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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7JVGvVwsQKs8b79ksh7rqSp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300469</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2020005002205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190091</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Discordance of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholestrol and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholestrol and Coronary Artery Disease Severity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2067-7492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kurmus</surname>
            <given-names>Ozge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Erkan</surname>
            <given-names>Aycan Fahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ekici</surname>
            <given-names>Berkay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aslan</surname>
            <given-names>Turgay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5511-3550</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eren</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ufuk University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Ankara</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine - Cardiology, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Murat Eren</bold>, Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology, Dr. R&#305;dvan Ege Training and Research Hospital, Balgat 86-88, Ankara 06520 - Turkey. E-mail: <email>mrteren@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kurmus O, Erkan AF, Ekici B, Eren M; Acquisition of data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Kurmus O, Aslan T, Eren M; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kurmus O, Erkan AF, Ekici B, Aslan T, Eren M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>469</fpage>
      <lpage>475</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>A sizeable proportion of patients have discordant low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We assessed the relationship between discordance of LDL-C and non-HDL-C and coronary artery disease (CAD) severity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We retrospectively evaluated the data of 574 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography. Fasting serum lipid profiles were recorded, SYNTAX and Gensini scores were calculated to establish CAD complexity and severity. We determined the medians for LDL-C and non-HDL-C to examine the discordance between LDL-C and non-HDL-C. Discordance was defined as LDL-C greater than or equal to the median and non-HDL-C less than median; or LDL-C less than median and non-HDL-C greater than or equal to median. A p value &lt; 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>LDL-C levels were strongly and positively correlated with non-HDL-C levels (r = 0.865, p &lt; 0.001) but 15% of patients had discordance between LDL-C and non-HDL-C. The percentage of patients with a Gensini score of zero or SYNTAX score of zero did not differ between discordant or concordant groups (p = 0.837, p = 0.821, respectively). Mean Gensini and SYNTAX scores, percentage of patients with Gensini score &#8805;20 and SYNTAX score &gt;22 were not different from group to group (p = 0.635, p = 0.733, p = 0.799, p = 0.891, respectively). Also, there was no statistically significant correlation between LDL-C and Gensini or SYNTAX scores in any of the discordant or concordant groups. Additionally, no correlation was found between non-HDL-C and Gensini or SYNTAX score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>While there was discordance between LDL-C and non-HDL-C (15% of patients), there is no difference regarding CAD severity and complexity between discordant and concordant groups.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins, LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins, HDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Discordance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Low-density lipoprotein-cholestrol (LDL-C) is a risk factor for both new-onset coronary heart disease and recurrent coronary events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The main target of lipid-lowering therapy is to prevent atherosclerotic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> However, despite the achivement of low levels of LDL-C with treatment or having basal low levels of LDL without treatment, some patients still experience adverse events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Non-high-density lipoprotein cholestrol (non-HDL-C) contains cholestrol in all potential atherogenic lipid particles including LDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Some studies suggest that non-HDL-C is a better predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality than LDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The recommendation is to reduce non-HDL-C as a secondary lipid-lowering target.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> But not all patients have concordant LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels. Studies have shown that a sizeable proportion of patients presents low LDL-C and high non-HDL-C or high LDL-C and low non-HDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is not yet clear whether the discordance between LDL-C and non-HDL-C predicts severity and prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Therefore, we detected the discordance of LDL-C and non-HDL-C, and assessed the relationship between this discordance and CAD severity in patients who had undergone coronary angiography.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Population</title>
        <p>This retrospective study assessed the data of 892 patients who had undergone coronary angiography between January 2017 and June 2018 in our angiography laboratory because of suspected stable coronary artery disease. Among these, 318 patients were excluded; 3 had incomplete data, 8 had missing values for any lipid measurements, 6 had systemic inflammatory disease, renal or hepatic failure, hypo/hyperthyrodism or malignancy, and 301 had previous history of coronary revascularization. Finally, we included the data of 574 patients in our analysis. The clinical parameters assessed were age, gender and coronary risk factors. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg and/or current medication with antihypertensive drugs. Patients were defined as diabetic if they had been informed of this diagnosis prior to the study and had been using oral antidiabetic drugs or insulin treatment upon study admission. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by the squared height in meters (kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiographic Evaluation</title>
        <p>Baseline diagnostic angiograms of the patients were assessed independently by two experienced interventional cardiologists who were blinded to patients' lipid paremeters. SYNTAX score for each patient was calculated by scoring all coronary lesions producing &#8805; 50% diameter stenosis in vessels &#8805; 1.5 mm using the SYNTAX score algorithm, which was available on the SYNTAX website. Gensini score was calculated by assigning a severity score to each coronary narrowing on the basis of the degree of luminal stenosis and its location.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Decreases in luminal diameter of 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, 99%, and total occlusion were given scores of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32, respectively. The score was then multiplied by a factor symbolizing the functional significance of the myocardial area supplied by that segment, that is, 5 for the left main artery, 2.5 for the proximal left anterior descending artery or proximal circumflex artery, 1.5 for the mid left anterior descending artery, 1 for the distal left anterior descending artery, right coronary artery and obtuse marginal artery, and 0.5 for all other areas. In cases of disagreement regarding SYNTAX or Gensini scores, an additional observer was consulted and the final decision was made by consensus. A low SYNTAX score was defined as &#8804; 22, while intermediate and high SYNTAX scores were set as &gt; 22.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Patients with Gensini score of &#8805;20 were defined as severe CAD, which was approximately equal to having a 70% or more stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory Measurements</title>
