16 years and 11 months. Recurrence rate was 11.4% at a mean follow-up time of 4.4 &#177; 4.6 years, being higher in the first 4 years (2.9% per year), and decreasing to about 1.3% per year in subsequent segment time. There was no difference between patients with or without recurrences in relation to the use of: aspirin (60 <italic>versus</italic> 67%; p = 0.67); angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) (60 <italic>versus</italic> 51%; p = 0.59); BB (80 <italic>versus</italic> 52%; p = 0.10); or statins (40 <italic>versus</italic> 33%; p = 0.67).</p>
      <p>In another prospective cohort study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> 23 patients who underwent coronary angiography were diagnosed with TTS according to the Mayo criteria, over a period of 7 years and 11 months. Five patients (21.7%) developed recurrent TTS and one patient presented with 2 recurrent episodes. The mean time to a recurrent episode was 105.4 &#177; 83 days, and the recurrence rate was higher in the first 3 months. Compared with patients with no recurrences, those with a recurrent episode were older (71.4 <italic>versus</italic> 65.7 years), had lower ejection fraction (36.5 <italic>versus</italic> 44.2%), higher systolic blood pressure (139 <italic>versus</italic> 128.4 mmHg) and higher peak troponin levels (8.1 <italic>versus</italic> 2.5 &#181;g/ml). Three of the five patients who presented with a recurrence were on BB.</p>
      <p>Nishida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> presented a case-control study. Data from 251 patients who composed the BOREAS Registry (with 15 participating countries) from June 1999 to March 2012, were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups, those with apical ballooning (type A), classic TTS presentation, and those with non-apical ballooning (non-A type), which included all other presentation forms of the syndrome. During a follow-up of 2.6 &#177; 2.8 years, the recurrence rate was 2.8% (7/251), with no significant difference between A and non-A groups (2.8 and 2.9 %, respectively). In the univariate analysis, low Body Mass Index (BMI) (p = 0.048), midventricular (p = 0.01), and concomitant right ventricular involvement (p = 0.06) were associated with TTS recurrence. Only BMI (hazard ratio [HR] 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54-0.99; p = 0.048) and midventricular obstruction (HR 14.71; 95% CI 1.87-304.66; p = 0.01) remained significantly associated with TTS recurrence.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>TTS recurrence rate is variable in the literature and the factors associated with it were not clearly defined as well. This statement was clear when, recently, that 62-year-old female patient who had a history of being resuscitated for cardiac arrest a year before during an elective surgery and had a diagnosis of TTS, and who recovered to normal left ventricular (LV) function, now 1 year after the index episode, came to the office of one of the authors asking for a cardiovascular risk evaluation for another elective plastic surgery.</p>
      <p>After careful selection, data from the six studies were analyzed, in which factors with possible association with TTS recurrence were considered. The female gender was more prone to recurrence. Proximity to the first episode of the syndrome was a factor described by some authors as predisposing to a greater chance of recurrence. Low BMI and medium-ventricular hypercontractility were also reported as predisposing to TTS recurrence. Use of BB or other heart failure (HF) medications was not proven to reduce the chance of recurrence.</p>
      <p>Some authors may understand that new episodes of TTS are not recurrence, but instead a clinical spectrum of the disease. In accordance with international consensus and statements, the term recurrence was used here as after the first episode patients recover their global and segmental ventricular function recurring the disfunction in the subsequent episode.</p>
      <p>Only one study of this systematic review<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> analyzed gender as a recurrence variable, with no recurrence in men and a recurrence rate in women of 14.8%. In all other studies selected, as in the rest of the literature,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> if not all, most patients who had recurrence were women. Although there are reports of recurrence in men,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> they are extremely rare. These data strongly suggest that female gender is a predisposing factor to TTS recurrence.</p>
      <p>In relation to age, Patel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> found a higher rate of recurrence among women aged less than 50 years, when compared to women aged 50 years old or older (16<italic>versus</italic>3%, respectively; p = 0.017). This suggests that younger women tend to have recurrence of the syndrome more often. However, in this study, women younger than 50 years of age had higher rate of psychiatric disorders, leaving in doubt whether the higher rate of TTS recurrence was due to lower age or to association with psychiatric disorders. Vriz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> reported higher recurrence rate in older patients - patients who had recurrence had a mean age of 71.4 years, while those with only one episode had a mean age of 65.7 years. A systematic review with meta-analysis, composed of 31 studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> found an average age of 65.5 years among patients who presented recurrence, most of them women. These data show the divergence between different studies in relation to the age group that would be more predisposed to an episode of TTS recurrence. Cohorts with greater samples, covering larger age groups, are necessary to better clarify this association.</p>
      <p>Four studies of this systematic review reported the time between the first and second episodes. Episodes of recurrence have been reported for about 22 days<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> until slightly more than nine years after the first episode.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Although there is a recurrence report up to ten years after the initial episode,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> cases like this are extremely rare. Looi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> found that recurrence was more frequent in the first year after the initial episode. Elesber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> showed higher annual recurrence rate in the first four years compared to subsequent years (2.9<italic>versus</italic>1.3% per year, respectively). Vriz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> reported in their study a higher recurrence of the syndrome in the first three months after the first episode. Another study, published in 2017,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> reported TTS recurrence in five patients, with the second episode occurring in an average of 2.1 years. All these data corroborate the idea that a person's likelihood of TTS recurrence decreases over time, being more likely in the first few months following the first episode, and there is a gradual decrease in the chances of a second episode over the years, reducing significantly after four years.</p>
