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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jHBXBs8N9HtC8KDjCJFHCfJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300467</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200120</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200120</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Mini editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os ACOD Apresentam o Melhor Custo-Benef&#237;cio na Preven&#231;&#227;o da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial na Vida Real?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Hospital Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo - Divis&#227;o de Medicina Interna, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#225;rcio Bittencourt &#8226; Av. Lineu Prestes, 2565. CEP 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>msbittencourt@cardiol.br</email>, <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>467</fpage>
      <lpage>468</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC)/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes/administra&#231;&#227;o e dosagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Varfarina/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Custo Benef&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O Sr. D., um professor universit&#225;rio aposentado de 75 anos de idade com hist&#243;ria de um acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) pr&#233;vio, acorda de manh&#227;, dirige at&#233; o hospital para coletar sangue e ajustar sua dose de varfarina e depois vai para o seu trabalho. Algumas horas depois, ele recebe uma liga&#231;&#227;o da equipe de enfermagem, informando como ajustar a dose: &#8220;A partir de hoje, o senhor deve tomar 7,5 mg de varfarina &#224;s segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras. Nos outros dias da semana, o senhor pode manter o comprimido de 5 mg a que est&#225; acostumado. Se o senhor n&#227;o encontrar o comprimido de 7,5 mg, pode cortar o de 5 mg ao meio e tomar um comprimido e meio nesses dias. N&#227;o &#233; muito complicado, n&#233;? A prop&#243;sito, lembre-se de n&#227;o abusar de couve e espinafre que eu sei que o senhor gosta!&#8221;. N&#227;o fosse o fato de o Sr. D. tamb&#233;m tomar enalapril e atenolol para a hipertens&#227;o arterial e controlar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de sua fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), uma estatina para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria desde o AVC e metformina para o diabetes; cortar comprimidos ao meio e lembrar em que dia ele deve tomar qual dose n&#227;o deveria ser muito complicado.</p>
    <p>O Sr. D. &#233; o paciente comum com FA n&#227;o-valvar atendido em cl&#237;nicas de consult&#243;rios particulares no Brasil e em outros lugares do mundo, embora os pacientes do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) usualmente passem muito mais tempo no hospital aguardando os resultados pessoalmente ou retornando no dia seguinte para verific&#225;-los devido aos recursos mais limitados para contatar os pacientes por telefone.</p>
    <p>Como a maioria dos pacientes em uso de varfarina enfrenta essas complexidades, n&#227;o surpreende que seu uso adequado na vida real esteja longe do ideal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em m&#233;dia, os pacientes passam pelo menos um ter&#231;o do tempo acima ou abaixo da raz&#227;o normalizada internacional (INR, <italic>international normalized ratio</italic>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e, apenas um em cada quatro pacientes apresente uma INR terap&#234;utica est&#225;vel por 6 meses consecutivos. E mesmo entre esses, apenas um ter&#231;o permanece com uma INR terap&#234;utica est&#225;vel no ano seguinte, de acordo com dados dos Estados Unidos (EUA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>Infelizmente, no Brasil, Am&#233;rica Latina e outros pa&#237;ses com status socioecon&#244;mico mais baixo, o tempo dentro da faixa terap&#234;utica (TTR, <italic>time within the therapeutic range</italic>) para a INR &#233; menor do que o relatado para os EUA ou a Europa, mesmo em ensaios randomizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nesses pa&#237;ses, outros desafios da vida real para obter anti-coagula&#231;&#227;o adequada levaram &#224; sua subutiliza&#231;&#227;o, incluindo acesso limitado &#224;s medidas de INR em &#225;reas rurais e outras restri&#231;&#245;es de recursos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, dados recentes sugerem que aproximadamente um quarto de todo o custo relacionado ao uso de varfarina est&#225; relacionado ao tempo de viagem e aos custos associados &#224;s medidas de INR na Finl&#226;ndia, e esses custos geralmente n&#227;o s&#227;o cobertos por nenhuma empresa de seguro de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dentro do contexto de tais restri&#231;&#245;es no uso de varfarina, o desenvolvimento de anticoagulantes orais diretos (ACOD), onde n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio monitoramento, e uma dose fixa pode ser utilizada, foi ansiosamente esperado pela comunidade m&#233;dica. Esses medicamentos n&#227;o apenas demonstraram ser mais eficazes e mais seguros do que a varfarina em um estudo randomizado de pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> mas resultados compar&#225;veis foram observados em um grande registro nos EUA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os ACOD provavelmente t&#234;m bom custo-benef&#237;cio no Reino Unido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, a realidade de pr&#225;tica clinica na vida real, bem como as implica&#231;&#245;es de custo, s&#227;o altamente vari&#225;veis e podem n&#227;o ser facilmente reproduzidos em outros pa&#237;ses. Por exemplo, os ACOD atualmente n&#227;o s&#227;o cobertos pelo SUS no Brasil. Assim, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios dados sobre resultados e estudos de custo-efetividade com foco na reprodu&#231;&#227;o desses estudos em outros cen&#225;rios, como no Brasil.</p>