        <p>Lipid measurements were performed on fasting blood samples taken before the angiography. Plasma concentrations of total cholestrol, LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides were measured with a Clinical Biochemistry Analyzer (Abbott Architect c 8000). The enzymatic colorimetric method was used for quantitative determination of total cholestrol. The endpoint colorimetric method was used for quantitative determination of HDL-C. LDL-C was measured by quantitative colorimetric method. The glycerol phosphate oxidase method was used for quantitative determination of triglycerides level. Non-HDL-C was calculated as total cholestrol minus HDL-C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were defined as numbers and percentages. The distribution of continuous variables was considered as normal or not based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Unless specified otherwise, continuous data were described as mean &#177; standard deviation for normal distributions, and median (interquartile range) for skewed distributions. First, we determined the medians for LDL-C and non-HDL-C to examine the discordance between them. We categorized patients into groups according to less than, greater than or equal to median levels of LDL-C and non-HDL-C. As there is no standard cutoff point for discordance, we chose the median to define discordance and to make it easier to apply to our study population. Discordance was defined as LDL-C greater than or equal to the median, and non-HDL-C as less than median; or LDL-C less than median and non-HDL-C greater than or equal to median. Concordant groups were defined as both LDL-C and non-HDL-C greater than or equal to median, or both LDL-C and non-HDL-C less than median. Differences between baseline characteristics of patients across these categories were analyzed with the chi-square test for comparing categorical variables and the One-way ANOVA for comparing means of continuous measures. The LSD test was used for binary comparisons. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation between continuous variables, including LDL-C, non-HDL-C, Gensini and SYNTAX scores in the sample. Spearman's correlation was used to examine correlations between these parameters in concordant and discordant groups. Data analyses were performed on SPSS for Windows, version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). A p value &lt; 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The mean age of the study population was 61.1 &#177; 11.4 years, and 57.5% of the 574 patients were males. Baseline characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Nearly 50% of the patients had hypertension, 30% had diabetes mellitus, 32% had past smoking history, and one third of the patients were on statin treatment. Mean LDL-C was 117.4 &#177; 38.3 mg/dl and non-HDL-C was 156.7 &#177; 46.8 mg/dl. Mean difference between non-HDL-C and LDL-C was 39.2&#177;23.6 mg/dl. Patients with high difference between non-HDL-C and LDL-C were more commonly females, receiving less statin therapy and having more diabetes mellitus and high triglycerides levels. Mean Gensini score was 25.3 &#177; 39.6, and the median was 12 (0-191); mean SYNTAX score was 7.1 &#177; 11.2, and the median was 4 (0-53).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="70%"/>
            <col width="30%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2">Characteristics </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender (%) </td>
              <td align="center">57.5 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age in years (mean &#177; standart deviation) </td>
              <td align="center">61.1 &#177; 11.4 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (%) </td>
              <td align="center">32.1 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%) </td>
              <td align="center">49.6 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (%) </td>
              <td align="center">30.1 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m2) (mean &#177; standart deviation) </td>
              <td align="center">28.8 &#177; 4.1 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin usage at admission (%) </td>
              <td align="center">33.3 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Biochemical analysis (mean &#177; standart deviation)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dl) </td>
              <td align="center">198.5 &#177; 49.1 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dl) </td>
              <td align="center">117.4 &#177; 38.2 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl) </td>
              <td align="center">41.8 &#177; 11.3 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglyceride (mg/dl) </td>
              <td align="center">163.2 &#177; 84.2 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-HDL-C (mg/dl) </td>
              <td align="center">156.7 &#177; 46.8 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting glucose (mg/dl) </td>
              <td align="center">114.6 &#177; 40.9 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dl) </td>
              <td align="center">0.95 &#177; 0.48 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CAD severity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean Gensini score </td>
              <td align="center">25.3 &#177; 39.6 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median Gensini score (interquartile range) </td>
              <td align="center">12 (31.1) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean SYNTAX score </td>
              <td align="center">7.1&#177;10.2 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median SYNTAX score (interquartile range) </td>
              <td align="center">4 (11.0) </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Non-HDL-C: non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>LDL-C levels were strongly and positively correlated with non-HDL-C levels (r = 0.865, p &lt; 0.001), but there was discordance between them. Discordance of LDL and non-HDL-C was found in 15% of patients. The magnitude of discordance and distribution of LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels according to medians are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. Non-HDL-C was correlated with triglyceride (TG) (r = 0.431, p &lt; 0.001). Gensini score was highly correlated with SYNTAX score (r = 0.927, p &lt; 0.001). Neither Gensini nor SYNTAX were correlated with LDL-C (p = 0.9 and p = 0.9, respectively). Also, both scores were not correlated with non-HDL-C (p = 0.4 and p = 0.4, respectively).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scatterplots and prevalence of discordance and concordance defined according to median values of LDL-C and non-HDL-C. LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Non-HDL-C: non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0469-90091-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>To further evaluate the characteristics of patients with discordance and concordance of LDL-C and non-HDL-C, we classified patients into 4 subgroups. Group 1: LDL-C &lt; median and non-HDL-C &lt;median, group 2: LDL-C &lt;median and non-HDL-C &#8805; median, group 3: LDL-C &#8805;median and non-HDL-C &lt; median, group 4: LDL-C &#8805; median and non-HDL-C &#8805; median. Groups 2 and 3 were discordant groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of patients with concordant and discordant LDL-C and non-HDL-C</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">LDL-C &lt; median<break/>non-HDL-C &lt; median<break/>n = 245 (group 1)</th>
              <th align="center">LDL-C &lt; median<break/>non-HDL-C &#8805; median<break/>n = 43 (group 2)</th>
              <th align="center">LDL-C &#8805; median<break/>Non-HDL-C &lt; median<break/>n = 43 (group 3)</th>
              <th align="center">LDL-C &#8805; median<break/>Non-HDL-C &#8805; median<break/>n = 243 (group 4)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">62.0 &#177; 12.5</td>
              <td align="center">58.6 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center">61.4 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td align="center">60.7 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.266</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender (%) </td>
              <td align="center">35.9</td>
              <td align="center">41.9</td>
              <td align="center">44.2</td>
              <td align="center">49.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.036</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
              <td align="center">34.3</td>
              <td align="center">30.2</td>
              <td align="center">30.2</td>
              <td align="center">30.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.818</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">50.6</td>
              <td align="center">53.5</td>
              <td align="center">41.9</td>
              <td align="center">49.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.704</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">34.7</td>
              <td align="center">46.5</td>
              <td align="center">20.9</td>
              <td align="center">24.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Receiving statin (%)</td>
              <td align="center">45.3</td>