      <p>To date, the only study identified in this review that conducted an association between TTS recurrence and BMI was the one by Nishida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In this study, low BMI was a risk factor for TTS recurrence. The higher the BMI of the individual the lower his chances of recurrence, with a HR of 0.75 (for each 1kg/m<sup>2</sup> increase). A clear explanation for this association was not possible, but recent studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have suggested that the hemodynamic response to mental stress is more intense in people with lower BMI, while the basal activity of the sympathetic nervous system of these individuals is lower than in individuals with higher BMI. Thus, one may suggest that the greater sensitivity of the sympathetic nervous system in people with lower BMI would reduce their threshold to emotional stress, triggering potential TTS.</p>
      <p>Regarding the clinical presentation of the patients who presented TTS, Looi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> described an absolute higher rate of recurrence in patients presenting ST elevation in their ECG when compared to patients who did not present it, with a recurrence rate of 7.4 <italic>versus</italic> 6.3%, respectively; there was no statistical significance, p = 1.00. Another study by Dib et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> reported that there was no difference in the 5-year recurrence rate related to ECG presentation, 13% in those who presented ST segment elevation, 5% in those who presented with T wave inversion, and 17% in those whit non-specific changes in the ST segment and T wave (p = 0.25). Such data do not suggest that a specific electrocardiographic alteration changes the prognosis of those affected by TTS with respect to its recurrence.</p>
      <p>The study by Nishida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> initially showed an association between biventricular involvement and recurrence, but no statistical significance was reached in this analysis, p = 0.06. Another study, by Kagiyama et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> also analyzed this relationship with the morphological pattern of the syndrome manifested by the patients, being the recurrence rate in patients with biventricular involvement greater when compared to those with classic morphology, that is, 4.8 and 0%, respectively. Nishida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> found higher recurrence rate in patients with medium ventricular obstruction, which corresponds to hypercontractility of the middle third of the left ventricle, which occurred in patients with apical ballooning, probably as a compensatory mechanism. No further studies were found to evaluate this relationship.</p>
      <p>Four studies of this systematic review analyzed the use of BB as a possible method of preventing TTS recurrence. In the Looi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> study, four (57%) of the patients were in use of BB on recurrence; Templin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> reported that 29 patients (50.8%) were in use of BB during the second episode; in the study by Vriz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> BB therapy did not prevent recurrence; Elesber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> showed a recurrence rate of 80% among patients on BB and 52% in patients who did not use this medication, without statistical significance (p = 0.10). Together, these data suggest that BB therapy is not associated to prevention of episodes of TTS recurrence. Elesber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> also compared recurrence among patients in and without use of aspirin, ACEI/ARB, and statins. In their study, patients taking aspirin had a recurrence rate of 60%, whereas those who did not use this medication had a 67% recurrence rate, with no statistical significance (p = 0.67). The recurrence rate between patients who did and those who did not use ACEI/ARB was 60 and 51%, respectively (p = 0.59). From the patients who presented recurrence, 40% used statins and 33% did not, nor was there any statistical significance (p = 0.67). Given the above, none of the studies of this systematic review suggested specific drug therapy to prevent TTS recurrence. In several studies, the use of BB showed no efficacy in TTS prevention. This medication was also not useful for this purpose in a systematic review with a meta-analysis of 31 studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>. However, this same study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> showed a negative association between the use of ACE inhibitors or ARB and the recurrence rate, that is, the use of these medications decreased recurrence rates, different from those found by Elesber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Long-term segmental cohorts with a greater number of patients who presented TTS and made use of ACEI/ARB are necessary to better clarify this association.</p>
      <p>The largest study in this review was the one by Templin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> This was a case-control study with 1,750 TTS patients according to the Mayo criteria and 57 recurrences cases were found in the long term follow up. The authors aimed to evaluate clinical features, prognostic predictors, clinical course, and outcomes of TTS in a wide population. However, as they did not focus specifically on recurrence predictors, the article does not bring specific insights about this subgroup apart from the use of BB.</p>
      <p>This article updates and complements the systematic review by Singh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Some data could be confirmed in this opportunity, such as the association between female gender and higher recurrence rate, and the non-efficacy of BB in the prevention of a second episode. Other variables, not yet addressed by Singh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> could be associated with a higher rate of recurrence by this systematic review, such as the shorter time after the first episode, low BMI and LV middle third hypercontractility. In this study, the STROBE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> was used in order to evaluate and select the studies found, while Singh et al. used the &#8220;Quality of Reporting of Observational Longitudinal Research&#8221;,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and special focus was given to TTS recurrence rate, selecting articles that reported a minimum of 3% of recurrence rate, which may have turned this systematic review into more task-specific.</p>
      <p>Given the local experience of the authors, a TTS prevalence of 3.2% was observed in patients initially suspected of ST elevation acute myocardial infarction and there were no recurrences in the 1-year ambulatory median follow up.</p>