    <p>O artigo de Barros e Silva,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> et al., publicado na edi&#231;&#227;o atual, fornece dados brasileiros de pacientes com FA n&#227;o-valvar que recebem anti-coagula&#231;&#227;o oral com cobertura por um provedor de seguro privado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Seus resultados sugerem que, pelo menos para aqueles cobertos por um grande plano de seguro de sa&#250;de privado, os padr&#245;es e implica&#231;&#245;es do uso de varfarina versus ACOD no Brasil se assemelham aos padr&#245;es de outros pa&#237;ses. Primeiro, apenas cerca de metade do INR estava dentro da faixa terap&#234;utica e, em m&#233;dia, os pacientes passaram quase metade do tempo fora do alvo terap&#234;utico, como relatado anteriormente. Mais importante, ao passar menos de 65% do tempo dentro da faixa terap&#234;utica foi associado a um aumento de tr&#234;s vezes no risco de sangramento maior, de 1,6% para 5,3%. Por fim, os custos diretos associados a esses eventos devastadores foram substanciais, mais de R$ 25.000 por membro ao ano. Embora nenhuma an&#225;lise formal de custo-efetividade tenha sido realizada no presente estudo, os resultados parecem estar alinhados com o recente estudo do Reino Unido, e os ACOD provavelmente apresentar&#227;o melhor custo-benef&#237;cio se os eventos hemorr&#225;gicos adversos forem mais baixos do que as taxas encontradas com o uso de varfarina, pois esses eventos s&#227;o caros. Al&#233;m disso, com o &#244;nus associado ao monitoramento da INR, &#233; mais prov&#225;vel que o uso de ACOD seja custo-efetivo na perspectiva da sociedade. Coletivamente, o presente estudo apoia a ideia geral de que o ACOD deveria ser com cobertura de seguro privado no Brasil. No entanto, devido &#224;s diferen&#231;as significativas nos padr&#245;es de custos e pr&#225;ticas entre os sistemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico e privado no Brasil, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios dados mais robustos do SUS antes da incorpora&#231;&#227;o dos achados atuais em rotinas da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, mesmo que as expectativas sejam de que pacientes como o Sr. D. estariam melhor sem a necessidade de comparecer &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o mensal da INR.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>9. Barros e Silva PGM, Sznejder H, Vasconcellos R, Charles GM, Mendon&#231;a Filho HT, Mardekian J, et al. Terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar em ambiete de cuidado de sa&#250;de privado no Brasil: um estudo de mundo real. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):457-466</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barros e Silva</surname>
              <given-names>PGM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sznejder</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasconcellos</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charles</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mardekian</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar em ambiete de cuidado de sa&#250;de privado no Brasil: um estudo de mundo real</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>457</fpage>
          <lpage>466</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Terapia de Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial n&#227;o Valvar em Ambiente de Cuidado de Sa&#250;de Privado no Brasil: Um Estudo de Mundo Real</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Are DOACs a Good Bang for Your Buck in Atrial Fibrillation Prevention in Real-Life?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Hospital Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo - Divis&#227;o de Medicina Interna, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: M&#225;rcio Bittencourt &#8226; Av. Lineu Prestes, 2565. Postal Code 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: msbittencourt@cardiol.br, msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Stroke/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants/administration and dosage</kwd>
        <kwd>Varfarin/economy</kwd>
        <kwd>Cost-Benefit Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Mr. D., a 75-year-old retired university professor with a prior stroke, wakes up in the morning, drives to the hospital to have blood drawn to adjust his warfarin dosage and then goes to work. A couple of hours later, he gets a call from the nursing team telling him how to adjust the dose: &#8220;starting today you should take 7.5 mg of warfarin on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. On the other days of the week you can keep up with the 5 mg pill you are used to. If you do not have a 7.5 mg pill you can cut the 5 mg in half and take one and a half pills on those days. It is not too complicated, is it? By the way, remember to go slow on that kale and spinach I know you like!&#8221;. Were it not for the fact the Mr. D. also takes enalapril and atenolol for his blood pressure and to control the heart rate of his atrial fibrillation (AF), a statin for secondary prevention since the stroke, and metformin for his diabetes; cutting pills in half and remembering on what day he should take which dosage should be too complicated.</p>