              <td align="center">18.6</td>
              <td align="center">30.2</td>
              <td align="center">24.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">29.1 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">29.1 &#177; 3.0</td>
              <td align="center">29.0 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.501</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">156.4 &#177; 27.2</td>
              <td align="center">208.2 &#177; 20.4</td>
              <td align="center">190.1 &#177; 16.8</td>
              <td align="center">240.7 &#177; 35.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>a,b,c,d,e,f</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">84.2 &#177; 18.9</td>
              <td align="center">103.0 &#177; 11.3</td>
              <td align="center">126.6 &#177; 8.5</td>
              <td align="center">151.8 &#177; 26.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>a,b,c,d,e,f</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">40.1 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center">36.1 &#177; 9.5</td>
              <td align="center">46.6 &#177; 13.4</td>
              <td align="center">43.7 &#177; 10.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>a,b,c,d,e, f</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">116.4 &#177; 23.4</td>
              <td align="center">172.1 &#177; 19.2</td>
              <td align="center">143.4 &#177; 13.1</td>
              <td align="center">197.0 &#177; 34.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>a,b,c,d,e,f</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglyceride (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">132.0 &#177; 81.6</td>
              <td align="center">256.1 &#177; 118.3</td>
              <td align="center">127.8 &#177; 60.4</td>
              <td align="center">184.5 &#177; 96.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>a,,c,d,e,f</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting glucose (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">121.1 &#177; 50.4</td>
              <td align="center">119.4 &#177; 40.4</td>
              <td align="center">107.4 &#177; 20.9</td>
              <td align="center">108.5 &#177; 30.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.003<sup>b,c</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean Gensini score</td>
              <td align="center">24.7 &#177; 38.1</td>
              <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 36.4</td>
              <td align="center">18.7 &#177; 28.1</td>
              <td align="center">26.5 &#177; 40.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.635</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean SYNTAX score</td>
              <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 11.2</td>
              <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 11.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.4 &#177; 9.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.733</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gensini score = 0 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">24.9</td>
              <td align="center">30.2</td>
              <td align="center">23.3</td>
              <td align="center">23.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.837</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SYNTAX score = 0 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">55.1</td>
              <td align="center">60.5</td>
              <td align="center">58.1</td>
              <td align="center">54.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.821</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gensini score &#8805; 20 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">34.7</td>
              <td align="center">27.9</td>
              <td align="center">30.2</td>
              <td align="center">34.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.799</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SYNTAX score &gt; 22 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13.5</td>
              <td align="center">9.3</td>
              <td align="center">11.6</td>
              <td align="center">12.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.891</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Data are expressed as percentage for categorical variables; chi-square test was used. Data are expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation for continuous variables; one-way ANOVA was used; Statistically significant p-values are in bold. LSD test was performed for binary comparisons between groups and the p-value was set at 0.05. Significant differences were found between a) group I vs group II, b) group I vs group III, c) group I vs group IV, d) group II vs group III, e) group II vs group IV, f) group III vs group IV. LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Non-HDL-C: non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: Body Mass Index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The variables age, BMI, smoking history, and percentage of patients with hypertension were not different between groups. The percentages of patients with diabetes mellitus and of patients receiving statin treatment were significantly different between groups (p = 0.004 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively). Patients in Group 2 (LDL-C &lt; median and non-HDL-C &#8805; median) had the highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus and the lowest percentage of current statin treatment. The percentage of patients on statin treatment was the highest in Group 1 (LDL-C &lt; median and non-HDL-C &lt; median). Gender was significantly different from group to group (p = 0.036). Group 1 had the lowest percentage of females (LDL-C &lt; median and non-HDL-C &lt; median), while Group 4 had the highest (LDL-C &#8805;median and non-HDL-C &#8805; median). Total cholesterol and LDL-C were present in high proportions in the groups with LDL-C &#8805;median and non-HDL-C &#8805; median, but triglycerides was the highest in the group with LDL-C &lt; median and non-HDL-C &#8805; median (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively).</p>
      <p>The percentage of patients with Gensini or SYNTAX score of zero did not differ between groups (p = 0.837 and p = 0.821, respectively). Mean Gensini and SYNTAX scores, percentage of patients with Gensini score &#8805; 20 and SYNTAX score &gt; 22 were also not different between groups (p = 0.635, p = 0.733, p = 0.799 and p = 0.891, respectively). There was also no statistically significant correlation between LDL-C and Gensini or SYNTAX scores in any of the 4 subgroups. Additionally, no correlation was found between non-HDL-C and Gensini or SYNTAX scores in subgroups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation of LDL-C, non-HDL-C, Gensini and SYNTAX scores with Spearman's rho and p-value</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">LDL-C &lt; median<break/>Non-HDL-C &lt; median<break/>n = 245 (group 1)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">LDL-C &lt; median<break/>Non-HDL-C &#8805; median<break/>n = 43 (group 2)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">LDL-C &#8805; median<break/>Non-HDL-C &lt; median<break/>n = 43 (group 3)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">LDL-C &#8805; median<break/>Non-HDL-C &#8805; median<break/>n = 243 (group 4)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Gensini score</th>
              <th align="center">SYNTAX score</th>
              <th align="center">Gensini score</th>
              <th align="center">SYNTAX score</th>
              <th align="center">Gensini score</th>
              <th align="center">SYNTAX score</th>
              <th align="center">Gensini score</th>