      <p>No data about the risk of recurrence when submitted to the same stress factor again were found. Whether a second exposure to the same stressor should be avoided may be a matter of interest for future studies.</p>
      <p>Among the limitations of this review, as those of the selected studies, are: the fact that some studies were performed in a single population without external validation; the lack of more clinical details of the patients who presented recurrence (most articles do not bring data from the patients that recurred in an individual basis, thus it was not possible to analyze the combining data from individual patients together); in addition to the scarcity of studies related to the topic, although this factor did not prevent this systematic review realization to be carried out. A strong methodology, with a high cut-off point in STROBE and the use of the PRISMA model, provided a solid basis for consistently constructing this systematic review.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Considering the above, female gender, lower BMI, LV middle third hypercontractility, and shorter time after the first episode were associated to a greater recurrence chance. Patient's age and electrocardiographic presentation, related to the manifestation of a second TTS episode, deserve to be better investigated by studies with larger populations.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Study Association</bold> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores Associados &#224; Recorr&#234;ncia na S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Alverenga Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Constan&#231;a Margarida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Queila Borges de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santo Ant&#244;nio - Obras Sociais Irm&#227; Dulce, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ci&#234;ncias, Curso de Medicina, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt</bold>, Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Centro de Estudos Cl&#237;nicos - Av. Anita Garibaldi, 2199. CEP 40170130, Ondina, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luizritt@hotmail.com</email>, <email>lefr@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Campos FAD, Ritt LEF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Campos FAD, Ritt LEF, Costa JPS, Cruz CM, Feitosa Filho GS, Borges QO, Darze ES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo (STT) &#233; caracterizada por uma disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica tempor&#225;ria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) relacionada a um evento estressante. No entanto, os fatores associados &#224; sua recorr&#234;ncia ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar os principais fatores associados &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da STT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi realizada usando o modelo PRISMA. Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos observacionais, publicados entre janeiro de 2008 e outubro de 2017, que apresentaram uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de pelo menos 3% e/ou 5 ou mais pacientes com recidiva e que preencheram pelo menos 80% dos crit&#233;rios STROBE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Seis artigos atenderam aos crit&#233;rios para esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. A taxa de recorr&#234;ncia variou de 1 a 3,5% ao ano (taxa de recorr&#234;ncia global 3,8%). Um estudo associou maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia ao sexo feminino, quatro relataram o tempo entre o primeiro e o segundo epis&#243;dio, um estudo associou o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e a hipercontratilidade da parede anterior m&#233;dia do VE a uma maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia. N&#227;o foi determinada associa&#231;&#227;o entre recorr&#234;ncia e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. O uso de betabloqueadores n&#227;o foi associado a taxas de recorr&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Sexo feminino, tempo desde o primeiro epis&#243;dio da s&#237;ndrome, baixo IMC e obstru&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram relatados como poss&#237;veis preditores de recorr&#234;ncia da STT.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo</kwd>
        <kwd>Recidiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Pre&#226;mbulo e relato de caso</title>
        <p>Uma paciente do sexo feminino, com 62 anos de idade, foi admitida para cirurgia eletiva de ritidoplastia e blefaroplastia. Ela pesava 61 kg e tinha 1,65 m de altura, com hist&#243;ria de glaucoma e hipotireoidismo. Ela foi considerada de baixo risco cardiovascular para o procedimento, sem hist&#243;rico pessoal ou familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Durante a cirurgia, sob anestesia geral, a paciente apresentou ritmo idioventricular, seguido de choque circulat&#243;rio e parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Ela foi ressuscitada com sucesso e seu eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrou um padr&#227;o de eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es laterais. Foi prontamente submetida a um cateterismo card&#237;aco que n&#227;o apresentou les&#227;o coronariana, mas acinesia nas paredes ventriculares apicais e mediais e hipercinesia das partes basais, padr&#227;o semelhante &#224; S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo (STT). Esse padr&#227;o foi confirmado em um eletrocardiograma, que mostrou uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 40%. Ap&#243;s ajustes na terapia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ela recebeu alta hospitalar em 10 dias, clinicamente est&#225;vel. Em seis meses, ela j&#225; havia recuperado suas fun&#231;&#245;es globais e segmentares. Ap&#243;s 1 ano, ela planejava se submeter a outra cirurgia pl&#225;stica e perguntou sobre o risco de recorr&#234;ncia. Essa quest&#227;o foi a principal motiva&#231;&#227;o desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A STT, tamb&#233;m denominada cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo ou s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o partido,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> &#233; caracterizada por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica tempor&#225;ria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, geralmente associada a um evento de grande estresse emocional ou f&#237;sico. Apresenta-se clinicamente com dor tor&#225;cica aguda, dispneia, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e presen&#231;a de biomarcadores de les&#227;o card&#237;aca elevada, sendo muito semelhante a uma s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, apesar da aus&#234;ncia de estenose coronariana significativa relacionada &#224; &#225;rea afetada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Estima-se que cerca de 2% dos