      <p>Unfortunately, Mr. D. is about the average non-valvular AF patient seen in clinics in private practices in Brazil and places around the world, though patients from the Brazilian Unified Health System (<italic>Sistema Unico de Sa&#250;de</italic>, SUS) usually spend substantially more time at the hospital waiting for the results in person or coming back the next day to check them, due to more limited resources to contact patients over the phone.</p>
      <p>Since most patients using warfarin face such complexities, it should come as no surprise that its real life adequate use is far from ideal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Patients on average spend at least a third of their time above or below target international normalized ratio (INR) values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Interestingly, only about one in every four patients has a stable therapeutic INR during 6 consecutive months. And even among those, only a third remains with a stable therapeutic INR over the following year, according to data from the United States (U.S.).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Unfortunately, in Brazil, Latin America and other countries with lower socioeconomic status, the time within the therapeutic range (TTR) for INR is shorter than those reported for the U.S. or Europe even in randomized trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In such countries, other real-life challenges to attain adequate anticoagulation has led to its underuse, including limited access to INR measurements in rural areas, and other constraints in resources.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Moreover, recent data suggests that approximately one quarter of the entire cost related to warfarin use is related to the travel time and costs associated with INR measurements in Finland, and such costs are usually not covered by any health insurance company.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Within the context of such constraints in warfarin use, the development of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), where no monitoring is needed, and a fixed dose can be used is highly expected by the medical community. Not only did these drugs have shown to be more effective and safer than warfarin in a randomized trial of non-valvular AF patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>but comparable results were seen in a large U.S. registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>Moreover, DOACs are likely to be cost effective in the United Kingdom.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, the real-life practice patterns, as well as cost implications, are highly variable and might not be easily reproduced in other countries. For example, DOACs are not currently covered by the SUS in Brazil. Thus, data on outcomes and cost-effectiveness studies focusing on the reproduction of such studies in other scenarios, such as in Brazil, are needed.</p>
      <p>The manuscript by Barros e Silva, et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> published in the current issue, provides Brazilian data from patients with non-valvular AF receiving oral anticoagulation and covered by a private insurance provider.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Their results suggest that, at least for those covered by a large private healthcare insurance plan, the patterns and implications of warfarin vs. DOAC use in Brazil resembles the patterns in other countries. First, only about half of the INR were within the therapeutic range, and on average patients spent almost half of their time outside the target, as reported previously. More importantly, spending less than 65% of the time within the therapeutic range was associated with a three-fold increase in the risk of major bleeding, from 1.6% to 5.3%. Finally, the direct costs associated with such devastating events was substantial, more than R$25,000 per member per year. Although no formal cost-effectiveness analysis was performed in the present study, the findings seem to be in line with the recent UK study, and DOAC are likely to be more cost effective if adverse bleeding events are lower, as such events are costly. Additionally, with the burden associated with INR monitoring, the use of DOACs is even more likely to be cost-efficient from a societal perspective. Collectively, the present study supports the overall idea that DOAC should be the preferred choice with private insurance coverage in Brazil. However, due to the significant differences in cost and practice patterns between private and public healthcare systems in Brazil, more robust SUS data is needed prior to the translation of current findings into routine practice in the public health care system, even if the expectations are that patients like Mr. D. would be better off without their the need to come for their monthly INR assessment.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Anticoagulation Therapy in Patients with Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation in a Private Setting in Brazil: A Real-World Study</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