              <th align="center">SYNTAX score</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.118</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.101</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.088</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.127</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.029</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.031</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">p = 0.064</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.115</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.577</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.910</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.418</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.853</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.635</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.972</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Non-HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.046</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.031</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.190</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.165</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.104</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.183</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.025</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">p = 0.469</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.624</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.221</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.290</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.506</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.240</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.694</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.596</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Non-HDL-C: non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, we assessed the cross-sectional association between CAD severity/complexity and discordance between LDL-C and non-HDL-C numbers. While discordance was present between LDL-C and non-HDL-C in patients submitted to coronary angiography (15% of the sample), there was no difference regarding CAD severity and complexity between discordant and concordant groups.</p>
      <p>Non-HDL-C represents the cholesterol content of all circulating atherogenic lipoproteins and it is not influenced by fasting conditions. Several studies have indicated that non-HDL-C is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk and mortality than LDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> It has been also reported that non-HDL-C was more closely associated with cardiovascular events than LDL-C in patients receiving statin therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> There are some explanations for these states. Firstly, non-HDL-C includes VLDL and LDL cholestrols, and VLDL is also atherogenic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Secondly, non-HDL-C is an indirect measure of LDL-particles (LDL-p), and LDL-related atherosclerotic risk is better determined by the LDL-p number.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Finally, non-HDL-C is correlated with the Apolipoprotein B (ApoB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> ApoB carrying lipoproteins initiate and maintain the atherosclerotic process by entering and trapping within the arterial wall, so the total number of ApoB particles is a critical determinant of cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> To calculate non-HDL-C, no additional measurement beyond the routine lipid parameters is required, so no additional expense is made, which is an advantage for non-HDL-C over apoB.</p>
      <p>LDL-p may be cholesterol-depleted or enriched. This variation causes discordance between LDL-C and non-HDL-C. The discordance rate in our study is similar to that of previous studies. In a study with 27,533 participants, prevalance of discordance was 11,6% and, in another study with 1,757 patients, it was 14.6 %.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Also in a study conducted with aproximately 1.3 million adults, a similar discordance rate (15%) was found, especially at lower LDL levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Discordance is high among subjects with high triglycerides level, lower HDL-C, dysglycemia and obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Coronary risk was found to be either underestimated or overestimated by LDL-C in individuals presenting discordance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Both LDL-C, non-HDL-C and discordance in relation to future cardiovascular events were evaluated in several studies. However, data about lipid parameters or discordance accurately predicting the severity or complexity of coronary atherosclerosis are limited and also contraversial. </p>
      <p>In a study by Budde et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> there was no relation between LDL-C and number, severity, and lenght of coronary lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Also, there was no relationship between LDL-C and coronary plaque volume, 3-vessel or left main coronary disease and severe coronary stenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In a study by Onat et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> LDL-C was not a predictor of new-onset coronary heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In two studies evaluating Gensini score and LDL-C relationship, LDL-C showed no significant difference when compared to high and low Gensini scores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> In our study, LDL-C was not correlated to Gensini or SYNTAX scores. Non-HDL-C was found to be higher in patients with a Gensini score of 50 or greater than patients with a Gensini score of less than 50.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> There was a weak correlation (r = 0.113, p &lt; 0.001) between non-HDL-C and Gensini score in a study by Zhang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In our study, the proportion of patients with high SYNTAX scores and high Gensini scores was low. Lack of association between CAD severity and non-HDL-C may have resulted from the relatively limited number of patients with severe CAD in our population.</p>
      <p>There is a limited number of studies that evaluate the effect of discordance of LDL-C and non-HDL-C on coronary atherosclerosis severity. It was found that Gensini score was overestimated among patients with LDL-C greater than or equal to the median and non-HDL-C below the median.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Shiiba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> assessed the relationship between discordance and the mid-term outcome of coronary stent implantation. It was found that 3-vessel disease or left main tract disease did not differ among discordant and concordant groups, and discordance between LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels did not predict major adverse cardiovascular events after stent implantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> We assessed CAD severity by Gensini score and complexity by SYNTAX score, and these did not differ between discordant and concordant groups in our study.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This study has several limitations. It has, for example, a retrospective design, which paves the way for the possibility of bias from unmeasured cofounders. One third of patients were using statins and the lack of association between discordance and CAD severity may have stemed from it. In addition, information about doses, species and duration of statin treatment were lacking. There is no absolute definition and standard cut-off values for the discordance of LDL-C and non-HDL-C. We used median values for our study population. Therefore, further large-scale prospective studies would be required to validate our results.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>While discordance was present between LDL-C and non-HDL-C (15% of patients), there is no difference regarding CAD severity and complexity between discordant and concordant groups. But the patients with LDL-C &lt; median and non-HDL-C &#8805; median present some high-risk features such as diabetes mellitus and higher triglyceride levels, and they may need further evaluation and close follow-up.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Discord&#226;ncia entre Colesterol LDL e N&#227;o-HDL e Gravidade da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coron&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2067-7492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kurmus</surname>
            <given-names>Ozge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Erkan</surname>
            <given-names>Aycan Fahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ekici</surname>
            <given-names>Berkay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aslan</surname>