pacientes com suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda tenham TTS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa s&#227;o o grupo mais afetado por essa condi&#231;&#227;o, provavelmente devido a problemas hormonais, embora homens e jovens tamb&#233;m possam ter TTS. Sugere-se que a fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a esteja relacionada a uma descarga grande e abrupta de catecolaminas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Portanto, o uso de betabloqueadores (BB) tem sido proposto como estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O progn&#243;stico &#233; geralmente bom e caracterizado como benigno por muitos autores, embora exista um risco de 1-2% de arritmias ventriculares e aproximadamente 2% de mortalidade intra-hospitalar associada &#224; STT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Pacientes com hist&#243;rico de STT t&#234;m taxa de recorr&#234;ncia anual de 1,5%, embora possa chegar a 11% em 4 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, houve um aumento no n&#250;mero de estudos relacionados &#224; TTS publicados, especialmente nos EUA, Europa e Jap&#227;o. Muitos dados sobre essa patologia prov&#234;m do Registro Internacional Takotsubo (Registro InterTAK), uma rede internacional de colabora&#231;&#227;o com dados de 35 centros cardiovasculares em 15 pa&#237;ses diferentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No entanto, os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia da STT ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os principais fatores associados &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da STT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi proposta uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura, utilizando o modelo PRISMA. Foram pesquisadas as principais bases de dados da literatura internacional - PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs e Cochrane.</p>
        <p>Como estrat&#233;gia de busca, foram utilizados os seguintes descritores: S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo; S&#237;ndrome do Bal&#227;o Apical do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo; Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo; Cardiomiopatia por estresse; S&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o partido. Utilizou-se a ferramenta PubMed MeSH, adicionando Recorr&#234;ncia como descritor complementar.</p>
        <p>Estrat&#233;gia para sele&#231;&#227;o de artigos: a sele&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em outubro de 2017. Todos os artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2008 e outubro de 2017 foram inclu&#237;dos inicialmente para posterior aprecia&#231;&#227;o. Primeiramente, os t&#237;tulos foram avaliados, seguidos do resumo e, finalmente, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise cuidadosa do artigo completo, a fim de identificar sua qualidade e relev&#226;ncia para o objetivo proposto. Foram utilizados os crit&#233;rios de Refor&#231;o dos Relat&#243;rios de Estudos Observacionais em Epidemiologia (STROBE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> para avaliar a qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos observacionais, com um m&#237;nimo de 80% de conformidade com os 22 itens da lista de verifica&#231;&#227;o do STROBE a serem inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Todo esse processo foi realizado por dois pesquisadores. Os artigos tamb&#233;m foram pesquisados com base nas refer&#234;ncias dos artigos selecionados.</p>
        <p>Foram selecionados apenas artigos caracterizados como estudo de coorte prospectivo, estudo de coorte retrospectivo, controle de caso ou estudo de s&#233;rie de casos. Artigos em que o texto n&#227;o estava em ingl&#234;s foram exclu&#237;dos. Apenas estudos relatando pelo menos 3% de taxa de recorr&#234;ncia e/ou cinco ou mais pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia foram inclu&#237;dos, para que pudesse haver uma an&#225;lise significativa dos preditores de recorr&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, foram identificados 164 artigos. Quatro outros estudos foram identificados e selecionados a partir das refer&#234;ncias dos artigos inicialmente identificados. Ao final da an&#225;lise dos estudos, seis foram selecionados para compor essa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma Prisma da sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos para a composi&#231;&#227;o da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0477-80377-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escore e porcentagem da qualidade dos artigos com base nos crit&#233;rios do STROBE (<italic>Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology</italic>)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Refer&#234;ncia</th>
                <th align="center">Design do estudo</th>
                <th align="center">Publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Pontos no STROBE</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Looi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Coorte prospectiva.</td>
                <td align="center">Journal of Heart, Lung and Circulation.</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">81,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Templin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Caso-controle.</td>
                <td align="center">The New England Journal of Medicine.</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">86,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Patel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva.</td>
                <td align="center">Journal of Cardiac Failure.</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">86,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elesber et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva.</td>
                <td align="center">Journal of the American College of Cardiology.</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">86,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vriz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Coorte prospectiva.</td>
                <td align="center">Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine.</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">81,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nishida et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Caso-controle.</td>