            <given-names>Turgay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5511-3550</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eren</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Murat Eren</bold>, Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology, Dr. R&#305;dvan Ege Training and Research Hospital, Balgat 86-88, Ankara 06520 - Turquia. E-mail: <email>mrteren@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kurmus O, Erkan AF, Ekici B, Eren M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kurmus O, Aslan T, Eren M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kurmus O, Erkan AF, Ekici B, Aslan T, Eren M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Uma propor&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel de pacientes apresenta n&#237;veis discordantes de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) e de n&#227;o alta densidade (n&#227;o HDL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o da discord&#226;ncia entre colesterol LDL e n&#227;o HDL com a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Avaliamos retrospectivamente os dados de 574 pacientes submetidos consecutivamente &#224; angiografia coronariana. Foram registrados os perfis lip&#237;dicos s&#233;ricos em jejum, e depois foram calculados os escores SYNTAX e Gensini para estabelecer a complexidade e a gravidade da DAC. Determinamos as medianas para colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL para examinar a discord&#226;ncia entre ambos. Discord&#226;ncia foi definida como LDL maior ou igual &#224; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL menor que mediana; ou LDL menor que a mediana e n&#227;o-HDL maior ou igual &#224; mediana. Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL estiveram forte e positivamente correlacionados com os n&#237;veis de colesterol n&#227;o-HDL (r = 0,865, p &lt; 0,001), mas 15% dos pacientes apresentaram discord&#226;ncia entre LDL e n&#227;o-HDL. A porcentagem de pacientes com escore Gensini ou SYNTAX zero n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos discordantes ou concordantes (p = 0,837, p = 0,821, respectivamente). Escores m&#233;dios de Gensini e SYNTAX, porcentagem de pacientes com escore Gensini &#8805; 20 e SYNTAX &gt; 22 n&#227;o foram diferentes de grupo para grupo (p = 0,635, p = 0,733, p = 0,799, p = 0,891, respectivamente). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre os escores de cholesterol LDL e Gensini ou SYNTAX em nenhum dos grupos discordantes ou concordantes. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre cholesterol n&#227;o HDL e escore Gensini ou SYNTAX.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Embora tenha havido discord&#226;ncia entre colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL (15% dos pacientes), n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; gravidade e complexidade da DAC entre os grupos discordantes e concordantes. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana,/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteinas LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteinas HDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Discord&#226;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) &#233; um fator de risco tanto para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria de in&#237;cio recente como para eventos coronarianos recorrentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O principal objetivo da terapia hipolipemiante &#233; prevenir eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No entanto, apesar da obten&#231;&#227;o de baixos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL com tratamento ou baixos n&#237;veis basais de LDL sem tratamento, alguns pacientes ainda t&#234;m eventos adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A lipoprote&#237;na de n&#227;o alta densidade (n&#227;o HDL) cont&#233;m colestrol em todas as part&#237;culas lip&#237;dicas aterog&#234;nicas potenciais, incluindo LDL, lipoprote&#237;na de densidade intermedi&#225;ria e lipoprote&#237;na de densidade muito baixa (VLDL). Alguns estudos sugerem que o colesterol n&#227;o-HDL &#233; um preditor mais preciso de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares do que o LDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; reduzir o colesterol n&#227;o-HDL como meta secund&#225;ria para redu&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Mas nem todos os pacientes t&#234;m n&#237;veis concordantes de LDL e n&#227;o-HDL. Estudos demonstraram que uma propor&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel de pacientes apresenta baixo colesterol LDL e alto n&#227;o-HDL, ou alto colesterol LDL e baixo n&#227;o-HDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se a discord&#226;ncia entre os n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL prediz a gravidade e o progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Portanto, detectamos a discord&#226;ncia entre LDL e n&#227;o-HDL e avaliamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre essa discord&#226;ncia e a gravidade da DAC em pacientes submetidos a angiografia coronariana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo retrospectivo avaliou dados de 892 pacientes submetidos a angiografia coronariana entre janeiro de 2017 e junho de 2018 em nosso laborat&#243;rio de angiografia por suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel. Dentre esses, 318 foram exclu&#237;dos; 3 tinham dados incompletos, 8 apresentavam valores ausentes para qualquer medida lip&#237;dica, 6 apresentavam doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia renal ou hep&#225;tica, hipo/hipertireodismo ou malignidade e 301 tinham hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Por fim, inclu&#237;mos os dados de 574 pacientes em nossa an&#225;lise. Os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos avaliados foram idade, sexo e fatores de risco coronariano. Hipertens&#227;o foi definida como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg e/ou tratamento em andamento com medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. Os pacientes foram considerados diab&#233;ticos se tivessem recebido esse diagn&#243;stico antes do estudo e usassem medica&#231;&#227;o oral para diabetes ou fizessem tratamento com insulina no momento de admiss&#227;o no estudo. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como peso corporal em quilogramas dividido pela altura ao quadrado em metros (kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Os angiogramas diagn&#243;sticos <italic>baseline</italic> dos pacientes foram avaliados independentemente por dois cardiologistas intervencionistas experientes, cegos para os par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos dos pacientes. O escore SYNTAX para cada paciente foi calculado atrav&#233;s da pontua&#231;&#227;o de todas as les&#245;es coron&#225;rias produzindo estenose &#8805; 50% de di&#226;metro nos vasos &#8805; 1,5 mm, usando o algoritmo SYNTAX, dispon&#237;vel no site da SYNTAX. O escore Gensini foi calculado atribuindo-se um escore de gravidade a cada estreitamento coron&#225;rio com base no grau de estenose luminal e sua localiza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Redu&#231;&#245;es no di&#226;metro luminal de 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, 99% e oclus&#227;o total receberam escores 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 e 32, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>O escore foi ent&#227;o multiplicado por um fator que simbolizava o significado funcional da &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica suprida por esse segmento, ou seja, 5 para a art&#233;ria principal esquerda, 2,5 para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior proximal esquerda ou art&#233;ria circunflexa proximal, 1,5 para a art&#233;ria mediana anterior esquerda art&#233;ria descendente, 1 para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior distal esquerda, art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e art&#233;ria marginal obtusa, e 0,5 para todas as outras &#225;reas. Em caso de desacordo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos escores SYNTAX ou Gensini, um observador adicional foi consultado e a decis&#227;o final foi tomada por consenso. Escore SYNTAX baixo foi definido como &#8804; 22 e escores SYNTAX intermedi&#225;rios e altos como &gt; 22.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Pacientes com escore Gensini &#8805; 20 foram clasificados com DAC grave, equivalente a estenose de 70% ou mais na art&#233;ria descendente anterior proximal esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial</title>
          <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas foram realizadas em amostras de sangue coletadas dos pacientes em jejum antes da angiografia. As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de colestrol total, LDL, HDL e triglicer&#237;deos foram medidas por um Analisador Cl&#237;nico de Bioqu&#237;mica (Abbott Architect c 8000). O m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico foi utilizado para determina&#231;&#227;o quantitativa do colestrol total. O m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico terminal foi utilizado para determina&#231;&#227;o quantitativa do colesterol HDL. O colesterol LDL foi medido pelo m&#233;todo quantitativo colorim&#233;trico. O m&#233;todo glicerol-fosfato oxidase foi utilizado para determina&#231;&#227;o quantitativa do n&#237;vel de triglicer&#237;deos. O colesterol n&#227;o-HDL foi calculado subtraindo-se o n&#237;vel HDL do colestrol total.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros e porcentagens. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;cont&#237;nuas foi considerada normal ou n&#227;o com base no teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Salvo indica&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;ria, os dados cont&#237;nuos foram descritos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para distribui&#231;&#245;es normais e mediana (intervalo interquartil) para distribui&#231;&#245;es distorcidas. Primeiro, determinamos as medianas para colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL, para examinar a discord&#226;ncia entre elas. Categorizamos os pacientes em grupos de acordo com n&#237;veis inferiores, maiores ou iguais &#224;s medianas de colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL. Como n&#227;o h&#225; um valor de corte padr&#227;o para discord&#226;ncia, escolhemos a mediana para definir a discord&#226;ncia e facilitar a aplica&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Discord&#226;ncia foi definida como colesterol LDL maior ou igual &#224; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL menor que mediana; ou LDL menor que a mediana e n&#227;o-HDL maior ou igual &#224; mediana. Os grupos concordantes foram definidos como LDL e n&#227;o-HDL maiores ou iguais &#224; mediana, ou LDL e n&#227;o-HDL menores que a mediana.</p>
          <p>As diferen&#231;as entre as caracter&#237;sticas <italic>baseline</italic> dos pacientes nessas categorias foram analisadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e o one-way ANOVA para comparar m&#233;dias de medidas cont&#237;nuas. O teste de Fisher <italic>Least Significant Difference</italic> (LSD) foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#245;es bin&#225;rias. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi usada para examinar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, incluindo os escores de colesterol LDL, n&#227;o-HDL, Gensini e SYNTAX na amostra. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi usada para examinar as correla&#231;&#245;es desses par&#226;metros entre grupos concordantes e discordantes. A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada no software SPSS for Windows, vers&#227;o 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, Estados Unidos). Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi 61,1 &#177; 11,4 anos e 57,5% dos 574 pacientes eram do sexo masculino. As caracter&#237;sticas <italic>baseline</italic> s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. Quase 50% dos pacientes tinham hipertens&#227;o, 30% diabetes mellitus, 32% hist&#243;rico de tabagismo e um ter&#231;o dos pacientes estavam em tratamento com estatina. O n&#237;vel de colesterol LDL m&#233;dio foi de 117,4 &#177; 38,3 mg/dl e o n&#227;o-HDL foi 156,7 &#177; 46,8 mg/dl. A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre colesterol n&#227;o-HDL e LDL foi de 39,2 &#177; 23,6 mg/dl. Pacientes com grande diferen&#231;a entre os grupos n&#227;o-HDL e LDL eram do sexo feminino, estavam em terapia com estatinas em menor propor&#231;&#227;o e tinham mais diabetes mellitus e altos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos. O escore Gensini m&#233;dio foi 25,3 &#177; 39,6, e a mediana foi 12 (0-191); o escore SYNTAX m&#233;dio foi 7,1 &#177; 11,2 e a mediana foi 4 (0-53).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas baseline da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="70%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade em anos (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">61,1 &#177; 11,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">28,8 &#177; 4,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de estatina na admiss&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>An&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">198,5 &#177; 49,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">117,4 &#177; 38,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">41,8 &#177; 11,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">163,2 &#177; 84,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o-HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">156,7 &#177; 46,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glucose em jejum (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">114,6 &#177; 40,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 &#177; 0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Gravidade da DAC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore Gensini m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">25,3 &#177; 39,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore Gensini mediano (intervalo interquartil)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (31,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore SYNTAX m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">7,1&#177;10,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore SYNTAX mediano (intervalo interquartil)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11,0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; LDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; N&#227;o&#8209;HDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de densidade n&#227;o-alta; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de LDL estiveram forte e positivamente correlacionados com os n&#237;veis de n&#227;o-HDL (r = 0,865, p &lt; 0,001), mas houve discord&#226;ncia entre ambos. Essa discord&#226;ncia foi encontrada em 15% dos pacientes. A magnitude da discord&#226;ncia e distribui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL de acordo com as medianas s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>. O colesterol n&#227;o-HDL foi correlacionado com o triglicer&#237;deo (TG) (r = 0,431, p &lt; 0,001). O escore Gensini foi fortemente correlacionado com o escore SYNTAX (r = 0,927, p &lt; 0,001). Por&#233;m, nem o escore Gensini nem o SYNTAX foram correlacionados com colesterol LDL (p = 0,9 e p = 0,9, respectivamente). Os escores tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram correlacionados com o colesterol n&#227;o-HDL (p = 0,4 e p = 0,4, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o e preval&#234;ncia de discord&#226;ncia e concord&#226;ncia definidas de acordo com os valores medianos de colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL. LDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; N&#227;o-HDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0469-90091-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Para avaliar melhor as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com discord&#226;ncia e concord&#226;ncia entre colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL, classificamos os pacientes em 4 subgrupos. Grupo 1: LDL &lt; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL &lt; mediana, grupo 2: LDL &lt; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL &#8805; mediana, grupo 3: LDL &#8805; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL &lt; mediana, grupo 4: LDL &#8805; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL &#8805;mediana. Os grupos 2 e 3 foram grupos discordantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL concordante e discordante</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">LDL &lt; mediana<break/>n&#227;o-HDL &lt; mediana<break/>n = 245 (grupo 1)</th>
                <th align="center">LDL &lt; mediana<break/>n&#227;o-HDL &#8805; mediana<break/>n = 43 (grupo 2)</th>
                <th align="center">LDL &#8805; mediana<break/>n&#227;o-HDL &lt; mediana<break/>n = 43 (grupo 3)</th>
                <th align="center">LDL &#8805; mediana<break/>n&#227;o-HDL &#8805; mediana<break/>n = 243 (grupo 4)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">62,0 &#177; 12,5</td>
                <td align="center">58,6 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">61,4 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">60,7 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,266</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35,9</td>
                <td align="center">41,9</td>
                <td align="center">44,2</td>
                <td align="center">49,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34,3</td>
                <td align="center">30,2</td>
                <td align="center">30,2</td>
                <td align="center">30,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,818</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">50,6</td>
                <td align="center">53,5</td>
                <td align="center">41,9</td>
                <td align="center">49,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,704</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34,7</td>
                <td align="center">46,5</td>
                <td align="center">20,9</td>
                <td align="center">24,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tratamento com estatina (%)</td>
                <td align="center">45,3</td>
                <td align="center">18,6</td>
                <td align="center">30,2</td>
                <td align="center">24,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">29,1 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">29,1 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">29,0 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,501</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">156,4 &#177; 27,2</td>