                <td align="center">Heart and Vessels.</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">90,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Globalmente, a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia, antes de excluir os quatro artigos que n&#227;o atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de pelo menos 3% de taxa de recorr&#234;ncia e/ou cinco ou mais pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia, variou de 0,2 a 5% ao ano. A taxa de recorr&#234;ncia global, considerando os estudos selecionados, foi de 3,8% em um seguimento que variou de 5 a 17 anos.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref> traz as informa&#231;&#245;es compiladas dos estudos selecionados. Looi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> estudaram um estudo de coorte prospectivo de 100 pacientes diagnosticados com STT pelos crit&#233;rios de Mayo. Desses, sete pacientes (7%) apresentaram recidiva e um apresentou quatro epis&#243;dios recorrentes. As recorr&#234;ncias ocorreram entre 99 e 679 dias ap&#243;s o primeiro epis&#243;dio. Todas as recidivas ocorreram dentro de dois anos ap&#243;s o primeiro epis&#243;dio, sendo mais frequentes no primeiro ano. Em quatro dos sete pacientes que apresentaram recorr&#234;ncias (57%), os eventos iniciais e subsequentes foram desencadeados por estresse emocional. Quatro dos sete pacientes que tiveram recorr&#234;ncias j&#225; estavam usando um BB no segundo epis&#243;dio.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos selecionados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Refer&#234;ncia</th>
                <th align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</th>
                <th align="center">N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado</th>
                <th align="center">Taxa de recorr&#234;ncia(recorr&#234;ncia N/N total)</th>
                <th align="center">Dados analisados com poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Looi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes internados no Middlemore Hospital, Auckland City Hospital e North Shore Hospital, Auckland, Nova Zel&#226;ndia.</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">7% (7/100)</td>
                <td align="center">- Tempo entre manifesta&#231;&#245;es: as recidivas ocorreram de 99 a 679 dias ap&#243;s o primeiro epis&#243;dio, sendo mais frequentes no primeiro ano.<break/>- Fator desencadeante: 57% dos pacientes com recidiva apresentaram estresse emocional como gatilho.<break/>- Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas: a recorr&#234;ncia nos pacientes com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST n&#227;o foi maior quando comparada aos pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (7,4 e 6,3%, respectivamente); p = 1,00.<break/>- Medica&#231;&#245;es em uso: 4 (57%) dos pacientes usaram BB na recorr&#234;ncia.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Templin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes obtidos atrav&#233;s do banco de dados da Cl&#237;nica Mayo. Pacientes com SCA de Zurique Registro de S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda.</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">3,26% (57/1750)</td>
                <td align="center">- Tempo entre manifesta&#231;&#245;es: a recorr&#234;ncia ocorreu de 25 dias a 9,2 anos ap&#243;s o primeiro epis&#243;dio.<break/>- Medica&#231;&#245;es em uso: 29 pacientes (50,8%) usaram BB durante o segundo epis&#243;dio.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Patel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes obtidos atrav&#233;s do banco de dados da Cl&#237;nica Mayo.</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,05 para homens <italic>versus</italic> mulheres p &lt; 0,25 para compara&#231;&#227;o com mulheres &#8805; 50 anos de idade (devido a compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas)</td>
                <td align="center">3,13% (7/224)</td>
                <td align="center">- Sexo: n&#227;o houve recidivas em homens e todas as 7 recidivas foram em mulheres (14,8%)<break/>- Idade: a recorr&#234;ncia em mulheres com idade &lt; 50 anos foi mais prevalente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; recorr&#234;ncia em mulheres com idade &#8805; 50 anos (16 e 3%, respectivamente; p = 0,017).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elesber et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes diagnosticados com STT submetidos ao banco de dados do centro de cateterismo da Cl&#237;nica Mayo.</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">11,4% (10/100)</td>
                <td align="center">- Tempo entre manifesta&#231;&#245;es: 4,4 &#177; 4,6 anos em m&#233;dia entre os epis&#243;dios, com maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia nos primeiros 4 anos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos anos subsequentes (2,9 e 1,3% ao ano, respectivamente).<break/>- Medica&#231;&#245;es em uso: recorr&#234;ncia em pacientes em uso X sem uso de: aspirina (60x67%), p = 0,67; IECA/BRA (60x51%), p = 0,59; BB (80x52%), p = 0,10; Estatinas (40x33%), p = 0,67.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vriz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes no Hospital Comunit&#225;rio de San Antonio (San Daniele del Friuli, Udine, It&#225;lia).</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">21,7% (5/23)</td>
                <td align="center">- Idade: mais frequente em pacientes idosos.<break/>- Tempo entre manifesta&#231;&#245;es: a recorr&#234;ncia ocorreu em m&#233;dia 105,4 &#177; 82,92 dias ap&#243;s o primeiro epis&#243;dio, sendo mais frequente nos primeiros 3 meses.<break/>- Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas: recorr&#234;ncia mais frequente em pacientes com menor FEVE, PAS mais baixa e pico de troponina mais alto.<break/>- Medica&#231;&#245;es em uso: a terapia com BB n&#227;o impediu a recorr&#234;ncia.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nishida et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes do banco de dados do Registro BOREAS.</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">2,8% (7/251)</td>
                <td align="center">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas: IMC baixo, hipercontratilidade ventricular m&#233;dia e comprometimento ventricular direito foram associados a uma maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia da STT (p = 0,048, 0,01 e 0,06, respectivamente). As HRs de recorr&#234;ncia para IMC (por aumento de 1 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>) e OMV foram 0,75 (IC 95% 0,54-0,99) e 14,71 (IC 95% 1,87-304,66), respectivamente.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>BB: betabloqueador; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; TTS: s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HR: taxas de risco; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OMV: obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Templin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> apresentaram um estudo caso-controle com 1.750 pacientes com STT, segundo os crit&#233;rios de Mayo. Desses, 455 pacientes foram pareados por idade e sexo com pacientes diagnosticados com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e que tiveram seus dados obtidos no Registro de S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda de Zurique. Durante um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 17 anos, 57 pacientes com STT tiveram recorr&#234;ncias, representando uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de 1,8% por paciente-ano. O segundo epis&#243;dio ocorreu de 25 dias a 9,2 anos ap&#243;s o primeiro. Um total de 29 dos 57 pacientes com recorr&#234;ncias (50,8%) estavam em terapia com BB no momento do epis&#243;dio recorrente.</p>