                <td align="center">208,2 &#177; 20,4</td>
                <td align="center">190,1 &#177; 16,8</td>
                <td align="center">240,7 &#177; 35,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>a,b,c,d,e,f</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">84,2 &#177; 18,9</td>
                <td align="center">103,0 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">126,6 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">151,8 &#177; 26,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>a,b,c,d,e,f</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">40,1 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">36,1 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">46,6 &#177; 13,4</td>
                <td align="center">43,7 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>a,b,c,d,e, f</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o-HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">116,4 &#177; 23,4</td>
                <td align="center">172,1 &#177; 19,2</td>
                <td align="center">143,4 &#177; 13,1</td>
                <td align="center">197,0 &#177; 34,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>a,b,c,d,e,f</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">132,0 &#177; 81,6</td>
                <td align="center">256,1 &#177; 118,3</td>
                <td align="center">127,8 &#177; 60,4</td>
                <td align="center">184,5 &#177; 96,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>a,,c,d,e,f</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose em jejum (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">121,1 &#177; 50,4</td>
                <td align="center">119,4 &#177; 40,4</td>
                <td align="center">107,4 &#177; 20,9</td>
                <td align="center">108,5 &#177; 30,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,003 <sup>b,c</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore Gensini m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">24,7 &#177; 38,1</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 36,4</td>
                <td align="center">18,7 &#177; 28,1</td>
                <td align="center">26,5 &#177; 40,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,635</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore SYNTAX m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,733</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore Gensini = 0 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24,9</td>
                <td align="center">30,2</td>
                <td align="center">23,3</td>
                <td align="center">23,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,837</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore SYNTAX = 0 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55,1</td>
                <td align="center">60,5</td>
                <td align="center">58,1</td>
                <td align="center">54,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,821</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore Gensini &#8805; 20 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34,7</td>
                <td align="center">27,9</td>
                <td align="center">30,2</td>
                <td align="center">34,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,799</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore SYNTAX &gt; 22 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,3</td>
                <td align="center">11,6</td>
                <td align="center">12,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,891</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Dados expressos em porcentagem para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas; teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado. Dados expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio-padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas; one-way ANOVA; Valores de p estatisticamente significativos est&#227;o em negrito. O teste LSD foi realizado para compara&#231;&#245;es bin&#225;rias entre os grupos e o valor de p foi fixado em 0,05. Foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre a) grupo I e grupo II, b) grupo I e grupo III, c) grupo I e grupo IV, d) grupo II e grupo III, e) grupo II e grupo IV, f) grupo III e grupo IV. LDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; N&#227;o-HDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de densidade n&#227;o-alta; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis idade, IMC, hist&#243;rico de tabagismo e porcentagem de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos. As porcentagens de pacientes com diabetes mellitus e em tratamento com estatina foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos (p = 0,004 e p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente). O grupo 2 (LDL &lt; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL &#8805; mediana) teve a maior preval&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus e a menor de tratamento em andamento com estatina. A porcentagem mais alta de pacientes em tratamento com estatina foi do grupo 1 (LDL &lt; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL &lt; mediana).</p>
        <p>O sexo foi significativamente diferente de um grupo a outro (p = 0,036). O grupo 1 teve a menor porcentagem de mulheres (LDL &lt; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL &lt; mediana), enquanto o grupo 4 teve a maior (LDL &#8805;mediana e n&#227;o-HDL &#8805; mediana). O colesterol total e o LDL estiveram presentes em altas propor&#231;&#245;es nos grupos com LDL &#8805; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL &#8805; mediana, mas os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos foram os mais altos no grupo com LDL &lt; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL &#8805; mediana (p &lt; 0,001, p &lt; 0,001 e p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>A porcentagem de pacientes com escore Gensini ou SYNTAX igual a zero n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos (p = 0,837 e p = 0,821, respectivamente). Os escores Gensini e SYNTAX m&#233;dios, a porcentagem de pacientes com escore Gensini &#8805; 20 e SYNTAX &gt; 22 tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferiram entre grupos (p = 0,635, p = 0,733, p = 0,799 e p = 0,891, respectivamente). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre o colesterol LDL e o escore Gensini ou SYNTAX em nenhum dos quatro subgrupos. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre colesterol n&#227;o-HDL e os escores Gensini ou SYNTAX nos subgrupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de LDL, n&#227;o-HDL, escores Gensini e SYNTAX com rho de Spearman e valor de p</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">LDL &lt; median<break/>N&#227;o-HDL &lt; mediana<break/>n = 245 (grupo 1)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">LDL &lt; median<break/>N&#227;o-HDL &#8805; mediana<break/>n = 43 (grupo 2)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">LDL &#8805; median<break/>N&#227;o-HDL &lt; mediana<break/>n = 43 (grupo 3)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">LDL &#8805; median<break/>N&#227;o-HDL &#8805; mediana<break/>n = 243 (grupo 4)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Escore Gensini</th>
                <th align="center">Escore SYNTAX</th>
                <th align="center">Escore Gensini</th>
                <th align="center">Escore SYNTAX</th>
                <th align="center">Escore Gensini</th>
                <th align="center">Escore SYNTAX</th>
                <th align="center">Escore Gensini</th>
                <th align="center">Escore SYNTAX</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">LDL</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,118</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,101</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,088</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,127</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,029</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,031</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p = 0,064</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,115</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,577</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,910</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,418</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,853</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,635</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,972</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">N&#227;o-HDL</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,046</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,031</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,190</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,165</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,104</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,183</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,025</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p = 0,469</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,624</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,221</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,290</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,506</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,240</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,694</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,596</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>LDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; N&#227;o-HDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de densidade n&#227;o-alta.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, avaliamos a associa&#231;&#227;o transversal entre gravidade/complexidade da DAC e discord&#226;ncia entre os n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL. Embora houvesse discord&#226;ncia entre colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL em pacientes submetidos a angiografia coronariana (15% da amostra), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; gravidade e complexidade da DAC entre os grupos discordantes e concordantes.</p>
        <p>O colesterol n&#227;o-HDL representa o conte&#250;do de colesterol de todas as lipoprote&#237;nas aterog&#234;nicas circulantes e n&#227;o &#233; influenciado pelas condi&#231;&#245;es de jejum. V&#225;rios estudos indicaram que se trata de melhor preditor de risco cardiovascular e mortalidade que o LDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Tamb&#233;m foi relatado que o colesterol n&#227;o-HDL esteve mais associado a eventos cardiovasculares do que o LDL em pacientes utilizando estatina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Existem algumas explica&#231;&#245;es para esses achados. Em primeiro lugar, o colesterol n&#227;o-HDL inclui colesterol VLDL e LDL, e o VLDL tamb&#233;m &#233; aterog&#234;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Em segundo lugar, o n&#227;o-HDL &#233; uma medida indireta das part&#237;culas de LDL (LDL-p), e o risco ateroscler&#243;tico relacionado ao LDL &#233; mais bem determinado pelo n&#237;vel de LDL-p.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Finalmente, o n&#227;o-HDL est&#225; correlacionado com a apolipoprote&#237;na B (ApoB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> As lipoprote&#237;nas portadoras de ApoB iniciam e mant&#234;m o processo ateroscler&#243;tico dentro da parede arterial, de modo que o n&#250;mero total de part&#237;culas de ApoB &#233; um determinante cr&#237;tico do risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Para calcular o colesterol n&#227;o HDL, nenhuma medida adicional al&#233;m dos par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos de rotina &#233; necess&#225;ria; portanto, n&#227;o h&#225; despesas adicionais, uma vantagem do colesterol n&#227;o HDL em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ApoB.</p>
        <p>O LDL-p pode ser empobrecido ou enriquecido com colesterol. Essa varia&#231;&#227;o causa discord&#226;ncia entre LDL e n&#227;o-HDL. A taxa de discord&#226;ncia em nosso estudo &#233; semelhante &#224; de estudos anteriores. Em um estudo com 27.533 participantes, houve 11,6% de discord&#226;ncia e, em outro com 1.757 pacientes, 14,6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Tamb&#233;m em estudo realizado com aproximadamente 1,3 milh&#227;o de adultos, a taxa de discord&#226;ncia foi semelhante (15%), principalmente com n&#237;veis mais baixos de LDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A discord&#226;ncia &#233; alta entre indiv&#237;duos com alto n&#237;vel de triglicer&#237;deos, HDL mais baixo, disglicemia e obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O risco coronariano foi subestimado ou superestimado pelo colesterol LDL em indiv&#237;duos com discord&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Tanto o LDL quanto o n&#227;o-HDL e a discord&#226;ncia com eventos cardiovasculares futuros foram avaliados em v&#225;rios estudos. No entanto, dados sobre par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos ou discord&#226;ncia que predizem com precis&#227;o a gravidade ou complexidade da aterosclerose coronariana s&#227;o limitados e controversos.</p>
        <p>Em estudo realizado por Budde et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre colesterol LDL e n&#250;mero, gravidade e extens&#227;o das les&#245;es coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre o LDL e o volume da placa coronariana, doen&#231;a coronariana principal de 3 vasos ou esquerda e estenose coronariana grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> No estudo de Onat et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> O colesterol LDL n&#227;o foi preditor de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria de in&#237;cio recente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Em dois estudos que avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre escore Gensini e LDL, o LDL-C n&#227;o teve diferen&#231;a significativa quando comparado aos escores alto e baixo de Gensini.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Em nosso estudo, o n&#237;vel de LDL n&#227;o se correlacionou com os escores Gensini ou SYNTAX. Verificou-se que o n&#227;o-HDL n&#227;o era maior em pacientes com escore Gensini igual ou superior a 50 em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com escore Gensini inferior a 50.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Houve uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,113, p &lt; 0,001) entre o n&#227;o-HDL e o escore Gensini no estudo de Zhang e et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Em nosso estudo, foi pequena a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com altos escores SYNTAX e Gensini. A falta de associa&#231;&#227;o entre gravidade da DAC e colesterol n&#227;o-HDL pode ter resultado do n&#250;mero relativamente limitado de pacientes com DAC grave na amostra.</p>
        <p>H&#225; um n&#250;mero limitado de estudos que avaliam o efeito da discord&#226;ncia entre colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL na gravidade da aterosclerose coronariana. Verificou-se que o escore de Gensini foi superestimado entre os pacientes com LDL mais alto ou igual &#224; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL abaixo da mediana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Shiiba et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre essa discord&#226;ncia e o resultado a m&#233;dio prazo de implante de <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio. Verificou-se que a doen&#231;a de tr&#234;s vasos ou doen&#231;a do trato principal esquerdo n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos discordantes e concordantes, e a discord&#226;ncia entre os n&#237;veis de LDL e n&#227;o-HDL n&#227;o foi preditora de grandes eventos cardiovasculares adversos ap&#243;s o implante de <sup><italic>sten.t32</italic></sup> Avaliamos a gravidade da DAC por meio do escore Gensini e a complexidade pelo escore SYNTAX, e estes n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos discordantes e concordantes em nosso estudo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Por exemplo, seu desenho retrospectivo abre caminho para a possibilidade de vi&#233;s de fatores cofundadores n&#227;o mensurados. Um ter&#231;o dos pacientes estava em tratamento com estatinas e a falta de associa&#231;&#227;o entre discord&#226;ncia e gravidade da DAC pode ter sido decorrente disso. Al&#233;m disso, faltavam informa&#231;&#245;es sobre doses, tipo e dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com estatinas. N&#227;o h&#225; defini&#231;&#227;o absoluta e valores de corte padr&#227;o para a discord&#226;ncia de colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL. Utilizamos valores medianos para a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Portanto, mais estudos prospectivos em larga escala seriam necess&#225;rios para validar nossos resultados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Houve discord&#226;ncia entre colesterol LDL e n&#227;o-HDL (15% dos pacientes), por&#233;m n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; gravidade e complexidade da DAC entre os grupos discordantes e concordantes. No entanto, os pacientes com colesterol LDL &lt; mediana e n&#227;o-HDL &#8805; mediana apresentam algumas caracter&#237;sticas de alto risco, como diabetes mellitus e n&#237;veis mais altos de triglicer&#237;deos, podendo necessitar de mais avalia&#231;&#245;es e um acompanhamento estrito.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