        <p>No estudo de coorte retrospectivo de Patel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> 224 pacientes diagnosticados com STT tiveram seus dados obtidos no banco de dados da Cl&#237;nica Mayo por um per&#237;odo de 10 anos. Apenas 7 epis&#243;dios recorrentes foram documentados. Nenhum dos homens teve recorr&#234;ncia do STT. Durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 3,5 anos, 2 mulheres com menos de 50 anos (16%) e 5 mulheres com 50 anos ou mais (3%) desenvolveram recorr&#234;ncia do STT (p = 0,017).</p>
        <p>Elesber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> estudaram uma coorte retrospectiva e analisaram dados de 100 pacientes diagnosticados com STT ao longo de um per&#237;odo de 16 anos e 11 meses. A taxa de recorr&#234;ncia foi de 11,4% em um tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 4,4 &#177; 4,6 anos, sendo maior nos primeiros 4 anos (2,9% ao ano) e diminuindo para cerca de 1,3% ao ano no tempo subsequente do segmento. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes com ou sem recidiva em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de: aspirina (60 <italic>versus</italic> 67%; p = 0,67); inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (IECA)/bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II (BRA) (60 <italic>versus</italic> 51%; p = 0,59); BB (80<italic>versus</italic>52%; p = 0,10); ou estatinas (40 <italic>versus</italic> 33%; p = 0,67).</p>
        <p>Em outro estudo prospectivo de coorte,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> 23 pacientes submetidos a angiografia coronariana foram diagnosticados com STT de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Mayo, por um per&#237;odo de 7 anos e 11 meses. Cinco pacientes (21,7%) desenvolveram STT recorrente e um paciente apresentou 2 epis&#243;dios recorrentes. O tempo m&#233;dio para um epis&#243;dio recorrente foi de 105,4 &#177; 83 dias, e a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia foi maior nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses. Comparados com pacientes sem recorr&#234;ncia, aqueles com epis&#243;dio recorrente eram mais velhos (71,4 <italic>versus</italic> 65,7 anos), apresentavam menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (36,5 <italic>versus</italic> 44,2%), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica mais alta (139 <italic>versus</italic> 128,4 mmHg) e n&#237;veis mais altos de troponina (8,1<italic>versus</italic> 2,5 &#181;g/ml). Tr&#234;s dos cinco pacientes que apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia estavam sob uso de BB.</p>
        <p>Nishida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> apresentaram um estudo caso-controle. Foram analisados dados de 251 pacientes que compuseram o Registro BOREAS (com 15 pa&#237;ses participantes) de junho de 1999 a mar&#231;o de 2012. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, aqueles com bal&#227;o apical (tipo A), apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica de STT e aqueles com bal&#227;o n&#227;o apical (tipo n&#227;o A), que inclu&#237;ram todas as outras formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome. Durante um seguimento de 2,6 &#177; 2,8 anos, a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia foi de 2,8% (7/251), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos A e n&#227;o-A (2,8 e 2,9%, respectivamente). Na an&#225;lise univariada, o baixo &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) (p = 0,048), ventricular m&#233;dio (p = 0,01) e o comprometimento concomitante do ventr&#237;culo direito (p = 0,06) foram associados &#224; recorr&#234;ncia do STT. Somente o IMC (raz&#227;o de risco [HR] 0,75; intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95% 0,54-0,99; p = 0,048) e obstru&#231;&#227;o do meio do ventr&#237;culo (HR 14,71; IC 95% 1,87-304,66; p = 0,01) permaneceram significativamente associados &#224; recorr&#234;ncia do STT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A taxa de recorr&#234;ncia da STT &#233; vari&#225;vel na literatura e os fatores associados a ela tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram claramente definidos. Essa afirma&#231;&#227;o ficou clara quando, recentemente, aquela paciente de 62 anos de idade, com hist&#243;rico de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o para parada card&#237;aca um ano antes, durante uma cirurgia eletiva e com diagn&#243;stico de STT, e que teve recuperada a fun&#231;&#227;o para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal (VE), agora, 1 ano ap&#243;s o epis&#243;dio, foi ao consult&#243;rio de um dos autores solicitando uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular para outra cirurgia pl&#225;stica eletiva.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s cuidadosa sele&#231;&#227;o, foram analisados os dados dos seis estudos, nos quais foram considerados fatores com poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o com a recorr&#234;ncia da STT. O sexo feminino era mais propenso a recidivas. A proximidade ao primeiro epis&#243;dio da s&#237;ndrome foi um fator descrito por alguns autores como predisponente a uma maior chance de recidiva. Baixo IMC e hipercontratilidade ventricular m&#233;dia tamb&#233;m foram relatados como predisponentes &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da STT. O uso de BB ou outros medicamentos para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) n&#227;o foi comprovado na redu&#231;&#227;o da chance de recorr&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Alguns autores podem entender que novos epis&#243;dios de STT n&#227;o s&#227;o recorrentes, mas sim um espectro cl&#237;nico da doen&#231;a. De acordo com consenso e declara&#231;&#245;es internacionais, o termo recorr&#234;ncia foi utilizado aqui pois, ap&#243;s o primeiro epis&#243;dio, os pacientes recuperam sua fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular global e segmentar, recorrendo &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o no epis&#243;dio subsequente.</p>
        <p>Apenas um estudo desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> analisou o sexo como uma vari&#225;vel de recorr&#234;ncia, sem recorr&#234;ncia nos homens e uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia nas mulheres de 14,8%. Em todos os outros estudos selecionados, como no restante da literatura,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> se n&#227;o em todos, a maioria dos pacientes que apresentaram recidiva eram mulheres. Embora haja relatos de recorr&#234;ncia em homens,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> eles s&#227;o extremamente raros. Esses dados sugerem fortemente que o sexo feminino &#233; um fator predisponente &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da STT.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, Patel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> encontraram maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia entre mulheres com menos de 50 anos, quando comparadas &#224;s mulheres com 50 anos ou mais (16<italic>versus</italic> 3%, respectivamente; p = 0,017). Isso sugere que as mulheres mais jovens tendem a ter recorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome com mais frequ&#234;ncia. No entanto, neste estudo, mulheres com menos de 50 anos apresentaram maior &#237;ndice de dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos, deixando em d&#250;vida se o maior &#237;ndice de recorr&#234;ncia da STT foi devido &#224; menor idade ou &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o com dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos. Vriz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> relataram maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia em pacientes idosos - pacientes com recidiva tinham idade m&#233;dia de 71,4 anos, enquanto aqueles com apenas um epis&#243;dio tinham idade m&#233;dia de 65,7 anos. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com meta-an&#225;lise, composta por 31 estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> encontrou uma idade m&#233;dia de 65,5 anos entre os pacientes que apresentaram recidiva, a maioria mulheres. Esses dados mostram a diverg&#234;ncia entre diferentes estudos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; faixa et&#225;ria que estaria mais predisposta a um epis&#243;dio de recorr&#234;ncia da STT. Coortes com amostras maiores, abrangendo faixas et&#225;rias maiores, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para melhor esclarecer essa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Quatro estudos desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica relataram o tempo entre o primeiro e o segundo epis&#243;dio. Epis&#243;dios de recorr&#234;ncia foram relatados por cerca de 22 dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> at&#233; pouco mais de nove anos ap&#243;s o primeiro epis&#243;dio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Embora exista um relato de recorr&#234;ncia at&#233; dez anos ap&#243;s o epis&#243;dio inicial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> casos como esse s&#227;o extremamente raros. Looi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> observaram que a recidiva foi mais frequente no primeiro ano ap&#243;s o epis&#243;dio inicial. Elesber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> apresentaram maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia anual nos quatro primeiros anos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos anos subsequentes (2,9 <italic>versus</italic> 1,3% ao ano, respectivamente). Vriz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> relataram em seu estudo uma maior recorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o primeiro epis&#243;dio. Outro estudo, publicado em 2017,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> relatou recorr&#234;ncia da STT em cinco pacientes, com o segundo epis&#243;dio ocorrendo em m&#233;dia em 2,1 anos. Todos esses dados corroboram a ideia de que a probabilidade de recorr&#234;ncia da STT diminui com o tempo, sendo mais prov&#225;vel nos primeiros meses ap&#243;s o primeiro epis&#243;dio, e h&#225; uma diminui&#231;&#227;o gradual nas chances de um segundo epis&#243;dio ao longo dos anos, reduzindo significativamente ap&#243;s quatro anos.</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, o &#250;nico estudo identificado nesta revis&#227;o que abordou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre recorr&#234;ncia da STT e IMC foi o de Nishida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Neste estudo, o baixo IMC foi um fator de risco para recorr&#234;ncia da STT. Quanto maior o IMC do indiv&#237;duo, menores as chances de recidiva, com uma HR de 0,75 (para cada aumento de 1kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Uma explica&#231;&#227;o clara para essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel, mas estudos recentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> sugeriram que a resposta hemodin&#226;mica ao estresse mental &#233; mais intensa em pessoas com menor IMC, enquanto a atividade basal do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico desses indiv&#237;duos &#233; menor do que nos indiv&#237;duos com maior IMC. Assim, pode-se sugerir que a maior sensibilidade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico em pessoas com menor IMC reduziria seu limiar a um estresse emocional, desencadeando uma potencial STT.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes que apresentaram STT, Looi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> descreveram uma taxa absoluta mais alta de recidiva nos pacientes que apresentavam eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no ECG quando comparados aos pacientes que n&#227;o o apresentaram, com uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de 7,4 <italic>versus</italic> 6,3%, respectivamente; n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, p = 1,00. Outro estudo de Dib et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> relatou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na taxa de recorr&#234;ncia em 5 anos relacionada &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o do ECG, 13% naqueles que apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, 5% naqueles que apresentaram invers&#227;o da onda T e 17% naqueles com altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas no segmento ST e onda T (p = 0,25). Tais dados n&#227;o sugerem que uma altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica espec&#237;fica altere o progn&#243;stico das pessoas afetadas pela STT em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua recorr&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>O estudo de Nishida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> mostrou inicialmente uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre envolvimento biventricular e recorr&#234;ncia, mas nenhuma signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi alcan&#231;ada nesta an&#225;lise, p=0,06. Outro estudo, de Kagiyama et al.<sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> tamb&#233;m analisou essa rela&#231;&#227;o com o padr&#227;o morfol&#243;gico da s&#237;ndrome manifestada pelos pacientes, sendo a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia em pacientes com envolvimento biventricular maior quando comparada &#224;quelas com morfologia cl&#225;ssica, ou seja, 4,8 e 0%, respectivamente. Nishida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> observaram maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia em pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o ventricular m&#233;dia, o que corresponde &#224; hipercontratilidade do ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, ocorrida em pacientes com bal&#227;o apical, provavelmente como mecanismo compensat&#243;rio. N&#227;o foram encontrados mais estudos para avaliar essa rela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Quatro estudos desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica analisaram o uso de BB como um poss&#237;vel m&#233;todo para prevenir a recorr&#234;ncia da STT. No estudo de Looi et al<italic>.,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> quatro (57%) dos pacientes estavam em uso de BB na recorr&#234;ncia; Templin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> relataram que 29 pacientes (50,8%) estavam em uso de BB durante o segundo epis&#243;dio; no estudo de Vriz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> a terapia com BB n&#227;o impediu a recorr&#234;ncia; Elesber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> mostraram uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de 80% entre os pacientes em uso de BB e 52% nos pacientes que n&#227;o usavam esse tipo de medicamento, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,10). Juntos, esses dados sugerem que a terapia com BB n&#227;o est&#225; associada &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios de recorr&#234;ncia do STT. Elesber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> tamb&#233;m compararam a recorr&#234;ncia entre pacientes em e sem uso de aspirina, IECA/BRA e estatinas. Em seu estudo, os pacientes em uso de aspirina apresentaram uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de 60%, enquanto aqueles que n&#227;o usaram este medicamento apresentaram uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de 67%, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,67). A taxa de recorr&#234;ncia entre os pacientes que usaram e os que n&#227;o usaram IECA/BRA foi de 60 e 51%, respectivamente (p = 0,59). Dos pacientes que apresentaram recidiva, 40% usaram estatinas e 33% n&#227;o, nem houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,67). Diante do exposto, nenhum dos estudos desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sugeriu terapia medicamentosa espec&#237;fica para prevenir a recorr&#234;ncia da STT. Em v&#225;rios estudos, o uso de BB n&#227;o mostrou efic&#225;cia na preven&#231;&#227;o da STT. Esse medicamento tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se mostrou &#250;til para esse fim em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com meta-an&#225;lise de 31 estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, esse mesmo estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o uso de inibidores da ECA ou BRA e a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia, ou seja, o uso desses medicamentos diminuiu as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia, diferentes das encontradas por Elesber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Coortes segmentares de longo prazo com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com STT e que fizeram uso de IECA/BRA s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para esclarecer melhor essa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O maior estudo desta revis&#227;o foi o de Templin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Este foi um estudo de caso-controle com 1.750 pacientes com STT de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Mayo e 57 casos de recorr&#234;ncia foram encontrados em longo prazo. Os autores tiveram como objetivo avaliar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, preditores progn&#243;sticos, evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e resultados da STT em uma ampla popula&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, como eles n&#227;o se concentraram especificamente nos preditores de recorr&#234;ncia, o artigo n&#227;o traz informa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas sobre esse subgrupo, al&#233;m do uso de BB.</p>
        <p>Este artigo atualiza e complementa a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de Singh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Alguns dados podem ser confirmados nessa oportunidade, como a associa&#231;&#227;o entre sexo feminino e maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia e a n&#227;o efic&#225;cia dos BB na preven&#231;&#227;o de um segundo epis&#243;dio. Outras vari&#225;veis, ainda n&#227;o abordadas por Singh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> podem estar associadas a uma maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia nessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, como menor tempo ap&#243;s o primeiro epis&#243;dio, baixo IMC e hipercontratilidade no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do VE. Neste estudo, o STROBE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> foi utilizado para avaliar e selecionar os estudos encontrados, enquanto Singh et al. utilizaram o &#8220;<italic>Quality of Reporting of Observational Longitudinal Research</italic>&#8221;,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e um foco especial foi dado &#224; taxa de recorr&#234;ncia da STT, selecionando artigos que relatassem um m&#237;nimo de 3% da taxa de recorr&#234;ncia, o que pode ter transformado essa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica em uma tarefa mais espec&#237;fica.</p>
        <p>Dada a experi&#234;ncia local dos autores, foi observada preval&#234;ncia da STT de 3,2% em pacientes inicialmente suspeitos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e n&#227;o houve recidivas na mediana do acompanhamento ambulatorial de 1 ano.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram encontrados dados sobre o risco de recorr&#234;ncia quando submetidos ao mesmo fator de estresse. Se uma segunda exposi&#231;&#227;o ao mesmo estressor deve ser evitada ou n&#227;o pode ser um assunto de interesse para estudos futuros.</p>
        <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es desta revis&#227;o, como as dos estudos selecionados, est&#227;o: o fato de alguns estudos terem sido realizados em uma &#250;nica popula&#231;&#227;o sem valida&#231;&#227;o externa; a falta de mais detalhes cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes que apresentaram recidiva (a maioria dos artigos n&#227;o traz dados dos pacientes que se repetiram individualmente, portanto, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel analisar os dados combinados dos pacientes individualmente); al&#233;m da escassez de estudos relacionados ao tema, embora esse fator n&#227;o tenha impedido a realiza&#231;&#227;o desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Uma metodologia s&#243;lida, com um alto ponto de corte no STROBE e o uso do modelo PRISMA forneceram uma base s&#243;lida para a constru&#231;&#227;o consistente desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Considerando o exposto acima, sexo feminino, menor IMC, hipercontratilidade do ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do VE e menor tempo ap&#243;s o primeiro epis&#243;dio foram associados a maior chance de recidiva. A idade e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica do paciente, relacionadas &#224; manifesta&#231;&#227;o de um segundo epis&#243;dio da STT, merecem ser melhor investigadas por estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es maiores.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
